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UPRT in the SimulatorICAO LOC-I Symposium22-24 June 2015, NairobiSunjoo Advani - President, IDT

Simulator Training

• Simulator Capabilities– Controlled environment for UPRT “to proficiency” and generic

skills development– Ability to create realistic type-specific scenarios

• Simulator Limitations– Validated Flight Envelope– Limited g-cues– Instructor ability to monitor control inputs

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Accelerated Stall Demonstration

• Aerodynamics and handling at FL150 and FL350

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• Better use of today’s devices• Enhanced feedback in today’s sim’s• Improved simulation fidelity in

extended envelope– aero model– pilot cueing (buffet, motion)

Sim Fidelity Enhancements

Sim Instructor Feedback Requirements

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• Did you stay reasonably within the validated flight envelope?• Did you overstress the airframe?• Did you apply incorrect/inappropriate control inputs?• Did you recover correctly?

UPRT IOS Tool

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- Control Inputs- Aircraft settings- Flight Modes- PFD- V-n- Alpha-Beta- Replay function with audio

Buffet

• Critical for crews to understand buffet (causes, effects):– high-speed VMO/MMO buffet– stall onset/deterrent buffet

• Appreciate that buffet may not always be consistent• Buffet <-> warnings• Sim buffet tolerances

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AF 447 (BEA final report)

Stall Training

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Stick pusher (if available)

Stall warning

StallCL

αNormal Flight

Approach to Stall

Fully-Developed

Stall

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Model Enhancements

• A/C can have major non-linearities near and beyond stall break

• These can create distractions to the crew, as in real life– reduced stability– reduced control effectiveness– buffet– un-commanded roll-off– randomness

• US Law requires training to full stall

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Non-linearities in Stall Region

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Approach-to-Stall Stall

Is there value to stall training in FSTD’s?

• Arguments against– prevention alone is enough– no two stalls are the same– danger of negative training– cannot create surprise in simulators

• Arguments in favour– goal: show potential changes in a/c behaviour near stall– history: pilots continue to pull near the stall– an instructor-led exercise can teach the single important

element: PUSH– one CAN create surprise in simulators– objective is to manage unexpected events

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Upset Prevention & Recovery Training

Prepare to be Surprised

Recent FAA Experiment• Conducted on 737NG FFS at FAA Oklahoma City • Evaluate training benefits of three stall model types:

– current model (matching flight test data to within a tolerance)– representative– flight-test validated

• Models assessed in low, medium and high-altitude conditions

• Crews briefed on the sim, asked to apply OEM stall recovery template (see next slide)

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“No two stalls are the same”

FAA Boeing 737 Simulator

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Abbreviated Stall Recovery Template

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1 Autopilot and auto throttle....................................................Disconnect 2  a) Nose down pitch control......Apply until stall warning is eliminated b) Nose down pitch trim........................................................As Needed 3 Bank.......................................................................................Wings Level 4  Thrust .....................................................................................As Needed 5  Speed brakes/Spoilers................................................................Retract 6  Return to the desired flight path.

• As agreed by airframe manufacturer

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Simulator Familiarization• Each pilot told to fly this

approach to Washington National Airport

• Good weather, except for possible thunderstorm at holding point

• Pilots expected a “diversion” (missed approach)

Successful recovery

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Problematic stall recovery

Federal AviationAdministration

Results• Only  22%  of  pilots  applied  correct  procedure

– 10  out  of  45  applied  stall  recovery  procedure  correctly  when  surprised• 19  out  of  45  applied  nose-­‐down  pitch  un;l  stall  warning  was  eliminated

• 20  out  of  45  applied  nose-­‐down  pitch  before  trying  to  control  bank

• 23  out  of  45  stayed  off  the  pedals  (  <  1  inch)• 34  out  of  45  applied  thrust  as  needed  per  template*

• No  one  crashed  in  this  challenging  scenario

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Federal AviationAdministration

Ques(onnaire  Results

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# of pilots

0

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“I was surprised by that event”

Stronglydisagree

Disagree Somewhatdisagree

Neutral Somewhatagree

Agree Stronglyagree

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Conclusion

• With proper training put into practice through a properly-qualified program, including– exposure to the prevention and recovery environment– integration of knowledge and skills– proper instruction– appreciation of psychophysical limits

• Through a GRADUATED IMPLEMENTATION, we can achieve the main learning objectives for LOC-I

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Main Learning Objective

African Proverb

If we ignore reality, we will learn through accidents

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s.advani@idt-engineering.comSunjoo Advani

www.idt-engineering.com