Ibn Ma Sarra

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Ibn Masarra, Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah (883-931)

Muhammad ibn Masarra is said to be responsible for the first structuring of

Andalusian Spanish Muslim philosophy. The thrust of his philosophy was to show the

agreement between reason and revelation. The two paths taken by honest

philosophers and prophets lead to the same goal of reaching the knowledge of the

oneness of God. We can only know that God exists but not what is nature is. !bn

Masarra held that the divine attributes of knowledge" will and power are a distinct

aspect of the simple and ineffable essence of God" and the #eoplatonic theory that allbeings have emanated from him through the $irst !ntellect and are either invisible or

apparent. There are two sciences" one of the invisible" transcendental world" the other

of the apparent and sensible world. The inner meanings in the sciences can be

learned through the science of letters. %y studying the enigmatic letters at the

beginning of the &ur'anic surahs" one can decipher the secret knowledge of the truth

symboli(ed by them.

1. Life and times

2. Doctrines

3. od's attributes

4. od's creation 5. !soterism and m"sticism

1# Life and times

Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Masarra was born in Cordoba, Spain, in ah 269/ad 883

and did in ah 319/ad 931. !n a hrmi"a# h had $oundd $or his $rinds and dis%ipls

in "h Sirra o$ Cordoba, !bn Masarra undr"oo& "o ins"ru%" "hm in his do%"rins, "o

ini"ia" "hm in"o "h us o$ so"ri% &nowld# and "o pra%"i% (uhd as%"i%ism(

"hrou#h a%"s o$ pnan% and d)o"ion. *is su%%ss %am $rom a So%ra"i% s"+l o$

pda#o#+ as wll as a %harisma"i% prsonali"+ and s&ill in %ommuni%a"ion. A$"r his

da"h "h uris"s %arrid ou" a )ri"abl prs%u"ion o$ his dis%ipls- who had $ormd"hmsl)s in"o an as%"i% ordr, "h Masarri+a, in Cordoba and la"r in Almria.

wo o$ !bn Masarra's $our wor&s, i"ab al0i'"ibar n $l%"ion( and i"ab &hawass

al0huru$ Chara%"ris"i%s o$ ""rs(, wr publishd in 1982. o"h ar shor" "ra%"s

whi%h ha) pro)idd a b""r undrs"andin# o$ his "hou#h", bu" b%aus o$ "hir

%on%isnss "h+ rais nw us"ions. !" is s"ill no" possibl "o r%ons"ru%" his

philosophi%al s+s"m un"il "h rmainin# wor&s ar $ound, sp%iall+ his Tawhid al)

mu*inin +The ,ertain -rofession of the neness of God/, whr h dis%ussd od's

a""ribu"s.

$# Doctrines

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M. As7n ala%ios, "h Spanish s%holar who $irs" r%ons"ru%"d an in"#ral a%%oun" o$

!bn Masarra's li$ and "hou#h", %on%ludd "ha" h was "h $irs" Andalusian "o s"ru%"ur

Spanish !slami% philosoph+ hikma( and "ha" h %on)+d his do%"rins in a sris o$

batini inward( so"ri% ima#s and s+mbols As7n ala%ios 192(. h %n"rpi% o$

As7n's "hsis, how)r, was "h labora"ion o$ a whol "hor+ o$ !bn Masarra's

inspira"ion $rom a psudo0:mpdo%ls, who had d)lopd a p%uliar $orm o$lo"inian idas on "h n and "h $i) "rnal subs"an%s o$ rimal Ma""r, !n"ll%",

Soul, ;a"ur and S%ondar+ Ma""r. A%%ordin# "o As7n, !bn Masarra was "h $oundr

o$ a philosophi%al0m+s"i%al s%hool whi%h in$lun%d <wish, Chris"ian and Muslim

mdi)al philosophrs. Andalusian Su$ism $rom !sma'il al0u'a+ni d. ah 555/ad 1268(

"o !bn al0'Arabi b+ wa+ o$ !bn al0'Ari$ d. ah 536/ad 1141( spran# $rom "h Masarri

s%hool.

h "hrus" o$ !bn Masarra's philosoph+ is "o dmons"ra" "h a#rmn" o$ rason and

r)la"ion. :a%h "a&s a di$$rn" pa"h ladin# "o "h sam #oal, al)tawhid , "h

&nowld# o$ "h onnss o$ od. + usin# 'a*l , "h in"ll%" wi"h whi%h od

ndowd human bin#s, "h+ r$l%" on od's si#ns and ris s"p b+ s"p "o "h&nowld# o$ "h ru"h. hos who as%nd b+ wa+ o$ rason pro%d $rom "h bo""om

up and dis%o)r "h sam "ru"h "h roph"s ha) brou#h" down $rom on hi#h. !n $a%",

"h =ur'an in)i"s us "o r$l%" on "h si#ns o$ his %ra"ion. $l%"ion i'tibar ( onl+

%on$irms proph%+- wha" is larnd b+ au"hori"+ sama' ( is %on$irmd b+

in)s"i#a"ion. !bn Masarra admi"s, how)r, "ha" "h philosophrs and "h an%in"s had

a""aind "h &nowld# o$ "h "ru n wll b$or "h a# o$ proph%+ and wi"hou"

i"s mdia"ion, a posi"ion no" a%%p"abl "o "h rli#ious s%holars.

!bn Masarra %on%i)s o$ "wo s%in%s bo"h %ra"d b+ od. n, "h s%in% o$ "h

in)isibl and in"lli#ibl rali"+ 'ilm al)ghayb(, whi%h %anno" b #raspd b+ "h

snss, is %ra"d whol, n"ir and a" on%. h o"hr is "h s%in% o$ "h apparn"

and snsibl rali"+ 'ilm al)shahada( Surah 6> 3(. h =ur'an, "h sp%h o$ od, is

on whol in i"s di)in ssn%, bu" di)rsi$id mufassal ( wi"h rsp%" "o %ra"ion. !"

displa+s "hr asp%"s, a%h "h sub%" o$ a di$$rn" s%in%> "h s%in% o$ di)ini"+

rububiya(, i"s si#ns, )idn%s and %r"ain"+- "h s%in% o$ proph%+ wi"h i"s

dmons"ra"i) ar#umn"s, si#ns and n%ssi"+- and "h s%in% o$ "ribula"ion mihna(

wi"h i"s laws, promiss and "hra"s.

3# od's attributes

od "rans%nds all human "hou#h" and all w %an &now abou" his na"ur is "ha" h?is"s. *is a""ribu"s ar dis"in%" $rom him, "ha" is, $rom his ssn% dhat (. h+ ar,

how)r, rla"d "o a%h o"hr. S"ran#l+ nou#h, !bn Masarra %on%luds $rom "ha"

rla"ionship "h $ini"ud or %ra"ion o$ "h a""ribu"s. i& man+ Mu'"a@ili"

"holo#ians o$ his "im in "h :as", h dis"in#uishd b"wn "h a""ribu"s o$ "h

ssn%, whi%h ar "rnal, and "h a""ribu"s o$ a%"ion, whi%h ar %ra"d. his was a

wa+ "o whi%h "h Mu'"a@ili"s rsor"d in ordr "o assr" "h onnss and in$$abili"+ o$

od whil main"ainin# human $r will and rsponsibili"+. od's &nowld# is onl+ o$

uni)rsals- wr h "o &now par"i%ulars, his onnss would b opardi@d and our

moral rsponsibili"+ dnid.

!n ma&in# "h dis"in%"ion b"wn od's ssn% and his a%"ion, !bn Masarras"ablishd "hr hirar%hi%al a""ribu"s, "h hi#hs" o$ whi%h is %onn%"d "o od's

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ssn% and "h o"hr "wo "o his a%"ions. hs ar di)ini"+ aluhiya(, ro+al"+ mulk (

and #ra% ni'ma( or %ra"ion khal*(, "hrou#h whi%h od "h Ar"i$i%r al)sani' ( is

mani$s"d. his hirar%h+ is r$l%"d in "h wa+ human so%i"+ is or#ani@d.

%# od's creation

All bin#s ar di)idd in"o $our %a"#oris, som noblr "han o"hrs in a%%ordan%

wi"h "h $ollowin# s%hm. irs", "hr is "h in#, or ssn% o$ od dhat (,

spara", uniu, in$$abl, in$ini" and mo"ionlss- i" is "h ul"ima", "h )isibl and

"h in)isibl. h rmainin# bin#s ar "h si#ns "ha" poin" "o *im. S%ond is "h

Bni)rsal !n"ll%" al)'a*l al)kulli(, whi%h is "h %on%p"ion or ida o$ "hin#s. !" is

spiri"ual b+ na"ur and prmann". !" is "h Mo"hr o$ "h oo& umm al)kitab( Surah

3> 6(, and "h rsr)d abl" al)lawh al)mahfu( ( Surah 85> 21( on whi%h all "hin#s

ar ins%ribd. h "o"ali"+ o$ wha" is in "h oo& is "h ida mithal , :idos( o$ "h

uni)rs, wha")r was, is or shall b. !" is also "h hron Surah 1> 2( whi%h in%i"s

mo"ion in rspons "o od's )oli"ion and will. h rla"ionship o$ "h !n"ll%" "o od

is similar "o "h rla"ion o$ "h sun's li#h" "o "h sun. hird is "h ra" Soul al)nafs

al)kubra( "ha" %arris "h bod+ o$ "h uni)rs. h rla"ion o$ "h Soul "o "h !n"ll%"

is li& "h li#h" o$ "h moon "o "ha" o$ "h sun. hrou#h "his Soul, immrsd in

ma"riali"+, o+al"+ mulk ( is %ons"i"u"d and "h %ls"ial sphrs ar hld. o

o+al"+ ar prdi%a"d #o)rnmn" and poli"i%s. inall+, lowr "han "h ra" Soul is

"h h+si%al Soul al)nafs al)tabi'iya(, whi%h is %ompl"l+ immrsd in %orporali"+

and is "h $$i%in" %aus o$ %orporal bin#s. h hron n%loss "h in)isibl world

'alam al)ghayb( and "h ra" Soul n%loss "h )isibl 'alam al)shahada(.

h ori#ina"ion o$ "h %osmos has bn a%hi)d in "im b+ "h %ommand '' kun(,

?prssin# "h )oli"ion and will a%%ordin# "o &nowld#. Dhn "h n wan"s "o dosom"hin#, h %auss i" "o appar in "h rsr)d abl". his in i"sl$ is "h

%ommand amr ( "o s" "h ida in"o a%"ion b+ his willin#. od, a%%ordin# "o him, is

%on%ald $rom %ra"ion b+ "wo )ils $rom "h prsp%"i) o$ his %ra"ion, inasmu%h

as no"hin# %an %on%al him $rom "h prsp%"i) o$ his ssn%. Mo"ion is "hn s" b+

"h hron, sin% no a%"ion ad extra %an b a""ribu"d "o "h n.

Bnli& "h psudo0:mpdo%ls, who %on%i)d o$ lo) and dis%ord as "h dri)in#

$or% o$ %ra"ion, !bn Masarra "al&d abou" %apa%i"+ and powr dsi#na"in# "hm as

"ru"h ha**( Surah 2> 2(. !n "h $inal anal+sis od is "h Aris"o"lian unmo)d

mo)r, bu" in ;opla"oni% s"+l all %ra"ion mana"s $rom him. Bnli& lo"inus, !bn

Massara $inds "ha" "h pro%sss o$ mana"ion and %ra"ion ar "h rsul"s o$ od'swill irada( and dlibra" a%"ion. o"h h and lo"inus a#r on "h in"rmdiar+

rols pla+d b+ "h !n"ll%" and "h Soul in "h %ra"ion o$ "h ma"rial world, bu"

whras lo"inus bli)d in in)olun"ar+ mana"ion, !bn Massara r"aind "h !slami%

)iw o$ )olun"ar+ %ra"ion s ;opla"onism- ;opla"onism in !slami% philosoph+(.

h prin%ipls $rom whi%h all %ra"urs ha) %om ar $our"n in numbr, "n o$

whi%h ar in "h sublunar world> %haos al)'ama' (, primordial dus" al)haba' (, whi%h is

%onsidrd b+ som as "h materia prima, air, wind, a"mosphr, wa"r, $ir, li#h",

dar&nss and %la+. h rmainin# $our, "h n *alam(, "h abl", "h Command and

"h Spiri"ual lo%us makan( ?is" in "h world abo). rom "h $our"n ar mad "h

hron, paradis, hll, "h s)n ha)ns, "h ar"h, "h an#ls, "h inn, human bin#s, animals and )#"a"ion.

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&# !soterism and m"sticism

!n his wor& i"ab &hawass al0huru$ oo& o$ "h Chara%"ris"i%s o$ ""rs( , !bn

Masarra appars as an so"ri% batini( philosophr in)s"i#a"in# "h so"ri%

manin#s o$ "h nuraniya, "h $our"n spara" l""rs whi%h in"rodu% %r"ain surahs

o$ "h =ur'an, basi%all+ $ollowin# "h "radi"ion o$ !slami% #nosis. h m+s"riousl""rs, a%%ordin# "o "h a"ini s%hool, rprsn"d "h uni)rs so "ha" i"s n"ir"+ is a

boo& whos l""rs ar od's words. h 's%in% o$ l""rs' $ollowd b+ !bn Masarra

had no"hin# "o do wi"h di)ina"ion or ma#i%- i" is mrl+ a pa"h "o "h dis%o)r+ o$ "h

"ru"hs hiddn bhind "h s+mbols. !n "his h was inspird b+ "h wor& o$ Sahl al0

us"ari d. ah 283/ad 896(, "h au"hor o$ a similar wor& on "h s%in% o$ l""rs.

$l%"ion i'tibar ( allows us "o d%iphr "h prin%ipls o$ all bin#s. h basi% ida is

"o show "ha" "h di$$rn" d#rs "ha" %ons"i"u" bin#s in #nral %orrspond "o "h

surah's fawatih opnin# l""rs( as wll as "o "h ordr o$ bin#. h l""rs ar

"wn"+0i#h" in numbr, ual "o "h ln#"h o$ "h lunar phass. our"n ar ?o"ri%

and "h rmainin# $our"n ar so"ri%. hs ar usd b+ od "o mani$s" his

&nowld#> "hir s%r" manin#s ha) bn bs"owd upon "h roph" Muhammad

as ?prssd in "h =ur'an, and %onsun"l+ "h =ur'an is "h sour% o$ all

&nowld#, old and nw. h s"ps ladin# "o paradis and sal)a"ion ar ual in

numbr "o "h =ur'ani% )rss and "o "h numbr o$ od's bau"i$ul nams, ?%p"in#

"h #ra" nam o$ Allah.

h $irs" l""r, alif , is "h alpha and om#a o$ all l""rs inasmu%h as i" rprsn"s "h

prin%ipl o$ all "hin#s. !" is "h $irs" mani$s"a"ion o$ od and his will- i" is a m"aphor

$or "h produ%"ion o$ "hin#s takwin(, "h mr#n% o$ us"i% and "h prmann" and

un%han#in# primordial d%r al)*ada' al)awwal (. !" n)r rs"s and %on"inuousl+%auss #nra"ion and %orrup"ion. his d%r has "wo asp%"s. A prior asp%" sabi*(

is %onn%"d "o "h rsr)d abl", "h "abl" o$ "h Bni)rsal !n"ll%" whr all

"hin#s ar ins%ribd. his is a d%r "ha" dos no" rspond "o in)o%a"ion. h s%ond

asp%", "h di)rsi$ir mufassil (, par"i%ulari@s all "hin#s "ha" ar no" prmann". i&

"h o"hr a""ribu"s, "h "wo d%rs mani$s"in# od's &nowld# and powr ar o"hr

"han od, al"hou#h "h+ ar no" %ra"d in "im. h %on%p" o$ huduth, or %omin# "o

b, is rali@d onl+ in "im- bu" od's &nowld#, a%%ordin# "o !bn Masarra, wh"hr

i" is &nowld# o$ "h uni)rsals or par"i%ulars, is no" in "im. Comin# "o b in "im is

"h par"i%ulari@a"ion o$ bin#s $ound in a lo%us pr$ormd b+ "ha" d%r "ha"

par"i%ulari@s "hin#s and rsponds "o in)o%a"ion.

*uman sal)a"ion %an b a%hi)d "hrou#h i"hr "h via reflectiva or "h via

prophetica, an ida %onsidrd hr"i%al b+ mos" Muslim "holo#ians s !slami%

"holo#+(. !n bo"h %ass, indi)iduals ha) "o $ollow %r"ain ruls in ordr "o $r "hir

souls $rom "h bonda# o$ ma"riali"+. !bn Masarra dis"in#uishs %larl+ b"wn "h

soul ruh( and spiri" nafs(, wi"h "h la""r bin# "h pro"o"+p mithal ( o$ "h $irs".

hr is a "radi"ion in Andalusian li"ra"ur "o "h $$%" "ha" !bn Masarra no+d

#ra" rsp%" and )nra"ion in spi" o$ "h $a%" "ha" his "a%hin#s wr %ri"i%i@d and

r$u"d. n "h o"hr hand, his dis%ipls wr prs%u"d. rans$ormd in"o an as%"i%

so%i"+, his dis%ipls $irs" in Cordo)a and la"r in Almria pu" in"o pra%"i% his Su$i

and so"ri% "a%hin#s. * is %r"ainl+ on o$ "h $irs" m+s"i%al0philosophi%alAndalusians. *is Su$i "a%hin#s as wll as his wor&s %on"inud "o %ir%ula" and "o b








s"udid $or %n"uris. *is in$lun% on !bn al0'Arabi is a""s"d b+ "h man+ r$rn%s

"o him in "h la""r's wor&s and b+ similari"+ in a numbr o$ idas, sp%iall+ in "h

%on"inuous us o$ simils o$ li#h" and illumina"ion "o ds%rib "h ssn% o$ od.

See also0 !bn al0'Arabi- M+s"i%al philosoph+ in !slam- ;opla"onism in !slami%

philosoph+

!! # A*I+!

Cop+ri#h" E 1998, ou"ld#.

List of or.s

!bn Masarra 8830931( 1itab al)i'tibar +n 2eflection/, d. M.. <a'$ar, Min al)turath

al)falsafi li)ibn Masarrah0 3. 2isalat al)i'tibar" 4. 1hawass al)huruf , Cairo, 1982.

n o$ !bn Massara's "wo sur)i)in# wor&s.(

!bn Masarra 8830931( 1itab khawass al)huruf +,haracteristics of 5etters/, d. M..

<a'$ar, Min al)turath al)falsafi li)ibn Masarrah0 3. 2isalat al)i'tibar" 4. 1hawass al)

huruf , Cairo, 1982. n o$ !bn Massara's "wo sur)i)in# wor&s.(

eferences and further readin/

Addas, C. 1992( 'Andalusi Mysticism and the 2ise of !bn Arabi' , in S.. <a++usi d.(

The 5egacy of Muslim Spain, idn> rill. A wll0wri""n s"ud+ on Su$ism in Spain

in%ludin# a si@abl s%"ion on !bn Masarrah's m+s"i%al "a%hin#s.(

As7n ala%ios, M. 192( The Mystical -hilosophy of !bn Masarra and is $ollowers,

"rans. :.*. Fou#las and *.D. Godr, idn> rill. S"ill "h maor wor& on !bn

Masarra, al"hou#h som o$ "h %on%lusions ha) bn %halln#d.(

Arnald@, . 196( '!bn Masarra' , in The 6ncyclopedia of !slam, 2nd dn, )ol. 3>

86802. Con%is a%%oun" o$ !bn Masarra's li$ and "hou#h".(

Cru@ *rnHnd@, M. 1981( '5a -ersecuci7n anti)Masarri durante el reinado de 'Abd

al)2ahman al)#asir li)8in Allah seg9n !bn ayyan' +The Anti)Masarri -ersecution

8uring the 2eign of 'Abd al)2ahman According to !bn ayyan/, al)&antara !! 182(>

5106. An anal+sis o$ "h a%%oun" o$ !bn *a++an's al)Mu*tabas %on%rnin# "h prs%u"ion o$ "h dis%ipls o$ !bn Masarrah, %on%ludin# "ha" i" dos no" di$$r

subs"an"iall+ $rom "ha" o$ As7n.(

oodman, . 1996( '!bn Masarra' , in S.*. ;asr and . aman ds( istory of

!slamic -hilosophy, ondon> ou"ld#, %h. 2, 2093. h rol o$ !bn Masarra in

%ra"in# a dis"in%"i) philosoph+ and $orm o$ m+s"i%ism in al0Andalus.(

S"rn, S.M. 1983( '!bn Masarra" $ollower of -seudo)6mpedocles ) An !llusion' , in .

Iimmrman d.( Medieval Arabic and ebrew Thought , ondon> Jariorum. A

%ri"i%ism o$ As7n's "hor+.(

rnro, :. 1993( '#oticia sobre la publicaci7n de obras in:ditas de ibn Masarra'

+2eview of the -ublication of !bn Masarra's ;nedited Works/, al)&antara K!J> 40

64. A summar+ o$ "h "wo wor&s o$ !bn Masarra, publishd $or "h $irs" "im in

1982.(

Unity of the Universe - The Concept of Original Word in Early

Hurufi Texts

Orkhan Mir-KasimovEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, France

Hurufism is an Islamic movement of Gnostic-Messianic trend whichoriinated in Iran in the second half of the fourteenth centur!" #heHurufi doctrine is stronl! influenced $! the occult sciences,%articularl! $! the &science of letters& ''ilm al-huruf (, whence thename of the movement" Hurufi te)ts $ecame first known in the

Occident throuh the works of such scholars as Edward *rowne and+lement Huart, whose attention was attracted $! an odd idiom 'thestara$adi dialect of the Persian, no more s%oken nowada!s( ofsome manuscri%ts, comin mostl! from the *ektashi order ofdervishes" ome of these were %u$lished in ./0/ $! +" Huart in hisTextes persans relatifs a la secte des Hurufis, which is still thelarest e)istent %u$lication of Hurufi te)ts" In the middle of thetwentieth centur!, a num$er of scholars '$dul$aki Gol%inarli,adeq Ki!a, Helmutt 1itter, etc"( contri$uted to the stud! of theHurufi movement, either $! researchin the manuscri%ts and the

historical sources or $! the linuistic e)%loration of the stara$adidialect" #hese researches were continued in the works ofcontem%orar! scholars '2a&qu$ 3hand, hah3ad *ashir, li-1e3a4awlatshahi, li Mir Fetros, li-1e3a 4hakawati 5araqo3lu, etc"(Most of the Hurufi writins have not !et $een %u$lished and areonl! availa$le as manuscri%ts" #he views %resented in this %a%er are$ased on the stud! of the manuscri%t of the Javidannameh '*ritishMuseum, O+" O1" 6/67(, the ma8or work of the founder of theHurufi movement, Fadlallah stara$adi 'd" 7/9:.;/<(, and someearl! commentaries of this work $! his direct disci%les" s wasnoted $! E" Gi$$= &#he task of discoverin what were the s%ecialfeatures of Fa3lullah&s teachin is rendered !et more difficult $! thefact that the Huruf> $ooks are utterl! uns!stematic in theirarranement& ' A History of Ottoman Poetry, ?ondon, ./00, t" ., %";;@(" #his remark is valua$le to the hihest deree when s%eakinof the Javidannameh" Indeed, the %assaes concernin the samesu$8ect are scattered throuhout the different %laces of the te)t"#herefore, the oal of this %a%er is to $rin toether the data toshow how the different levels and as%ects of the created universeare unified in the Hurufi doctrine throuh the fundamental conce%tof a divine Aord" More %articularl!, our %ur%ose will $e to discuss

the notions of knowlede, time, the %h!sical universe, and man, asdifferent manifestations of the oriinal Aord" #houh this idea is



quite common for a num$er of %hiloso%hical and m!stical teachinsthrouhout the world, it acquires a s%ecific inter%retation in theconte)t of the Hurufi thouht"

Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031)

Author: Charles Reginald Haines

CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAMIN SPAIN

A.D. 756-1031

C.R. HAINES, M.A.

AUTHR ! "EN#LAND AND THE PIUM TRADE"$ "EDUCATIN AND MISSINS"$"%ERSINS IN %ERSE."

LNDN

&E#AN PAUL, TRENCH 'C., PATERNSTER S(UARE

1))*

+Not: h/ thr o/2 o Ch4tr I th T/ o Cott,thr r t8o t9t. I / th rt 8 ;t to 4rt oCh4tr %III.<

TA=LE ! CNTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Io o S4 2 th rr--It 2 >o?ut--(urr/

;o@th >o?uror--D4rtur o th %/--%@oth @ thu4r;>2--Co/>t 8th Etr E;4r--Ru>to o th Su--A//S4 >o; #oth>--A44ro>h o Sr>--P/t@ o Chrtt2S4--St B;--#o4/ rt 4r>h tE/r--Iru--Pr>uto--Mrt2r--Cou>/ o E/r--Cou>/oN>--Nu;r o Chrt--P@;4ro>r--Bu/--Ar;--U/4h/--Coro orr--D@r>2 o r/@o--Pr>//--H hr2>o;--Pr>// urt--P@;, S4--Th #oth>#or;t--Chur>h Stt--Po8r o @--E/>to oho4--Ar; o #oth--Er;@/--=@otr2 S4--B8--I/u> o >/r@2-- th 4o4 1-11

CHAPTER II.

Pro o #oth> ru/--D@r>2 o #oth--Cu o thr//--=tt/ o #u/t--Rt> o to8--Thoo;r--R;t th North--Moh;;;--It r 4ro@r--Ru>to oAr>--S@ o Cotto4/--Att> o S4--Tr--Ar #u/--Ar>h2 S4--Chrt th North--C/;>2 o thAr--Trt--Co?ut 2--Rh4o oIor--S/--B8--I;4rt/t2 o Ar @oror--&h/tt/h--!u o Ar =rr--Ro/t o =rr--S2rAr--Stt/;t o Ar--E>t o =rr 8r 11-5



CHAPTER III.

L@ o Aurrh;--&h/t o Coro--Coto oChrt--Pro/2t;--A4ott--Ar S4r--E> oChrt 8rtr--Coto o th 4o4/--Sr--No ro/t--No

o/rt2 8th th Chrt th North--R/to 8th Ar trt r/2--Th h S4--Mrt2r tt/--!u/ou;rt2r--A;, rt ;rt2r--Ptr o Nu;--No othr t// )F--Boh Au/4hu--Cu o Mrt2ro;--A;/@;to o th t8o4o4/--Itr;rr@--Ch/r o ;9 4rt--Nu/o A/o--M or ;rt2ro;--%o/utr2 ;rt2ro;--Th S4h>oor--Thrt trorto th Chur>h--Chrtt2>t 8th Mo/; >uto;--R/@ou rour >ot--!t>;, o ;o--!rh ;rt2r--Pr>tu, Boh,I>--Ar /t2 to urt th ;ot o th;rt2r--Cu o t>;--S>tu--Ptr--/ou, t>5-F0

CHAPTER I%.

!/or Mr--Thr tur--Tr/--Mt Eu/o@u 4ro--Thr 9>uto--thr ;rt2r--H Chrt--Aur/u,S@oth, t>--P/ or 4ro>ur@ ;rt2ro;--Mr>/ 4ro--E9>uto--thr ;rt2r--Dth o Aurrh; II.--Moh;;I.--Mrt2r--Pro@2 u4o thr 9>uto--utr@ ;o?u--Puh;t o or--A44rho o @--Mtt 4r>uto--E ;>r--Sr o ;rt2ro;--C/otr oTou44r--Co/u;, Po;4o--Auu tru ;rt2r--thr

;rt2r--Cor o Coro--Pr>uto th oRur>--Eu/o@u--Prt@ t>t--44o ;/@;to oAr Chrt--E>our@ /r@ oLt--I;4ro;t--E/>t =ho4 o To/o--A@;4ro--Tr/--E9>uto--H r/> F0-5F

CHAPTER %.

Doutu/ ;rt2r--No 4r>uto r@@--Th MuGr--Chur>h Coro--Ar >r4to o >hur>h--Motr out th>t2--%o/utr2 ;rt2r, >h/2 ro; Coro--No r;t tE/r--Ethut ot /r@ o2--Thr /r--Th ;ort4rt2-->to @t th ;rt2r--%o/utr2 ;rt2ro; or2th Chur>h--A8r o 4o/o@t--E> to 4r>uto--A4o/o@t>ott--Eu/o@u A/r--R/@ o Moh;;--Mrt2r8oro ;r>/--D> o 4o/o@t //o@>/--Mrt2r 4ut to thot2 o/tr--Dth 8thout tortur--Thr o >orru4t--Mo/;tut--E>t o ;rt2ro; o th Mo/;--Prohto or/>--Tr> r/>--Th2 8or ;r>/--R/> t ro;S4to !r>--E94to o ;o or tht 4ur4o--St %>to2--R/> o #or@, Aur/u, t>., >rr o--Rtur to!r>--Mur o th ;ort 4rt2-- th



Mo/;--R>>ru--u44ort 2 th ;ort2 o Chrt--!t>>or>--Ath;tG--A>to o @--Su4>t 4o/t>/;o;t--Ro/t t To/o--#r Cou>/--Mur @tG/ot--Mtt 4r>uto--Th 9tr; 4rt2 rou4--A4ot--Ro o th--Th 9>4tor #o;G--Th >o o

thCou>/--Cto o ;rt2ro; 5F-73

CHAPTER %I.

Nto/ 4rt2--Ro/t o S4r @t Ar--Mrt2r tt/--Mrt2ro; ur Aurrh; III.--P/@u--Ar@t--Th;o o Cr--Eu@--No r/ 4r>uto ur th #rt&h/--#r/ 8 o Chrt Chur>h S4 ur Aurrh;II.--C/ 4oto o Chrt--Cou>/--N@/>t o Lt--Ar>>o;4u/or2--Prott o A/r, t>.--Lt or@ott--Cu/tto oMo/; /r@--Mo/; tho/o@2--Chur>h u--S;o2--=r>h o

>o--U8orth2 4rt--R/ 4tor--Hr2 thChur>h--D4rt2 o >/r@2--Thr 4ot2--Thr4oto--MuGr--!r Chrt th North--Th Chur>h thNorth--It @rou 4oto--Cut hort 2 A/;Gor--C/r@2 o44rChrt--Cout o Coro--I//-trt th Chrt--Cou>/--H/2 E/4u--=2 R>>ru--=2 Hot@--B8 Mo/;u;;o--Cou>/ h/ 2 =/u 73-)6

CHAPTER %II.

&h/t 2 Aurrh; III.--Co;;r o th !thu/--H>hr>tr--E;2 to th E;4ror o th t--Rtur ;2--Boho#orG--Dt Coro--M@r ro; th @--Cu otto--Boh o #orG Boh o Coro--Th @thrt--D-/o>--!rh ;2 to tho--A >o ;2 ro;tho--!rt ;2 r>--Co>o o Su/t--To/r> oMo/;--Moh;; u>to--To/rt Moh;; ru/r/8hr--A/>u--Aro/ o Ctu9--=rr, Ar>hho4 oTo/o--Chrt to/rt, >our@--">r o4rot>to"--Chrt >ourt--Cor--S>/o o2@ur--Ar4r o r>--Prt/ A;/@;to o r>--A//> t8 Ar Chrt--Itr;rr@--4r@ o th--Th ;trut--E> t our--No ;2th--Coro--Moh;;8o 4ot2 )6-*)

CHAPTER %III.

Ar >to--=rr--S4r--Mu8//--D4 2Ar--Ro/t t Coro, '>.--Itr@u 8th th !r--Lttr oLou--Ro/t o To/o--Chrt Mu8// ; >o;;o>u--;r--=@ / t--C4tur--E>4--H thto/ 4rt2--=>o; Chrt--Uttr/2 t--Mu8//rth;--Dth o ;r--Stro@ho/ o =otro >4tur--E or//o--Chrt ur Aurrh; III.--A/;Gor--Ar>h2--Eo



&h/t--&o8/@ o Chrtt2 Moh;;; /@ht ;o@tho o th o44ot >r--Chrt 8rtr oI/;--Eu/o@u--Moh;; r/to to Chrtt2--A/r--UrtoMoh;;--H @or> o th &or--Pro4h>2 o D/.--Mo/;o8/@ o Chrtt2--Mt o th Trt2--Ibn HG;--St

B; o Co;4ot// *)-11F

CHAPTER I.

Tr> o ;/@;to o r/@o--It> /8hr--Et/r> o I/; Chrtt2--Co;4ro; tt;4t--I/u>o I/;, or Chrtt2--Iot@ 4rt S4--Hr2 S4t;--It 4o/ >o>to 8th Moh;;;--M@thr2 to th Trt2--It 44ro>h to th Moh;; o>tr--thr;/r hr--Ao4to;--ur o8/@ o t--h>

r--Co>to 8th I/;--It uthor or uthor--Pro/2E/4u--H o44ot--H >hr>tr--I4>--B/ou2 oth!r Chur>h th North--Ntur o Ao4to;--Not r/ oNtor;---r@ o th ;--Aro ro; rt>--!/9--Hr@u;t--A/>u 8r--Chrt, th So o #o 2 o4to--Ut2o Pro >o8/@--!rt ;to o thor2--Ar---E9toohr2--It o44ot--!/9 ;/ to Chur>h >4/--E/4uur Ar ru/--Cou>/-- Nro--!ru/--Rto--!/9ur

h hr2--A/>u--Cou>/ o !rort--Hr2th;tG--Cou>/ o Ro; A9--!/9 @ r>t--A/>uoo--E/4u !/9 thr rror--Su;;r2 o >>o>t@ o4to; 8th Moh;;;--Hr2 oC/uu---I>oo>/; Lr Cro/--C/uu, ho4 oTur--Cru @t ;@-8orh4--Ho44ot--Ar@u;t--I4>--Su;;o or Cou>/--Ruto tt--A/@ hr2 11F-136

CHAPTER .

Mutu/ /u> o th t8o >r--So>//2 t//>tu//2--"No;o I/;"--!?ur--Th >otu/ 2t; o4t 2 thAr--Ar >>out o >ot--Mo/; u--I/;Chrt---Chrt 4rt Moh;;;--Ar;@;t2--Mo/; ;r>/---/ Chrt o--E/@htMo/;--Ph/oo4h2--!rthr--Tho/o@--A/;Gor--Mo/;>4t>--Arro--Th ?u or tho/o@--S>t o M/ ibn

A--Po8r o tho/o@---D>2 o Mo/; >uto;-- ru--Mu>>u/tt--S/ 8or--Sttu t u4--Tur@ to8r M>>--Et@oo8 /h--Er>h;t o Mo/; 8o;--Lo--Dt@uh8o;---o; ;o?u--At tour;t--Ar /o-4o;--Trt o/o 136-1F*



CHAPTER I.

I/u> o Moh;;;--Cr>u;>o o Chrt--E o ho4--Cuto; rt or >otrt--C// r>t 4>u/r

to Mo/;--C/>2 o >/r@2--Ch/r2--r@--Dr ro;Ar--!our 2 tt o S4--S4 th >r/ o >h/r2--Ar>h/r2--(u/>to or @ht--Ru/ o @hthoo--ThC--A/;Gor--H @rot2--But>--Mo/; ;/tr2 orr--Ho/28r--Chrtt2 Moh;;G--Th "A4otho o>h/r2"--Ch/r2 ort o r/@o--So>/ >o;4ro;--Cu/;t th Cru 1F*-156

APPENDICES.

APPENDI A.

B8 4r>ut 2 #oth--H/4 th Sr>--Nu;r--B8 !r>--I//trt--A>>uto @t--E/Gr, 4ott--I>tth S4h Mo/; @t th Chrt--It//>tu/ /o4;toB8 S4--Co; to / 2 Ar--B8 thMh--Bu; trort--Cot>t 8th I/;--C/ 4oto--B8t To/o--Chrt 4r>uto oB8--M>r--E94u/o--Coro--Th "M/ S@r"--Th

I?uto 156-161

APPENDI =.

S4 th 44/ 4o8r--Er/2 4>--Er/2 ;4ort> oS4h Chur>h--Ar S4--rthoo9 S4--I>r o 44//u>--I4t 4rt o @ >/r@2--(urr/ 8th th4o4--Ar o--P4/ uthort2 th North--Cru4r>h--Itrto o th 4o4--St B; r/>--C/uu oTur--R>to o 4o4 >/;--I>r o 4o4 4o8r S4--A44/ to @t MuGr--Error o M@tu--&4@ oEtr--Et@ o 4or--Itr;rr@ 8th B8 Mo/;--!t@oSu2--E/4u 8tht th 44/ >/;--U4ho/ tr>our8th Ar--R>t 44/ u4r;>2--A> o Chrt thNorth--E9to o 4o8r o th 4o4--#oth> /tur@2u4>t--Su44r--Authort2 o 4o4 or @--A44/ ro; th@ to th 4o4--Ru4tur 8th th Ro; S--Rt> o or@ ro to th 4o4--I?uto t/h--%>t;--Mor>o4r>ut--Ror;to t;4 out--Su>to o S4h Chur>h161-173

LIST ! AUTHRITIES 175-1)

CHAPTER I.

THE #THS IN SPAIN.

But out th t; 8h th Ro; 8thr8 ro; =rt, /@ o

;2 o thr 4oo h th;, th Su, A/, %/,tth tto o #rotu, th Ro; @oror o S4, urt totht 4ro> or th u@ur 4 o th P2r.+1< C/o othr t4 o//o8 th %@oth$ 8ho @, t@ ;rr@P/>, th tr o Hooru, 8 >o8/@ 2 th h/4/;4ror 4t ru/r o u>h 4rt o Southr #u/ S4 h>ou/ >o?ur 4 or h;/. Th ;t /u9urou4ro>/ or 4r>t>//2 o rt> to th r> Tuto.NoArthur ro ;o@ th;, ;o@ th 8r/ =rto o our o8/$

o %rthu , th tru@@/ or 4> @t thRo;Co;;o8/th. Mr, th S4h htor, rt tht th24rrr th ru/ o th rr. Ho8r th ;2 , throutr tht th >outr2 ou o rou o44oto ;o@ thS4r: th o/2 @ht@ 8 t8 th;/--or th 4o/.M22r o 8rr 8r >r2 to > th ;4ortt ?uto ou4r;>2. !ortut/2 or S4, th %/, 8ho ; to h thr>t hor ur th /t /r, r4/2 or> thr 82outh8r, , 4@ o to rh >o?ut, >ro th Strt o

#r/tr F*: ot, ho8r, or th2 h uttr/2 orthro8thrr/, th Su, o th rr =t, h /t @r>oro thr r t2 th ; A/u.

+1< "Itr rro 4u4r; /rtt; ?u; tr Ro;otrutr; o//>tu; utr."--Mr, 4u Duh;, o/ .

!or t; t ; //2 tht th Su, 4t o thr /t>ruh@ t, 8ou/ u>t to th;/ th 8ho/ o S4, utur Thoor> II. Eur>, th %@oth t/2 rtthru4rort2. Ur th /ttr @ th #oth> o;to S4 ;2 to h @u out t 2r or th // o th trE;4r. =ut th #oth 8r 2t 2 o ; 4oo o th8ho/o S4. A /r@ 4rt o th outh 8 h/ 2 ;4r/t troo4$or,thou@h th tr E;4r h 9t@uh F76, th Etr;4ror h u>> 2 hrt> to // th out/2@ 4ro>,8h>h h o;//2 /o@ to h r/ th t. A;o@th8 o; 4orto o S4.

It 8 ot t// 570, th 2r 8h>h Moh;; 8 or, tht @

>; to th #oth> thro tro@ ou@h to >ruh th Su toru>th ;4r/t @rro th South$ t 8 ot t// 6, thr2 2r o th !/@ht ro; M>>, tht #oth> @, S8t/,//2 ro out // th E;4ror troo4, >; @ r/t2

o // S4.

S>r>/2 h th 8// o, 8h 8 4r> th rt>too th t o r ;or trr/ o, th ru;our o 8horrt/ 4ro8 h ;r>h or th;. Th r, 8h>h thArrou tt S4 r/2 >tur2 tr th rthoMoh;;, ;2 44r>t ro; th 4r@ / o Bu/,+1<ho4 o To/o:--

"H ;h ?u; t;o, o ;/u ;4/>t rror,

D;ur t @tu o44roro Ar> 4/ r //>u r; ;tur, I?u >tr9 @ A@r urt."

=or @@ >>out o th Sr> o t ru/t, t8// 8// to t r rtro4>t o th >oto oChrtt2 S4 ur th #oth> o;to, 4rou to th t othMo/;.

+1< M@ "Ptro/o@," o/. 9>. 4. )1F.

Thr > o out tht Chrtt2 8 rou@ht r2 r/2 toS4 2 th 4r>h@, u44o, o St Pu/ h;/, 8ho to h ; ;or2 our2 throu@h A/u, %/>, Ar@o. th othr h, thr r o @rou 8htr oru44o@tht B;, th rothr o Boh, r t oot S4. Th"to"o h r; t Ir !/ th *th >tur2, to@thr 8th thtor2r; to >>out or thr 4r> r;ot >orr o S4 orro; th > o th A4ot/ ;rt2ro;, / too >h/h to rutto.

Th hoour o rt hr@ th #o4/ ;@ h >/; Jut,t;, @t 4ro/t2K or I//r.+1< Ho8r tht ;2 ,thr/2 t/h;t o Chrtt2 S4 ttt 2 Iru,8ho44/ to th S4h Chur>h rt@ th 4r;t o>tr.+<Th /o@ ro// o S4h ;rt2r @ th 4r>uto oDo;tJ*5 A.D.K 8th th ; o Eu@u, ho4 o To/o. I ;ot o thu>>@ 4r>uto S4 urh hr u// ?uot o ;rt2r,uth ur ;ot ur Do>/t J303K. It 8 th ;4rorr@

tht r/2 // th htt o Cr Au@ut 8r tr>hrou/2/u@htr o th o/ @rou o thr @ Chrt$ thur@or thr t >t2 ro; th Chrt 4ot Prutu,+3< th4routt/ o "4tr >toru; ;rt2ru;."

+1< !/orG, "E4 S@r," o/. . 44. 361 .

+< =. I. >h. 9. JA.D. 1)6K.

+3< 3F)-F0 A.D.

Th 4r>uto o Do>/t, thou@h th r>t, 8 t th ;t;th /t, 8h>h />t th Chur>h ur th Ro; E;4r.Do>/t 4ro>/; tht h h /ott out th r2 ; o Chrt

o/h thr htu/ u4rtto. Th to th Ro; ;uth; ;4t2 ot, th ru/t o Do>/t ort o/24ro th truth o th o/ ;9;--"th /oo o ;rt2r th oth Chur>h."

Th S4h Chrt out th t;+1< h/ th rt>>/t>/>ou>/ 8ho >t h >o; o8 to u. Th Cou>/ o I//r,orE/r, 8 >o;4o o t ho4 thrt2-9 4r2tr,8ho

4 @ht2 >o.

+1< Th t outu/. =/ut, "Er/2 Chrtt2," 4. 0*, 4/> t t8 31F 35, thou@h htt@ ;r. thr t @ r 300 305.

Th ;4r/ >t o to/rto 8 u 313, 35 8h/th rt #r/ Cou>/ o th Chur>h ur th 4r>2 o th;4ror, Cott, h;/ o8 Chrt. th ?urtro >tur2 o th t; 8h Do>/t h ot tht h h9tr4tth Chrt ;, t h >o;4ut tht r/2 o h/ o thhtt o h ;4r 8r Chrt.

Th to/rto, o /o@ >/;our or, o /t/2 >o>, 8 3F14ut to 2 th Chrt th;/, P@ >r> 8r4roht. So >ott th >ou>t o >hur>h ;/tt >hur>h tru;4ht I 3)), tr r >/4 ur Bu/,Chrtt2 8 or;//2 >/r 2 th St to tht/hr/@o o th Ro; E;4r.

=ut th >urt2, or rthr 4ro;>, thu u/2 >?ur 2th>hur>h, rt@ t 4rt u4o ro2/ our >ourttr@u, ot t to th 4rtu/ >;t o Chrtt2. A/;ot

>o>t 8th th E>t o M/ 8 th 44r> o Ar;,8h>h, tr @ th Chur>h @t t/ or u48r oh/-->tur2, /;ot u>>@ t o t; ;4o@ t/oth 8ho/ Chur>h,+1< //2 ur th ;or2 G/ o U/4h/ou

8 / ;o@ th rr to tht 8r 4r@ u4o //th orthr our o th E;4r, r2, / @/, to 8oo4o8 t u4o hr ;@ht2 >r>.

+1< At th Cou>/ o R; 360. "I@;ut totu or," 2 Bro;, "t Aru; ;rtu t."

Mot o th rr> hor, / th #oth th %/,o4tth ;-Ar Chrtt2 rt 4r>h to th; 2 U/4h/to8rth >/o o th ourth >tur2. Co?ut/2 th to tht or>

thr 82 to Southr #u/, or th P2r to S4, 8r,o;//2 t /t, Chrt o th Ar 4ruo. Th 9tr;;4ort> to S4 o th >t o thr @ Chrt t // 8//r/2 44rh 2 >otrt@ th t o th S4h4ro>/8th tht 8h>h // th Chrt Ro;G =rto t thho our o8 S9o orthr o/2 h/-->tur2 /tr.

M8h/ th Chur>h S4, / th Chur>h /8hr, r ro;th?u>@ 4ur2@ /u> o 4r>uto, h /ot ;u>h o

t>t rour. #/tor/ ho8 />ou > o tht@@ to to/rt 2 Chrt, thou@h th2 8r ou>2th ;or out >o;4t/ 8th th 4roo o th Chrtth.

S4 /o urh u 8th th rt ;/>ho/2 4>t>/ oChrt/oo h 2 Chrt h. Pr>//, ho4 o A/, 8 /to rror 2 h tr>our 8th E@24t @ot>. ht hrror9>t/2 8 ot r2 >/r, ut t ; to h >o;4r o; oth rroou o>tr ttrut to M S//u. I 3)0,th8 hr2, 8th 8h>h t8o othr ho4 Pr>// >;>t, 8 >o; t >ou>/ h/ t Sr@oG, 2 othrh/ 2r /tr t =oru9. Pr>// h;/ 9 othr4ro 8r 9>ut 8th tortur t th t@to o Ith>u,+1<ho4 o Sou, I>u, ho4 o Mr, 4t o th4rott o Mrt o Tour othr. Th hr2 t/, ho8r,8ot thu t;4 out, >otu S4 ut/ /o@ tr th#oth>>o?ut.

Thr o; ro or u44o@ tht t th t; o th #oth>

o S4 8 t// @rt 4rt P@, tht t >otuto o ur@ th 8ho/ 4ro o #oth> o;to.+< So; P@uout/2 /@r o /t th o th 9th >tur2,+3<ut tht thr 8r 2 /r@ u;r o th; /t th @hth

>tur2 ;4ro/.

Dr Duh;, 8ho h @ >/r >o> >>out o th #oth>@or;t S4, >// t th ";ot >>ur tht r 9t Euro4."+F< Th too 84@ tt;t, thou@h t ;ut //o8tht th hu@ht2 9>/u o th #oth> o/ rr thr2o4>u/r/2 @//@, 8h/ th 4oto o thr / 8 8rt>h2o // 9;4/. Ho8r, t ot to thr >/ ;trtotht 8 8h o8 to r8 ttto, ut rthr to th r/to oChur>h Stt ur #oth> ;trto 8h>h 8 t rtAr

u?ut/2 orthoo9.

+1< S M/;, "Lt Chrtt2," o/. . 4. 60.

+< DoG2, . FF, ?uot u44ort o th th >o >o o th S9tth Cou>/ o To/o.

+3< Mo, ho4 o Mr, 8 to h 4tG P@ /t th.

+F< Duh; "Ht. o S4," o/. . 4. 10.

Th #or;t, 8h>h @ 8th @ o thorou@h/2 ;/tr2

>hr>tr, @ru//2 t to >o; tho>r>2-- ru/t u @rt;ur to th ttuto o to/ >ou>/, 8h>h 8r >// 2th @, tt 2 // th >h >>/t> o th r/;.M2o th o/ h@h @tr o th Stt /o too 4rt th;/, thou@h th2 ;@ht ot ot o 4ur/2 >>/t>/;ttr.Th >ou>/, o 8h>h thr 8r t // Jt h/tTo/o, th #oth> >4t/, t8o /8hrK, @ru//2 u; th4o8r o rt2@ th />to o th @, o >tt@ hr/@ou 4o/>2. Thu 2 th S9th Cou>/ o To/o J>o thrKt8 >t tht // @ hou/ 8r "ot to ur th 9r>o2 othr r/@o th th Ctho/>, to @orou/2 or> th/8@t // tt, 4>//2 @t tht >>ur 4o4/ thB8." Th >t o th ;or>h2 >o;@ />t+1< o out>otrut @oo / to thro8@ th 4o8r to th h o th>/r@2.

Dr Duh; r;r tht th >ou>/ t to ; th ho4urt to th >ourt, ut ur/2 th > 4ot th othr82. th 8ho/ t 8 th @ tht /ot 4o8r, thou@h o out

>o;4to h @ o;8ht ;or uthort2 or Chur>h ;ttr.H>ou/, or t>, u t;4orr2 r@u/to 8th r@r toChur>h>4/. tG, o o th /t o th #oth> @, ; to

h uthorG, or t /t >our@, th ;rr@ o h >/r@2.+<Th @ >ou/ 4r > o 44/ 4ur/2 >>/t>/r$ 8 o8 tht R>r I. J5)7-601K Srt J61-61K >t 9r> th r@ht. H /o @ th 4o8r oo;t@ tr/t@ ho4$ ut t ot >/r 8h th 4r/@ 8rt >o> to th @.+3< Th !ourth Cou>/ o To/o J633K>t tht ho4 hou/ />t 2 th >/r@2 4o4/ oh>t2, tht h />to hou/ 44ro 2 th ;tro4o/t2o o h 4ro>: 8h/ th T8/th Cou>/, h/ ort2-@ht

2r/tr, t/2 r>o@G th /t2 o thr 44ot;t 2ro2/8rrt /o. So; h rrr th oto > to th4ot>ru/ o Thoor> th tro@oth, t th @@ o th 9th>tur2$othr to th u >>u;u/to o >t o th // oAr; S4. Aothr ;4ortt 4o8r 4o 2 th @ 8 tht o>oo@ th to/ >ou>/, >or;@ thr >t.

+1. 1F, 8ho o//o8 St o S/;>$ Rorto, . 6. /r ro; th "Chro. S/," >. 7, tht !ru/ J757-76)K or th ;rr@ o >/r@2. =ut th >>out o tG r@ r // o4 to u4>o.

+3< Rorto, "Ht. o Chrt Chur>h," o/. . 4. 1)3.

Th u urrr o thr Ar; 2 th #oth> @ o/ ot>/ 4ho;o. A// th rr r> tht S4tth @@ o th th >tur2 8r o>u/t 8th th Arhr2. th th %/ >rr thr Ar;, 8h>h 4ro too r2 4r>ut@ t24, to Ar>. Th Su, to 8h>h toth A/, ur th 4rur o >o;;o ;2, h oo or,@ u4 thr Ar; or th orthoo9 th out 560. Th%@oth,ho8r, r; Ar ut/ o;8ht /tr 4ro--ut/ 5)*;/2, 8h R>r I., th o o Lo@/, h/ to/>ou>/ o/;/2 ur th >r o h orthr, h 9;4/ @o//o8 2 ;2 o h o/ ho4.

Th %@oth, 8h/ th2 r; Ar, 8r o th 8ho/r;r/2to/rt+1< to8r oth B8 Ctho/>, thou@h 8 h t>

to th >otrr2 th > o Eur> Lo@/, 8ho r toh 4r>ut th orthoo9 4rt2. Th /ttr @, , 8ho 8tur//2 o ;/ or@@ t;4r, 8 or> to hrh;ur2 th u// trtorou >ou>t o h o Er;@/. I th/ttr h >ott to o8 h >oro to orthoo92 8thout

tr@ to tro/ r//o >o>rt 8th th Su I;4r/t @t h too u/@t thr, thr r2 rototh tht Lo@/ 8ou/ h t o ;ur @t h;. Etr >o r//o th @ or to 4r h o /--8h>h8 ort to th Stt--o >oto tht h rou> h8/2-o4t >r, rtur to th Ar o/. H ro--r2t//@/ o--o out 8 tht h ;@ht 4ut to th ro thr r//o 2 4rt@ h o >tu//2 ro; th tr@u@4rt2 o Ctho/>. To >// Er;@/ ;rt2r >u h 8 4ut to

th ur u>h >r>u;t> ur/2 u o 8or.

+1< L>2, "R o Rto/;," o/. . 4. 1F, ot, 2 tht th Ar #oth 8r to/rt$ ut thr ; to u>t @rou or th rto.

th th // o Ar; >; /r@ >>o o @otr2 to thS4h Chur>h, u>t/2 h8 2 th >o o ?uotro;th S9th Cou>/ o To/o. A u?ut /8 8 4or@2o ur 4 o >o>to o h 4ro4rt2 4r4tu/;4ro;t, to >// ?uto th Ho/2 Ctho/> A4oto/>

Chur>h$ th E@/>/ Ittuto$ th to o th !thr$th >r o th Chur>h$ th S>r;t. I th 4rt o th>t;t, r ;ur 8r t @t th B8, o 8ho;thr8r @rt u;r S4. Srt J61-61K ; to h thrt 2t;t> 4r>utor, 8ho G/, Ior >o,8"ot >>or@ to o8/@."+1< A >ru/ >ho> 8 @ th B8t8 4t; o th o h, >our@@ ttuto o thothr. h th 4ro u/@, ;or tr@t >t 8ror>@t th;. Tho 8ho ur th 4rur o 4r>uto >otto 4t, 8r or> to 8r 2 th ;ot o/; o oth thtth2h r2 truth rou> thr B8h th horr trt.Tho 8ho t// ru to >oor; 8r u>t to r2 @t2outr@. Th2 8r o/@ to h Chrt rt, to orSu2 Etr. Th2 8r th >ou th uhooru;. Thr tt;o2 8 / /8 >ourt, u/ Chrtou>h or thr >hr>tr. So; 8ho t// h/ out 8r rto 9/. =ut th 4uh;t >ou/ ot h 2t;t>//2>rr out, or th Sr> o ou @rt u;r o B8t//

S4. A DoG2+< 8// 2 o th 4r>utor--" / ou/ut,; o / 4out 4."

+1< A4u !/orG, "E4. S@r.," o/. . 4. 50, ?uot 2 South2, Ror>, 4. 55, . "Srtu, ?u to r@

Buo ; Chrt; 4r;o, ;u/to; ?u; hut, o >uu; >t;: 4ottt ; >o;4u/t, ?uo 4roo>r rto o4ortut. S, >ut t >r4tu;, 4r o>>o; 4r rtt; Chrtu u>tur, ho> @uo t @uo."

+< "Htor2 o Muu/; S4," o/. . 4. 6.

Ntur//2 ou@h, ur th >r>u;t> th B8 o S4 turthr 2 to thr >o-r/@ot Ar>$ ut, th >rt@otto t8 th; @ >or, th 4r>uto /Goutrh, th Stth Cou>/ o To/o+1< >r tht

r/4B8 hou/ o/ /$ tht thr >h/r hou/ or>/2t ro; th;$ tht th2 hou/ ot //o8 to ;rr2 ;o@th;/.+<

+1< Co ), ;to Buoru;.

+< !or th urthr htor2 o th B8 S4, A449 A.

Th oou >r @t th B8 ;ut ttrut to tho;t/u> o th >/r@2, 8ho r?ut th h/4 th2 thu r>

ro;th >u/r r; 2 8/@ th 4o8r o th; 9>o;;u>to@t th 4o/t>/ ; o th @.+1< Moror th >or/r/to 8h>h ut t8 th Chur>h th Stt, ;tth2 8r 2 tro@ 4rt o 4>, / th S4h@to rt th @rou >ro>h;t o th P4/ 4o8r, u>t8h>h h ;or u//2 trt A449.+<

+1< Th >ou>/ r u// o u>to ; t th r/ @t th @ uthort2. =2 th !ourth Cou>/ J633K th 4o S8t/ 8 9>o;;u>t.

+< A449 =.

CHAPTER II.

THE SARACENS IN SPAIN.

Th #oth> o;to /t 300 2r, tht >o;4rt/2hort4ro 8 r 2 o; 8rtr to / tht th r?ut

/ot thr to/ >hr>trt>, >;, / th S4r,/u9urou ;t.+1< Thr hu@ht2 9>/u, th>to thr @ Ar, ;2 o out h t to 4 th; or t;4rt ro;, u4ror to, th u>t 4o4u/to, 8ho; th2

4 /, ht hrt>. =ut 8h th r/@ourrr 8 r;o, th o>/ o oo o//o8, o >o;4/t/2th >o?uror /o thr >>2, tht th2 urrrthro8 Tuto> to@u or th >orru4t Lt o thr u>t.

+1< Cro "Htor2 o S4," o/. . 4. 6. "= r /ur >tr tot /or r 4r / 4/r, / ou>ur u >/;t$ / /u9 t / r>h ot ;o// /ur >our@ t >orro;4u / ;our." C4. Duh;, o/. . 157.

=ut th #oth h >rt/2 ot >o; o @rt @r//2u44o. Thr Sr> o ot thu ur/u th;. Mu ibn

No2r, th or@r o th 94to to S4, th rt@oror o tht >outr2 ur Ar ru/, 8h 2 th &h/Su/; or h o4o o th #oth, 8r tht "th2 8r /or/@ /u9ur2 u>, ut >h;4o 8ho ot tur thr> to th ;2."+1< Thr > o out tht th 4r 88//r. Nor th >o;4rt 8th 8h>h th >outr2 8orru, 2 4roo to th >otrr2. !or tht ;ut ttrut to8ho// tr>hr2 ro; o o th >outr2 to th othr. =ut orth th #oth> ru/r h o/2 th;/ to /;. Thr trt;to

th B8 o thr / ; th >to o th t8o >/othr u>t t/.

Th o/ S4h >hro>/r r4rt th // o th #oth> @o;th r>t @> o H or th o u>> @$+<uto th h o th >/r@2, ;or th o th @, rt th@u/to thr ?utou u>/ 4o/>2 to8r th Ar+3< thB8. Th tr>hr2 o Bu/,+F< 8htr t >u, o4 82orth Ar to th >outr2 2 tr2@ to thr h Cut, th2o th Strt. Su>> thr rt rou tt/ 8 >ur toth; 2 th o44ortu rto ro; th ;2 r o th>t 4o/t>/ 4rt2 ur th o o th /t @ tG,+5< r>hho4 44, 8ho tr8r 4ottG$ 8h/ th r4uu@to o th 8ho/ >outr2 8 ur 2 th hoto//-u / 8ho /o> to th Sr> tr, 2 thB8+6<8ho h/ th Ar //o8-Sh;t /rr ro; th ht2o o th u>r>u;> #oth.

+1< A/ Mr, o/. . 4. *7. JD #2@o tr/toK.

+< "Chro. S/.," >. 17, "r>rt H4 ;u Do; o trt; r@u; ;/t;." S o, 4. 7, ot .

+3< Ar; /@r o t// th ;/ o th @hth >tur2 t /t, > Ror@o o To/o, ., >. 3, 2 o A/oo I., tht h "9tr4t hr Ar;."

+F< !or Bu/, or, ;or >orr>t/2, I/2, D #2@o ot to A/ Mr, . 4. 537, t>.

+5< C// #htthh 2 th Ar. !or th tG 4rt2 "St. S/," >. 7$ "Chro. S/.," >. 15. Th u@htr o tG ;rr o/ Ar. Th >t o th &@, ur th ; tG, 8r o8 S4 t// th o th @hth >tur2 t /t. S Lttr o =tu Ethru to E/4u, >. 61$ "Mu/t ho 4o r@ u;ut o; tG, t; 4u4r." S /o A/ Mr, . 1F.

+6< Th B8 @rro th t to8 JA/ Mr, . 44.

)0, ), D #2@o ot, 4. 531K. E /t )5 8 th B8 tr2@ =r>/o to th Moor, 8ho /8 r/2 // th Chrt.

Yt 4t o // th t@ th #oth ; rt--r, , our S9o orthr @t th Nor;. Thrt> tt/ th South+1< /t, o; 8rtr h>/r,9 8ho/ 2, th Ar 8r t o t; o th 4ot o @r to th . Th 44rt ro; Tr r to ho/r th ht o tt/: "Mo/;, >o?uror o Ar>,

8hthr8ou/ 2ou /2 Th h 2ou, th o rot. Thr oh/4 or 2ou 2our o8 r@ht h+< th our o #o."Nor;ut 8 /2 2 tr o th 4rt2 o or> o thr ,;out@ to to o, or /r@ 4ro4orto o Ror> r;28>t. It 4ro/ tht o/2 th #oth ; tr;t$ tr u>h >ruh@ t th2 r> t #u/t,tr th /o o thr @, th #oth> o/ t// or tuorrt> Mr, Coro, /8hr.+3< o th;,Thoo;r, tr @ h;/ ;u//2 Mur> or o; t;,t/t 2 h /our r >otr to >ur or h;/, to h o8 to h u>>or Ath@/, ;-4t ru/ortht 4rt o S4.

+1< #r//2 >// th tt/ o #u/t J L, D #2@o o A/ M. . 44. 5F, 57K, ou@ht thr r r or M So.

+< "U /u >t u//; 4rr /ut;." S A/ M. . 4. 71$ Co . 4. 57 J=oh Tr/toK.

+3< ;ut ot or@t /o tht th ;/ 4o/t> >ou>t o th Sr> to8r th to8 tht urrr, tr rt>, ;r//ou/2 >/tt thr >o?ut.

=ut th @rt 4roo tht th #oth h ot /ot // thr >t

hrhoo o/, or 2 th >t tht, 8h th2 h r to th ;out o th North t, th2 ; toh@u t o> to or@G rh rt> @t th r.Ththrt2+1< 8rt>h rr, 8ho; th Ar thou@ht t u>r2to4uru to thr t t, oo ho8 tht th2 h 4o8rtot@$ th hu/ o 4trot, 8ho th > o Coo@@thr rou P/2o, >o o th o/ #oth> /, oo 8//to r;2, th r;2 to to. th 9 2r o th th o

Ror> h @u tht o8r ;r>h o th 8 S4h ;or>h2,8h>h,8th th 9>4to o trou t8t2- 2r t th >/o othtth >tur2, 8 ot t to rtro@r, >r>/2 to h/t,ut/ t h r@ r2 oot o @rou tht h o> /o@ toth#oth> @.

Lt u tur or ;o;t to th t>t o th Ar r.Htor2 or o 4r///, 8hthr ro; r/@ou or 4o/t>/4oto 8, to th u r o Moh;;; th 8oru/

>o?ut8h>h t ;. "Th />tr> 4r+< h // o 8ht;/> uot>/ , /o th 4ro 94/o 4o8r /G h-h@h ro; D/h to #r" Moh;; @ h4r>h@ 60*, >o h;/ to 4ruo t// 6, th 2r o th!/@ht ro; M>>. Atr th >h@ ; to h >o; or h>ou>t, ot or h >hr>tr, th Pro4ht, or@o@ th4>u/ ;or @/orou ;o o H-t ;@r,44/to th hu; rtr;t o th 8or: ot 8th 2 r2 ;ru>>,ho8r, th >tor2 o =r 6F @ >outr/> 2 thto hu th o//o8@ 2r. I 631, Ar @ ;ot/24>,th rt 94to 2o t our 8 urt urMoh;; o8 /rh4, ut th ort tt;4t @ o>too th toh@ u>> to >h th r utur.Moh;;h;/ th o//o8@ 2r, 2t, 4t o th th>o?ut ro/t o /;ot // Ar, 8th t8o 2r S2r 8orru D;>u t. Pr, 8h>h h >ot or >turo?u/ tr; 8th Ro;, 8 orthro8 @/ >;4@. I 637Bru/; //, th >r o/ o P/t 4 ur th2o

o th Sr>. th thr 2r A/9r th r>h //2 oth N/ 8r th 4rG o A;ru h r;2. Th >o?ut o E@24to/2or; th t44@-to to th ru>to o Ar>, th>torouMo/; ot 4u thr >rr ut/ th2 r>h th At/t>

>, Ah,+3< r@ h hor to th , @h or ;or8or/ to >o?ur. ;2 9>u 4rh4 or th@ tht t h 8// or th htt o th N8 or/, !ortu h/rth; to th h o th @rou Ar rthr th to th >ru/o/r2 o Cort PGrro.

+1< A/ M., . 3F. "ht r thrt2 rr 4r>h u4o ro> Th2 ;ut t/2 ."

+< Cr/2/ "Hro orh4" ;.

+3< Cro, . 4. 37$ #o, . 3F), ot.

I 6)), tht , /tt/ ;or th @rto ro; th th oMoh;;, th Mo/; urtoo th @ o Cotto4/.!ortut/2or th >u o >/to o Chrto;, th /o@ @ or/ 2r 4ro uu>>u/, 8// >o tt> 717.=ut 2 th /ttr t th oot@ Euro4, 8h>h th /our o th=2Gt th;, h /r2 @ 2 th 94totoS4 ur Tr 711. Th ; 2r tht 8t th >ro@oth Strt o #r/tr th t 8 /o th Et th 4@o

th 9u 2 th @r 8rror o I/;.

Thr ; to o; @rou or u44o@ tht th Sr> htt> S4 or th t; o Tr. A r/2 6F), oro/2o 2r tr th o o Ar>, 94to to h ; to tht >outr2 ur Au//h ibn S,+1< 8h>hru/t th t;4orr2 uu@to o th outhr 4ro>. A >oro ;to 2 Au/+< h@ t 4/> th; r@J6FF-656K$ 8h/ or >uro th r@ o ; J671-6)0K 8h th uthort2 o th S4h htor, Ior o = St o S/;>, th or;r o 8ho; th >t tht thSr> 8r t 2 Er@, 8ho tr8r u>> ; oth thro-- tor2 8h>h ; //2 ou@h 8h r th /@htoth u?ut tro o Bu/. Th r/r tt>, ho8r,;to h ;r r, urt 8thout ;;t 8 to4r;t >o?ut.

=2 82 o rt/to, or 8th >o;;/ or@ht, th #othth/4 to Crth@ 8h @ 2 th Ar 6*5$ , 8h/ Bu/thr @r/ t// r; tru to h //@>, th2 t othSr> ro; Cut. =ut o th urrr o tht ortr th Ar

8r / to >ro th Strt ;// r>ootr@t>h;to hur ; ur Tr u rh,+3< =rr. Th too4/> >tor 710$ ut th >tu/ o ot o>>ur t// A4r/ 30,711, 8h 1,000 ; / ur Tr ibn 2. Thr ; to

h 4r/;r2 @@;t or th > o o #u/tJBu/21*th-6thK--th #oth> @r/ th or;r @ tt rou/2toh Thoo;r,+F< S>ho,+5< or E>o.+6<

+1< S D #2@o ot o A/ Mr, . 4. 3).

+< "A/ Mo/;>," . 4. 6.

+3< Th ; o Tr ibn M/ u rh Tr ibn 2 h >ou 2 // th >r/ 8rtr o S4h

htor2--.@. Co, Duh;, Yo@, South2, t>.$ ut #o, !r;, t>., o >our o ot // to th rror. !or Tr ; D #2@o, A/ M., . 44. 517, 51*$ or Tr "Ibn A / H;," Bo tr/to, ot 10.

+F< A/ M., . 6)$ Ior: Co, . 55.

+5< Cro, . 75.

+6< Dr Duh;.

It 8// ot >r2 to 4uru th htor2 o th >o?ut

t/. It ou@h to 2 tht thr 2r /;ot // S4 4rt o Southr #u/ 8r to th Sr> ;4r. =ut th Ar; th t/ ;t+1< o /@ r;t o thr ;u>o?ur th ;out o Atur, hr/2 h th 8 o>o?ut 84t or th >outr2, th t @ /o8/2 ut ur/2 tor>. Th 2r 733 8t th h@h-8tr ;r o Ar 9toth t, Chrt #u/ 8 r tr8r rou/2thrt8th th >/;t2 o Moh;; o;to.

Th 4ro o ort2- 2r 8h>h /4 t8 th >o?ut th t/h;t o th &h/t o Coro 8 4ro oorr,/;ot ;out@ to r>h2, throu@hout S4. Th tt o th@8o ;t/2 our/ to th @ro8th >oo/to o thttt 8h>h 8 r@ ;o@ th ;out o th North8t. I tht>orr o th /, 8h>h /o+< 8 ot 4o//ut 2 th 4r>oMo/; ;tr, 8r @thr // tho 4rou 4rt 8ho >ou/ otroo u>to /u ro; o // rth/2 4oo.+3<Hr // th rou to/t tht h ro; t; to t; orru/ S4,

"Pu> Ro; &/t #oth #r," +F<

// th rou >/, o/, r;, /, 8r @ru//2

8/ 2 th tro@ 4rur o >o;;o >/;t2 to o >o;4>tho;o@ou 8ho/.+5< M8h/ 8ht 8 th >oto o thoChrt 8ho 4rrr to / thr o8 ho;, ut ur thMo/; 2o It ;ut >o tht th2 ;@ht h r ;u>h8or$

th >o>/tor2 4o/>2 4uru 2 th Ar o out >otrut/r@/2 to th >/t2 o th >o?ut. Th rt >o?uror, Tribn

2, 8 ; o r;r/ @rot2 >/;>2, h>ou>tu//2 ut th 4rou ot 8h>h h uttr 8h rr@ o/>hr@ or th Su/t Su/;.+6< "A th tru /r," h, " /o th Chrt, 8ht th >ou>t o Tr h Ar> S4. Lt th; 2 th2 h r ou h;>o8r/2,>otou, or >ru/."

+1< A/ Mr, . 3F.

+< A>>or@ to St o S/;>, th Moor h r ;tt to 2 to8 o =>2 or )70.

+3< Pr>ott, "!r I//," ; to th tht o/2 th /o8r orr r; ur th Moor. Yt ot h ;to r;r o urt to th >otrr2 J4@ 3K.

+F< South2, "Ror>," Cto I%.

+5< Thrr2, "D9 A Etu Htor?u," 4. 3F6. "Rrr > >o trr, u 4our u9 tout / 4tr, #oth

t Ro;, ?uur t >u, tr@r t @, ;tr t >/, tou u / ;; ;/hur ... urt @u9 >t 9/." Yt thr 8r ro/t r2 r@. !ru/ I. J757-76)K, ro/t o =>2 #/>: Aur/o J76)-77FK, ro/t o / r;, "Chro. A//.," . >. F, Ror@o, . >. 5, 4rt; rtut; r>t ut: S/o J77F-7)3K, #/> ro/t: /o ro/t r@ o A/oo I., R;ro I. S Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. F.

+6< r h 4r>or, /, or th 4ot ot tr;.

Th tr; @rt to u>h to8 urrr @r//2 >ottho//o8@ 4roo: tht th >tG hou/ @ u4 // thrhor r;$ tht th2 ;@ht, th2 >ho, 4rt, /@ thr4ro4rt2$ tht tho 8ho r; hou/, o 42;t o ;//trut, 4r;tt to o//o8 thr o8 r/@o, or 8h>h 4ur4o >rt>hur>h 8r to /t t@$ tht th2 hou/ h thr o8u@, o2 J8th /;tK thr o8 /8. I o; > thr>h o th >hur>h 8r /o urrr, t Mr,+1< hot@ @. =ut >oto ttr th th 8r otro;Au/GG, o o Mu, 2 Thoo;r Mur>. Th or@/ o>u;th 4rr 2 th Ar htor, 8// 8orth2 otr>r4to:

"I th ; o #o th C/;t Mr>u/ Au/GG T;r;th trt2 o 4>--;2 #o >or; 4rot>t t T;r h//rt th >o;; or h o8 4o4/, ut or o othr 4o4/;o@tho o h th. Thr h// o 8r t8 h u>t

tho o th Ar, or h// th >h/r or 8o; o h 4o4/ />4t. Th2 h// ot tur th 9r> o thrr/@o:thr >hur>h h// ot urt, or h// 2 r> ;ro; th;, or o/@to / u4o th;--tho 94r thtrt2 /o 9>4t.... T;r h// ot r> our ;, or/ /t2 to u, h h// ot >o>/ 8htr hot/ 4ur4oh;2 o8 to 9t @t u. H o/ h;/ h// 42 truto r+< >h 2r, 8th our ;ur o 8ht our o

r/2$o ;, @r, ho2, o/ >h our ;ur. A// th /oT;r, r2 ; u>t to t9, h// 42 th h/ o th;4ot."+3<

Th our/ tr; 8r u 4rt to th r o Thoo;r,+F< 4rt/2 4rh4 to Au/GG o8 4rt/t2 or th Chrt,8h>h 8 /o ;t h ;rr@ 8th E@/o, th 8o8 o&@ Ror>, th r> 8h>h h 4 to hr. Th4r/>toor th Chrt rou@ht th o o Mu to // our 8th th

Ar, h 8 t 716.+5<

+1< Co . 4. 6*. Th 8 4rh4 u to Mu otorou r>.

+< So;8ht / th t h//@.

+3< A/ Mr, . )1: Co, . 4. 76.

+F< Ior, >, 3), 2 o h;: "!ut >r4turru; ;tor, /o?ut ;r>u, 4ro/ 94tu, ?u t 4u A;r A/;u; 4rutor tr >tro tu, ut/tr t hoortu."

+5< A/ Mr, . 4. 30. H 8 >>u o tr@ to tro/ >orr4o> 8th th Chrt o #/>$ o or;@ 4ro>t or th ;>r o Mo/;$ o @ h;/ Chrt, t>.

th 8ho/ t ;2 tht th Sr> >o?ut 8>>o;4/h8th 8oru//2 /tt/ /ooh, 8th 8 or o o thotro>t 8h>h @r//2 >hr>trG th uu@to o 8ho/4o4/ 2 ; o / r> / >r. It >ot,ho8r, tht th o/2 >ot;4orr2 Chrt >hro>/r tr>o th 4ot 8th // th Ar >>out.

"ho," 2 Ior o =, "> >r u>h horror I r2/; ;2 o2 >; to@u, th 8ou/ hu; tur / 4>t@ th 8ho// ru o S4, // t >out/ ;;ur/ 8o. =ut tht th rr ;2 hr r th 8ho/tor2

o orro8--ot to 4 o // th trou // 8h>h u;r/@ 4t ro; A; t// o8 rou tt r@o othrth >ru/ ou/ o h >u to r 8or/--8htr Tro2Ho;r t/ ur, 8htr Bru/; ur tht th 4ro4ht8or ;@ht >o; to 4, 8htr =2/o ur8t tht thS>r4tur;@ht u///--// th, ;or, h S4 94r>--S4o> u// o /@ht, ut o8 o ;r2, o> o 9/t @/or2,uto8 rou@ht /o8 h; hoour."+1<

+1< C4. /o Ior, > 36. Duh;, . 4. 11, ot, >urou/2 r;r: "=oth Ior Ror> ;2 9@@rt, ut th 9@@rto 4ro th >t."

Th t/2 ;r rh4o2, o th ; >hr>tr th r@o th =rth ;o #/, thou@h r / ut t ; 2th>tu/ >t. Ror@o o To/o, o//o8@ Ior tr tr/o500 2r, ;4ro u4o h; 2 tr@ to t/, 8h>h @ ;2 4rt>u/r ;otr/2 /, ;2 othr ro/2/oo

u4o 8th u4>o 9@@rt, ot tr/2 ;@r2. H8orr: Ch/r r h o th @rou, 2ou@ ; h, thrthr // tt/, th o/ ; r ;>r, th 8o; rror @rtr ;ortu$ r2 >thr/ urt or tro2, thto/ut> 4/ur, oth trt uor;/2 ro.+1<

To 44r>t th ;/ @rot2 o th Ar, 8 o/2>o;4r thr >o?ut o S4 8th th >o?ut o E@/ 2 thS9o, th D, 2 th Chrt Nor;. Th >o;4ro8// // our o th Ar. It ot ;4o/ tht, thr h !r t o Moor, th >outr2 8ou/ hur ;or, 8 > ro; th >tu/ ru/t >t 2th o o Chr/ th #rt 777. P/> th2 8r t8th / th 4 , th S4r 8ou/ 4rh4 h4rrrJh th >ho> thrK to u>t to th Sr> rthrthto th !r.+<

+1< Duh;, . 4. 11, ot.

+< DoG2, . 4. F1, ot, ?uot Er;o/ N@/ o =r>/o:

"Ur rt tr !r>oru; ho4t tur, Muroru; ot o>t ;@."

To th o8-tro /, 8ho 8r r2 u;rou // throu@h S4,

th Mo/; >; th >hr>tr o /rr. A / h o/2 to4roou> th ;4/ or;u/: "Thr o #o ut #o, Moh;;h Pro4ht": h 8 ;;t/2 r. To th B8 th Mo/;rou@ht to/rto, 2, /u> 4o8r. I >t, > th// o Bru/; 5)) =.C. th B8 h r o2 u>h

4> /u> S4 ur@ th o;to o thAr. Thr @u @ thu //o8 r >o4, th2 4ut thu4r;>2 /trtur th rt 8th th Ar th;/.

M2 o th r/r @oror o S4 8r hrh >ru/ thr ;trto, ut t 8 to Mo/; Chrt /.+1<So; >r th trut / u4o th Chrt$ ut t;ut r;;r tht th trut+< 8 th rt t> r2/@ht, thror >r 8 ot /t r/2 o44ro.Moror, thr 8r ot 8t@ o; ru/r 8ho u4h/ th >u oth

Chrt @t //@/ 9>to. A;o@ th 8 Aurrh; /#h JM2-Au@. 71, 731-73K, o 8ho; Ar 8rtr 2:+3<"H ?u/ ut> to Mo/; Chrt ... h rtor to thChrt u>h >hur>h h t ro; th; >otrtooth t4u/t trt$ ut o th othr h h >u // tho to;o/h, 8h>h h r>t 2 th >o> o trt@oror." S;/r/2 o h u>>or Ah ibn Soh2; A//J71-76K, 8 t r>or+F< tht "h rr ?u/ ut> tor2 ;, ;@ o t>to t8 Muu/; Chrt, ort8 Chrt B8." Ah 8 o//o8 2 Yh2 ibn S/;h

JMr>h-S4t. 76K, 8ho >r u>ou/2 r, ror h 9tr; r@our 2 Mo/; 8// Chrt.+5< Ior2tht h ; th Ar @ > to th Chrt th 4ro4rt2u/8u//2 t ro; th;.+6< S;/r 4r 8r to h ibn

u/h A/u/ J73F-7F0K.+7< Yt thou@h ;2 o th A;r o S48r ut u4r@ht ;, o 4r;t 4o/>2 >ou/ >rr out8thr@r to th r/to t8 Mo/; Chrt, 8h/ thA;r8r o >ott/2 >h@@, @ o;t; />t 2 th r;2, utotr 44ot 2 th &h/, or 2 h /utt, th @ororoAr> or th t; @. Th 4r4tu/ ht@ o ru/r 8ou/ t/ h t/ to th tt/;t o th >outr2, h t otrou@ht to 2 th />to o Aurrh; ibn Mu82h th&h/ o S4, th t/h;t o h 2t2 o th thro,M2 756. =ut tr th ;4ortt t4 8 t, th >u8h>hthrt to ; r>h2 4r4tu/, 8r t// t 8or S4.Ch;o@ th 8r th u o th Ar tr, th /ou2t8=rr Ar.

+1< E.@., A/horr ibn Aurrh; J717-71*K$ Ior, >.

FF, Co, . *F: "H o44r // /, th Chrt, tho 8ho h 8/2 ;r> I/;, th o/t o th Mo/;h ;/."

+< Mr/2 ;// 4o//-t9 JG2hK t rt.

+3< Co, . 105.

+F< Co, . 4. **. Ior, ho8r, >. 5, 2: "%>t@/ Chrt u4/>t 9@tt."

+5< Co, . 10.

+6< Ior, >. 5F. Trr/ 4otttor r tro >ru/ 9tut, t?u r @o H4 Srr>o t Muro 4ro 4>> ru o/; /t 9@tt, t?u Chrt 4/ur rturt.

+7< Co, . 11F, 115.

Mot o th rt >o?uror o th >outr2 8r =rr, 8h/ u>hAr >; 8th th; /o@ ;ot/2 to th Mt or =/>to.+1< Th =rr, @ /oo o8 u4o 8>ort,8r /o r@r No>oor;t+< 2 th 4ur Ar, >o?ut/2 ?urr/ 8 ot /o@ r@ out t8 th t8o4rt.

A r/2 71) th =rr Ar@o Ct/o ro @t thAr ur B8 ; &hu/, 8ho 8 4ut to th th o//o8@2r. I 76 th2 ro/t @, >r2@ tht th2 8ho h >o?urth

>outr2 /o h >/; to th 4o/.+3< Th or;/ r@ 8o/2 4ut o8 2 th Ar ;@ >o;;o >u @t t. =ut th>otu/ tur> Ar> 4t / th /; o >ottS4, th @rt =rr r//o @t th Ar 2o Ar>8 @/ or ;/r tr; tt;4t S4.+F< Thror>;t 8h>h th &h/, YG ibn Au/;/, t to Ar>ur &o/thu; ibn I2h 8r t 2 th =rr ur >h;M2rh, hut u4 Cut.

+1< Th t8o >h r>h o Ar 8r J1K D>t o Mohr, o o N@u, o o M, o o A. To th >/ /o@ th M>> M Ar, th U;22 ;/2. Th2 8r /o >// &2t, !rt, =/ Ar. JK D>t o &ht JBotK, ;o@ 8ho; 8r r>o th &/t th Y;t. Th 8r ;ot u;rou A/u$ A/ Mr, . F.

+< DoG2, . 1F. S A/ M., . F0*, D #2@o ot. Thou@h o;//2 Mo/;, th2 t// 4t thr B8h or P@ rt.

+3< S D #2@o, A/ M. . F10, ot. H ?uot =oro "&rt," 9. ?. St/2 L-Poo/, "Moor S4," 4. 55, 2, Moou, 8ho ;rr th u@htr o Eu, 8 /r o th =rr. Co, . 106, 2, th; NG 8 th /r, ut th; ibn Nh 8 A;r o S4 7).

+F< A/ Mr, . F0.

M8h/ S4, A/;/ ibn &tt+1< A/hr t@ u4 th>uo th =rr, 4ro>ur th 4oto o h ibn u/h h

o8our, ut, th o, ro 8th h 8 //. H 8 th>o;4//to th h/4 o th S2r Ar, 8ho 8r >oo4 u4 Cut,thou@h4rou/2 h h tur r to thr trt tht th2;@ht>ro or to S4.

Th S2r @//2 >>4t th tto, ur =/ ibn =hr,4h8 o &o/thu;, >ro th Strt, r/2 4ro;@ t th ;t; to rtur to Ar> 8h th S4h =rr 8r or>o;. Th

r/ >>o;4/h, ho8r, th2 ru to 4 to thr@r;t, A/;/ oo ou h;/ r to 8 th//> o th =rr /o o th A/u Ar @t h/t //.+< =ut th /ttr 4ro too tro@ or th A;r, 8ho8t // 2 th Y;t o//o8r o =/.

+1< Cro, . 4. 135.

+< Th S2r Ar ; to h or >hr>tr 82 ro; ho;. Th Su/t Mu82h 8r h o tht th2 /tr or th 8or 8h ro. S >/2 "Sr>."

Th u o Y;t @t Mohrt, >o;4/>t 2 th>>o o =rr o8 to o , o8 to th othr, >otu8thout tr;o t// th rt &h/ o Coro, Aurrh;ibn

Mu82h, t/h h 4o8r // or S4.

Th u>>or o =/ Th/ ibn S/;h tr2 to ru4th S2r >to 2 4rt@ th;. H 4/> tho o D;>u E/r$ o E; S//$ o &r B$ o A/ur+1< M/@ R@o$ o P/t So or r$ o E@24t Mur>$o t Cr$ th2 thu >; ;r@ to th o2 oA/u Ar.

Th =rr 8r h ;4ortt /u> o th utur o S4$or, > th =rr h tt/ o // th Northr tr;r>h, 8h th2 8r >;t 2 >/ 8r, ;2 o thuror >o;4// to rtur to Ar>,+< o8@ to th ; 8h>h/>t th >outr2 ro; 750 to 755, th rotr o th Aro;o 8r /t 4r>t>//2 u o r,+3< thChrt t o> > thr our to th Douro, /@ho8r tr4 o rt / rrr t8 th; thMo/;. Th t/ / th2 ot o>>u42 t// t2 2r/tr.+F<

+1< I.., Bor. S A/ Mr, . 356, D #2@o ot.

+< DoG2, . F.

+3< A/ Mr, . 6*.

+F< h th2 u/t r o ortr ror, S;>, S Et.

CHAPTER III.

THE MARTYRDMS AT CRD%A.

Aurrh; Ibn Mu82h / S4 8th 750 =rr hor; M2756. Th &h/t o Coro ;2 to @ 8th th t,thou@h t 8 ;2 2r or th 8 u/t h tt/ h 4o8ro

r; , or 8 r>o@ ru/r 2 th 8ho/ o Mo/;S4.

Dur@ th ort2- 2r o >/ 8rr 8h>h tr t8th o o Tr th /@ o Aurrh;, 8 h r2/tt/ o8/@ o 8ht th Chrt 8r o@. Th Arhtorr too u2 r>out@ th u o thr o8 tr to 42 24rt>u/r ttto to th u>t Chrt. =ut 8 ;2 @thrthtth /ttr 8r, o th 8ho/, r/2 >ott 8th thr 8rtu.+1< Th Mo/; 8r ot r2 9ou to 4ro/2tG, th

>oro o th S4r ;t rou ;uto o thtrut.+< Tho Chrt 8ho 4ottG-- 8 ;2 /thtth2 8r >h/2 /--t o> too u4 4oto o /@/, thou@hot o>/, ?u/t2 8th th othr Mo/;. It o 8or tht th/ >; Moh;;, or, 4rt ro; thr htr or thr;tr, th oou t;4or/ t@ o ;r>@ I/;, th;ort2 o th; 8 oth@ t // out Chrtt2.+3< Th roth >ort 8r r>rut ro; t; to t; 2 tho 8ho 8t ortoI/; to o 42@ th 4o//-t9, or to >4 th 42;t oo; 4/t2 />t 2 th Chrt >ourt.+F< th@ ot>/. I th r/2 2r o th >o?ut thr 8 o o thtttr 4/2 t8 th hrt o th r/ >r, to8h>h8 r o >>uto; /tr t;. Ior o =, th o/2>ot;4orr2 Chrt uthort2, thou@h h rh4oG out thtto >o;;tt 2 th >o?uror, >o;4/ o or;outrut 9>t, 2t 4 ;or r/2 out th Mo/;+5< th2othr S4h 8rtr or th ourtth >tur2. "I h ht th>o?uror," 2 DoG2,+6< "h ht th; rthr ; o othrr>th o othr >r$" th ;rr@ o Au/GG E@/o8 h ; o t;t o horror.

+1< Th 8 ot o 8h th r> A/;or r>r A/;oh orr S4 th /th t8/th >tur.

S !r; "Sr>," 4. 16).

+< A h44 E@24t ur A;ru. S Cro, . 4. 16), #o, . 4. 370.

+3< DoG2, . F5, ?uot 4@ ro; Pr>, "Htor.

E>>/. o #r" J163)K, 8h>h th uthor 4ot out tht h 2 th "o/ Chrt" o Ctr/ S4 8r o 8ho//2 @ort o // Chrt o>tr tht th2 ;@ht 94>t to rou> Chrtt2 8th th ut;ot @ u>t to th Moor.

+F< S;o, "A4o/o@.," . >>. 3, 5.

+5< S4@ o ;r, th >o &h/ o tht ;, Ior, >. F6, 2, "Tt >t;o >rtur ?ut u// u?u; 9 Aru; @t."

+6< DoG2, . 4. F.

th 8ho/ th >oto o th ; o th 4o4/, Chrt orr@, 8 >rt/2 4rr/ to thr tt or th>o?ut.+1< Tho r 8ho r; Chrt, th2 8or oStt/, 42 o-thr o th 4rou> to th Stt$ o 4rt/,our-th to thr Ar o8r.+< Th r Chrt rtthr@oo, >ou/ /t thr /. Th2 4 @rut t9r2@ ro; thrt 4ou to thr @u.+3or/@ot #/> Lo. A @/ 4roo o th or2 th >t tht, 4t o th tr>t tt o th >outr2,8h>h8ou/ ; to ho/ out @rt ho4 o u>>, 8 hr o ott;4tt ro/t o th 4rt o th u>t Chrt th @hth>tur2,9>4t t =, 8hr th Chrt ; to h / 82 2th;to o Ar >h.+F< Th2 8r o;8ht rt toth>u o thr >or/@ot th North, th tt;4t 8h>hP/2o h u>>or ; to u> th; to r >o>rt 8ththr rthr ;t 8th ut >t u>>.+5<

+1< S 4>//2 Co, Pr. 4. .

+< DoG2, . 3*.

+3< DoG2, . F0.

+F< DoG2, . F.

+5< Cro, . 106.

Thr > o out, ho8r, tht th @oo urt@, 8h>h trt 9t t8 th Mo/; thr Chrt u>t,@ru//2 @ 4/> to r2 rt tt o th@, o8@ o

;// @r to th r Chrt th North, 8ho 4r> othr orr 8 >otu/ ;> to th Mo/; o;o, 4r4tu/ >t to th u>t Chrt to r rtthrro;.

ur 4ur4o o8 to tr> out, o r th >t2 >to>ttr th 8rtr o th t; 8// //o8, th r/to tht9t t8 th t8o r/@o ur@ th 75 2r o th&h/t, th /u> 8h>h th r/to h u4o th /o4;t otho th othr. It 8// @r/ to th tur/ rr@;t tot th or;r ?uto rt.

th 8 to th ttr urt@ o th 4oto oChrtt2 Moh;;; t th r2 @@ o our ?ur2, 8 hthou@ht

t / to 4ot out 4r/;r2 t>h th /o4;t oChrtt2 S4 4rou to th 4ro 8h th Mo/;, rhro; thr t rt o Ar Ar>, r@ th 8or oh th &or th othr, 4o th;/ o o o thrt 4ro> o Chrto;. Th h@ /r2 o, 8>t o> 4ro> to t@t th ;utu/ r/to o Chrtt2Moh;;; S4 ur@ th 300 2r o th &h/t oCoro.

It 8 u//;t o u44o 4ro4h>2 o Moh;;,

o> to th 4r>4t o th &or t/, tht th Ar, h@orru S2r, E@24t, Ar>, 4 or to S4, th 8rro; th r2 rt too th >hr>tr o h, or r/@ou 8r-->hr>tr 8h>h t rt 8th th r->r@ t>; oth>o;tt ut/ r2 Moh;; h or> to ur h>r,or r out o S4. =ut, 8 h , th >o?utt/8 @u/r/2 r ro; 2 outurt o r/@ou rG2$ thou@h o>our thr ;ut h ;2 Chrt, 8ho / o8 thr/ > o // tht 8 r r to th;, > o thr8 thr >h/r, thr ho; thr >outr2, thrr/@o thr hoour. u>h t> t /t h r>or 2 thAr htor,+1< 8h th #oror, F00 o th @rro, oCoro, tr thr ;oth @ th >hur>h o St #or@, >horthr to urt thr ho/ th urrr u4o >oto thro;r>@ I/;, or 42@ trut.

;tt@ th tor2 o th u/ou ;rt2r N>o/u, @ tuorror urt,+< th rt ;rt2r 4ro4r/2 o >// 8 >rt ho4, ; A;, 8ho 8 4ut to th 2 th; ibn Nh J77-7)K-- @oror @u/t2 o h@ ;u>h Chrt /oo,

Ior to /.+3<

+1< A/ Mr, . 7*, 2: "Th 8 th >u o th 4ot @ >// r > th &tu-/-hr Jth >hur>h o th urtK, /8 o th @rt rto 8h>h t h /82 h/ 2 th Chrt, o >>out o th >our@

ur> 4/2 th >u o thr r/@o 2 tho 8ho t."

+< !/orG, "E4 S@r," 9. 3*.

+3< Ior, >. 5), "MuuG ?u @u Chrtoru;, ?u ; o>t; urt, ;u; rt >r4u/tu, t A, //utr 4>o4,... ?u; 4 >r;rt, / 9hutu," t>. It outu/ 8ho th MuuG 8, ut 4ro/2 th; ibn Nh, #oror o S4.

!t 2r /tr Chrt ; Ptr, 4uru@ r2 ;u>h th;

t>t> th 4uo-;rt2r th 9t >tur2, rou@ht out ho8 >o;to th. H h/ r4o/ 4ot ur#or;t,tht o r>r o 4u/> ;4ot, ; to h too o tr;orh4 8th ;2 o th Ar o/. Prh4 h h rthr/9 h r/@ou or>, or @u h Chrtt2 ro;;ot o trt. Ho8r, h // >, th@ tht h/8 r t , h >// to@thr h Mo/; r, th@th; or ho8@ thr >o>r or h; 2 >o;@, h 4ro>, "=utI

r 2ou to 8t o th ;2 /t 8//. hoor /thoto th !thr, th So, th Ho/2 #hot, th Coutt/Trt2, / hrt, rth tr/ 4uh;t, /o othMoh;;, 2our / 4ro4ht, th orrur o At>hrt. Rou>,thror, th /, I >our 2ou th 2, /t h rth 8t t8 u." Thou@h @rt/2 >, 8 tur/,thhrr ro/ to t o ot> o th othr / 8or,>hrt/2 u44o@ th > ; to /@ht-h$ ut Ptr,h@u94>t/2 r>or, r4t h or;r >o;to o Moh;;,>ur@ h;, h oo, h o//o8r. Thru4o h 8 9>ut,8 >ot /to@thr ur4r t t.+1<

= th t8o o/t > o ;rt2ro;, 8 o ot 2;orr>or ut/ th r@ o Aurrh; II. JM2 )-Au@. )5K. Ith>o 2r o th @ r@, t8o Chrt, Boh Au/4hu,;@ 4u/> 4roo o thr th, ou>@ Moh;;,8r4ut to th o S4t 17, )F.+<

+1< @ th >>out !/ur2, . )) J=. FK, @ t, ut 8th @rt out to t @u, o othr 8rtr tht 8 h ;to@ t.

+< !/orG, 9. 35): !/ur2, . F)7. Th2 8r ur St C24r Chur>h, Coro. S "D tr/to ;rt2ru; #or@ t>.," >. 7.

Th th rt t >to 8 h tht th to/rto

ho82 th Mo/; 8 @@ to u 2 thr Chrtu>t$ thr > o ro/ out tht th //- >ou>t oth 4rt o th /ttr 8 th ; >u o th o->//4r>uto8h>h o//o8. =ut th t>; o th 4rt o ;//>to o th u>t Chrt, thr 8r othr >u t 8or>/>u/t to 4rou> r>to t8 th t8o 4o4/. Dur@ th>tur2 8h>h h /4 > th >o?ut, th Chrt Moh;;, /@ 2 ur th ; @or;t, o8h>h, >or@ th t; 8h>h t ro, 8 r;r/ o/

or t ?ut2 ;orto th or t 9tr/ 4/our ;@>>, h @ru//2 r8 >/or [email protected];rr@h >o; r?ut ;o@ th;$+1< th 4ro th rutu/>uo r/@ou o. A>>or@/2 8 tht th r/@outrou/ th r@ o Aurrh; II. J)-)5K Moh;; I.J)5-))6K @ 8th th 9>uto o t8o >h/r o ;9 4rt.Nu/o A/o 8r th >h/r o Mo/; thr Chrt;othr. Thr thr 8 to/rt ;, , 44rt/2, 8h/ h/, 4r;tt h >h/r to 4ro th th o thr ;othr.

h th, th ;othr ;rr @, th 8 hu, @ @ot Moh;;, >tut, 8 ;2 u44o, 2 th ootr>, ;;t/2 t out r>/;@ h t4->h/r to thtruth o I/;, h ort th r>to /@ h; to //-trt, to tortur,+< th 2ou@ >oor. H ut;ot our to>tthr >oro /@, h /r th; or to th u@ o th>hr@ o 4ot2, th u@ to th 9>utor, 2 8ho; th28rh o >t. 1, )F0.+3<

+1< Du 4rt o out to th ;rr@ o >4t. S /o /o8 or "th ; trut," 44. *6, *7.

+< So M Yo@.

+3< Th t @ 2 Mor/, 4u M@, o/. >9. 4. ))6, 2 !/ur2, . F)7, 8ho >>u Eu/o@u, "M;. S>t.," . >. 10, o @ rror 8h h @ th t )51. Th Puo-Lut4r @ *51, ou>h@ or th t 2-8t: "M t, >tro r@t, t Ct//o, t>."

Thou@h thr 8r o; > o ;rt2ro; o th >hr>tr, 8hrthurr tru/2 r thr tt/ o ;rt2r,-- 8 ;2 /tht

// u>h > h ot r>or--2t th t ;ort2 o tho8h>h o//o8 th 2r )51-)60 8r o rt t24. Th28ru to outr o t>/ G/ o th 4rt o >rt >tooth Chrt u>h to or4o8r th 4rt o to/rto, 8h>h

thMo/; uthort h o r ho8 /@ 8th thr Chrtu>t, to r >orr4o@ t o @otr2 th //@ht, thror ;or to/rt, ; o thMoh;;.Th u ; or ;rt2ro; 8h>h ;t t/ t th t;>rt/2 th ;ot r;r/ 4ho;o o th tht h r>or th / o th Chrt Chur>h. Thr h o>>o/ t> or o Chrt o/utr/2 or@th;/ to ur@o th 4/t2 o th /8 or th >r; o @Chrt. u>h t> th > o Phr2@, ;(utu,

h >u @r >/ to th Chur>h o S;2r$ or, h@ @oor th 4ro>ou/ 4ro h;/ r2 to or thth,8h th r/t2 o th th, 8h>h h >ourt, h rou@htho;to h; 2 th @ht o th 8/ t r2 to r h;, th >our@oth Phr2@ h /, h h or > to th @o.Ar>/o h h hr /->>u ;rt2r.

=ut th S4h >oor h trt or o th,oth

2 ro o thr u;r th >ot>2 8h>h th2 4/2 thr /-;4o t. Not @/ t> r>or, thou@hthr;2 h o; u>h, 8hr th 8ou/- ;rt2r ro; r or 2othr >u or8t h >ro8. Moror th ;rt2ro;, 2 @th Chur>h o th ?uto o thr ;rt, 8hthr, tht , th>t; 8r to r tru ;rt2r or ot, , @@ r to8rtt >otror2 o th u>t, h u44/ u 8th ;4/, rthr o-, ;tr/ or t;t@ th 4roo>to @, r>, o thr .

A t; 8t o, th Chrt Mo/; ;@/ ;or >/o/2to@thr 4o/t>/ o>/ /, th Chur>h o out uro;trorto. Er2 trt ;ot 8 /t our oro44@ r 4o/ out o @ht+1< tho t>tturo Chrtt2 8h>h ;@ht >/>u/t to @ o> to thMo/;$ o >oor;@ to // tho Moh;; >uto;, 8h>h r otth =/ 94r/2 or to Chrt$+< , @r//2, o;4hG@ th 4ot o 8h>h Chrtt2 @r 8thMoh;;;, @or@ tho Jr ;or ;4ortt oK 8h>h th2 r.ThMo/; h o u>h ro or ;/@ thr >o>to, or;o2@ thr tt. Co?ut/2 4rtu/ 4r/2 8>r4@

u4o th Chur>h, 8h>h thrt th >our o t;, ot>h>,to tro2 th r2 / o Chrtt2 throu@hout th 4u/.Th> o Ar>, ro; 8h>h I/; h 9tr4t Chrtt2, ho8tht th 8 o ;@r2 @r. =ut S4 h th t@ or

Ar>: t >ot r Chrt >o;;ut2 8h>h h r4ur th Mo/; 2o, 8hr th r o Chrtt2, @r o@ 84t 82 2 th our@ /; o Moh;;;, ;@ht ur >hrh, t// t >ou/ @ /G orth 8th t or;rr//>2.

+1< S /o8, 4. 7, ot 5.

+< E.@., >r>u;>o.

Yt Moh;; S4 r/@ou rour 8 ot 8ho//2 h: t8 t// to ou ;o@ th >/r@2, 4>//2 ;o@ th

8//r >ot. Mo u, r ro; // 8or//2 /u>, th/> o thr >/otr, 8ou/ r th / o th St+1< oo/, ;tt u4o thr @/orou , th ;r>/ 8h>hthr th h 8rou@ht. Th2 8ou/ roo or u>h t9t , "Yh// rou@ht or ru/r @ or M2 $"+< , "Er2 o8hoh// >o M or ;, h; 8// I /o >o or M2!thr,8h>h H$"+3< t// th2 rou@ht th;/ to / thtt

8 thr ;4rt ut2 to r@ th;/ or ru/r @, ot o/2 to >o Chrt, ut to r/ Moh;;.

+1< S DoG2, . 11.

+< St Mr 9. *.

+3< St Mtt. 9. 3.

Ho8r, th r4ro>h o t>/ /-tru>to 8// ot 44/2,th 4o/o@t o thr o@ h ot / to 4ot out, to thrt t8o >t; tht ur th 4r>uto.

Pr>tu,+1< 4rt o Coro, 8ho h rou@ht u4 th>hoo/tt>h to th >hur>h o St A>/u, o @o@ out o 2 to4ur>ho; >r or o;t> u, 8 to44 2 o; o th Mo/;th trt, to @ h o4o o thr Pro4ht. ht /th; to ; th tr@ r?ut, 8 r ot to/,+< ut ttthur/2 t >rt/2 @ u th ;4ro tht t 8 t tor@ th 4rt to trou/. !or t 8 8//-o8 /8 Mo/;>outr tht 2 o >ur Moh;;, h 8 to >our@,+3<

h tru> h;, //: th /ttr 4/t2 /o 8t@ 2 o8ho4o / o Moh;;, 9t@ to Muu/; ru/r, hhr th /4h;2 8thout t@ ot> o t.+F< Pr>tu,thror, @ 8r o th /8, @ >utou+5< 8r,

>/@to >o;4/2 8th thr r?ut ut/ th2 8or tht h hou/ r>ohurt >o?u> o 8ht h ;@ht 2. thr @@ thr?urt4u/to, h ?uot th 8or, "!or thr h// r /Chrt / 4ro4ht, h// ho8 @rt @ 8or$ o;u>htht t 8r 4o/ th2 h// > th r2 />t,"+6< 4ro> to 4 o Moh;; th uu/ ho, /2@;4otor o/ut u/trr, >o>/u@ 8th th 8or, "Thu hth h,th

>our@r o // /8, th 8//o8r h o8 /th2 /ut,/r 2ou // or to th u/@> o r/t@u/t2."Th //- u o o, 8ho; th Mo/; rr 8 rrChrt, th u@rou t@ t o th oth, 8h>h th2h;, tur//2 > h hrr to /;ot u>otro///@r.Th2 r4>t thr 4ro;, ho8r, rr ro; /2@ho h; t tht t;, 8th th tto, 2 Eu/o@u, o r@@th;/ o utur o>>o.+7<

+1< Eu/o@u, "M;. S>t.," ., >h. . >. 1-F: A/r, "I>. Lu;.," >. 3.

+< S, ho8r, A449 A, 4. 15).

+3< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 6. "E>> ; /9 4u/> 4t, t /@/ u 4r o;; r@u; oru; >urrt, ut, ?u /4h;tur, /@//tur, t ?u 4r>urt o>>tur." Nr %., 4. F6F, ot, 4ot out tht "/4h;rt" rr to >ur@ Mo/;, ot Moh;;. Eu/., "M;. S>t.," Pr., >. 5, "Irrr@/ ;t tt, ;rt r o ?u t/ 4o o >rtur 4rotr." hr@ o I> th th @ 4u/h r;r o th /8.

+F< S 4. *1.

+5< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 3, >// t t; 8r.

+6< Mtt. 99. F.

+7< "A>>u; u/to uror; >or 4r>; u r4out." Eu/o@u, 1.1.

I th 8 o, th o44ortut2 oo 4rt t/, Pr>tu,@ ro o rr ;/r to th 4rou o, 8 ;t+1< 2hor;r trro@tor, 8ho, o th >hr@ o r/@ Moh;;, o@

4t to thr r/@o, r@@ h; or th &. =@?uto, h >our@ t rt / h;, h 8thr8 h8or.H 8 th ;4ro to 8t urthr 9;to t th o th;oth, 8h>h h44 to th R;h or t ;oth. I 4ro th4rt r4t h 8, 8h rou@ht @ or th u@

oth Moh;; Etr, h r>t h r>tto, @, "I h>ur o >ur 2our 4ro4ht, ;@r ot o #o, ut oSt, /r 8t>h>rt, u/trr, /r." H 8 ;;t/2/ o or 9>uto, ut or h th 4ro4h tht o th&@ ;tr, NGr, 8th 2r o h o8. H 8 h oA4r/ 1), )50.+< Th 4o/o@t, o u>t >, >rthth o t8o Mo/;, 8ho 8r ro8 th ; 2 th rr, ;t u@;t o H or th ;urr o Pr>tu.+3<

+1< "Do/o >r>u;tu;," 2 A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. F.

+< Boh %u 4/> th 4r>uto J2 ;t rrorK *50, ur Aurrh; III., tt@ t th ; t; tht o; 8rtr 4/> t )50, ut, t 44r to h;, 8ro@/2: "Aurrh; H/ht r9 Coro ;ot uo>;; 4r>uto; Chrto."

+3< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t." ., >h. . >. 5.

Th 9;4/ t 2 Pr>tu ot r rut t o>, ut o outth > 8h>h t @ o th >o;4rt 4/,8th 8h>h ;rt2r >ro8 >ou/ ot, 8 ot /ot u4o th

roo@ G/ou 4rt /@ o/tr2 rtrt tr2@2 / o r/@ou oto to >ut th;/ o ro; th u>t4/ur o >t /.

Th 9t >t;, /tt/ ;or th 2r /tr, 8 4tt2tr;,; Boh,+1< 8ho o ot ; to h >ourt h o8 t. H hrou th ;ot2 o h Mo/; r/ 2 ht 8h>h h h>otr>t o 4roou>@ th ; o th Pro4ht h ;rttr>to, t@ h ;, th2 thou@ht, , 8th 8to ttr>t@ u2r.+< Boh, @ t9 8th th, 8th //-t;4/tr2 rtort, "Cur h 8ho 8h to ; 2our Pro4ht."H8 h/ or th &, , tr r>@ F00 tr4,+3< 8thro8 to 4ro. Su?ut/2 h 8 t th> rthrou@hth >t2 r@ >8r o , 8h/ >rr 8 t orh;throu@h th Chrt ?urtr, 4ro>/;@: "Su>h h// th4uh;t o tho, tht 4 / o th Pro4ht o #o."

+1< Eu@o/u, "M;. S>t." . >. *$ A/r, I. Lu;. >. 5.

+< So Eu/o@u, 1. 1., DoG2, ., 1*. A/r >>out J1. 1.K ot r2 t//@/: "Pr4 otru; 4ro4ht;, ;4r u o; ro r?ut, t ;>u; tuu;

4r ur;t otr r/@o, ut t tur, / uru t @ortu; Chrtu; ;4r >or;."

+3< r, >>or@ to Eu/o@u, 500.

So r 8 h h >, 8hr th >hr@ o 4r>uto, rou@ht 2

th 4o/o@t o th ;rt2r @t th Mo/;, > ;or or/ut, ut th 9t t> o rt >hr>tr. I>,+1< ;o o To, > ro; o/ 8/th2 >tor,8or )F, 2 h o8/@ o Ar>, tt r/2 /toth 4oto o 9>4tor, or >r,+< ut @ u4 h44ot;tt th @ o t8t2, orr to tr th ;otr2 o To,8h>hh u>/ ut, Br;h E/Gth, h ou r Coro.

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >h. . >. 1, /o Pr., >. . Atr h th I> 8 >rt 8th h@ 4ror; ;r>/ ro; h r/t 2r. H 8 to h 4o thr t; h ;othr 8o; J>4. ;/r / out Bu th &or, >. . r F0K, 8h >h/, to h ;r>, uhurt, @/o o r ro; H.

+< Not, !/orG, t9-@thrr.

Rou 2 th t/ o Pr>tu th Boh ur@, ho/utr/2 8t or th &, , 4rt@ to "?urr,"

@@ h; to 94ou to h; th o>tr o I/;. Th &,>o@rtu/t@ h;/ o th 4ro4>t o u>h 4ro;@ >ort,@r/2 >o;4/$ 8h I>, 8r@ h; /ut Ar>, :"Hh / uto 2ou--;2 th >ur o H >ou; h;--8ho u// o//8> h / tr2 o ;2 ;, oo; th; 8th h;/toth /o8t 4 o h//. !// 8th St, 4r>t@ St>rt,h hth @ h o//o8r r o /2 8, 8// 8thoutout 94t h @u/t 8th r/t@ ;to." Hr@ th,othr / >ht+1< uttr>, th u@ /t ort otu4or o r@ toh;t, /@ 8h>h ou t tr$ t//, h @to 4@ // >otro/, h tru> th ;oth >, 8ho th , "Dot thou tr tht 8h>h ; th;@ o #o"+< Th or o th & /o r4ro>h h; ortr@ 4ror, thr /8 @ tht o 8ho 8orth2 o thhou/ ot ur othr @t. Th &, h@ o8 r>orh/->o;;, @ h >o, tht I>, 8hthr ru or ;,h>o;;tt >r; 8h>h, 2 94r /8 o Moh;;, ;rt>o@ 4uh;t. H 8 >>or@/2 h, , h o2 @urt, h h 8r >t to th rr JBu 3, )51K. Th 8o

to 4rt th Chrt ro; >rr2@ o h o2, 4rr@tor th 4ur4o o 8or@ ;r>/.+3 >ou>t t, Eu/o@u t// u, />tr th 4o4/,8ho

8r ;G t th 8 o th th@.+F< It 8 t th 4otthtEu/o@u h;/ @ to h8 h 2;4th2 8th th t>/o@2 >our@@ h/4@ othr to o//o8 I> 9;4/.

+1< Eu/o@u, "M;. S>t.," Pr., >. 5, "r 4u>o u;;?u rrt uu ru?u."

+< C4. A>t 99. 3.

+3< Eu/o@., "L. A4o/o@.," >. 35, ;to 4ro4o >t o th uthort, t@ th r o r/> 8th rr

4/t.

+F< S Eu/o@., Lttr to A/r, 4u !/orG., 9. *0.

Th u;r o ;@u ; 8o; tht o8 >; or8r thr8thr / 82 >rt/2 r;r/, ; to h tru>thMo/; 4r>t/2 u>>out/. Th Ar th;/ 8r r; th 8or/ h r , , 2 th r2 or> o thrth, 8r ou to tur thr / or thr r/@o >tu/hu; >o/>t 8th / o, 2t th2 8r u/ to >o>

ho82 ; h >ou/ 8//@/2 4r h;/ o / u>h82 >ou/ o o r> to th >u, r/@ou or othr, 8h>h hh t hrt. Th2 8r ?ut u/ to 44r>t tht tt@o; to8r th 8or/ t 4r/ou ro;t, 8h>hChrtt2 t>h$ tht 4rt o rou>;t o th t,2, o th ut o /, 8h>h 4ro;4t ; 8o; to ;;urth;/ >/otr rtrt, r ro; // 4hr o hu;uu/. L ur th >r>u;t> h tur//2 /tt/ to;t 8orth th /@, >; // th ;or 2 to r/?uh, 8hth, t/ th@ to r, 8 urthr t 8th th@/or o ;rt2ro;.

Th 9;4/ o I> 8 thror o//o8 8th t8o 2 2 ;o; S>tu+1< or S>ho, 8ho 8 9>ut o Bu 5th. Thr 2/tr 8r h Ptr, 4rt o E>$ /ou, >o oI/4$ Su tr;uu, ;o o St o/u$ Htu, ;o o St Chrto4hr Chur>h t Coro$ 8h/ Br;h,+/oI>, 8 >our@ to th. Thr o 8r ur, th h>t to th rr.

Su o =o+3< ou ;/r t o Bu/2 16th: our 2u?ut/2 Pu/, >o o St o/u, @ h;/ u4$ th;u;r o 2 /tr, Thoo;r, ;o o Cr;o: // o 8ho; 8r

h.

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 3.

+< I., >. .

+3< Atr h ;rt2ro; h 4ro>ur th r/ ro; 4ro o Tr, 4rt o = Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. .

CHAPTER I%.

!ANATICISM ! THE MARTYRS.

Th 9t >t or ;rt2ro; 8r t8o 2ou@ utu/ @r/,8ho htor2 8 /r ro; thr 4tro, Eu/o@u, 8ho ; to h

r@r o o th ;, !/or, 8th P/to> /o ;@/8th ort o r/@ou oto.

!/or,+1< th u@htr o Mo/; thr Chrt ;othr, 8or t Coro. Sh to h 4r>t t> hr>r/. At rt h 8 rou@ht u4 Mo/;, / >oor;t28th tht th, ut/, @ >ort to Chrtt2 out @ht2r or th t;, @ th to/r> o hr thr hr rothr ur/, h rt hr ho;. =ut 8h hr rothr,h ort to >or r>/; hr, 4r>ut ;2 Chrt

;/, 8ho; h u4>t o >o@ t hr >4, ho/utr/2urrr hr/ to h;, 2@, "Hr ; I 8ho; 2ou , or8ho 2ou 4r>ut th 4o4/ o #o. I ; Chrt. Do 2ourt to u/ tht >oo: o o 2our tor;t 8// / toor>o; ;2 th." Hr rothr, tr tr2@ , 2 /trtthrt /h;t, to r@ hr > ro; hr rror, //2r@@ hr or th &$ h, hr@ hr rothr>>uto, hr o8 >oo, orr hr to rrou/2 t, th@ u4 r/2 to hr rothr. Sh ;@, ho8r, tor>or, >4 ur @/> @u>.+< Short/2 tr8r, 8h/4r2@ >hur>h, h 8 ou 2 Mr, tr o /ouo-;to,+3< 8ho h ;rt2r 8 ;oth 4rou/2.Thr thr, @ Chrt, >ort h u/@ 8. Th2>; to / t !roo, r Coro, thr u@htr 8u>tt th ur2 o Cut>/r, r th >t2, ur th >r o th, Art;. =roo@ or hr rothr ;rt2ro;, 4rh4,8 o ot th >, @ h @/or 4rt o, h/tth >/otr, tr;@ to o//o8 h t/2 oott4. h/ohr 82 to @ hr/ u4, h tur to >hur>h to 4r2,

ou !/or thr.

+1< "L o !/or Mr," 2 Eu/o@u, >. 3 .

+< I., >. ). "A@/>o >o;tt ;tu."

+3< "L o !/or Mr," >. 11. L Poo/, "Moor S4," 2, "Str o I>."

To@thr, th, th ot @r/ @o orth+1< to >urMoh;;,o 8ho; th2 4ro/2 8 9t to oth@, /o thr o8 /.Th u@, ho8r, 4t2@ thr 2outh ut2, ;r/2 ;4roth;. N8 o h tr ;4ro;t @ rou@ht to !/orrothr, h u> th u@ to ; urthr 9;to o hr,h 8 rou@ht out o 4ro or th &, 8ho, 4ot@ to hrrothr, hr h 8 h;. !/or 8r tht h --hr

rothr >>or@ to th /h. "Ho8 t, th," th u@,"tht h r; @oo Mo/;, 8h/ 2ou h 4ottG" Sh8r tht #o h /@ht hr$ , o 4ro@ hr/r2to r4t hr or;r u>to o th Pro4ht, h 8 @r; to 4ro. Hr h Mr r thrt 8th @thro8u4o th trt 4rottut+<-- 4uh;t r 8or th th2 th th2 h r. Th h thr >ot>2$ 8h th2 u94>t >o;ortr Eu/o@u h;/, 8ho o8;4roor @ >our@r >tr o > to th /8. It tr@ tht h hou/ h //o8 to >rr2 o th 4ro

t/ th r2 8or or 8h>h h h ;4ro. Th u44ort oEu/o@u / th tr ; to t r; throu@h othr9;to, th u@, 4ro@ too ;r>u/, or too @oo Mo/;,to >rr2 out th o-;to thrt, th2 8r / orth to JNo;r F, )51K. =or thr th th2 h 4ro; Eu/o@u totr> or th thro o #o or h r/, 8h>h >>or@/2rou@ht to 4 9 2 tr thr o8 9>uto.+3<

A tr/ o o/2 /tt/ ;or th ;oth /4 or#u;u, 4rt o th tr>t >// C;4, r Coro,Sru D, ;o, ur th th ; 82 JBur2 13, )5K.+F<

+1< Eu/o@. to A/r, . >. $ "L o !/or Mr," 2 Eu/o@., >. 1.

+< I., >. 13, Eu/o@., "Do>. Mrt.," >. F. Eu/o@u tr to / th trror o th thrt 2 4ot@ out tht "o 4o//ut ;t; / >orru4to, ?u; o ot 4ro4r />tt,"-- 4oor >oo/to, ut th o/2 o H o ot ; to h o8--or ur/2 h 8ou/ h ?uot t--th 94r u>to o th &or J99. r 35K:--"Co;4/ ot 2our ;rt to 4rottut th;/, th2 8//@ to / >ht/2 ... ut, 2 h// >o;4/ th; thrto, r/2 #o 8// @r>ou ;r>u/ uto u>h 8o; tr thr >o;4u/o."

+3< Eu/o@., /ttr to A/r, !/orG, 9. *5. !/ur2, . 100.

+F< Eu/o@u, "M;. S>t.," . >. 9.

Thr 8 o8 4u or 9 ;oth th r> or ;rt2ro;,

t; th Chur>h h >o; to t r@ht ; u4o th u>t.Th, ho8r, 8 r ro; @ th >. Hthrto th >t; h /;ot 8thout 9>4to 4rt, ;o, u$ ut th 9t;rt2r or u t> o ;rr >ou4/ >/;@ hr thoutu/ hoour. Th 8r Aur/u, o o Mo/; thr Chrt ;othr, h 8 S@oth Jor Nth/K, th u@htroMo/; 4rt, 8ho thr 2@, hr ;othr ;rr Chrt8 >ort$ !/9 h 8 L/o.+1< It 8ou/ ; tht8th // th hr; tht 8 o 2 th outr o t>;, o;

@oo 8 /o >t 8@ th 8or//2-; hrt oChrtt2 ro; th 4rtu/ tor4or to 8h>h th2 8r @$orth 8 ;rt2r 8r o th >/ o h+< Chrt, 8ho 8ro8 h; to o8@ thr r/ >r.+3< Yt ur/2 t h rttr th2 h >ott to / / Chrt t o2@/ u>. I thr >, , 8 o u rrt/;4u/ r@ th; to 2 th /8, ut /o8/2-;tur>o>totht t 8 thr ut2, r@r@ // hu; t, to @th;/

u4 to th. I th ro/uto th2 8r ort 2 th > >our@;t o Eu/o@u A/r,+F< th /ttr o 8ho; 4rut/28r Aur/u to ; ur tht h >our@ u>t to tthtr/.+5< S@oth 4ru to >>o;42 hr hu h/-tru>to, hr tur/ r/u>t> to / hr >h/r @or>o; 2 Eu/o@u,+6< 8ho r>o;; tht th2 hou/ @orto th >r o ;otr2. A o/ o, 8h>h !/or Mr 44r to hr, >/>h hr 4ur4o.

+1< I., . >h. 9., >. 1, .

+< S /o8, 4. 7.

+3< Aur/u 8 rou ro; h r/@ou ;u/to 2 @ th ur@ o Boh. S Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9. >. 5.

+F< I., >. 1).

+5< Th 8ou/ / u to u44o tht th >our@ o o; h /.

+6< Eu/o@u >o;;t:--" ;r/ ror u, ?uo /oru; >tu r4utur" Th 4rt ot o/2 rt thr >h/r, ut @ 82 ;ot o thr @oo to th 4oor, thr2 ;@ thr o8 >h/r o th u;r.

M8h/ or@ ;o ro; =th/h;, 8ho, @ t o u>o>t 8th h ;otr2 to Ar>, h >ro or S4,;4// 2 th 8/ thu; thr 4r/@, tr; to orh;/ >t or ;rt2ro; 8th th our 4ro o;to.

Th2 th t >ou/ to@thr ho8 th2 ;2 t >t thr4ur4o,thr @ t/2 ou@h >u/t2 4ro>ur@ ;rt2ro; orth;/ to h8 th tt;t o th 4o/o@t, tht thr 8 r> 4r>uto r@@, to t /t ;u>h 9@@rt, ottr/2 8thout outo. Th 4/ > u4o, 8h>h thru>ou/2 ttrut to th u@@to o #o,+1< 8 tht th8o;hou/ @o orth u/ 8th hurr t4 to th >hur>h, thho4 tht u>h u8ot @ht 8ou/ r>t ttto to th;, o>>o th rrt o th 8ho/ u;r. It // out r, th2 8r // rou@ht or th u@, trro@t 8th th

uu/ru/t, 9>4t tht th u@ o th o>>o ; th; 8th>oru/ @r.+< =ut #or@, 44ot t h uto8r >/;>2,th2 8r @ / 82 ro out 8th,+3< "C 2ou ot @o o8 toh//8thout @ to r@ u /o ththr 2our >o;4o"

Th >ohrt u tur//2 > th o/r, t 8 oout t tht t hou/. A>>or@/2 th 4ror 8r r@@@ or th &, 8ho th; ;/ to o r;otr>,8h2 th2 h o th th o I/;,+F< ru to /,4ro;@ th; t th ; t; @rt r8r, th2 8ou/ >o;

Mo/; @. thr ru/ th2 8r r; or t8o 2,8h>h; r2 /o@ t;, o @r 8r th2 to . Th2 4 tht;8th @@ h2;, r / 8th t o @/ ;r>u/ou@. Thr >h ro4 o, th @o/r r ot @ tho8ho; Chrt H;/ h /oo.+5< Th uthort, o8 r,9ou 4o/ to o 9tr; 4/t, tr; to r/ #or@,>u th2 h ot th;/+6< hr h /4h;2. H u/thr;r>u/ tto 2 r4t@ h 8or o th 4ot, h >>or@/2 / orth h 8th th othr JBu/2 7, )5K.

th ;oth Chrto4hr,+7< ;o o Ro, o Ar /@, Lo@/, ;o o !r@, oth @ 4/> r Coro, r9>ut or th ; o> th ; ;r, thr o@ / to t. h/ t@ th r h 4/>,+)< th@8 th o, orr th; to urt, th h>ttr th rr. Th ; @ht Aurrh; II. 8 tru> o8 8th4o4/92, th ;rt2r r h/ t ;t u@;tro;H.

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 7. "; >or;u >o4;u >o@tr ?uo;oo rtu; 4rr;u >oro;: t t Do;o t u; t o ut u@rt oror otr r/t u/tu >>/; ort o //@ rtur o>>o, t t >tu; t."

+< I., >. *. "E9t ?uu t 4r tu; t, t ;or 4ro @/or >o;4uttur."

+3< I., >. 30. "A o 4otrt o r/ >/utr r, o >o;t ht Nu;?u o tr o >ru>; o urt"

+F< I., >. 31.

+5< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," >. 3.

+6< I., >. 33. "I4 o4t;t t 4ror 4/t." #or@, @ or@r, >ou/ ot >hr@ 8th 4ot2

/ th othr.

+7< I., . >. 9. A/r L o Eu/., . 1.

+)< "u/; o/ru;," Eu/., "M;. S>t.," >. . >. . S rtG, "Co;4o," . 5 J4u =u>/, . FF, ot.K "E /o ; >ru/ /o tor;to uo Arr; u / Gut o @/r u P/>o. D>uro // /o >ur4o /o Sto ;rtrGo /o 4tu/o 2 tro >o /o 4/o, ;o /o ?u; too 4r?u o ?u r/?u >u;4/o /u@o / or$ 4ro ?u/ ;4o 4roo 4rto /o r@or / @G ?u o/ 4or / @r rr; u Sto. I;4ro;t /

4@o / /@u / 4/r 2 u>: >rro/ / o>, 2 o 4uo 4rou>r u 4/r, r u @;o. Cou9ro/, u >ro / >;, ;uro @u// ;; o>h, 2 t 4@r / ho?ur ?u r /o to >ur4o, tro / /G /; Arr; /o t;o u@o / ro."

H 8 u>> 2 Moh;; I. J)5-))6K, / >4/ ;or@ot ru/r th h thr. No oor 8 h o th thro thE;/, >o, Br;h 4rt o St C24r >hur>h, rCoro, o//o8@ th oott4 o o ;2 4r>or, >;or th &, r/ Moh;;,--th or;r @ / tooth 8th th ;or 4ot >t, h 8 to r;r/ @r;tr o th Ar> /@u@.+1< E;/ Br;h 8o th 4rGth2>ot, 8r 4ut to th JS4t;r 15, )5K. Th >uto;r24ro@2 o>>urr tr th 9>uto, >r@ 8h>h th 4ouEu/o@u r to ;tr, 2@, "Ath/t >> 4o /;tttur."

th o//o8@ 2 o>>urr outr@ 8h>h th ;ot @ot4rtG o th ;rt2r ;ut h /uh to r>or. T8o uu>h,Ro@/, ;o o Pr4, r E/r, Sro Do, uu>h oor@ 9tr>to, or> thr 82 to ;o?u, 2 82 o4r>h@-- th2 --to th ;/ 8orh44r, th2 r/thr Pro4ht thr r/@o. +< =@ t u4o r/2 tor4> 2 th urt >o@r@to, th2 8r r>u 2 th &,

8ho ;4ro th; t// u>h t; thr t> hou/ >/r.Th2 8r >o; to h thr h t >ut o, h$ 8h>h t> 8 >rr to >t.+3<

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t," . >. 9. Ar> ot /r@r

o>u/r2 o u th ;ot /@u@: th >>out o Pro. P/;r th h L 2 =t.

+< I., >. 9. >. 1, .

+3< Eu/. J1.1K, : "Et 4 @t/t t/ 4>t>u/o tu4>t >o ?u Chrt;o u/@tu tt."

U4o th rh 4roo>to th ur2 44rho o th @8o ou. H ;@ht 8// 4ro or th@ tht th >o

th /8, r/@ou t>;, >ou/ o/2 ; 84r>to >o4r>2 @t th Mo/; ru/. I >t, 8h// , th Chrt o To/o r th r o ro/t our o thr Coro rthr t th r2 t;. Moh;;thror; to h ;tt r/ 4r>uto, u>h hou/ 9tr4tChrtt2 h o;o.+1< H to h @orror @r/ ;>r o th ;/ ;o@ th Chrt, or th/r2, or 8or, o th 8o;, th2 ot 4ottG.+< =utth4ot > o h >ou>//or th @ ro; th>r;.

Th2 4ot out tht o ; o 2 t//@>, u>to, or r;o@ th Chrt h t 4rt th o@ o th G/ot, tht th 8ho/ o2 o Chrt ou@ht ot to >ut o, >thr>to 8r ot r>t 2 2 u/ /r. thr r;to h rt th @ ro; h 4ro>t o 8ho// ;>r 2>our@@ h; to 4ro> /@//2 @t th Chrt 8th thut;ot r@our, 2 th ; to >o8 th; to u;o.+3<

Th tro@ ;ur 44rt/2 4rou> o; >t, or o othr9>uto r r>or or 4ro o ;oth$ 8h !/, 4rt o To,+F< >ho 2 th ;o o St S/tor;otr2to o o thr 4rtu/ orr, >; or8r r/ thPro4ht: 8hru4o h 8 ;4ro u?ut/2 h JBu13,)53K. H t 8 th or;t t>; o Atu,+5< 4rt o St A>/u >hur>h$ o !/9, #tu/ ;o o A/>/ Hr$ o D@, r@ o St E/Gth ur2 t ToJth /ttr @ tr@th hr ro/ 2 >/t/ oK,8ho, 4uru@ th uu/ 4/, r h th o//o8@ 2$ thr9;4/ @ o//o8 2 =/, ;tro JBu 15K.+6<

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t," . >. 9. "No ; o/u;;oo ;ortu rttu; 9>o@tr >o4t, ru; t; tot; 9tr4r >>/; ru;rut. (uo; ;o trror tot ho;; r>urrtu; ;rt2ru; >o>u @t/t r@ u rtrtur ;;r 9>u;, >u; t/ t; 4r>>to

rtut 4ru/o rt." A ;/r 4ro>t ttrut J;t/2, 8thout outK to Aurrh;.

+< I., . >. . >. F. "Iurt ; o; Chrto @r/ tt 4rr, ;?u 4u/>o tr>tu 4rr." C4. /o A/r, L o Eu/., . 1.

"R9 Mho; >r/ r t rt tt Chrt>o/u; @u / r utu >o@tt."

+3< I. "Mu/t ; ;o>r tt 4r tru>; o/utt ?u o>u; r t 9?ut o>>ou @r@; Chrt ;4tr ttrut."

+F< I. . >. . >. 1, . !/ur2, . 50, 2 h 8 ;o o #u9.

+5< I., >h. . >. 1, .

+6< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >h. 9.

Th >/otr o To h urh o ;2 t> tht th#or;t o8 u44r th 4/>, r;o@ th u hutt@th;u4 to 4rt othr @@ th;/ u4.+1< o th ho8r,Co/u;,+< tr o E/Gth o th ot Mrt, >otr to>4. Th Co/u; h 4rt r;@ r@, 4t ohr ;othr ort to ; hr ;rr2, 8h>h o/2 > 8h th;othr . Sh o8 @ hr/ u4 8 h JS4t;r 17K.

But o ;oth /tr Po;4o,+3< ro; th ;otr2 o St S/tor,P@;//r, ur th ; t. Th thr 8 4u th9>uto, 8h>h 8 ot ro t// Bu/2 11th o th o//o8@

2r,8h Auu, 4rt, 8 ;rt2r. H ; to h r//2rth ; o ;rt2r, or h 8 @ u4 to th uthort 2 thtr>hr2 o othr,+F< ot ;rt2ro;.

Aothr ;/r 4ro /4 or A;tor, 4rt o Tu>>JTK$ Ptr, ;o o Coro$ Luo>, rothr o Pu/,th>o, h our 2r or, hr th ; t JA4r/ 30,)55K.+5<

Atr r/2 2r tu, r4tt r@$ E/, o/4rt o Lut$ Pu/ Ior, 2ou@ ;o, @th;/u4 to 9>uto+6< JA4r/ 17, )56.K I Bu o tht 2r ;orr/ >t; 8, / Auu, tr2 to h tru>to.Th8 Ar@;ru, o/ ;o, o> Cor o Coro JBu )K.+7<E9>t/2o ;oth /tr Aur, r@ tr o th rothr Boh Au/4hu, 8ho ;rt2ro; h /r2 ;to, 8 rou@htorth ;@trt. D> ro; o o th o/t Ar ;/,+)<hh /o@ /t u;o/t, thou@h hr 4ot2 to Chrtt288// o8. Sh 8 o8 r@ht to t;4orr2 u;o$ utoo

r4t@ o hr >o;4/>, o8@ hr/ tru/2 Chrt,h@ ;rt2r >ro8 JBu/2 *K.

+1< So M Yo@.

+< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9. >. I, .

+3< I., >. 9.

+F< I., >h. 9. "(uoru; >o;;to / ru @t/u; ;rt2ru; uror 4rtr>tu;."

+5< I., >h. 9.

+6< I., >>. 9. 9.

+7< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9., "(uoru; th>oru; o/o / oo >r>u;tu."

+)< I., 9. >. I, "#r tu Ar> tru> 9ortur."

Th 9t 9;4/ or ;/r t> o r/ 4r>uto.Rur>,+1< 4rt, 8ho rothr 8 Mo/;, u/2tr 4>;r, ?urr/, 8h>h h rothr 8 @@. thth uu/ t o 4>;r, h 8 t u4o 2 oth 4rt, r/2 //. I >t h rothr u44o h; to ?ut , h th o2 >rr throu@h th to8, 4ro>/;@ tht h rothrh>o; Muu/; or h th.+< Ho8r, Rur> r>or,

; h >4, ut @ o/@ to rtur to Coro, ;t hrothr, 8ho ;;t/2 rou@ht h; or th & o >hr@ o4ot2. H / /rt2 8r 4ro; to h; h 8ou/ o/2>o8/@ tht Chrt 8 ;r/2 ;, tht Moh;; 8 th;@r o #o. ru@, h ;4ro, 4ro>rt S/o;o, /o >hr@ 8th 4ot2 ro; I/;. Th t8o//o8-4ror >otr>t @rt rh4 r >o?ut/24rt. Atr thr 9hortto, th2 r >o; to th,utot or th u@ h o h t to r th; to or@o thr4ur4o 2 or o hoour r8r.+3< Th2 8r 9>ut Mr>h13,)57, thr o thro8 to th rr-- th to4r/8th thr /oo @ t u4 >t to th 8tr, /t thChrt hou/ 4rr th; r/>. Rur> o2 8 8hohor, rh 8h //$ 8h/ S/o;o, ot @ ?u//2ortut,or; out Chrt o, 8hr h o2 /2 t;r th>t r th to8 o N2;4hu;.

Hthrto th r ttor o th ;rt2ro; h h;/>otrto >4 th 4/t2, 8h>h h h ur@ othr to r. hthrth

8 u to 2 u8orth2 r o th o h 4rt ot >/r, utt;2 h o8@ to th r4>t 8h>h h 8 h/ 2 th Mo/;uthort. To th h 8 8// o8 ; o rr4ro>h/>hr>tr u>t 4t2, r/ Ar o h@h r, 8ho8r

h 4ro/ r, h8 th;/ 9ou to >r h; ro;th>t o h o//2. Eu/o@u+F< 8 > ro; Stor/;/2o Coro, 8 u>t t th Chur>h o St o/u, 8hr hot h;/ to >>/t>/ tu, oo ur4 h>ot;4orr /r@. th h r A/r h t t th toS4ro, ;t ot th 4ro> o =t>. = tr Au/o, Eu/o@u h t8o rothr @@ tr, othrrothr, Bo4h, 8ho ; to h @or;t ;4/o2.+5<

+1< Eu/o@., "L. A4o/.," >. 1 .

+< So th I?utor S4 u to 4rt tht thr >t; h ur thr rror or @ urt.

+3< Eu/., "L. A4o/.," >. 7.

+F< L 2 A/r, >. . >. .

+5< Eu/. /u;, >. ), "Bo4h, ?u; t2r @to o t;4or 4r>4tu >rt:" u/ th ;t4hor>/ //uo to Bo4h E@24t.

Eu/o@u >; r/2 ot or h 4r>t> o >t>;, h

r or th / o ;o,+1< or th @/or2 o ;rt2ro;.htro@ ;ur 8r t 2 th uthort, >o>rt 8thR>>ru, =ho4 o S//, to t;4 out th ; or ;rt2ro;2thrt, tr4, ;4ro;t, thou@h ;2 8r r@ht tou;o, Eu/o@u, A/r t// u,+< r; r;, 4t oh@ @/ out ">tor ;rt2ru;" 2 >rt #o;G, 8ho8 t;4or@ Chrt th @ r>.+3<

+1< L 2 A/r, >. 3, "N rtu ; >ur S>u/ru rrtur, ?uot >/t >u4 o/r >or4or r> @rtur."

+< "H> / JOr;K u?u; >//r / tu t u uurro."--L 2 A/r, >. 5.

+3< Th ;, 2 A/r, >. 6, 2 u@;t, /ot h ho/ o th Chrt th, 8h>h h thu >ru4/ ot to tt>. S /o8, 4. 7.

Thr o out tht Eu/o@u // h >ou/ to trr 8th>h> tht ;/@;to o th Chrt Ar 8h>h h 8@o@o rou h;. =/@ tht u>h >/o r/to t8 th 4o4/t to th 4rtu/ @rto o Chrtt2, h t h;/

/rt/2 to ;ttr tho r/to, , r h >ou/, to; @oo urt@ ;4o/. To >our@ th /r@ oAr> 2 th Chrt, h rou@ht > 8th h; ro; our2 toP;4/u th >/>/ 8rt@ o %r@/, Hor> JStrK, Bu/, Au@ut "D Ctt D."

At th t; 8h th ;rt2ro; too 4/>, Eu/o@u 8 4rt,utor o; ro h tr to t ro; o>t@ t th ; oth@rou tht h 8 h;/ @rt r.+1< Ho8r, h>>/t>/ u4ror+< J Su/, =ho4 o CoroK, oo ; h;t rt 8 o th ?uto 2 thrt@ h; 8thth; h @/>t h ut2 2 /o@r. Co;@ or8r 4ro;t>h;4o o th 9tr; 4rt2 th Chur>h, h 8 ;4ro )51,8hr h 8rot trt our o th ;rt2r, 8 r/,

8 h , 2 th tr>o o !/or Mr o No;r *thotht 2r.

+1< H 4/ h "/>t or," >h. . >. 7. Prh4 h 8 >t 8th o o th "M@t rror" o th 4rou >tur2, 8h>h 8 tht "4rt ;ut t." Su/, =ho4 o Coro J)50-)61K, /ttr to othr ho4 J!/orG, 9. 156-163K, rr 8th 44ro/ to tho J Eu/o@uK 8ho h/ tht ">r;t tu> o/u; ;oo >t, >u; >toru; urt ;u 4r/t$" h ?uot Au@ut Ior @t th rror.

+< Pot9 4ro4ru.

I )5),+1< o th th o tr;ru, h 8 >ho 2th ot o th 4o4/+< to u>> h; =ho4 o To/o$ut ro; o; >u, 4rh4 2 th trto o thMo/;, h 8 4rt ro; o>>u42@ h . Th4o4/ th tr; to h o ho4, th2 ;@htot h h;.+3< Yt, th 4ou A/r, h @ot hho4r> tr //, or "// ho/2 ; r ho4, thou@hot // ho4 ho/2 ;."

+1< "L o Eu/.," A/r, . >. 10.

+< "Co;;u />to."

+3< !/ur2, . 5F7, 2 othr ho4 8 />t Eu/o@u /t;$ ut A/r 8or r "A/u; o t tr9rut /@r."

I th o//o8@ 2r h 8 @ ;4ro @ turr oth 4u/> 4>, ut o or;r o>>o h h //o8 tou44ort >our@ !/or Mr, o o8 8 h 4r;tt toh 4ro oo > o th ;rt2r,+1< 8h>h h th r>tt>2 o >t@ othr to @o o /8. Th o>>o oEu/o@u >o ;4ro;t 8 o//o8:--Lo>rt, ; oAr 9tr>to o o/ rth,+< h >rt/2 4t 2L/o, th 8 o !/9. Hr 4rt, /r@ hr 4ot2,>ru//2

//-trt, t hr, orr to ; hr rou> Chrt.Sh tur//2 tur to Eu/o@u h tr Au/o or > hr/>to, 94r@ 8h to >4 to 4rt o S4 8hr thChrt 8orh4 8 r. A rt t4 to th, h / hr4rt ur 4rt> o @o@ to 8@, t ru@ 8th

Eu/o@u. Hr 4rt, urou t hr >4, @t // ort o 4o4/;4ro o th >hr@ o @ hr$ h t /t tr2ur4r t th hou o hr 4rot>tor. Th2 r oth r@@ orth &, 8ho Eu/o@u @r/2 8h2 h 4rt 2@ th/8 th 82.+3< Th ho4 h;/ 2 4/@ tht Chrt>/r@2 r ou to ;4rt o8/@ o thr r/@o, ,h h 2 Lo>rt.+F< Th u@ th thrt to h h;>our@, ut Eu/o@u, 4rrr@ th to o 4u/ @r@4uh;t, r4t th /o 8h>h h h tu@ht to o ;2 othr,

r/ Moh;;. E o th u@ ho8 4oto to trth;8th />2, h r; to 4ro 8th Lo>rt.

h rou@ht u4 @ or th ro2/ Cou>/,+5< /ut/r; /t ort to h;, 2@: "!oo/ ot ruh othro8 tru>to, ut 8ht u> 2ou, ; o 44ro 8o; /;/ >hr>tr, > o // tur/ t>t, to thro8822our / th ;r" H ur@ Eu/o@u to 2 ut o 8or o>o>o th hour o 4r/, 4ro;@ tht h hou/ tr8r

r to 9r> h r/@o h 4/, 8thout /t orhr>.=ut th ho4 >ou/ hr/2 tur > o8, h r>t // u>hor 8th th >u/to, "I th2 o/2 8 th o2 tht 8tuo h@h"

+1< S Eu/o@., Lttr to A/r, !/orG, 9. *5.

+< A/r, L o Eu/o@., . >. 13.

+3< A/r, "L o Eu/o@.," . >. 1F, 15.

+F< Th o 4ro/2t; 8 ot h/ to >4t/ >r; 2 th Mo/;. S DoG2, . 171.

+5< A/r, "L o Eu/.," . >. 15. !/ur2 . 5F).

h 82 to 9>uto, 8h tru> 2 o o th 2tr o o>h, h tur th othr ;/2 to th trr. H 8 h oMr>h 11, )5*, Lo>rt our 2 /tr. Mr>u/ou 44r>hoour th o2 o th ;rt2r ho4, 8h>h 8 ur thChur>ho St #u, 8h> t 8 tr/t th 9t 2r to h o8>hur>h o St o/u, ))3 8 @ u4, to@thr 8th tht oLo>rt, to A/4hoo III. J)66-*10K 2 94r t4u/to.

CHAPTER %.

CNTR%ERSY CNCERNIN# THE MARTYRS.

th th th o Eu/o@u th r o o/utr2 ;rt2ro; >o;to , t 8// >ot t th 4ot to >or th 8ho/?uto o th r/to o th Chur>h to th >/ 4o8r, ho8rtho ">oor," 8ho 8r 4ut to th ur th >r>u;t>/r2 r/t, 8r tt/ to th ; o ;rt2r. Uortut/2th> 8 h o th u>t r8 /;ot tr/2 ro; th4o/o@t o thr o@, thror ;2 r/2 u4>t oo; . Yt ro; th; > ho8 >o>/u/2 ou@h thto

r/ 4r>uto 8 r@@ Moh;; S4 t th t;, u>h tout2 th 9tr; ;ur o4t 2 th 4rt2 o G/ot.

I 8 9>4t th > o Boh Au/4hu, o Nu/o A/o,th t o 8h>h outu/, thr ot @/ r>ort>o Chrt @ 4ut to th or h r/@o 2 th Ar S4 or th ;/ o th th >tur2. Th MuGr,+1< thChrt /@ ur th Ar 8r >//, o2 r;r/@r o ro; th 9r> o thr r/@o--th r>

rt o th Chur>h @ >ou>t hrtoor.+hur>h:+3< th Chur>h o StA>/u, or;r ;rt2r o Coro$ o St o/u$ o th ThrMrt2r--!utu, Buru, Mrt/$ o St C24r$ o SS.#u Eu//$ o th %r@ Mr2.

+1< D #2@o o A/ M., . 4. F0, 2 th 8or ; "tho 8ho tr2 to ;tt th Ar ;r /@u@."

+< Eu/o@. Lttr to A/r. Atr th th o !/or h 2 h 4t th th hour 4r2r, th "u>t tr4u>/, 4rtu;, ;tutu;, ;/ >r>u; >o?utr hoor; JDK t @/or; otrru; r@u; >/r;u."

+3< !/orG, 9. F5.

th /t o th thr trt@ >>out Ar8rtr,8ho 103F.+1< "I o> tr t @ht," h 2, "to th4r>4/ Chrt Chur>h. I ou t // tr8 8th @rr>ho ;2rt/, 4/t 8th >24r tr. Th o o ththur@// rou ;2 r$ th @/r o th u;r/ /;4GG/;2 2$ th 4rt, > r>h / ro o @2 >u/

>o/our, @rt 8th @r/ >or, > to or Bu.Er2oo tho 4rt h h ;rth ro; h >out>, 94//ro; h ; // @r/ $ th2 r>t thr t4to8r th ;r/ ot t 8 ;r/2 to t 4 o 8tr 8th th

ho//o8 o thr h. Th 4rt th ro too ;o@ th;, t@ th 8 >u4 h h 4r4r to >o>rt t: h44/to th /?uor h 4r>h /4, /4 r th u2 /4 o utu/ ;$ th r@r>2 o t >ott >4tt h ,ut8h h h tt th />ou /?uor, th 8t /our; to or4o8r h;." /@ th >hur>h, th Ar, 8th truAr >/t2, 9t;4orG o; r to th o//o8@ >t:"=2th Lor o ;r>2 th ;o o #o 4r 8th th ;// our;t r /?uor, o 4/t to th 2outh. It 8 to @r/tht

thr 4r2r 8r r, t 8 or hr tht th2 4ut o thr@2tu>, t o hu;/t@ th;/ or th A/;@ht2." Ah;/o 2: "th 4rt, 8h@ u to t2 /o@ ;o@ th;, @ to@ rou u 8th thr oo thr h$ r2 8rt>h 4rtuth 4/; o h 8thr h J8th th ho/2 8trK, ut th2 8r/ th t, 8ho t2 >ot h htr or /@ht$ or@ur2 ttr>to tht thr r@ o 8 8, or thr t@ o8 /h, >ou/ or." Th rrt ;2 r4>t r2>hr>trt> o Ar 8rtr, 8ho 8ou/ ot / th >o@rut2

o //utrto o u>h th; r8 ro; "th /4 o ;," orthrr/>2 o rr> to 8 /h. =ut th >>out ;rtttto o othr @rou, or t h8 ho8 /tt/ th ;ort//@t Mo/; urtoo th >r;o o th r/@o 8h>hth2h >o?ur, thou@h th2 ;@ht 4ro or th@ tht thChrt 8orh44 th %r@ Mr2, oth >u Moh;; h;/// to th ; rror, >u 4ro/2 th Ro; Chur>h thrt h /r2 @u to 42 hr o/trou 8orh4.

Th >h >hur>h Coro t th >o?ut ; to h th>hur>h o St %>t. th t@ o th to8,+< th Chrthto @ u4 h/ o t to th Ar, >urou rr@;t, ut oor> /8hr 2 th Sr>. I 7)F th Chrt 8ru>,or >o;4//, to // thr h/ or 100,000 r, t 84u//o8 to ; roo; or th #rt Mo?u.+3hur>h.

+1< Ah; ibn A/;/ ibn Shoh2, A/ M., . F6. I ?uot D #2@o tr/to.

+< D #2@o o A/ M., . 36), 2 th >thr/ 8 t rt @urt to th Chrt. So; t; /tr th 750

th2 h to urrr h/ o t$ 7)F th2 8r o/@ to // th othr h/, rtur 8r //o8 to ru/ th tro2 >hur>h. !or th ">hur>h o th urt" o, 4. *, ot 1.

+3< Th 8 ot h t// 7*3. Th or@/ tru>tur >ot

)0,000 r. Sr/ &h/ to t, H; II. J*61-*76K /o 4t o t 160,000 r.

= th 8th th 8//, thr 8r t or t8/ ;otr>hur>h th ;;t @hourhoo o Coro: ;o@ th; th;otr2 o St Chrto4hr, th ;ou o o To, u44r o ;to, )5F$+1< tho o St !/9 t !roo, o StMrtt Ro2, o th %r@ Mr2 t Cut>/r, o St S/tor tP@;//r$ th >hur>h o SS. Butu Ptor, o StSt.

h @ th ; o th >hur>h ;otr+< t orrCoro, oth to h8 ho8 u;rou th2 8r, /o >u ro;oor othr o th; >; r/2 // th /-ot ;rt2r, o 8ho; 8r out to >or th >/;. E9>4t > / thto-;to, th Chrt 8r ot //o8 to u/ 8>hur>h,+3< ut >or@ th ;uto th u;r o thChrt o8@ to th >o?ut, th 4ot2 o @rt ;2,th>ou/ ot r>o @rt hrh4. Moror th Chrt>hur>h,t 8 or, hou/ o4 to Mo/; 8// Chrt,

thou@hur@ th 4ror;> o ; t ; tht th2 h to 4t>/o.Th Mo?u 8r r to 4o//ut 2 th t4 o /.+F<

+1< DoG2, . 16.

+< Motr 8r t/h S4 150 2r or th Sr> >o?ut. Th2 ;ot/2 r /2 t th h o th Ar, 4t o th u>to o th &h/ Aur J Co, . 37, #oK, ut tht o Lor t Co;r r> our/ >hrtr 73F J!/ur2, . )*$ ut Duh;, . 15F, out th utht>t2 o th >hrtrK.

+3< C4. th t4u/to o ;r t th // o Bru/;.

+F< S Chrtr o Co;r, 4u !/ur2, . )*.

Th r/@ou r;t, 8h>h ;t t/ o tro@/2 tCoro, ot 9t to othr 4rt o S4. !or t>, t E/r, th>r/ o S4h Chrtt2, t 8 hort/2 tr th Coro;rt2ro; J )6FK tht th ;o?u, ou th 2r o th>o?ut, /t uu/t or 150 2r, 8 //2 h. ht8hr out th Chrt t E/r t th t; ot to thr>rt,thr ho4, S;u/, @ otorou / /r.+1< It

Coro tht th ; trt t th 4ro >tr$ to Coro88// or th 4rt >o our ttto.

Thr ut > to ho8 tht th 4rt2 o thut,oth

tho 8ho or th;/ or ;rt2ro;, tho 8ho tt thr ;or ;4u/ rthr, 8r >o;4rt/2 ;//o2 th Chur>h o S4$ tht thr 4ro>@ 8 /tt/horto ;2 th ; o th ;or / 4orto o th Chrt>o;;ut2, oth th Ar 4rt o S4, 4rh4 /@r th r North.+< Th >h /r o th 4rt2 o G/ot--r 8 ;to o th;--8r Su/, ho4 o Coro J)50-)61K,Eu/o@u, S;o, ot o th ;otr2 o P@;//r$ 8h/R>>ru, ho4 o S//, Hot@ o M/@, 8r th

4ro;t >>/t> o th othr .

+1< Ibn &ht, 4u DoG2, . 10.

+< Yo@, 4. 63.

=or r/t@ 8ht t4 th /ttr too >ou>to 8th thMo/; uthort to 4ut o8 th @rou outr o t>;,t8// trt@ to ot 8ht 8 th tttu o th rt>to o th Chur>h to8r th ;@u ; 8ho @ th;/u4to th, thr >/; to th >ro8 o ;rt2ro;. Tho 8ho

th /t2 o th >/;, rt thr >otto o th @rou,tht th o->// ;rt2r h >o;4 thr o8 tru>to, thr@ o 4r>uto t th t;$ tht th2 h 8or o ;r>/ 4roo o thr h@h >/;$ tht th2 h / 2 ; 8ho/ th tru #o$ tht th2 h ur 2 ;;t th$tht thr o h >orru4t / tho o othr ;.

It 8 u o 8or, th 4rt2 o ;orto, to >// thu> 2 th ho/2 ; o ;rt2r, 8h o o/> h@h 4/>h or> th; to 2 thr th,+1< or trr 8th thr uor> o Chrtt2. It 8 ;r/2 >t o otttou4r-- 4r 8 th root o // /--to >ourt @r. Su>h>ou>th r o 2 Chrt, 8 ?ut / ro; th; hu;/t2 o H >hr>tr.+<

Th2 ;@ht h tht u>h o/utr2 ;rt2ro; h 94r/2>o;,

J.K =2 th >r>u/r /ttr o th Chur>h o S;2r to th othr>hur>h, >r@ Po/2>r4 ;rt2ro;, th tr;: " >o;;ottho 8ho or th;/ o thr o8 >>or, or tht ot 8htth

@o4/ t>hth u:"+3<

J.K =2 St C24r,+F< 8ho, 8h rou@ht or th >ou/ ?uto, "our >4/ orth tht 2 hou/ orth;/ o thr o8 >>or$" h /t /ttr h 2: "Lto o 2ou or h;/ to th 4@, t u>t h 4

8h 44rh:"

J>.K =2 C/;t o A/9r: " /o /; tho 8ho ruh toth,or thr r o;, ot o u, ut o/2 r@ th ; ;, 8ho@th;/ u4:"+5<

J.K I;4/>t/2 2 th 2o o E/r, or I//r J>r> 305K,o o th >o o 8h>h or h; to r ;rt2r, 8ho8 // o th 4ot or r@ o/:

J.K =2 Muru, ho4 o Crth@, 8ho, 8h >ou/t o th

?uto o ru>@ th ;; /t o >o8/@ ;rt2r, @t h o4o tht tho hou/ rt 9>/u 8ho h >ourt;rt2ro;.+6< ho4 /o, h /t o, =>t I%. oRo;,+7< h tur to 44ro 8ht th Chur>h h >o;. North th o/2 t> 8h>h th Ro; Chur>h h t th>o o r/r Chrto;.

+1< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," ., >. 1), "(uo u// 4r/ o/t ; u; @r >o;4u/t, > >u/tu >t 4?u r/@o ;ot:" >. 3, "(uo /r/t r@ uu; >o/r urt Chrt;u;."

+< (uot@ u>h t9t Mtt. . FF, "=/ th; tht >ur 2ou, 4r2 or th; tht 4tu//2 u 2ou:" Pt. . 3, "Su;t 2our/ to r2 or> o ; or th Lor ."

+3< Euu . 15. S Nr, . 4. 150. JA.D. 167.K

+F< Mrt2r 5).

+5< S Lo@ "M. Aur/u Atou," Itro., 4. 1.

+6< =urto "Htor2 o th Chrt Chur>h," 4. 336.

+7< 17F0-17F): h "D Sroru; D t>to t toru; >oGto," =. . 16, >. 7. !/ur2, . 5F1.

Th >hr@ @t th G/ot 8r t8oo/, tht thr h o4r>uto 8orth2 o th ;, u>h to ut2 thr o@, tht tho o@ th;/ 8r >otrr2 to th t>h@ 4rtoChrtt2. Th /ttr 4rt o th >hr@ h /r2 /t8th, ;2 >or ut. A to th othr 4rt, th4o/o@t,t ;ut >o, 8r 8th r2 u>rt ou. So;t;,, th2 2 t 4ot-/:+1< " ," 2 Eu/o@u, "thtru>to o our >hur>h,+< th u/t h4 u4o our >/r@2,th

;oth/2 t9+3< 8h>h 8 42, th 4r/ o hr /, / our>, r oth@." Th u/t rot r >otu//2rrr to. "No o," 2 th ; uthor,+F< "> @o out or >o;;o@t u >urt2, o o 4 ot o Mo/; th trt8thout @ trt 8th >otu;/2. Th2 ;o> t th ;r+5< o

ourorr. Th2 hoot t u >// u oo/ . Th r2 >h/rr t u, thro8 to 4othr t th 4rt. Thou o th >hur>h-@o@ //+6< r / to o ro; Mo/;hrr th ou/t ;ot /4h;ou /@u@. Th2 ; t4o//uto to tou>h Chrt @r;t." A/r tht thMo/;8ou/ // to >ur@ 8h th2 8 th >ro$+7< 8h th28t ur/ >>or@ to Chrt rt, 8ou/ 2 /ou,"Sh8th; o ;r>2, #o," thro8@ to 8th/ t th Lor 4o4/,

/@ thr r 8th th /tht u.+)< "Yt," h@t/29>/;, "2ou 2 tht th ot t; o 4r>uto$ or t,I8r, t; o 4ot/. =ut I r; tht t /2t;+*< ...r 8 ot o8 th th 2o o /r2, ur 8thto/r/t9, 4o/ o our @oo, /h 8th th >our@ o thr u,; 28or 4ror, 2, 4>t>/ to // to"+10<

+1< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . >. 1: A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 3.

+< I.$ A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 7.

+3< Lo@/, "D htu C/r>oru;." "M@," 11, 4. 565.

+F< Eu/., /./.

+5< St@;t.

+6< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 6, "Dro t >ot;4tu ht >4t ;ot tro >o@;t." H : "D/2 @ht/2 ro; thr ;rt th2 r/ th Lor 2 thr o>to o A//h Moh;;" Eu/., "L. A4.," >. 1*, >o tht hr@ thr >// to 4r2r /82 ;o h; to ?uot P/; 9>. 7: "Coou // th2 tht 8orh4 >r ;@"-- r2 rr/t ;/>to, 44/ to th Mo/;.

+7< A/r, /./., "! @u; o44roroo /o@o >o/ort."

+)< "S4ur>tru; ;o."--I.

+*< "Mortru;."--"I. Lu;.," >. 3.

+10< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 31, @ u r2 @ 4>tur o th Mo/; >hr>tr: "Sut u4r tu;, tu;or >or /t, />tto >r/u; o4ru; /u, >o;to u4r/u ... ;r>or >ru/, utt or, hoor ?u rtt, @tt

>t >tu; ... hu;/tt; /ut ; rt, >ttt; /ut 4ur>t; r4ut."

Tht thr 8 >rt ;out o o>/ //-trt;t, tht th/o8r >/ o Mo/; ot t 2 4 to >o>/ thr/

>or o u>h Chrt / rt 8r t r>8ththr o8 >r, ;oror r@r 4rt ;o 8th4>/ro, thr > o out. =ut, o th othr h, thr o8t o > to ho8 tht th >oto o th Chrt 8 2o; o th 4o/o@t 8ou/ h u u44o. Ptt2o2>>ou/ ot / to 9t 28hr ur u>h >r>u;t>, 8r>tu//2 to ou S4 t th t;, 8 ;2 ur thtthChrt 4rt 4rt>u/r ot r th;/ 8th tht

hu;/t2 8h>h ;@ht h ur ;t@to o th o2>.r@ o44oto to Chrtt2, u/ th Mo/; ru/ >t/ >// u>h, thr 8 o, t// t 8 >// to @ 2 th>to o th t> th;/. =ut 4rt ro; // th othr >t8h>h 4ot to th >o>/uo, 8 > >// th 4o/o@t th;/> tht thr 8 o r/ 4r>uto @o@ o t th t; othrt ;rt2ro;.

Eu/o@u+1< ;t tht th Chrt 8r ot /t or hr th

r 9r> o thr r/@o 2 2@ tht th tt oth@+<8 ot u to th orr> JoroothK o th Mo/;, ut to thD ;r>2. A/r, too, 4@ 8h>h ; to >otr>t th8ho/ 4oto 8h>h h tr2@ to , 2+3<:--"Thou@h ;28rth >t; o 4r>uto, r2 ;2 othr-- 2ou >ot 2t--or th;/ o/utr2 >r> to th Lor. I t ot>/r tht t 8 ot th Ar 8ho @ 4r>ut@, ut 8 8ho@4r>h@ R th tor2 o th ;rt2r, 2ou 8// tht th2ruh o/utr/2 o thr t, ot 8t@ th @ o4r>utor, or th r o or;r$ 2, --8ht ; otro@ >hr@ @t th;--tht th2 tr out th orr> othr ru/r 4r> 2 u/t u4o u/t."+F<

+1< "M;. S>t.," . >. *.

+< %G., "(uo tr 4o ;o/t @;u."

+3< "I. Lu;.," >. 3.

+F< "!t@ 4r t 4r>4 ;u/t >otu;/."--I.

A to th othr 4rt o th >>uto, tht o/utr2 ;rt2r 8ro;rt2r, Eu/o@u >ou/ o/2 >/; @t th S>r4tur ?uot 2h o44ot,+1< rr to th ;or//2 /, 8ho ; / thr

@oo, t r to thr /@ht$+< 8h/ h rou@htor8r 2@ o >rt 8 ; tht "tho ;rt2r 8// ho/ th rtr th h/2 >o;4 8ho h @o to thr thuu;;o."+3<

H /o ou@ht to th 4r>t> o r/@ Moh;; 2 th4/tht 9or>; 8 //o8 @t th /, 8h>h u>t/2r>u/ou$ ut A/r @o urthr, >/;/2 ur u tht thu/t r/@ o th 4ro4ht 8r ;r/2 or; o4r>h@+F<to th 4oor @ht Mo/;, /2 r;r@ tht th S>r4turr; tht th #o4/ o Chrt ;ut 4r>h to // to.hr, th, th Mo/; h ot 4r>h to, th ;rt2rt h t u4o th;/ th >r ut2 o rr@ th;"tor to th th."

Th >o >out+5< @t th ;rt2r 8 tht th2 h 8or o;r>/-- rou >>2 @ 8h ;r>/ 8r /;otthtt o >tt2. Eu/o@u+6< >ou/ o/2 ;t th >hr@ 2 ;tt@th >t, ut @ tht ;r>/ 8r r?ut th r/2 @,orr to t/h Chrtt2 o r; $ tht th>ot>2o th ;rt2r 8 t/ ;r>/ J8h>h 8 tru, ut ot toth4otK. H h >ott 8th th, h h o 8/2$ ut h@oo: "Moror, ;r>/ r o @ o truth, th u/r

> 8or th;."+7< No8, 2 tr2@ to ho8 8h2 th ;rt2r ot4ror; 2 ;r>/, h ;t 2 ;4/>to tht th2 8r>t th 4rt>u/r$+)< 2t othr 4rt o h 8or h ;to;r>/ 4ror; 2 th r2 ;rt2r, , or t>, 2 I>, 2 !/or, Mr.+*< So tht th 8orth2 4rt 4/> th/;;: I ;r>/ r r//2 o @ o truth, 8h2 ttrut th;toth ;rt2r, 8h, //o8 /8hr, th2 8r u/ to 8orth; , o th othr h, th2 4ror; th ;r>/, 8h2 otu> th; > @t th tr>tor

+1< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . >. 1*.

+< Ih . 0.

+3< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . >. F. T ro; o; "A>t o th St," 4ro/2 tho o SS. E;thru C/ou-- oo oou/2 o o uthort2.

+F< "I. Lu;.," >. 10, "I h> Ir/t> @t u//u h>tu 9ttt 4r>tor, 4r ?uo tor trtur. It ; J.., th ;rt2rK 4oto/tu >; o; t @/>; 4r>to; ;4/rut, o?u tor rrut."

+5< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . 13.

+6< "L. A4o/.," > 7.

+7< "L. A4o/.," >. 10.

+)< C4. "M;. S>t.," . >. 13.

+*< "M;. S>t.," Pr., >. F.

Th thr o>to >urou o, tht th ;rt2r 8r ot 4uttoth 2 o/tr, ut 2 ; 8orh44@ #o >o8/@@ /8,+1< thror 8r ot tru ;rt2r. Eu/o@u ;thtru 8r, 8h>h oou ou@h, >oru//2 9>/;:--"Ath2 >ou/ to / #o, 8ho 4r>ut H Chur>h, ;t htu/ to / Chrt 8ho 8 r2 #o r2 ;."+<

!ourth/2, th ;rt2r ?u> 2 th. =ut, Eu/o@u4ot out,+3< 4 tortur @ o to/ >/; to th;rt2r>ro8.

Lt/2, t 8 o>t tht th o o th ;rt2r, 8to 94>t, >orru4t, 8r , o; >, our 2o@. "ht ;ttr," 2 Eu/o@u,+F< "> thr ou/ r or82to >/t/ ;o."

+1< Eu/. "L. A4o/.," >. 3.

+< I., >. 1.

+3< I., >. 5.

+F< "M;. S>t.," . >. 17.

=ut t 8 ot o>to rou@ht 2 //o8-Chrt o/2 thtEu/o@u too u4o h;/ to 8r, ut /o th tut >ooth Mo/;. "h2," th2, " 2our #o th tru #o, o Hottr trror to th 9>utor o h t 2 o; @rt4ro@2 8h2 o ot th ;rt2r th;/ /h orth to;r>/8h/ th >ro8 rou th; You ruh u4o 2our o8 tru>to,2t 2ou 8or o 8or tht ;@ht u> u to >h@ our o4o o2our >r, thr2 o@ 2our o8 o @oo, our ohr;."+1<

Yt th >ot>2 o th ;rt2r >t th Mo/; ;or th th2>r to >o, 8 ;2 r ro; th tut /// t thChrt, 8h, Moh;; r@, o; Chrt, ro; r oth, 4ottG. "hthr," th2 tru;4ht/2 ,+< "htht rr2 o 2our ;rt2r h ht h >o; o th rhrG2 8th 8h>h th2 >ourt th" Yt thou@h th2 >t to>or th ;rt2r oo/ or ;;, th2 >ou/ ot / toth

>t tht thr >ot>2 8 //2 to 4rou> o tho 8ho h/thr th, to th rr> 8th 8h>h thr r/> 8rr@r2 th Chrt. Th2 thror 94r/2 or th o o;rt2r to 4rr+3< 8orh44, thr t to ;th >rt > ;4o/ 2 ur@ th >or4

>ttr@th h o th rr, thou@h o;t; th2 >ott th;/8ththro8@ th o, uurt, to th tr;.

+1< "M;. S>t.," . >. 1.

+< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 6.

+3< S "D Tr/to >or4oru; S>toru; Mrt2ru;," t>., >. 11. "No ;, ?uo ;rt2r >ut, rr Sr> 4r;ttut." S o, 4. 3). Th o o r/r ;rt2r 8r ;or r/2 @ u4 t th r?ut o th Chrt. S

"Chro. S/.," >. *5-100$ DoG2, . 11*, or th urrr o th o2 o Butu$ Eu/., "A /u;," >. *, 8hr Eu/o@u ;to tht h h t th o o St o/u Autu to P;4/u. Ltr, H; II. J*61-*76K @ u4 th o2 o th o2 P/@u t R;ro III. r?ut. Mr, . 5.

Ho8r, 4t o th r@u/to, ;2 o 8r >rt/2>rr o to; >hur>h, 8hr th2 8r /oo u4o th ;ot 4r>ou o 4oo$ ;rt2r, 8ho, 2 th ;oothr ;rr th;/, h r 8or 2 ;r>/ 8h /@,8r /, 8h , to 4ror; r o 9trorr2 o,

8h>h ot //2 > t// ;or /@ht;t h 4tthr o th M/ A@.

h44 to 4o r2 trt@ >>out o th >r>u;t>ur 8h>h th r/> o thr o th Coro ;rt2r 8rtrrr ro; th trou/ > o thr 4o to th ;or4>u/ ;or u4rttou >/otr o !r>.+1<

It 8 )5) tht H/u, th ot o th ;otr2 o St %>tth Ho/2 Cro, r Pr, /r@ tht th o2 o thr 4trot, St %>t, 8 t %/>, t t8o ;o, Uur /r,8th th @+< 4r;o, to 4ro>ur th 4r>ou r/> orthro8 ;otr2. thr 82 to 4ror; th >o;;o, th ;o/rttht th o2 8 o /o@r t %/>. It h , >t,>rr+3< 2 ;o ; A/u to Sr@oG. Sor, th ho4otht >t2, h G t, t 8 t// h/ rto thr,utur th ; o St Mru, 8ho o2 th ;o h tout/2rtt to . Sor 44rt/2 out th tt;t, torturA/uto @t th truth out o h;, ut $ or th ;o, o8@ thtSt

%>t h >o o Sr@oG, r tht th ho4 8ou/rurrr th o2 8r o t tt2. Ho8r, Uur /r8 ot ut tht th o2 8 tht o Mru, tt.

+1< D Tr/to SS. ;rt2ru; #or@, Aur/, t Nth/ 9 ur Coro Pro: u>tor A;oo.--"M@," o/. 115, 44. *3* .

+< Chr/ th =/.

+3< "Ur ;4u/," uu/.

D44ot, thror, thr rr, th2 /@r out t=r>/o, th@ to 4> u4 o; othr r/>, 8h r,ho/@ h@h 4oto tht to8, Suru 2 ;, ;to th4r>uto t Coro, 8 o 8h>h o ot ; to h tr//

2o S4. Th2 tr; t o> to @o to Coro, r/2@ o r thr, ; Lo@/, to h/4 th; to ot 8ht th28h.Tr//@ S4, ho8r, ; to h 2 o ; +1<tth 4ro, thr o/ ro/uto r@r 8th r ;rto 2 thr r. Th /or o th #oth> ;r>h,Hur,@ o r/2 tr; 8th th / o Sr@oG, 8rt to h; othr h/, h trut th; to th >r o >r 8h>h>h> to ut trt@ or Coro.

+1< S >. , Eu/., "A /u;," 8hr h 4 o

th ro to #u/ "t4t 4rou," o // #oth "4rturt uroo /h/; >uru."

r>h@ Coro, tr ;2 2, th2 @o to St C24r Chur>h,8hr /2 th o o Boh Au/4hu. Th ru;our o thrrr/r@ Lo@/ J>// A S/o;K, 8ho 4ro r2 uu/r, S;o, 8ho ut t th u>tur ; ot o th ;otr2tP@;//r, 8hr th o o #or@, Aur/u, S@oth 8rur--th r2 r/> 8h>h th2 h > to tr2 ot.

Th ;o o th ;otr2 tur//2 o>t to 4rt@ 8th u>h4r>ou 4oo, ut S;o >otr to @t th ho44r;o to @ u4 th o.

Th 8 // th ;or o44ortu, >h> 8 o8 @ th; ortur@ to =r>/o, 2 o@ th 94to 8h>h Moh;; I.8o th 4ot o ;@ @t To/o. rr h @ tht //th htt, tr@r 8// >tG, 9>4t th >t2@ur,hou/ @o out 8th th &@. Ho8r, th !rh ;o 8r ;t 2u94>t >u/t2. I th t;4orr2 > o th ot, th;oo P@;//r ru to @ u4 th r/>, t 8 o/2 8th;u>h

>u/t2 tht th ho4 Su/ 8 u> to >or; h or;r4r;o to r;o th;.

Th o 8r o8 9hu; 8thout th o8/@ o th Mo/;, / 8th Chr/ o8 /, rou@ht or tht 4ur4o. #or@o2

8 ou 8ho/, ut o th othr t8o, o/2 th h o Nth/, th tru o Aur/u o2. Th t8o /ttr r ut to or; o>or4, t 8rtt, "th2 t8o h// o /h." Atr t2Coro o @ht 8, th2 t out ur th 4rot>to o o;Chrt r@ th r;2. Lo@/, 8ho h 82 o th&@ u, o8 rtur, >ort th; to To/o. Th44ro>ho th r;2 h@ >/r 82 th r@ 8ho t tho4rt,th ;o 8th thr 4r>ou r@ht @ot /2 82 to Sr@oG,rtur 8th thr oot2 to !r>, 8hr th r/> 8or u;r

otoh@ ;r>/.

Lt u rtur ro; th @ro to th t4 t 2 th ;ort4rt2 ;o@ th Chrt, 2 th Mo/; uthort, to 4ut to 8ht ; o @rou @tto. Tht R>>ru 8 ottho/2 >>/t> o h@h 4oto 8ho too 9>4to to th 8;o;t 8 /r >/r/2 ou@h ro; A/r,+1< 8ho t// u tht"ho4, 4rt, >o, 8 ; o Coro o @h@ @t th 8 ;rt2ro;, ur th ;4u/ o r8//@h 2@ th th o Chrt, ot 8or, 2t 2 thr

>t." ;2, thror, >o>/u tht th @rtr 4rt o th>>/t>/ uthort 8r hrt ou/ 8th th =ho4 oS//, 8h/ th 4rt2 / 2 Eu/o@u Su/ 8 >o;4rt/2;// o. Ho8r, tro@ ;ur 8r >r2, R>>ruot htt to ;4ro r/ 4rt >/r@2.+< Eu/o@u>o;4/ tht th >hur>h 8r 4r o thr ;tr, th>uto;r2 >hur>h rt 8r 2>, "8h/ th 4r 8o hr8 th rt /, tt o/2 2 ru/ />." I th4@ th 8rtr out/ @ r to h ;@to, 2tthr;ut h >rt ;out o truth th ; rto, orhr4t t @ @.+3<

Th > o A/r to th ; >t: "H ot tho 8ho;to >o/u; o th >hur>h, th r2 ro> o 8h>h t ou,8ho8r ; th />t o #o, h th2 ot, I 2, th 4r>oth C2>, or rthr o th E4>ur, ur o >o;4u/o, utothr o8 r 8//, 4o / o th ;rt2r o #o H ot thh4hr o Chrt, th t>hr o th Chur>h, ho4, ot,4rt, th >h o our hrr>h2, t ;@ht2 ;, 4u/>/2ou> th ;rt2r o our Chur>h hrt>"+F<

+1< "L o Eu/o@.," >h. . >. F.

+< A/r, "L o Eu/o@.," . >. F--"; >rot ?uo 4otut >r>r/ >u/o //@t." Eu/., "Do>. Mrt2r," >. 11--"R4/t ut 4tr/ >r>r >/r>oru; >tr, ut t >>/ >ro 4ru/u; t >rotu; o>o ...

4rt 4roru >>/ o; >ro ;tro." A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 1F, 1)--"T;4/ Chrt >r>o o/t, t /o> >t th> 9tr4t."

+3< Eu/., "Do>. Mrt.," >. 16--"Er;tt; >>/ru;, >o;4to; >rotu; ... t ?uo o t o ho> t;4or >r>u; > ho/o>utu; o/to." C4. E4. /, >. 10.

+F< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 1F.

Not >ott 8th ;4ro@ th t>, th 4rt2 o orr or>th; to 8r tht th2 8ou/ ot t>h t th ;rt2r 4/; 2

4@ / o th Pro4ht.+1< Tho 8ho o2 8r thrt8th uhr-o 4/t, 8th /o o /;, ;r>/>our@@.+< Th /t tt;t ;ut t 8th rrto, t/t 4ut to th ;outh o th Chrt 4rt2 ur R>>ru.It 9tr;/2 u//2 tht Chrt ho4 4rt hou/hh r>our to u>h trt;t o thr >or/@ot: 2t th2 h4rtu/ 84o r2 to thr h, th2 8r ot /o8 to ut.Th2 th;t+3< tho 8ho tt th G/ot$ Eu/o@u h;/ ; to h rro8/2 >4 thr t> o9>o;;u>to.+F<

+1< I., >. 15--"N ;rt2r ur@rt 4/;;, ur;tu; 9tor;u ... t ;/>tu; ;/>tou ;4trt, @/o t >ru> u>t, urr ;4rotr >;u."

+< I., >4. A/r, "L o Eu/o@.," . >. 1--"Dur tor;t @tt, >o;;ot ut."

+3< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t." . >. )--"N >tr huu;o 4/tr; >urrt >hu/ th;tu; 4r /o> r ;r utur." A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 31--"P/ro?u 4tr th;tGt t/ 4tt."

+F< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. . >. 5.

Th >to @t th G/ot 8 // 4ro/t2 t, ottth t@to o th Mo/; uthort, 2t >/o >o>rt 8thth;. Eu/o@u+1< ttrut // th / 8h>h h // thChur>h, u>h th ;4ro;t o ho4, 4rt, ot, >o, to th 8rth o th &@$ A/r t>t/2 tt thtth&@ 8 ur@, r, to t ;ur @t th Chrt.+<It ot //2 tht th &@ r?ur ;u>h 4ru@. Moh;; t/t ; to h thorou@h/2 r@ht 2 th >otu@tto @t Moh;;;. H tur//2 u4>t o;4o/t>/

4/ot t th otto; o t$ u44oto 8h>h r> o;>out>ro; th rou rr> Eu/o@u+3< to th ;rt2r "So/ro #o" ou to 8r @t H Mo/; ;$ ro; thuout

>t tht th Chrt o To/o r our o thr>or/@ot t Coro.+F< Ho8r tht ;2 , th &@ )5>rt/2 too >ou/+5< 8th h ;tr, ho8 th @ttohou/ ;t, h ; to h ;/ ort o @r >ou>/+6< oth Chur>h, 8h th ; ?uto 8 >u. Stro@r ;ur8r >o?u> t, ;or r@orou ;4ro;t rort to.=utMoh;; 8t rthr th th. H 4r o thr 4ot //Chrt, 8ho h/ o> th 4/>,+7< or >o>to 8ththCourt, 8thr8 ro; th Chrt ">t >or4,"+)< th ro2/

out2 uu//2 9t to th;. H orr th tru>to o //>hur>h u/t > th >o?ut, o // /tr to totho4rou/2 9t@. H ; r >t;t @t tho 8hor/ Moh;;.+*< H h ; to h // Chrtro;h o;o.+10< Th tto, to@thr 8th th orr r4>t@th >hur>h, 8 ot >rr out, o8@ 4ro/2 to th o44orturo/t t To/o.+11<

+1< E4. /, >. 10.

+< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 35.

+3< S DoG2, . 136.

+F< Co, . F*: DoG2, . 161, 2 o Eu/o@u uthort2, tht h >t th; to ro/t ur S/.

+5< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9.

+6< Rorto >// t Co>/u/u;.

+7< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . S>. .

+)< "M/tr 4uro." Eu/o@. "M;. S>t.," . >. .

+*< Eu/o@. "M;. S>t.," . >. 9--"Tu> ; 4ro>u/ uo > o >u/t ut ;4t, ?u?u; t u t;rru 94rotor u/tro o>>urrrt." Th ; to ; tht Chrt Sr> 8r ou to @ u4 to ut> 2 8ho r/ th Pro4ht$ or / to // h; o th 4ot.

+10< Eu/o@., "Do>. Mrt.," >. 1)--"Mo/; ... o; r@ u, >ut >rt, @u 9>/ur ;o/utur Chrt>o/ru;."

+11< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. .

I o o h 8or o th u>t, Eu/o@u 94r r /tthtrto o th ;rt2r hou/ r@ tr o th Chur>h

S4, ut th trto o Mo E@24t ;u>h t rtto@@rt th hrh4 o th Ir/t.+1< H ou@ht ot,thror,to h ur4r, 8h u>h ru/t >tu//2 o//o8$ orou@ht h to >o;4/ tht o8 th Mo/; 8ou/ o/2 /t th

Chrtor thr r/@o u>h 82 th2 >ho to >tt$ thtth Chrt 8r u>t to // ort o t9 9>to.+<

Th >o; ;ur o r4ro, t 2 th &@ th=ho4o S//, oo 4rou> thr >t. Th 9tr; 4rt2 8r rou4, o; >4@ to ?utr r@o, othr h@, o/2tur@ro @u t @ht--ot, Eu/o@u >ru/ to ,ro; r o th, ut >u th h@h 4rG o ;rt2ro; otrr or th u8orth2 ;2, ut or th 8orth2 8.+3<

+1< I., . >. 9.

+< Eu/o@., "Do>. Mrt.," >. 1)--"Nu> 4ro uo /to ttu;;oo 9r>r o t Chrt;u; ... u> 4u/>u; ;4ot >u;, u> ru o >t tr;t ttrut rru;."

+3< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 1F--"(u @ u;u ;rt2ro, ?uo ?uu; t o o;u tu; t."

So; 4ottG,+1< 8h/ ;2 o tho 8ho h 44/u th4ro>@ o th ;rt2r, o8 >// th; >rt, /;

th;or u/@@ /h r to rt th ur@ Chur>h orr/2 ;o th .+< thr, orr to rt 4ot ur#or;t, or to >ourt our 8th th &@, ;/ thrr/@o,t@ >r ot to 4r2, or ; th @ o th >ro 4u/>.+3<Eu/o@u h;/ 8 @/ out t th ;t@ o th &@ Cou>/2o o th ro2/ >rtr, #o;G, o o Ato, o o Bu/,+F< th r@/r o th 8 tou ;o;t. Th ; 8 r28or//2-; Chrt,+5< 8, o out, t th t;, ro/o@ h /u>rt o> t Court, 8h>h h h ot 2 hr;r/ o8/@ o Ar>. H , >t, /o h 4ot 8th//th othr Chrt o>r o th Court, ut r@ t 2>o;@ Mo/;$+6h 8 th rour o th 8 4ro/2t tht h 8>// "th o o th ;o?u."+7<

Th ru/t o th >ou>/ 8, 8 h , hot/ to th 4rt2o8h>h Eu/o@u Su/ 8r th >h, ut th or;r 8rtr,;to@ th >tu/ >r tht 8 4, 4rt tht t 8;r/2 / to > th @, 4o @urt/2$ h>o8/@ tht u>h h24o>r2 8 u8orth2 o th 4r/t o>r ;/.+)< I t ot ;or ro/ to u44o tht

Eu/o@u h u44ortr ot or t-- th2 ; to ho--8th ;t/ rrto, 8h/ thr o44ot hot/2>or u>h t4 >r2

+1< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9. 1--"!; 4rr>tur, >t r/@o;, Cru>9u; tttur."

+< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. . >. 6. A/o h /ttr to A/r @ th "M;. S>t.," h 2, r2 8 r; r; to thr 4r>4/.

+3< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. *--"Cu; 4/; >or; th> orto; o >ut, @o >ru> o>tt rot; o ;uut ... Chrto >otr u o>o 4ro r@ @rt, 4ro /u ;uru t o @t/> 4r/t." E/8hr h 2: "Nu//u tur ?u u9t uu; Do; tot thr u4r ;ot =/o, >/@o?u turr >ru> tto//t 9//u;, >r>u; Do or 4rtu;."

+F< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. . >. 5: A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 1). S o, 4. 51.

+5< Ibn / &utt2--4u DoG2, . 137.

+6< Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. .

+7< DoG2, . 137.

+)< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . >. 9., >. 3--"A/?u >o;;tr;ur, ?uo 4u t2r > 4o4u/oru; r4rt ur." Th "4r;u; 4ot>t >rtu;" h >//

"//@or> tu;."

CHAPTER %I.

THE MUARA=ES.

Th th o Eu/o@u 8 @/ or th >to o th uou;rt2ro; 8h>h h or o; 2r >o; o >o;;o, thou@h th4rt,8h>h 4ro;4t th /-/u >t;, 8 2 o ; t/thr S4 or th o@ >outr.+1< Yt th ;ur t to 4uto8 th ; or th u>> 4rt@ 2 rh outroro; t;.

Ur th 8 @or;t o A//h J)))-*1K th Chrt,tr;@ to /o thr / to ttr 4ur4o th t th hoth 9>utor, ro ro/t, 8// r/t hrtr, r/ 4rt o S4. Atr th tt/ o A@u/r, or Po/, )*1,t8 th Ar S4h >to, 1000 o th tChrt8r @ th >ho> o I/; or th, //, o, >ho th

/ttr /trt.+<

Dur@ th /o@ r@ o Aurrh; III. J*1-*61K thr 8r 8o/t > o ;rt2ro;, 8h>h ;2 8// ;to o8.Atrth @rt tt/ th %/ o Ruh,+3< 8hr Aurrh; t

th @ o Nrr Lo, o o th t8o @ht@ ho4, 8ho8rt 4ror o tht o>>o, @, hot@ or h o8r/, 2outh o ourt, ; P/@u. Th @, t ,;tt 8th h ut2, 8h to 8or h o;/ 8// u4o tho2, ut h > @ r>t 8th , th uh442 2outh84ut to th 8th @rt rrt2, ru@ to h / 24ot2.+F< A rt ro o th tor2 @ 2 S9o uo#urh;, ; Hro8th, 8ho 8rot 4o; o th u>t t22r /tr. Sh t// u tht th @ tr to P/@u, 8hothru4o tru> h; th >, 8 >o?u> 4ut to th

2>4tto JBu 6, *5K.+5<

+1< S "L o Ar@t," >. 3, 5.

+< DoG2, . )7.

+3< %/ u Bu?ur, *0 A.D.

+F< Boh %u 9 Co;;tr R. Ro;2, . 57, / th ro o th tor2. Prh4 A/ M., . 15F, rrr@ to th ; P/@u 8h h ;to th @ /@ or ho; Chrt 4@.

+5< S;4ro, >. 6-).

I th th o Ar@t JA4. ), *31K 8 h th /t t> S4 o Chrt @ ;rt2ro;. Sh 8 th u@htr o th@rt r/ ;r ibn Hu,+1< h 8 Co/u;, 8 or ttht >ht tro@ho/ o =otro. U4o hr ;othr th ;r8h hr to t u4 hr ;othr ut th 4/>, or ;r h>o; ort o @ o h o8 o;. Sh >/, @ o/2or ?ut rtrt, 8hr h ;@ht 4r4r hr ou/ or ;rt2ro;$ h8rot to out Chrt, 8ho 8h >/ h; th ;r>to, u@@t@ tht th2 hou/ th >ro8 o ;rt2ro;to@thr.+< th tru>to o =otro 2 Aurrh; *),h8t to Coro.+3< Sh thr ;t 8th #u/ ; %u/ur, 8ho h 8r r; tht tht >t2 h hou/ r@,8th8ho; h 8 to ur ;rt2ro;. Ho8r, h o>t >o;@ o8,%u/ur >t to 4ro 2 th @oror o th >t2. Ar@t@oto t h; thr, to44 2 th @ur, 8ho, @ h Chrt, t hr or th u@ r@, h ;4ro 8th %u/ur. Th /trt o I/; t o th@ru, th2 r oth 9>ut, ut Ar@t, @ "o/

r//," rt >our@ 8th 1000 tr4, hr to@u >utout.Hr o2 8 ur t th >hur>h o th thr t.

I th 2r *3F+F< 8 hr o t8o hur ;o o Cr @;>r 2 th =rr Aurrh; r;2$ o;

th2> r@r ;rt2r to thr th.

+1< ho o >o;@ Chrt, too th ; o S;u/. !/orG, 9. 4. 56F, .

+< S "L o Ar@t," 2 o2;ou uthor.

+3< I., >. F.

+F< DoG2, . 5. Mr, . 6, @ **3, ut 2 t ;2 h o>>urr )*3.

I *53 ;rt2r ; Eu@ to h 4rh$+1< thrt22r /tr, th /t ;rt2r o 8ho; 8 h 2 r>or ur thArru/. Do;>u Srr>u, o o Boh, h >o;4o t4ror t th >4tur o S;>, 8r 4t or t8o 2r -h/ 4ro.+< Th2 8r th rou@ht out 4ut to th, ut 8hR;ro III., or h u>>or, h t to ro; th;.+3<

Thr o > 8htr to ho8 tht thr 8 4r>uto oth Chrt ur th @rt Aurrh;, th tt;t otho8rtr 8ho t;t th >otrr2 ;2 t uu44ort 2

>.+F<

8// o8 tur > t @r/ 8 o th Chrt Chur>h t >oto ur th Ar S4, 4>//2--or ouror;to @rtt to tho 4ro--ur th t8o @Aurrh; II. III.

Ur th or;r o th or@ th >oto o th Chrt,ut/ th 4r>uto, 8h>h th2 th;/ 4roo, @, 8r2to/r/, th ;ort2 o th Chrt 8r ?ut >ott 8ththr /ot. Th2 r th r;2, oth r ; /$ th2h//u>rt 4ot t Court, or th hou o th Ar o/, or @or;t o>/. =ut thou@h th /2 >o;;ut2 8 8// o, th>/r@2 tr>tr >hur>h; h o;th@ to >o;4/ o$ or thChur>h+5< >ou/ ot to r, thou@h th 8orh4 8, >th 4o8r o u;;o@ >ou>/ h o8 4 to th Ar 9>ut,8ho, 8 h , ; Mo/; B8 t t th>ou>/.S 8r /o 4ut u4 to u>to, th >/ou 4>t>/ 8otuo8, o tht hrt> ho/@ th tt/, r8@ th;o/u;t, o ho4.+6<

+1< S>hott., . F6.

+< Rohr>hr, 9. 1*.

+3< Chrtr, 4u !/orG, 9. 3*7.

+F< S o, 4. 36, ot 1. A /ttr /o ;to o Boh Sru D, =ho4 o To/o, to th MuGr 8th r@r to th /t ;rt2ro; 4ot, 4ur4ort@ to h 8rtt *37.

+5< DoG2, . F7.

+6< A/r, "E4.," 9. 3. S;o, "A4o/.," . >>. .-.

A 8 to 94>t, Ar> oo @ to 4/> Lt throu@houtth >outr2, or th th >tur2 th S>r4tur 8rtr/t to th to@u o th >o?uror +1< 2 oru, =ho4oA>>t, Boh o S//. H>h; I. J7))-7*6K or th u o2/@u@ ut Ar>, o tht h Chrt u>t h to u Ar>#o4/$+< th S4r 8r oo ot 4r;tt to 8rt

Lt.+3< E th tt;t outu/, 8 o8 tht Lt >;@ru//2 to @/>t or@ott. A/r uttr /o?ut4rott @t th: "A/, th Chrt r @ort o thr o8to@u, Lt @/>t thr /@u@, o tht // th Co//@oChrt+F< thr >r>/2 to ou o 8ho > 8rt ro8/>o; to h rothr t//@/2 Lt, 8h/ u;r > ou>o;4tt to ;outh th /o8r2 rhtor> o th Ch/."+5u/r ot o th Ar--th Chrt; to h ur4 thr ;tr$ to th r/r2 o th

t8oto th rt 8 ;2 ttrut th 9>//> u> ot // o 8h>h S4 > ot.

h ho8 Eu/o@u h t to >h> th @/>t oLt,2 trou>@ to S4 o; o th ;tr4> tht /@u@$utt outu/ 8hthr h ort h ;u>h ru/t. > ro;thr; o th S4h 8rtr 8h>h 8 4o tht th tru>tur otht /@u@ h >or/2 @rt S4.+6<

+1< Mur4h2, "Ht. Mho;. E;4r S4," 4. 30*.

+< Yo@, 4. 60.

+3< Co, . 3*.

+F< "; Chrt >o//@o."

+5< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 35.

+6< S E/4u A/r 4;. A/>u, o th othr h, 8rt 8oru//2 @oo Lt.

So; t> r o u@r;;t>/ to >r>/2 t//@/.Moror, 8 S;o+1< r>t/2 >>u@ Hot@, =ho4 o

M/@, o ot @ / to 8rt Lt$ ;/r/2 Bo or/J)3*K >>u@ C/uu, =ho4 o Tur, 8ho 8 h;/ S4r,oth ; >t.

Th @/>t o Lt 8 >>o;4 2 >r@ r> toth o>tr/ o Chrtt2, u>t Chrt @ / toot thr t;, 8h>h ;@ht h ;or 4rot/2 4t othro8 S>r4tur, to >o;@ >?ut 8th th Moh;; r/@o, to ur//@ th tr>> o th >otror/ tho/o@28h>hh @ro8 u4 rou, or/, th or@/ ;4/>t2 o th&or.+< Th @rt !thr o th Chur>h 8r / ur, th Pro4ht A4ot/, th #o4/ t/, ou 8 totu2 th;. h/ th h@hr >/ 8r rt to r/@o,th

/o8r 8r u 4ort2+3< @or>.+F< Th t/ ru/toth r>, @or>, 4ort2, 8 /trorto th >hr>tr o S4h Chrtt2, o 8h>h thr r o/2 too;2 4roo.

+1< S;o, "A4o/.," >. .

+< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 35--"A> u; //oru; >r;t ?ur;u, t 4h/oo4horu; >t >r o 4ro 4oru; >o> rroru 4ro /@t /4or t /o>uto /u>u/tr rt. (u ro@o ho o/r otr /u

/> tur, ?u S>r4tur >t ttu o/u; ?uoru;>u?u Do>toru; Lt >o>r4t r4>t (u E@/>o, ?u Pro4ht>o, ?u A4oto/>o utu ttur ;or No o; u Chrt u/tu >or, /@u rt, htu @tu?u >o4>u, #t/> ruto 4r>/r, Ar>o /o?uo u/;t, o/u; Ch/oru; ; tr>tut"

+3< !/orG, 99. 3)3, Chrtr o **3$ /o "DoG2," . 31$ or th >oto o Chrt th !r Stt, =u>/, "Ht. o C/G.," . FF3.

+F< DoG2 J/./.K.

th ot S;o t>t/2 >>u@ Hot@, =ho4 oM/@, o ;o2, rt@ tht h o/ th 4rthoo to /o8 u8orth2 4o4/$+1< 8h/ A/r >hr@ Su/, =ho4 o Coro, 8thot@ h ho4r> 2 rr2.+< thr rr@u/rt ;4uttoHot@ 8r tht h h/ h ro; h t8tth 2r,>otrr2to th >o o th >hur>h, tht h t 4rt, orr to9tort ;o2 ro; th;, t// th2 ur h h.

= th />to to th 4rthoo, 2 u8orth2 ;, ou8orth2;, 8ho @or> ;4u> th >o@r@to h to ur />,+3< ;2 8r or;//2 or 8thout ou>hr or>hr>tr

@ @, or th t o thr //o8->/r@2 /o> @ot.+F< M2 >hur>h 4rt th u;/2 4>t>/ o t8or/4tor, >otrr2 to th or> r> ro; th !thr.+5<

Ch@, too, 8r ; o>tr rtu/, or 8h>h o

uthort2>ou/ //@, >otrto o t/h >uto; tht>h@ o th Chur>h. So r 8 th >rr tht S;o 8>>u2 h o44ot o @ hrt> o/tor >u h4r;ttth ;rr@ o >ou$ t ro; th 8 tht #o 8 r>/o th >h;r o th %r@ hrt$+6< rt tho;4r> o #o, o/ th D/, th >tu/,ot ;t4h2>/, $+7< tht #o t u4o 9/tthro o h >rtur. !ro; th t >/r tht Hot@ tho 8ho thou@ht 8th h;+)< 8r >t 8th th thro4o;or4ht

hr2.

+1< S;o, "A4o/.," =. ., Pr. >. .

+< S "Lttr to Su/," >. 3--"Potrt ; ?uo rt >o> >ohto tr 4r;or >o;4ror, ?ur@t o/ o ut 4/; uu>h / / 9o/ut." DoG2, . 1F0, tht th ;o2 8 @urt o th 4>o4/ ru, ut th >o>tur.

+3< S;o, "A4o/.," . Pr. > 5$ DoG2, . 6).

+F< A/r Su/u;, >. 3--"S tt;o, >ot

>/r>oru;."

+5< I.

+6< S;o, "A4o/.," . Pr. >. 7 .--"Cu>u/u; >or %r@." Th 44r to ?uotto ro; th #oth> /tur@2.

+7< "Pr utt;, o 4r ut/tt;."--I.

+)< Ro;u Stu, S;o, Pr, >. 6.

Not o/2 ;2 o th >/r@2 ho/ hrt>/ 8, ut thr4rt2 8 otorou. Hot@ ot /uh to 4 th4rou>o th >hur>h tth or@, 8h>h h h 8th >u/t29tort ro; h /o>,+1< r@ th >ourt o>/ th@ o, @@ th; t t 8h>h o4 /@rt > 8u/@ .+< Th >/r@2 8r ot o 4rt@ // orrtoo 42@ th ;oth/2 t9 to thr Mo/; ru/r.+3< So;, th h@ht 4oto th Chur>h, thr Sour 4ottG to th Mo/;$ o o th r@ @ S;u/,=ho4o E/r, th u>/ o Hot@ ;othr, 8ho, 8th 4rrtG/,4r>ut th Chur>h h h rt, ;4ro@ th >/r@2, t9@h or;r /o>, or>@ o; to ;r> I/;.+F<

It ot ur4r@, thror, tht ho4 >/r@2 8ro;t;4o. S;o, , ur8t th @r> t th h o hot/ >to ur Hot@, o th @rou o h 4rthr2$, ;/r/2, %/tu,+5< =ho4 o Coro, 8 4r o h

>u h 8 u44ortr o S;o. =ut th t> r/>t;or>rt o th 4or th o thr >t;. It> o4otor ot 8t@, th r tt th North. Su, th=ho4 o Co;4ot// J*F0K, 8 4o 2 &@ S>ho or o/ut/@, ;/rto o Chur>h ;o2.+6< th @ th hr>or h , r@ out h u>>or. P/2o, othr ho4oCo;4ot//, ur th ; 4uh;t.+7<

+1< Th or@ o o-thr or th Chur>h 8 ru to

Hot@ @ >r/@ou$ o h 4ro> to 9tort t, "u >o>u ttut."--S;o "A4o/.," . Pr. >. .

+< I. Th tt o th Chur>h th North 8 ot ;u>h ttr. S Yo@, 4. )6.

+3< Lo@/ htu C/r>oru;. DoG2, . 110.

+F< S;o, Pr. . F.

+5< Su>> Su/ )61, 8 4o )6F.

+6< Mr, . 5. H 8t or to th Mo/;. South2,

"Chro>/ o th C," 4. ). Yo@, 4. )6.

+7< Mr J1.1.K.

h th @ o Ct/ @ru//2 ro > th Moor, 8hA/oo too To/o 10)5, h 8, Cot> o =ur@u2, hr4rtu/ r, ;o ; =rr, 8r horr t th /9t2;or/ o>tr o th MuGr> Chrt. Thr >to to4otr2 tur/ science 8 r@r 8th u4>ou ro, th 4or-t@, >r>u;>o, , ot /t, th >//2 ht,+1<>otr>t ro; tr>our 8th Mo/;, 8r /oo u4o o;2;r o th t. I 10* th Crur, 8ho h 8r; to th8r S4, 8h to tur thr 4ou r; @t th 4oorMuGr, o >/ 8r th2 t th u-Ro;h rt. Yt 8rto/ tht A/oo th #rt, 8h u/@ rtor@ >hur>h thtrrtor2 8/2 8rt ro; th Moor, t u4 @ th or>oth #oth, or;r/2 or t To/o.+<

Th r >hur>h th North h t/ @rt @r o9t>to, 8h th r; o th @rt A/;Gr J*77-100K 84t2r/2 throu@h th Chrt @o; / o; tt@ t;4t.+3<!t2-t8o >torou >;4@ tht rrt/ 8rror /

@t th /.+F< =r>/o, P;4/u, Lo // orhr;, th >r >t2 o Co;4ot// 8 >, or t;/to/t, th // o St B; hr @ >rr o to Coroto

r /;4 th @r ;o?u. r ot, thror, ur4rto tht thr 8r ;2 ho4 th North 8ho h /ot thr$ th 8 th > or th tth >tur2, or ho4;Sr>u, @ r ro; h o8 2 th Ar, 8 @ thtoMu;tu; 2 A/oo III. )67,+5< t8t2 2r /tr ho4; St r> th o Aur th ; 82.+6<

It tur/ ou@h tht th Mo/; th >/r@2 o th ChrtChur>h hou/ hot/ to o othr, ut t ur4r@ to

-- 8 o o; >--th /ttr ;@ >o;;o >u8thth Ar //-trt@ thr //o8->outr2; >or/@ot.Thu, 8 h , Hot@, r/2@ o th u44ort o th>u/rr;,+7< t ;4ro th >/r@2 or 8thho/@ ro; h; thChur>h tth, r@@@ th; throu@h th >t2 , 8th >rr>r2@or th;:--"Su>h th 4uh;t o tho 8ho 8// ot 42 thrtth to thr ho4."+)< =ho4 8r ou to ; 4>o4/tto, @tt@ th ; o // thr /o>, 8th thtto o 4r2@ or th; u//2, th to h thr; to th >/ 4o8r or th 4ur4o o t9to.+*< thr

otro; th Ar th 4r/@ o r;@ th ru r ro;Chrt t9to, >ru//2 o44r thr >or/@ot.+10<

+1< Th Chrt th North 8r u/@r/2 u44o 2 th Ar ot to 8h. S Co, . 03--"It r/t o th 4o4/ o #/> ... tht th2 / / @ or 8/ t, r 8h thr thr 4ro or thr @r;t."

+< "Chro. A//.," >. 5)--"r; #othoru; >ut To/to urt ttut."

+3< "Chro. S/," >. 7--"E; t;4tt H4 o; u >u/tu 4rt."

+F< H 8 ot t h /t tt/, @r//2 tt htor.--S A/ Mr, . 1*7.

+5< !/orG, "E4. S@r.," 9. 31.

+6< I., 9. FF.

+7< "Pr/ ;u u/tu." S;o, . Pr. >. .

+)< I.

+*< I., Eu/o@., "M;. S>t.," . >. . >. 5.

+10< Eu/., 1.1.

Th rou ;ur 8r > u4, th2 8r ott@t, 2 Sru, th Chrt Cout o Coro. H 8 thoo r o th Chur>h,+1< ;rr >ou o Hot@.+<It o >h;4o@ th >u o th Chrt, h 4oto

hou/ h ;4// h; to o, h 8t o r th o44otr>to to >// th; u4 or h;, tr2 to h thr tt>h;t toChrtt2-- r/@o, o;//2 t /t, h o8 /o. Tho 8hoh/ r; h or> to 42 >r t9, / />;/oth >hur>h. H ot >ru4/ to r@ orth th o o ;rt2rro; ur th /tr o >hur>h, , ho8@ th; to th @, tor; h; tht t h or to Chrt to ur2 thr;rt2r.+3<

!o//o8@ u4 th hot/ ;ur ttut 2 Hot@ @tS;o %/tu, h 4ro> to >>u th; o >t@ th

t> to r/ Moh;;, ur@@ tht th2 hou/ tt 8thth/;;. Th2 hou/ 8hthr 8ht th r/r 8rtruor ot. "I th2 8r, tru, /t th; 4uh 8// thr/r$ /, th; /2 th ; th;/$ ru@8h>h,2ou 8// o8 tht th2 h tt h; to u 2ourPro4ht. I tht >, @ ; 4r;o, I 8// /2 th thr;2/."+F<

+1< DoG2, . 6).

+< S;o, "A4o/.," . Pr. >. 5.

+3< S;o, 1.1.

+F< I., >. *. Th ; Sru, th ;t o t;rr, @ th Su/t JA//hK >u /@, rt to th r/ ;r h Chrt o//o8@, 8 // t Po/JK--Ibn H22., 4u DoG2, . 70. H Ar ; 8 Shr/, h 8 h t Coro 2 th Ar.--S D #2@o ot o A/ M., . F51, .

h h o>>o to ;to o or t8o > o Chur>h, to/, Cou>/ h/ S4 ur th Ar, t 8// 8orth8h/ to u;rt // th t> 8h>h r r>or, tht 8 ;2>otrt th; 8th tho h/ ur th #oth. It 8 o o th ;ot>hr>trt> tur o th / Chur>h S4 tht t 8 uto >/o/2 8th th >/ 4o8r /;ot to rr th #or;t oS4 tho>r>2. Th t;t >o>to o Chur>h Stt 8tur//2 orthro8 2 th Ar >o?ut$ ut th Mo/; ru/r,@ho8 uu/ u>h ttuto @r/ >ou>/ 8r //2 to ut@ th r/to t8 Muu/; Chrt, oth//o84ur/2 >>/t>/ >ou>/ to >// ur thr ur>to, /o u;;o othr 8h>h th2 too 4rt th;/, to@thr8th B8, to th @rt >/ o th tr>tr Chrt.+1<

To th 4ur/2 >>/t>/ /o@ >ou>/ h/ t S// 2

E/4u+< to >o; th rror o M@tu$ othr, h/ 2C9/ t To/o 776, @t th rror o E@/, ho4 oE/r.+3< hthr E@/ ur h rror ot o8, ut t >rt tht h r; ho4.

E/4u /o , ut o r2 outu/ uthort2, to h h/

>ou>/, 8hrt h rou> h o8 rror o Ao4to;.+F<

+1< *6 tht th ho4 o To/o Coro h Mo/; ;, G., o//h ibn &; JA/ Mr, . 16K, Ar ibn A//h. DoG2, . **.

+< Th 9>t t uo8. !/ur2, . 4. 35.

+3< "Puo Lut4r," >. 36, 2--"A >o>/u; 9 o;u H4 4rtu >o>urrut." S /o Po4 Ar I. Lttr to th ho4 o S4 7)5. %r2 /tt/ o8 o th E@/, or t >rt o 8ht h 8 th

ho4.

+F< S /o8, 4. 131 . 166 .

=ut th othr >/ o >ou>/, 4rt/2 >>/t>/ 4rt/24o/t>/, ; to h >o;;or, 8 h /r2 ho8R>>ru, =ho4 o S//, >ou>to 8th th Mo/;uthort, h/ u>h >ou>/, orr to >or> th t>/4rt2;o@ th Chrt$ 8 h ;or 4rt>u/r >>out oothr,8h>h 8 h/ 2 Hot@, =ho4 o M/@, Sru, Couto

Coro.+1< Th >ou>/ ; to h h o; >o>to 8th th4r>@ o ur R>>ru, or Sru 8 tro@ u>ru4u/ou o44ot o th 4rt2 / 2 Eu/o@u, 8h/ S;o 8thr ot u44ortr, thou@h h ot >rr2 h o4o o rto ur ;rt2ro; h o8 4ro. S;o 8 o8 >>u ohr2+< >r/@, h /r2 ;to. Hot@or> h 8 o th ;/ ho4 2 th h/4 o th >u/rr;, t> o th; 4oto 8 >>or@/24roou> @t th uortut Aot.+3< o th 44rt/2>ot@ ho4 8 %/tu, =ho4 o Coro, ut hu@;th t/2 >or>, or tr th >/o o th >ou>/ hou th othr >ot@ ho4, o; 8ho h ot tt,to thr o4o, ou tht ;ot o th; 8r r2 to r;S;o orthoo92, ;;or/ 8 r8 u4 to tht >t Th>to o %/tu rou@ht u4o h; /o t> o 4oto,h 8 u>> 2 St4hu !/>>u,+F<--th />to o th /ttr@ ?ut or;/, o ;tro4o/t t thrt,+5< thr th >/r@2 or /2; o h o> ; 4tto hour.

+1< S;o, "A4o/.," . Pr.

+< th @rou, ;o@ othr, tht h r>o@ ">o ?u; ;/tu J th Trt2K o >rtur >rtor." Th 44r J>h4, 9.K to h ;r/2

?u/t, u>h 8o;, t>. S S;o, >h4. .

+3< "I>rt ;4/>tt t ;tu ;4oru; u4r >u tu;."--I. S;o 8 rr >4/ o ho/@ o>, or o /o@@ to th Chur>h.--I.

+Fto 2 8 >ou>/, h/tth >hur>h o St A>/u$ !/>>u, o; o tho 8ho h 8th%/tu, ut 8r o8 trr to u;o, @ tt>$8h/ th 4/> o tho 8ho ru to >o; 8r t 2 B8 Mo/;.+1< Th h@h-h 4ro>@ r/2 / to o4ru4tur

th Chur>h.+ou>/ to h h/ Jut o outu/uthort2K2 rotu o To/o,+3< t8t2 2r /tr 2 =/u oCoro.Th 8ou/ // ur th r@ o th @rtt o th U;22&h/o S4.+F<

+1< S2o JK th Lt. S;o, >h4. .

+< I., >. 10.

+3< "Puo Lut," >. 3).

+F< I. >. 3F1.

CHAPTER %II.

SPAIN UNDER A=DURRAHMAN III.

Aurrh; III., Ar L//h J*1-*61K, ;2 /oo u4o th So/o;o o th S4h Su/t. Su>>@ to th thro 8h?ut 2outh, to th 9>/uo o h u>/, th o o th /t Su/t,hou th >outr2 tor 2 u;r/ >to, th @ 4o8ro4/2 2 r/, Ar, =rr, Chrt. I 4ro, throu@h h @r/, h 4ut o8 // th r/, thou@h otuor;/2 u>>u/ @t th Chrt th North, 2t ht th; r o @rt @@;t.+1< H 8/ // th>ort /;t ur h ru/ to o @rt 8ho/,+< thr2@@ th Ar o;to S4 othr / o /. I ** htoo th tt/ o A;r / Mu;, or Co;;r o th !thu/. H//> 8 ou@ht 2 th E;4ror o th Et,+3< h trt o?u/ tr; 8th th E;4ror o #r;2 th &@ o !r>. Toth

@rt @, 8th ;or truth th to h ; Aurrh; II., ;244/ th 8or o M Yo@:--+F<

"H 8 o tht t24 o Etr ;or>h, tht ; ;ou/ o th>hr>tr o So/o;o--/r@-hrt, 8, ;@>t, to/rt,

4>u/. H 8 @rt >otrt to th tr, >t>,rro8-;, ut rt A/oo or R;ro, 8r th 9?uthor-ho r>h, /@r to8or /tt>, / 8//r2 o;r/ 4;t, /r ;rt, to thr r u/t-/,/o8-ro8 >hur>h, o/ >t/ u/t out o hr u;@/@rt."

+1< Muto J*1)K$ C/orr$ %/ Bu?ur J*1K.

+< DoG2, . 351, ro; Ar 8rtr.

+3< A r2 trt@ >>out o th ;2 ro; Cott %II. J*F7K @ A/ Mr, . 137, ro; Ibn

&h/u.---S Co, . FF.

+F< P. 57.

th @ o o tht u4>ou /ou2 8h>h 8 8 Moh;;, thou@h ;r, th r>h r/, Chrt r@,t// h/ out t =otro, 8h h > th thro$ htrt;t o Chrt 8, throu@hout h r@, to/rt 4o/t>.

=ut h >/; th r4>t 8// t ro; r2trt@r@;t tht h >o; o8 to our o8 t;, >r@ th ;2

o >rt Boh o #orG, ;o ro; 2 r MtG, 8ho >rrletters ro; tho, ;4ror o #r;2, to th S4h Su/t.+1u/2 th 8r. A th &h/ /ttr >ot /4h;@t Chrt, t 8 tr; to 8rt r4/2 th @;,u>h ;@ht 4rh4 >o> Aurrh; o th rror o h 82.A>rt ho4, A/ro, 8 44ot to t th h o thrtur;2,+< h th ot o th ;otr2 o #orG to @h;t8o tt. T8o r >ho, ut o o th ?urr/ 8th hu4ror, 94// ro; th o2$ 8hru4o Boh orh;/ uttut. Th ot o/2 @ h >ot to Boh @o@8th@rt r/u>t>, o8@ tht th 2ou@ ;o h rt /o@@to ;rt2r, h >ou/ o/2 @t th o44ortut2.

+1< S "%t Boh At #orG," *73, 2 Boh, Aot o Aru/4h. "M@," o/. >999., 44. 3*-310.

+/o, th ;orr>hth rotr to8, Torto, t /t @ot to Coro, 8hr th28r

@ hou t8o ;/ ro; th 4/>, , thou@h 8//trt, 8r or;, to thr ;2, tht, th Moorh;or h ; to 8t thr 2r or 8r, tho;@r 8ou/ h to 8t 2r. Moror, th2 o8>ortht th @ h /r2 44r o th >ott o th/ttr,8h>h tho h t, 2 >o;r o th /t ;or-ho4, 8ho;Boh h >o;4o h t 8th th; to =r>/o.

Th @ ;4/o2 H, B8, h @o-t8$ 8ho 8r th; ottou/@ th >ott o th /ttr, t 8ou/ ; th; // to

4uh;t$ or th /ttr >ot 8ht Mo/; 8ou/ >or/4h;2 @t thr Pro4ht. Soo tr th Boh, th =ho4 oCoro, t to th; to u@@t tht th2 hou/ >rr2 thr@tto th @, 2 oth@ o th /ttr. =ut Boh o #orG tout/2ru to o th, 2@ tht th /r2 o th /ttr 8 h>hut2, tht Aurrh; h @u 2 r/@ Chrt, h ;utot ur4r t tho rt/t@ @t Moh;;. Ho8r, Boh oCoro @ h; to r;;r th 4oto 8h>h th Chrttoo,G., ur P@ ru/. " r or," h , "2 th 4ot/

tort th 4o8r tht . I our >/;t2, 8 h th o>oo/to, 8 r //o8 to or our o8 /8 rt, ourru/r, th2 u /@t our r/@o, hoour u, >hrhu, /@ht our o>t2, 8h/ th2 hor th B8. A ourr/@o,th, ur o hr; t thr h, /t u o2 th Mo/; othrth@." Th ho4 8 9ou, thror, tht th /ttr hou/ u44r, >/>u/t to o hr; to th Chrt >o;;ut2, o@oo to tho. H >, ho8r, // o r. Th ;o o#orG8 ro/ o o@ 8ht h ; h 4/ ut2$ or 8 h>ottto or@o h >h> o ;rt2ro;, thou@h h >to ;@ht t/trou >o?u> o th Chrt u>t to th Moor. Htut th ho4 8th @@ h > ro; r o ;. "=ttr o hu@r th t th /t o u/r$" 94r horrortth >t tht th ho4 8 >r>u;>, /o t ro;>rt ;t r> to Mo/; >ru4/. It 8 thtthho4 4ot out tht othr8 th2 >ou/ ot / 8th thSr>.

Boh o #orG o8 94r h tto o /r@ th /ttr

orth8th$ ut th @ th ;or u>, /@th;to th;/ or 9 or 8. Er/2 *55, ho8r, th @t to th;, th2 h/ r; to thr 4rou ro/,o r>@ 8r th r;t, h thrt // th

Chrt h o;o 8th /o o 4r/@ th.Boho #orG ;r/2 8r tht th @u/t 8ou/ o th @ h$utth /ttr 4ru to ;/r >ou/ 2 h r, 8hor;h; o tho 4o8r, th >rtt2 tht h 8ou/ trr ouro h ;or.

Boh o #orG o8 4ro4o th o/2 4r>t>/ >our, thtAurrh;hou/ rh ;2 to tho or tru>to or h

;or ur th >r>u;t>. R>;uu,+1< Chrt,orto @o ;or, >t ho4r> @ h; r8r.Ht out r>h #orG !rur2 *56. tho @ h; rh/ttr, 8th tru>to to u44r th or;r o, to >o>/u //> 8th th Su/t, ; rr@;t 8th h; or4utt@o8 th r@ 8ho t th ;r>h.

+1< D #2@o, o A/ Mr, . 4. F6F, t h; 8th R, ho4 ;to ;or o Aurrh; III. A/ Mr, . 36, . 13*$ ut R ;2 h th

ho4 8ho ur@ th ;2 to tho. R>;uu, D #2@o J1.1.K 2, 8 t or >/r o th 4/>.

L@ #orG 8th Duo, th ;4ror /@t, o Mr>h 30, h r>hCoro o Bu 1t, ut th Su/t >/ to r> th >o>o;r t// h h r> th r/r ;2. So, tr thr2r;->4tt2, Boh r/, to/ to 4r4r h;/ or th@ 4r> 2 h@, 8h@, 4utt@ o 8 44r/. H>/ to @o 2 othr8 th h $ 8h th @,th@ h ru/ u to 4ort2, h; u; o ;o2, th;o>>4t th @t trut t to th 4oor, ut 2 h 8//o/2 th @ 4oor ;o. Th @ @oo-tur/2 : "Lt h;>o; h /." Bu 1, *56, th ;or 8r >ou>t to th@ 4r> /o@ ro thro@ 8th @ht-r. Th t4 oth4/> 8r / o8 8th t4tr2, @ur o hoour / oth o th 44ro>h. Boh tr>, th @, @rt ;rot>to, @ h; h o4 4/; to , >o h; to tr h o8 >ou>h. Atr /> Aurrh; 4o/o@ to th;oor th /o@ /2 8h>h h h o/@ to ;4o o th;2, 8h>h 8 o u to r4>t or Boh h;/, 8ho

rtu 8o; h >ou/ ot ut >o8/@. A 4roo tht th8o ;r ;4t2 >o;4/;t, th @ 94r h r to @h;8htr h . Boh 8rth h t th @r>ou 8or, th2 t/ ;>/2 to@thr. =ut 8h th ;o / to 4rt

Aurrh; 2:--"Atr 8t@ o /o@ to o othr, h//84rt o oo" H u@@t tht th2 hou/ h t /t thrtr8. At thr 9t ;t@ th2 >our o th r4>t4o8ro th ;4r o tho th &h/ h;/$ th Su/t, tu@ht2th 94r> o S4, 4ot out th u8o; o //o8@ u/u>t to >o; too 4o8ru/, 2 @ @o; t8 th;.

So th u?u trt@ r@;t, 8h>h thro8 o4/t /@ht o th >hr>tr th Court o th @rtt o S4h

Su/t, 4ro tht th Chrt t tht t; o2 >or/ro;, hoour, t th h o th Mo/; #or;t.

Th ro 8h2 th @ 8 u8//@ to r> th rt /ttrrou@ht 2 Boh 8 ot o ;u>h >u h 8 r/u>tt to r8or@t Moh;;, >u h 8ou/ 2 o o@ rr h;///to th 4/t2 o th, 8h>h 8 or 2 /8 to 2 Mo/;--@or /--8ho /t to u o th Pro4ht 8thout 9>t@u;;r2

@> ro; th /4h;r. =ut-- hr 8 th @ /;;--h>ou/ ot 4uh th ;or 8thout >urr@ th ;t2 otho.Th o/2 4o/ /trt 8 tht u@@t 2 Boh, tht thohou/ to 8thr8 th o>to/ /ttr, 8thout thSu/th@ o>//2 r t, th Aurrh; o4t. Th;ortoo th @ >o4>uou throu@hout, or 8 ;ut r@r th thrt@t th Chrt ;r/2 thrt, r r//2 t to4ut to 9>uto.

I ho8@ to/r> to8r thr Chrt u>t, th S4hh/ ;@ht thou@ht to h or@ott th trto o I/;$ut, ;ttr o >t, Moh;; ; to h r2 >ott h 8 8th r@r to Chrt B8 t rt t; oh>rr, 8h/ h o th >t2 o Ho/2 r,+1< h4r;tt th 4o4/ o th oo to ;tt to trut.+h r@ht--thr h//>o;o r o th;, thr h// th2 @r."+3< A thr o

r;r/ t9t to th ;outh o Moh;;, "Lt thr oo/> r/@o." +F<

Moror, o; o th t Moh;; ru/r tht h r /u4h/th ; 4r>4/ o to/rto. A II., o o th Pr

Su, r4ort to h : "It or #o, ot or ;, to u@ o;>o>>, I 8// r trr 8th 8ht /o@ to thtru/ o th @rt Crtor Lor o th Ur."+5< A@,Ar, o o th @rtt @ tht r /, o//o8 4r>t>th 4r>4/ thu 94r 2 h ;tr, Au/ !G/: "Pr>utotr // t t o8 $ t o/@ ; to >o>/ thro4o, ut 4rou> o >h@ th;."+6< No/ t;tur/2, u>h 8 hou/ 94>t ro; o//o8r o Chrt rthr th oMoh;;

+1< Trto ttrut tro@r 44ro/ o Ho/2 r to Moh;; th > ou th &or,--.@., "Th 8or th 2 o Pr H//. A ro4 o /oo h th >u o #o, @ht 4t r;, r o ;or / th t8o ;oth o t@ 4r2r. hor // tt/ @t th /, h r or@ h;."

+< &or, 9/., t.

+3< &or, ., . 73. Th ;2 th @r/ o A>t 9. 35.

+F< &or, ., . 5).

+5< S !r; "Sr>," 4. 30$ ro; M/>o/; "Pr," . 4 5)3.

+6< I., ro; "A2 Ar2," 4. 11.

Yt r too ot h 4orto o th Chrt Chur>h >o4>uouor to/r> rthr th to/r>. A/>u, , o 2 h/ttr to A?u/, =ho4 o >htr, tht h o ot 44ro o4uh@ hr2 8th th, >u #o, 2 th ;outh o H4ro4ht,h : "I h o 4/ur th th o th 8>, ut thtth8> tur ro; h 82 /$"+1< ut A/>u 8 ; ouuu/;/ 8t ro/, h letters to !/9 E/4utt2. th othr h, thr 8r too ;2 rt> @ot thChur>h, / Aro/ o Ctu9, 8ho ;4ou 8or, >o>to8thth ;>r o A/@, r ot //2 to or@ott--"S/2//$#o 8// o8 H o8."

I >t, o o44o th Chrt 4rt >o; to to th

Moh;; th r4>t, tht thr to/rto 8 ; 4r>4/r@u;t @t th Moor 2 th Ar>hho4 o %/> h;;or/to Ph/4 III. t th o th 9tth >tur2.+<

A r2 ;/>ho/2 t> o @otr2 to/r> or 2=rr, !r>h ;o, 8ho 8 ; Ar>hho4 o To/o 2 A/oo,oth >4tur o tht >t2 10)5. =2 th trt2 o >4tu/to>rt;o?u h 94r/2 rr to th Mo/;, ut th ;82 >rt >hur>h h rr or th Chrt 2 Mu 71.=ut =rr, 2 82 o ho8@ h G/ th >u o #o, >o th @ 4/@ht 8or, >ho to 4ror; ; th >h;o?u.

A/oo 8 urou/2 @r2 8h h hr o h r>hho44ro>@, ut th Mo/;, 8th 8oru/ orr>, @ thtth @ h ot uthor =rr outr@ou >ou>t, >;or8ro thr o8 >>or @@ h; to 4ro th >t, o/utr/2 urrr thr ;o?u.+3<

Not o/2 8r th Chrt //o8 to 4r>t thr r/@o, ut, 8 h o, >our@ t.+F< A/;Gor, th>h;4oo I/;, //o8 h Chrt rt to rt o Su2.Chrt r2 r@ h/ h@h 4ot t >ourt+5< throu@hout th /,

ot o/2 t;r@ Chrt ut ; / S;o Lo@/,8ho8r o8 to 2;4th 8th th 4rt2 o G/ot, 8r ;4/o2 2th@ to 8rt letters to, @ott 8th, th @hour@ @.Th 8 o out u to thr @r/ trut8orth, thr?u>, thr o8/@ o Ar> 8// Lt.

+1< EG/ 999. 11.

+< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 376, .

+3< Mr, 9. 10.

+F< S 4. 57. R>t htor2 or ;/r t> ro; th Chrt . S "#oro Ctr/ Ar>," 4. 5F--"I h ; th; ; ;o?u, 4 th R;h." I., 4. F*, "I h th ;o?u >/r out rtor or 8orh4, o8 th 4rt >rr, h @rt >r;o2 t th o4@ o t.... Th2 / ; >ur hr Ph 8ho too th ;o?u ro; th;. To ; t 44r tht th Muu/; 8orh4 #o 8// I o, >>4t/, >r, 2 Chrt."

+5< Su>h >rtr2, r;r o t9, or 4r; ;tr.

A;o@ th @rt u>tor o tt thr 8 o 8ho h/ tho>o &ttu-h-h;;, 8h>h, @ tr4rt, "th o> o4rot>to." Th Chrt B8 8r ur h @r/ur>to, 8r >// "th 4o4/ o th 4rot>to."+1< =ut th Ar "S>rtr2 o Stt or th Chrt," th /ttr

h thr o8 >out-- r/> o th #oth> 2t;--8ho, ho8r, ot /82 t u4 or thr trt.+< Thr 8r /o Chrt>or,+3< ut t ot o8 8ht 4oto th2 h/ th Stt.

Th 2ou@ Chrt >t o o/ rth 8r rou@ht u4 t Court,u;r o S>/o Chrt r th @ o2@ur, o8ho;ur H; I. J7*6-)K thr 8r 000.+F<

+1< A/ M., . 4. 103$ D #2@o ot, 4. 3*).

+< E.@.. Sru. C4. /o C24ru.

+3< S o, 4. F*.

+F< Co, . 4. 60.

A// th@ >or, t ;ttr or ur4r tht th t8o4o4/, o u/ r>, ht, 4ru>, r/@o, /o>o;4rt/2 ?ut/2 2 4t o 4r4tu/ tt o8rr t8 th Ar th Chrt th North, 8h>htto 4 / th ;ot o th t8o r> tht 4rt o S48h>h 8 ur Moh;; ru/.+1< Moror, th 4r o r> 8

r2tro@ th 4ur-/oo Ar. Thu th 4ot S ibn Dou, 4o; >// th "tt/ o th to8" JPo/K, ot tht th>o?urorr o th 4ur r> o A &ht, 8thout 2 or@;9tur$8h/ h >// th t S4r ;>rt, o//o8r o /th,+< o o th 4/->. Th hu@ht2 Ar, >t, 8rtoo4ro to /oo u4o // th S4r, oth r@ Chrt,;r >//.+3<

=ut, 4t o th, th r> to >rt 9tt ;/@;t$ Eu/o@u our to 4ro tht, ut or th outr o t>;th ;/ o th th >tur2, th ;/@;to 8ou/ h hrou ru/t or Chrtt2 S4.+F<

Th Ar ot to th //> o th r ChrtStt, or 8r th /ttr r ro; o@ th ;, 8h4o/t>/o>>o ; t. A r/2 7*) th / o th rotr>tou@ht to ; th;/ 4t 2 8ht th Ar 8rtr>r "/ 4o/>2 u8orth2 >t," .., 2 @ th rh4o

th Chrt @$+5< thr r ;2 t> o th @@ , r//2, ro; Ar 4r>.+6<

+1< DoG2, . 10), 4ut th t>to t8 th r> r2 or>/2:--"C 4u4/ ?u o@t u @t r>h t u u/t r t 4rr u9 4rtr, ?u

;t / rtrt tr// t 4roo, / @r ro>;t t / trr/ 94to, u r4u@> 9tr; t >/."

+< DoG2, . 3.

+3< "Ctt /ur tr; >o>r." DoG2, . 11.

+F< "Hu 4ro o/or ?u u #tu /> >o;4ut;u, u@u;?u >u; /u u>r o rt;ur. Et 9 >oto uu //oru; >r/@ 4/ru;?u ut;ur t ;@ 4oru; >otur >t;u."--Eu/., "Do>. Mrt2r," >. 1).

+5< Co, . FF: "Chro. A/.," . >. 5): "Chro. L.," >. 30.

+6< A/ Mr, . 161, roo th = H; II.

A@, 8 t/ ro; th tur o th >, tr;rr@8r >o;;o t8 th t8o r>. Th 9;4/ 8 r/2 t 2 th8o8 o Ror>, th /t #oth> @, ;rr2@ Au/GG, o oMu.Th o o tG /o ;rr Ar 8o;, Srh, th u@htroo o th 4r>, 8 th 4ro@tr9 o o/ ;/2 o Ar,o o hr >t @ th htor, Ibn / &utt2, 8h>h

;o o th #oth> 4r>.+1< Aurrh; Ar, th @rtt o//th S4h Su/t, 8 th o o Chrt /, ; Mr,+< th ;@ht2 A/;Gor h or @r;othr th u@htr o r@Chrt.+3< Th r o; t>, ut t ot >r2 to8//o 8ht 8 o >o;;o o>>urr> tr;rr@ t8 th4o4/, or thr 2 th &or,+F< or 2 th =/.

Ho8r, thr o 4ot th >o>to 8h>h r ;or4rt>u/r ot>. Th tr;@/@ o th r> h u44otoh >/tt 4rt 2 th 2r/2 trut o 100 ;42 th orthr @ to th r/r Ar Su/t. Mor htor;ot/2 thro8 out u4o th tor2, 2@ tht o th r/2htoro ;to t, tht th Ar o ot //u to t.+5< =utCo to trut, Ar 8rtr o 4 o t, o th@8// o8. I /ttr o ;r+6< ibn A/t A/;ur, &@ oA/@r, to A/oo %I., 10)6, o>>ur th 8or:--"Do thou r;;rth t; o Moh;; A/;Gor, r@ to th2 ; tho trt8hr th2 orthr or h; th ho;@ o thr o8

u@htr, t h; tho ;/ trut to th / oourru/."

+1< A/ Mr, . 15, , D #2@o ot, 4. F5F.

+< Co, . 36F.

+3< DoG2, . 1F.

+F< &or, . 5:--"Y r //o8 to ;rr2 r 8o; o tho tht h r> th S>r4tur or 2ou."

+5< Duh;, . 131: Ro;2 "Htor E4@," . 76.

+6< Co, . 3): A/ Mr, . 56, >// h; ;r ibn

Moh;; t> ibn A/th A/;ut8/, &@ o =o.

Th ; trut th u>t o r/ >t

// 2 th Chrt S4r. Th o//o8@ rt8o r ro; o o th:--

"!or h 8ho @ th Moorh @ hur ; o S4 E>h 2r 8h th o th 2 >o; rou @$ I h ot hth h 8// th hth tr-- T8r ttr ur @o; th ur u>h

"I th Mo/; ;ut h trut, ; ; 2our trut-;o2, S / ro to t th; 8th thr h o ho2$ !or, 8h t 4 8th ;, ro; r2 ; thr 4r@ So; or 9 tro@ o/r to r th Moorh @."+1<

South2 /o 2 tht th o/2 o/ Portu@u // o8 to h;8o th u>t. Th >, th, o th // tro@ or >to th , t//@, too, t o, o ;u>h @t th 8rtroth //.+<

A to th Chrt >hro>/r, t ?ut tru tht 8 o;to o th trut th htor2 o St o S/;> thChro>/ o A//u;, ut thr r>t //uo to t o>u;t >/u th >o//>to o !/orG.+3< "ur >tor,"2R;ro, "th @ o th /--8 /uh to r>or t--to rth;/ ro; th r o th Sr>, >ot to 42 th;2r/2 h;u/ trut o hur ; t@uh or thrut2,t2 o o/ rth, t2 ro; th 4o4/." It 8 to 4ut to th rou trut tht R;ro o8 orr /2 ;.Th, th o>u;t @u J !/orG @ o ht to th>otrr2K, @oo > or th >t. M2 u>>@ 8rtr;to t. Lu> o Tu2+F< 2 tht R;ro 8 or thtrut )F. Boh %u+5< 4 o t, /o A/oo, =ho4 o=ur@o$+6< /t/2, Ror@o o To/o+7< 2 tht Mur@tu

J7)3-7))K, h@ ot th thro o Lo 2 Sr> h/4, @rto th trut 2r/2.

th 8ho/, th, th > our o th ; trut@ o ;2th, ut o t h@ r@u/r/2 4 or ;or th

t22r. Mot o th Chrt ; 4ro/2 ;r> th r/@oothr hu, ut o; > th2 o out >ort th; tothro8 th.

!ro; rt >u, o; o 8h>h 8// ;to /8hr,>oro 8r r?ut ro; o r/@o to th othr. Mot o8or//2 trt tur//2 >u th /> th to // r2;u>h@t th Chrt, ut th Moh;; 4o8r >/ tho44ot 8 th >. Thou@h o/utr2 4ot2 8, ,

u4ro/, Moh;; ; to h ; //o8> or tho 8ho4ottG ur >o;4u/o$ or 8h o o h o//o8r, A;;ribn

Yr, @ tortur 2 th &orh, rou> h / #o Moh;; ;o, ut tr8r >; 84@ to th Pro4ht,Moh;;r> h; /2, , 84@ h 2, : "ht u/t 8 toth, th2 or> th"+)<

+1< Lo>hrt.

+< U/ th // 8r 8rtt /tr th 150--.., tr Ror@o o To/o h ; th tor2 o8 2 h htor2.

+3< "E4 S@r," 99. 3*--"Pr/@; ?uo >tur otor;, o )FF r@ R;ro I., >>/ =. B>o >o>."

+F< Lu> Tu, "Chro>o Mu," . .

+5< "H4 Chro>o," 7)3 A.D.

+6< "A>4h/o," >. 51.

+7< III. >. 7.

+)< &or, 9. r. 10*, S/ ot.

CHAPTER %III.

THE MUALLADS.

Tht th >oro ro; Chrtt2 to I/; 8r r2 u;rou trt 8 > u>t/2 @thr ro; th >t tht th 8 >ort

or; /r@ ;4ortt 4rt2 th Stt, /;ot u>>8rt@ th @or;t o S4 ro; th Ar. Th orr >/8r 8h>h ;2 /;ot to h >hro> S4 ur@ thAr o;o 8r u to th >t tht thr t>t r> tt/

tht >outr2 8r tr@ or th ;tr2, >h o th r> @t/ to t8o ttr/2 hot/ >to. Th Ar 8r4/tu4 to th t8o >to o Y;t or =/ Ar, th >to&ht, Mohrt, th Ar o M>> M, 8ho >/;>t ro; A.+1< To th /ttr >to /o@ th r@@;/2 o U;22. Th =rr, 8ho /oo u4o th;/ thr/>o?uror o S4, 8ho u;r 8r u?ut/2 ror>2rh ;;@rto, 8r >o;4o o t8o hot/ tr o =otr

=r. Thr/2, thr 8r th S4r, 4rt Chrt, 4rtMoh;;$ th /ttr @ thr r@ th;/ or th>t o r@. Th 4ott 8r >// 2 th ArMo/;h, or N8 Mo/;,+< thr >t Mu8//,+3< ortho ot o Ar> or@. Th Chrt 8r thr trut-42@Chrt, >// Ah/u h h;;h$ or r Chrt, ur Mo/;u4r;>2, >// A;$+F< or 4ott ro; I/;,+5< >//Mur. Th Mu8//, 4t o th Moh;; o>tr o th?u/t2 rothrhoo o Mo/;, 8r /oo o8 u4o 8th thut;ot >ot;4t 2 th 4ur-/oo Ar.+6< Thr >oto 88or th tht o th Chrt, or th2 8r, @r//2 4@,9>/u ro; /u>rt 4ot, ro; // ;trto o

r--@rou 4o/>2, >or@ tht th2 or; ;ort2 o th4o4u/to.+7< Stro@r ;or hu; th th =rr, th2 8rr o orr >/Gto. It//>tu//2 th2 8r u4ror to th >o?ur@ Ar.+)<

Th tur/ ru/t o thr @ S4r 2 r>, Ar 2r/@o, 8 tht th2 o8 8th o >to o8 8thothr, t o t;, ur th 8 A//h J)))-*1K, 8r th ;t2oth Su/t @t h r//ou u>t. Atr r@ 8th thSu/t th2 /;ot u>> @@ 4oo o th 8ho/@o;, >rr r o/to to th r2 @t o Coro.+*<

+1< S o, 4. 3, ot 3.

+< C4. "N8 Chrt."

+3< Proou> Mu/, h> Mu/tto. Th 8or ; "o4t."

+F< A/ Mr, . FF6. D #2@o ot.

+5< A/ Mr, . F5).

+6< C4. "#oro Ctr/ Ar>," 4. 300. "... th o/2 r@rt tht I ; Chrt. Yt th2 8ou/ th rt to 4 ; I r>t >; Muu/;." A Ar 4ot

>// th; "o o /," DoG2, . 5).

+7< So DoG2, . 4. 5. =ut 4rh4 h ;t "o th Ar 4o4u/to."

+)< DoG2, . 61.

+*< A/ Mr, . 4. F5). D #2@o ot.

A r/2 )05 th Mu8// o Coro, >t 2 >rttho/o@, ro/t ur H; I., ut th r@ 8 u44r.I)1F, ho8r, th2 @ ro, th r//o @ 4ut o8 8th@rt rt2 2 th h/4 o th =rr, th Coro Mu8//8r9/, 1500 @o@ to A/9r, )000 to !G.+1< =ut thou@h9tr;t Coro, th r@ t// ;utr tro@ S4.At E/r th2 ro A//h r@, ur >h ; N/,

thr8 o th Ar 2o$+< , 4rou/2 to th, Aurrh; ibn

Mr8 ibn Yu Sou h h ;/r ro/t t =o Mr.+3< At S// th Mu8// /;t 8 4>//2 tro@, 8 ro; th ;2 ;/2 ;, u>h = A@/o, = Sr>o,8h>h tr2 S4h or@. Th ;ort2 o th htt;r>I/; r/2, h thr ;o?u 2 th ;/ o th th >tur2,ut th2 rt ;2 S4h >uto; >hr>trt>. h thAr o S// ro/t @t th Su/t, th r@ 4rt2oth /ttr. At Sr@oG, th = &, >t o o/ #oth>

;/2, t u4 4t @o;, 8@@ 8r rt/2 8th//thr @hour.

+1< DoG2, A44. = to o/. . H; 8 >// A/ rh JOh o th uurK ro; th.

+< Ih H22, 4u A/ Mr, . FF6, .

+3. 6. DoG2, . 1)F.

It o ot >o; 8th th >o4 o th ?ur2 to tr> out thhtor2 o // th ro/t ; 2 th Ar or =rr @t thSu/t uthort2, ut th 4o/>2 4oto o th Mu8// Chrt r >r2 4rt o our u>t. Th /ttr, thou@h8//trt o th 8ho/, tur//2 /oo > 8th r@rt to th 2othr o8 u4r;>2, 8r r2 to tr@u 8th 2o / tot th; @t thr Ar ru/r. A>>or@/2 8 th;>o;;u>t@ 8th th @ o !r>$ thr t// 9tt /ttr ro; Lou th Dor to th 4o4/ o Mr, 8rtt )6, 8h>h o//o8:--" h hr o 2our tru/to, 8h>h2ouur ro; th >ru/t2 o 2our @ Aurrh;, 8ho h tr tot82 2our @oo, h o44r 2ou ut h thr Au/G .H, ;@ 2ou 42 uut t9, 8h>h 2ou 8r ot ou to 42,tur

2ou ro; r to ;, ro; ot to ot/, ;u>h h r@ 2our /rt. =ut 2ou, / r;, 8 hr, r rt@ th t2rt, 8 8rt o8 to >oo/8th2ou, to 9hort 2ou to >otu 2our rt>, > 2our@

our ;2 8// 2our, /t u o o44o@ h;.

" 4ur4o to r;2 to th rotr 9t u;;r to 8t thrt// 2ou @ u th @/ or >to. &o8 th tht, 2ou 8//rt h; o u, 2our >t /rt h// >ur to2ou, 2ou h// r o // t9 trut, h// / ur2our o8 /8."+1<

Th r;2 4ro; 8 t ur th @ o, ut ; to h>t oth@.

Dur@ th 4ro o r/@ou tur> t Coro, 8h th

o/utr2 ;rt2ro; >; o r?ut, ut t th t; oMoh;; >>o, th Chrt o To/o, >our@, 8 ;2u44o, 2 thr 4ro9;t2 to th r Chrt, ro/t ouro thr >or/@ot t Coro. No 8or th tht Moh;;;@ tht th outr o t>; Coro 8 ut th@/or @r/ ;ut2 o h Chrt u>t. A 8 h /r2,th @ t out 8th r;2 @t th To/, 8ho 44/ toroo I. o Lo or h/4. #/ ou@h to @t u>h o44ortut2or8@ th Ar @or;t, roo t /r@ u9/r2 or>,

utth To/ Lo 8r t 8th @rt /u@htr 2 thSu/t troo4.+< th t8t2 2r, ho8r, To/o >;4r>t>//2 4t, 9>4t or th 42;t o trut.+3<

+1< A4u !/orG, "E4o S@r."

+< DoG2, . 16.

+3< I, 4. 1).

!ro; // th t 8// >/r tht th S4h 4rt o th4o4u/to,8hthr Mo/; or Chrt, 8 o44o to th 9>/u o tho/Ar, r2 to ; >o;;o >u @t th;. Th ut2 o r>4r/ or th r> o >r, t th > o thE@/h Ro; Ctho/> th 8r 8th S4, t uu//2 8//ur u>h >r>u;t>. Th to/ 4rt2 8r ortut ou@h to / /r th 4ro o th >/rt r/, ;r ibn

Hu, 8ho >; r to 8rt@ th or@t2 o S4 ro; thh o th U;22. ;r 8 > ro; Cout A/oo,+1<h ;/2 h Chrt t// th 4ot2 o h @rthrDr. ;r, @ 8/ u;@/ 2outh, too u4 th /u>rt hoour/ 4roo o t, h h?urtr @ t=otroor =htr, tro@ho/ o;8hr t8 Ar>ho Ro, th

rr trt>h@ ro; #r to #r/tr.+< Atr r oourAr>, 8hr h ;to 8 /; 2 4ro4h>2 ou>@ @rtutur, h rtur to S4, t o> @ u @ r@ t =otro 8th r/2 6000 ;.+3< =@ >4tur, h 8

rou@ht to Coro, ut 4r o >oto o /t@ th@or>. =ut h oo >4 ro; Coro, >; >h o // thS4r th South, Mo/; Chrt,+F< 8ho rour hrou2 u>h 8or th: "Too /o@ h 2ou or th 2o o thSu/t,8ho 4o/ 2ou o 2our @oo, t9 2ou 2o 2our ;. //2ou/t 2our/ tr;4/ o 2 th Ar, 8ho /oo u4o 2ou thr/ It ot ;to tht 4ro;4t ; to r/, ut r to@ 2ou ;2/." To tr@th h >u h ; //> t

rt t; 8th th Mu8// E/r, S//, Sr@oG, 8th th u>>u/ r/, Aurrh; ibn Mr8, =o.

+1< DoG2, . 1*0.

+< A/ Mr, . F37. D #2@o ot.

+3r4to o h; ?uot 2 St/2 L-Poo/ J"Moor S4," 4. 107K ro; Ar 8rtr: "o uto th, Coro 8h th >4t 8th th @rt o u@/2 >--h 8ho @ur or 2 Mo/;, h 2 o/tr--8h

Ibn

Hu >o; or th2 @t. Th 8// th 8u/ t >>o;4/h."

4/2 2@ th Su/t or>, h 8 o/2 4t >h> 2A/;uhr, th @ o, 8ho u>> h thr ))6. ;r 8urthr tr@th 2 th >>o to h o Shr/, thCouto Coro.+1< Th th o A/;uhr ))) r;o ro; ;r 4thh o/2 / ;2, , ur@ A//h 8 r@, th r//r8 rtu/ @ o th outh t o S4. Th tr>t oR@o+< 8 ; or to h; 2 th @, ;r /utt, Ibn

Mtr, 8 ; >h o Pro.

Th 4rotr>t 8r, 8h>h 8 r//2 o or to/ 4>,8>rr o 2r tr 2r 8th r2@ u>>. At o t; ;r>o> th tto o 4ro>/;@ th A &h/,+3< tothr h @r4 t th ro2/ 4o8r h;/$ A//h ;4r8o/2 2 o/ >tor2 )*1 t H =/2 Jor E4/K.+F<Th tt/ 8 ou@ht o th o th Por, th Mo/;tut thr ; 8th h@ u>h o2u/ t, o ;2>t; to >o;;;ort t 8th. Th ho8 tht /r@, 4rh4 th/r@t, 4rt o ;r r;2 8 Chrt. Aothr >to oth ou 4o; o Trh ibn H,+5< 8hr, 4@ o th>o;@

tru>to o Coro, h 2: "Th t 4/> 8// th thh//o Au Au, 8hr o> too >hur>h," ;@ tht ;rChrto/r 8ou/ r4>t tht >tur2, o othr. I, t >rt tht ;r h;/ >; Chrt o; t; or th

tt/,+6< h thr h o or h;. H too th ; oS;u/, h u@htr Ar@t, 8 h , ur;rt2ro;.Th >h@ o >r o ;r 4rt >h@ th >hr>tr o th 8r, @ t ;or o r/@ou,+7< 4rh4 / o to/,>hr>tr, or th S4h Mo/; // o ro; h;, 8h h >;Chrt u/t >hur>h.

+1< Sru. A/ Mr, . F56. D #2@o ot.

+< hr I/; 8 /;ot 9t>t. DoG2, . 335.

+3< A/ Mr, . 4. F56. D #2@o ot.

+F< Ibn H22, 4u A/ M., . 4. F5. Th ; to th ; >tor2 tht 8h>h DoG2 J. )FK >// Po/ or A@u/r.

+5< S DoG2, . 4. 75.

+6< Ibn H22, 4u DoG2, . 4. 36.

+74tur o CG/o 2 r@ ; Ibn

&h/, // th Chrt 8r ;>r.--DoG2, . 4. 37.

To8r th >/o o h r@ A//h 8 / to rt hu4r;>2, thou@h ;r h o//o8r t// h/ out. ;r h;/ ot t// *17, o; 2r tr A//h th. Th @u>>or, Aurrh; III., 8 rt t;4 o ; ro;A//h, th ru>to o ;r >; o/2 ?uto o t;, thou@h, >t, th 4ot2 o ;r ro; I/; h ; th u/t;t u>>oth to/ 4rt2 r2 outu/, ot ;4o/. Atr ;rth,h o, Dr, thou@ht to r>or th u44ort o th S4hMo/;2 ;r>@ I/;$ ut h thr2 /ot th >o> o thChrt, 2 8ho; h 8 ;urr. I *) h rothr Hurrr, 8th =otro, to th Su/t, th @rt r//o8//2 9t@uh.

So th @r tru@@/ o th to/ 4rt2, rt urth-r>to o th Mu8//, th o th Chrt, to hoth Ar =rr 2o. Dur@ th r;r o th tth >tur2thtro@ ;trto o Aurrh; III., H; II., th @rtA/;Gor, @ th Chrt o >h> o r@ th >r2 o "S4orth S4h." Th @r o r8/ o th r//o o> r;o,th

4oto o th Chrt o ot ; to h ; 2 8or>o?u> o thr /t >to, Aurrh;, h;/ tho o Chrt ;othr, trt // 4rt th ro/t 8th@rt/>2, @t th 8h > o th ;or out

Mo/;.A/;Gor, too, ; h;/ r4>t, /, 2 hChrtu>t, thr o out tht h >tor or th ChrtStt th North+1< 8r 8o r2 /r@/2 8th th oChrto/r. H th 8 th @/ or th ru4to o th S4h&h/t, ro; 1010-1031, 8h th h/t 8 //29t@uh, >o;4/t r>h2 4r/ Sr> S4. Th=rr; tr; ort to r@ thr >>2, thror>,>o 2 th Chrt, u>> 4/>@ Su/; o th

thro 1013. A u>>o o / ru/r, t u4 2 th rt>to--Ar, =rr, S/--o//o8, ut/ H>h; III. 8or> to >t 1031, th U;22 2t2 >; to ,tr /t@ 75 2r. =2 th t; th Chrt th North h@thr th;/ to@thr or >o; > @t thSr>4ro>, r @ to rtro@r, >r>/2 to >h>,t// 1F* // #r, th /t tro@ho/ o th Moor S4.+<

+1< A/ Mr, . 4. 1F.

+/o >ot>t to 8h>h th Chrt Moh;;8r rou@ht S4, th u;rou >oro r?uttr;rr@ t8 th t8o >to, o thorou@h o8/@ ;toh 9t, o thr , o th >r o th othr 4rt2. Su>h,t/t, th >o>/uo to 8h>h 8 r r, o r@ th o/2r>t r>or 8h>h r; o th u>t ;o@ Ar Chrt8rtr. Th o th Chrt >ot >h/2 o ?uottoro; oo o Moh;;; 2 th ot S4ro 8or o h>4/, Eu/o@u$+1< o; rthr >ohrt u>to oMoh;; h r/@o 2 A/r,+< othr 4u4/ o th ot.Ith, ;@ht 94>t, @rt tr / o th u/t2o

Moh;; 4r,+3< th /8 o th Pro4ht h;/. Atoth /ttr, thou@h ;2 o #o >or r>; o ot rt o@oouthort2, r2 /tt/ > or th Pro4ht. =ut ;o@ othr/4h; ttrut 2 S4ro to Moh;; o o 8h>h 8

o ;to th &or--th rto, ;/2, tht h 8ou/ th9t 8or/ 8 to th %r@ Mr2. Boh, =ho4 o S//, ?u//2 >orr>t 8h, /ttr to A/r,+F< h //@ 4ro;oth 4rt o Moh;; tht h 8ou/, / Chrt, r @ ro; th$ 8hr h o2, @ @/>t 2 h r/to, 8our2 o@. Th Chrt ho4 o ot htt to --4u/tu tru;--h 8 ur h//.+5<

+1< Eu/., "M;. S>t.," . >. 7.

+< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 1-35.

+3< I., >. 3, F. Moh;; 4r 8 2 o ; 8ho//2 u/.--S/ &or. Itro., 4. 7).

+F< S> *.

+5< Th ho8 th htr o Chrt or Moh;;, 8ho;, 2 Eu/o@u J"M;. S>t.," . >. 0K, t 8ou/ r2 Chrt ut2 to //, 8r h / o rth.

It @r//2 u44o tht Moh;; >ou/ thr r or 8rt,

th 44r to h th o4o o A/r$+1< ut th ;8t>o8/@ tht th &or 8 >o;4o u>h /o?ut utu//@u@ tht Chrt >ou/ ot h/4 r@ ;r@ t.+<

th ;4ortt ?uto o Moh;; 4oto 8th r@r toChrtt2, Eu/o@u+3< t /t or; >orr>t u@;t.Moh;;,h t// u "/4h;ou/2 tu@ht tht Chrt 8 th or o #o,+F< H S4rt$+5< @rt 4ro4ht,+6< o8 8th ;u>h 4o8r ro;#o$+7< / A; H >rto,+)< ut ot ?u/ to #o JthCrtorK$+*< tht 2 ro o H /;/+10< /, @//8th th Ho/2 S4rt,+11< H ho8 ;r//ou @ 8orthrou@hth 4o8r o #o,+1< ot 8or@ 2 H o8 #oh, ut r@htouM, ot rt,+13< ot@ ;u>h 4o8r ;@ht ro;th A/;@ht2 #o throu@h 4r2r."

+1< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 6.

+< I., >. *. Th ;or th > t th 4rt 2.

+3< Eu/., "L. A4o/.," >. 1*.

+F< &or, >h. . F0.

+5< &or, >h. . )1, "tr@th 8th Ho/2 S4rt."

+6< &or., >. . 5*.

+7< &or., >. . F5.

+)< &or., >. . 50.

+*< &or., >. 9. 33.

+10< &or., >. .

+11< Th ;t o Eu/o@u. S S/ ot o &or, >h. . )1, ot.

+1< &or., >h. . 110 .

+13< &or, >>. . $ 9/. 5*.

A/r ;u>h ;or ur to Moh;; th h r Eu/o@u, h ; to h h 4ru> +1< tht th Pro4ht th;//rt/2 to 4r>h o>tr th o44ot o tho tu@ht 2Chrt.It 8ou/ rr to th truth to 2 tht th r@> t8tht8o >o o ;or/ 8 u to th tur/ @or> o //trtAr, rou@ht to >ot>t o/2 8th hrt>/ or; o

Chrtt2, th r/ o>tr o 8h>h h 8 thror ot //2too8.

A>>or@ to A/r, th 9th 2 o th 8 8 >ho or thMoh;; ho/2 2, >u Chrt ur o tht 2. h//r/ th urt2 o th 8h 8 >or th rr> 8h>hMoh;; h/ th r2 ; o Chrt, @o@ o r to 2thtChrt H;/ 8 >ru> t //.+< Th tru ro or />t@!r2, //@ 2 Moh;; h;/, 8, >u th 8or o>rto o tht 2.+3<

A@, u/t2 8 4r>h, 2 A/r, >u Chrt 4r>h>htt2. =ut Moh;; >ot r/2 to h 4r>hu/t2, thou@h h 4rt / th r4>t 8 2 o ;4ur.

#/utto2 8 o>t t o t@. A ;or / >hr@ 8r ;$ or ho8 > t >ot tht Chrtt2 ot@, 8h/ I/; 44ro o t, th > o u>h t9t Mtth8 9. 1F,+F< Ih /. 6--"I ot th th t tht Ih >ho To /oo th o 8>, to uo th h2ur, to /t th o44r @o r" o th o h$ othothr th 94r u>to o th &or+5<:--" tru /r, t or 2ou, t 8 or to tho or 2ou ... 2t,

t 8// ttr or 2ou, 2 8 t. Th ;oth o R; h//2t." =ut A/r @o o to ; ;or toh@ tt;tt//:--"Chrt or tht ; hou/ t ro; thr 8ur@ t, 8h/ Moh;; >o>rt tho 2 to >r/ 4/ur."

Chrt ur/2 @ u o u>h u>to, thou@h St Pu/ o 2o;th@ o th . Th &or+6< 94/>t/2 2--"It /8u/or2ou o th @ht o th t to @o uto 2our 8$ th2 r @r;t uto 2ou, 2ou r @r;t uto th;." >t r>or 2 Ar 8rtr, 8hr Yh2 ibn Yh2, th;ou ?u, ;4o 4> o ;oth 9tr t oAurrh;II. J)-)5K or o/t@ th Pro4ht or>, tht 8hou/ t ro; ur@ th t@ ;oth.+7< A/r, @ /2;,;2 4rh4 u44o ot to h tu Moh;;; >rt>//2, tht h G/ 8 ot >>or@ to o8/@ 4rh4 th t

94/to o th ;ttr. I o 4/>+)< h or; u o htto o 8rt@ oo o th Cor,+*< ut th 8or, r8rtt, h ot ur. Nor th ;u>h to r@rtt, 8;2u@ 2 th 8/ r;r h u/@ /8hr+10< o th th;.Itht 4@ h ; to 44/2 th o>ur 4ro4h>2 o D/+11< toMoh;;, or@tt@ tht r 37 4 o o 8ho "h// r@rotth r o 8o;," >r4to hr/2 >hr>trt> oMoh;;.H t th #o MoG; JHr. MuG;K, 8h>h our rro

J. 3)K tr/t th "#o o ortr" 8th th Moh;;Cor$+1< th tr@ @o, 8ho; h h// >o8/@, A/rt 8th th / 8h>h 4r th Pro4ht th @u oth@/ #r/. A// th, th 8rtr h;/ //o8, r2@;t>/.

+1< S DoG2, . 107.

+< S &or, >>. . F7$ . 157$ S/ ot.

+3< S S/ ot o &or, >. /9. *.

+F< C. /o Mtt. 9. 1*--"Th So o M >; t@ r@, th2 2, =ho/ @/uttoou ; 8-r."

+5< Ch4tr . 1)0.

+6< Ch4tr . 1)5. Th Moh;; t >o to th 2 t;.

+7< !ro; Ibn &h//, 4u DoG2, . 10).

+)< "I. Lu;.," >. 5.

+*< I.., th C 44rt/2.

+10< "I. Lu;.," >. 5, .

+11< C. 9. . 1, .

+1< C.

A/r o ot >ru4/ to >>u th Mo/; o o/tr2,

rt@tht th Ar tr 8orh4 thr o/ Jth C /> to+1<Kth2 u to o o 2or, tht th2 t 4rt ho/2 ;oth, A/MoG;, hoour o th o/.+<

!//2, Moh;; 4o o rou/2 th 4r>uror oAt>hrt,+3< or At>hrt h;/.+F<

Lt u o8 ho8 r 8 > @thr th o4o o u>t Mo/;8th r@r to Chrt o>tr 8orh4. I 8 th to o

/ o- rroou th th o4o o Chrt toMoh;;;, 2t > 8 th ;or /2 9>u th Mo/;, or th&or t/, th r2 outo @u o // thr r/@ouo@;, u// o >orr>t >ott oto o th u>t.

Th ;ot ;4ortt o th ;t 8 tht th Chrt8orh44 Trt2 o Dt--#o, Chrt, Mr2.+5< Th >/uo o th%r@Mr2 to th Trt2 8 4rh4 u to th >t tht 8orh4 84to hr t tht r/2 t, t >rt/2 ;o@ th Ro;Ctho/> t th 2. A 8// h ro; 4@ ?uot

o,+6< o;th@ r2 / orto 8 /r2 4 to th%r@ th >hur>h o S4.

+1< S/, Itrou>to to &or, 4. *1.

+< A/r, "I. Lu;.," >. 5.

+3< I., >. 1.

+F< I., >. 53.

+5< S &or, . .:--"A 8h #o h// 2 uto Bu t th /t 2: Bu, o o Mr2, ht thou uto ;, T ; ;2 ;othr or t8o #o, #o h h// 8r, Pr uto th t ot or ; to 2 tht 8h>h I ou@ht ot."

+6< P. 56.

=ut th o//o8@ 9tr>t ro; trt o R/@o, 2 A/ ibn

HG;,+1< th 4r; ;tr o Aurrh; %. JD>. 103-Mr>h 10FK,8// ho8 tht o; u>t Mo/; 8 ou@h o th Chrt>rto 44r>t t >u/t:--" ot toh," 2Ibn

HG;, "t th u4rtto o ;. Loo t th Chrt Th2 ro

u;rou tht #o o/2 o8 thr u;r. Th2 h ;o@ th; ;o@rt t//@>, 4r> o @rt /t2. Nrth/ th2/ tht thr o, o thr$ tht o o th thr th !thr, othr th So, othr th S4rt$ tht th !thr ,

ot, th So$ tht ; , ot, #o$ tht th Mh #o r2 r4>t, 2t ot th ; #o$ tht H 8ho h9tro; // trt2 h >rt.

" o thr >t, th ;;r o 8h>h th2 >// B>ot, 8h>hu;r hur o thou, / tht th Crtor H;/8>our@, >ru>, 4ut to th$ o tht th Ur or thr2 8 4r o t #oror."

Aothr 9tr>t ro; Ar> 8rtr 8// ho8 u 8ht th Mo/;thou@ht o th 8orh4 o St B;, th 4tro t o S4, rou8ho hr r// th r/@ou r/ th orth o thPu/. It Ibn H22,+< 8ho, h >>out o A/;Gortth 94to @t th Chrt, 2:--"Sht YohJSt@oK+3< o o th >tur ;ot r?ut, ot o/2 2thChrt o A/u, ut o th @hour@ >ott, 8ho /oou4ot >hur>h 8th rto u>h Mo/; trt or th CoM>>$ or thr C >o/o/ o/ JttuK 8h>h t th

;/ o th >hur>h. Th2 8r 2 t, r4r to t 4/@r;@ro; th ;ot tt 4rt, ro; Ro;, 8// othr >outr2o Ro;, 4rt@ tht th to; to th >hur>h thto Yo JB;K, o o th t8/ 4ot/, th ;ot /o 2I JBuK.--M2 th /@ o #o o h;, o ourPro4ht--Th Chrt >// th Yo th rothr o Bu,>u,8h/ h /, h 8 /82 8th h;. Th2 2 tht h 8 =ho4oBru/;, tht h 8r or th rth 4r>h@ th r/@o+o Chrt<, >//@ u4o th htt to ;r> t, t// h>; to tht r;ot >orr o A/u$ tht h th rtur toS2r,8hr h t th @ o 10 o/r 2r. Th2 4rt /8tht,tr th th o Yo, h >4/ >rr h o2 urt tht >hur>h, th ;ot r;ot 4rt, 8hr h h /t tr> +oh 4r>h@<."

+1< II. 7, 4u DoG2, . 3F. Ibn HG; 8, 2 DoG2, " tr>t Mo/;, r to u@@ ?uto 2 hu; ro@."

+< A/ Mr, . *3.

+3< M Yo@, 4. )7, 2 th Ar >// h; Sh; Yu,

ut 8ht uthort2 h th tt;t

I >outr2 8hr /trtur th rt 8r o /2 >u/tt,th2 8r S4 ur@ th t; o Ar o;to, 8hr thr/r2 o Chrt, B8, Mo/; 4rou> ut 4ro o

t//>tu/ >tt2 u>h th 8or/ h rr/2 ,>otror/tho/o@2 >ou/ ot / to h /r@/2 /o4. =ut thoo, 2 8r 8rtt, ro; th Chrt or Mo/; t4ot, h//4rh, 8 h o/2 u>h /@ht ut>tor2 ot>/tto u tho /r2 ?uot.

I t;t@, thror, 8ht /u> th r/ r/@o oS4h u4o >h othr, 8 r r to r8 u>h r> 8 >

ro; th ;@r ht urh to u 2 th 8rtr o th 4ro$ro;our o8/@ o 8ht Chrtt2 8 S4, Moh;;; Ar>, or th2 8r rou@ht to >ot>t A/u, >o;4r8th 8ht th2 >; tr tht >ot>t h ; t/ /t$ ro;th or >t o u>h r/to /8hr. U4o >ru/>orto o th >ttr ht 8 h// tht >rt>t 8r /, 8h>h, h th ;/@;to o th t8o 4o4/ //o8 to >otu utrru4t/2 or /o@r 4ro, hthr o tur@ /;t th orth o S4 Ar>,8ou/ // 4ro/t2 h / to o; ;r ;o>to oor

oth r/@o, to thr rr ;/to.

CHAPTER I.

HERESIES IN SPAIN.

Su>h ;9tur o r/@o r 2 o ; 8thout 9;4/ htor2.Th S, or t>, 8r th o//o8r o r/@o, 8h>h;2h >ro t8 Bu;, Chrtt2, M@;.+1<=utMoh;;; t/ h urh th ;ot ;r t> o u>h;/@;to. I Pr I/; >o; 8th th >r o orotr to4rou> =2;$ 8h/ I Hu; Moh;;;, uto@thr 2 th @u o N #uru, h ru/t Sh;.

It ;2 tht Moh;;; h / to ut 8thorotr; Hu; o8@ to thr r2 ;/rt2 8tht/, 8hr Chrtt2 too r to I/; to >o;8tht u>h 82 to 4rou> r/@o / oth, 2trtro; thr.+< Chrtt2 Moh;;;, >h h t8o>r/

o>tr J t8o o/2K 8h>h >ot ro@t th2 r tor;t>t >r. I o o th, th ut2 o #o, th2 @r. Ith othr th2 o, /82 ;ut, r. Th t2 o Chrt oth o , th ;o o Moh;; o th othr, rtot//2 >o;4t/ o>tr. I th o tru, th othr >ot

o. Surrr oth, th ru/t Bu;. No >o;4ro; 8ou/;4o/. Yt >o;4ro; 8 tt;4t, 8 > >rt tt;tttrut 2 DoG2 to Ibn &h/u,+3< r>out@ th htor2 othu>>u/ r/, Aurrh; ibn Mr8 ibn Yu, 8ho ur@ th/t?urtr o th th >tur2, 8h/ // Mo/; S4 8 4r2 toth8/t r>h2, >; /r o th r@ or Mu8// 4rt2 Mr th @hourhoo. Th@ to ut th Mu8//

Chrt o ro/t, h 4r>h to h >outr2; 8r/@o,8h>h h/ 4/> h/82 t8 Chrtt2 I/;. Th //8 r to/ o our, 8h>h ;@ht h / to th ;ot;4ortt>o?u>. Tht 8 hr o ;or o t > ou@h tht thtt;4t 4ro ort. Th o/2 othr tt;4t, t > >//o,to >o; I/; Chrtt2 h ru/t tht >urou>o;4ou>// th r/@o o th Dru.

+1< !or tt;4t >o;4ro; t8 Chrtt2 =rh;;, th 4ro>@ o =>h, Ro; Ctho/> 4rt, "Eu>to Mo," 4. 1F.

+< C4., ho8r, th Dru r/@o.

+3< DoG2, . 1)F. DoG2 tht Aurrh; 8 >// th #/> J/ B/K >o?u> o th tt;4t o h: ut thr o; rror hr, Ibn H22 J A/ Mr, . F3*, D #2@o otK 2 h 8 >// ibn u//, .., o th to> o th #/>.

=ut thou@h o r/@o, ho/@ 4oto ;82 t8 I/; Chrtt2, ro S4, 2t tho r/@o >ou/ hr/2 /tour@o >or/ ;o>to th;/ 2 ro o thr>/o >ot>t or r/ >tur.

I r4>t to Chrtt2 8 h// tur//2 th tr> J2Ko u>h ;o>to th o->// hr 8h>h ;2 h rS4 ur@ th 4ro. Th 8// r?ur o;8ht tr>t9;to to ; to 2/ u4 thr >rt.

Th Chur>h o S4 ; to h @ r4utto or trou>@oto+1< to th o>tr 4r>t> o th tru th, o 4r@ t/ o t @ut2 th 82. Th r2 rt

Cou>/ 8ho >t h >o; o8 to u, h/ t E/r S4,r/2 th ourth >tur2, >ot >o >ur@ th u o4>tur.Th r2 rt hrt>, 8ho 8r 4uh or thr rror 8th th2

th h o thr //o8-Chrt, 8r rr th oo; o thS4h Chur>h. Th o>tr, o/ th, ut >>4t o8 2 // thtr Chur>h, o th Pro>o o th Ho/2 #hot ro; th So 8// ro; th !thr, 8 rt or;u/t S4h Cou>/ tth o th 9th >tur2, ut ot ur//2 r> thtut/ 600 2r /tr.+< A 8 h , th u o 4>tur8ou> /o@ or th t; o th I>oo>/t.

8// o8 t orr th r/ hr tht ; th;/ot>/ S4, or #oth> #u/, ur@ th Ar u4r;>2,

8 > tr> 2 r/to t8 th; th Mo/; th.

To t u;4ortt o rt, hr2 ;to h@r S4t; J#oth> #u/K, 4ru;/2 ur@ th @hth >tur2.+3<It8 ;or 4r>t>/ th 4>u/t, >ot / o th o >oo to 4rt, o th Ju;4>h/K @rou tht;ou@ht to >o to #o /o. Th 44r to u Prottt 8ho//2/u/ ro/ >otto$ ut ot o to th 8orth2 8hor>or t: >tt o>tr, or/ /rt@, trou u

@r o;r 4rt, t 9>t >or / G/ A/>u.+F<

+1< A/>u E/4u;, . 13---"Au ;, o>ro, 4ttr, >ho/t> H4 >o@r@to, t /o?ut;, ?u o ;4r /?u ur / 4r>r r, o >ott >>/ ur/ Ctho/> , tu /?u 4r t , u tuu; o; >/rr ;uo."

+< Ltr Cou>/, 115.

+3< S, ho8r, A/>u /ttr to th >/r@2 o th 4ro>, E4., 71. M@, o/. >. 4. 15*F.

+F< Rohr>hr, "Ht. U. /E@/ Ctho/.," 9. 30*.

Tht th rror 8 u 2 to th /u> o th Ar th @hour@ trrtor o S4, t o >our ;4o/ tor;, ut t // t th ror; 8 ?ut th 4rt o thr o th &or: " 2 8ho h r>+1< th S>r4tur >o; tout tr;to t8 u 2ou, tht 8 8orh4 ot 2 9>4t#o, o>t o >rtur 8th H;: tht th o o u totth othr or /or, #o." A "Th2 t thr 4rt ;oor thr /or #o."+<

+1< Ch4. . 4. 3*. S S/ ot: "tht , >o; to u>h tr; o @r;t r 4ut/2 >oot to th

o>tr o // th 4ro4ht S>r4tur, thror >ot ro/2 r>t."

+< Ch4. 9. Moh;; >hr@ th B8 Chrt 8th o/tr2 oth o othr @rou >u "th2 4 too ;4/>t o> to thr 4rt ;o, 8ho too u4o

th; to 4roou> 8ht th@ 8r /8u/ 8ht u/8u/, to 4 8th th /8 o #o." S S/, I. C4.--

Hu@ht2 o hrt ro8 th 8rror >;, I /oo /@u@ 4rou 4rou ;@ht , %ut@ h /orh4, /@, @ht, ;, Yt 8 tht root ;o ;or 4rou th h. A th 2 >/; th t//t tr, So rou th /ott ou/ h to/ h 8ou$ A 8th h 4// uu th r> r. T// r; @ 2outh r; ro8 Hoour@ h >our@ hr->/oth ;/2 th @rou.

A thu t >h> tht /our, 4r/ @ht, ho r to @ or r / h >rt, %>torou t// u//-t or @ht, S> rt 8th ;/ h /; h t, Stoo4 r to tht >hort ht$ Nor ro o th r@ht, or o th 8ro@, =ut t h @ / th /> rt, A 8rou@ht // th trou/ 8or/ /o@, !or h 8 r> r, 4t/ tro@. --SCTTS "Do Ror>," 999. 999.

Lt u 9t >or hrt>/ 8 o th Trt2 ttrut to

M@tu J>r> 750K. A>>or@ to th rthr o>ur >>out,8h>hh >o; o8 to u,+1< h ; to h r@r th Thr Prooth Trt2, t /t thr r/to 8th th 8or/, >or4or/,th !thr @ 4ro D, th So Bu, th Ho/2#hot Pu/. It >u/t to / tht th o>tr, thu>ru/2 tt 2 E/4u, 8 r//2 h/ 2 2o. ;24rh4r+< tht M@tu r th rror o Pr>// Jt/ or;o S//;K, ru>@ th Thr Pro o th Trt2 too,>o8/@ >rt +#r: r@<, or 4o8r, ;t@ ro;H;,8h>h 8r ;t D, Bu, Pu/ r4>t/2. A thrt /t o th thr r>4t o th D 4o8r 8r>o/2;, t o//o8 tht M@tu 8 r2 to tr4 Bu o thtDt2,8h>h th >r/ o>tr o Chrtt2, 8h>h ;or th2othr o>tr t@uh t ro; th >r o Moh;;.A>>or@/2h 44r to h >tu//2 th t2 o th or,+3< th h ; 44ro>h to Moh;;;.+F<

+1< E/4u to M@tu, >. 3. S M@, o/. *6, 4. )5*.

+< th Ehur. Drt, 4u M@, >., 4. 33) ., >. *.

+3< Ehur, >. 3.

+F< Nr, . 16, ., 2, M@tu h/ tht th +#r: Lo@o< >; 4ro/ 8th th u;4to o Chrt hu;t2$ tht th +#r: Lo@o< 8 th 4o8r >ottut@ th 4ro/t2 o Chrt. H>, 2 Nr, h 8 >>u o rt@ tht Chrt, th o o D >>or@ to th /h, ot Chrt, th So o #o, 8 th S>o Pro o th Trt2.

A ;/r, ut ;@/2 ot t>/, rror 8 4ro4@t 2 tho8ho, 8 /r ro; /ttr o A/r to S4ro, ot/

th Thr Thr, "2@ th uttr> o th4ro4ht, r>t@ th o>tr o /r ;, , 8h/ th2>/;to t thr t u4o th #o4/, 4ot@ to t9t / Boh 99.17,I > uto ;2 !thr, 2our !thr, uto ;2 #o 2our #o,to4ro tht Chrt 8 ;r/2 ;."+1, >>or@to

th ot, 4o o thr 4o8r JrtutK or;@ o Pro,ot, th orthoo9 h/, thr Pro or;@ o #o.+< Hr 8 >/o r;/> to th rror ;to th 4r>@ 4r@r4h$utth hrt> 8 r o8 /@ 8th ; >/or 44ro>h totht>h@ o Moh;; thr ?uotto o Boh 99. 17 @ o,8// , 8 >o;4r 8th tht t9t th o//o8@ 4@ oth&or, 4ut to th ;outh o Chrt: "%r/2, #o ;2 Lor, 2ourLor$ thror r h;:"+3< "Th2 r ur/2 / 8ho 2,r/2, #o Chrt, th So o Mr2, > Chrt , >h/roIr/, r #o, ;2 Lor 2our Lor:"+F< , "I h ot 4outo th; 2 othr th 8ht thou t >o;; ;--;/2, 8orh4#o, ;2 Lor 2our Lor."+5<

+1< A/r /ttr. !/orG, 9. 1F7. Aothr t9t ?uot > o th o>tr o A@ot; 8 Mtt. 99. 36: " tht 2 tht hour o8th o ;$ o, ot th @/ o h, ut ;2 !thr o/2." I 8r to th, S4ro rr to #. . *, 8hr #o th !thr ; ot to o8 8hr A; .

+< S4ro //utrto o th Trt2 >ot >// h442 o. H / t to @, 8ho 4o8r o, ut ;

u4 o th ; h;/, h ;, h 4ur4/.

+3< &or, >. . . F6.

+F< &or., >. . 77.

+5< &or., >. . 11).

>o; 9t to th ;ou Ao4tot hr2, th ;ot r;r/or@/ o tho oto to 8h>h A/>u tut th S4hChur>h8th @ >t. Uortut/2 8 r /tt/ o our o8/@oth 8 o>tr ro; th or@tor u44ortr o t--ouror;to o th u>t >o;@ >h/2 ro; 4@ ?uot 2thro44ot Jot/2 our o8 A/>uK >otror/ 8or. =ut thtth

hr2 h ;4ortt >o>to 8th th Moh;; r/@o hth o4o o ;2 ;t 8rtr o Chur>h htor2. Mr, thS4h htor, =rou, th 4o/o@t or th Ro; Chur>h,h/ tht th o>t o th 8 hrr>h 8, "2 /o8r@ th>hr>tr o Chrt, to 4 th 82 or uo t8 ChrtMoh;;."+1< Ehur,+< /o, h trt o th u>t,?uot tr>t, "D Pr;tu E>>/ To/t," 8h>h ttrutthhr2 to t uthor, E/4u, @ rou@ht to o >/o >ot>t8th th Sr>, /@ o u>h r/2 tr; 8th th;.+3<

Nr+F< th tht thr r o; @rou or u44o@ tht!/9,o o th uthor o th hr2, h ;4/o2 @Chrtt2 @t o>to rou@ht @t t ro; th Mo/;t4ot,+5< 4ro@ th t2 o Chrt, o tht th2;@ht u> to >>4t t. !/9, thror, ;2 h / to;r>th 4rt>u/r o>tr, >// Ao4to;, ro; 8h to r@thChrt 8 o Chrt rr to th Moh;; o4o.

Thr >or/ out to 8ho rt ro>h th 8 thor2,th> @ o >o/>t@ >hr>tr, 4ot@ o8 toE/4u, ho4 o To/o 4r;t o // S4, o8 to !/9,ho4 o Ur@/, Ct/o.+6<

+1< Mr, . ). =rou, "A. E>>/." 9. 4. 60. S =/ut, "D>tor2 o R/@o," t>., rt>/ o Ao4to;$ M@, o/. 9>. 4. )F7--">4tu utr?u >ot@o or tur >r>u ut 4ro9;o /4h;tu; Moh;toru; >o;;r>o."

+< Ehur, >. 6. M, "Co//. Co>/," 9. 513, >. F.

+3< "Uu ; r?ut Muroru; >o;;r>o."--I.

+F< %. 1*.

+5< Th 4rh4 rr to "4utto >u; >rot" 8h>h th E;4ror Chr/ th #rt h hr o 8rtt 2 !/9. A/>u J "E4.," )5K o8 oth@ o t. I h /ttr to Chr/, A/>u, 4@ o /ttr ro; !/9, 2: "I

4or rror, ?u; t u >r4t /@r;."

+6< Th 4r/@ o4o ; to tht th 8 o>tr ro out o E/4u >otror2 8th M@tu.

Th >/; o !/9+1< r u44ort 2 E@hr,+< S9o, Boor/$ 8h/ Pu/u o A?u/, h oo tt/"S>ro2//u," 94r/2 >// E/4u th uthor o th u/hr2$ A/>u, h /ttr to Lr,+3< 2 tht h >o> tht E/4u, h 8 th rt r, o /o 8th>h or.

Th > @ >o>/u, 8 r r to o//o8 4ror>orto, th 4ot to E/4u th uthor. A>>or@toNr,+F< h 8 o/t, 9>t/, @ot ;$ h>rt/2u o; r2 tro@ /@u@ h 8rt@ @t h o44ot, t @oo / o h @t2 h o th S4h Chur>h.!ort>, 4@ o h >>ur, Ethru, =ho4 o ;, =tu,+5< 4rt o L, h 2 o th or;r tht h 8//o8th ;r o // />ou$+6< tht h tot//2 ut to

o>tt #o /tr$+7< tht h / 4ro4ht+)< hrt>$ ,or@tt@ th >ourt o >otror2, h ot htt, othr 4/>, to >// h; . =tu /o h >>u o @rou/t2, >// h; tht ?utou 4rt o Ator@,+*<>>u@ h; o hr2, @@ h; th tt/ At4hru, 8h>h; tht t o @ >// =tu, h hou/ h ;thr2 o44ot.+10<

+1< S "!ro Drtto," M@, o/. >. 4. 305.

+< "A/," 7*.

+3< A/>u, "E4t. Lru;," 2 tht th hr2 ro Coro, h 44/ to E/4u /ttr to !/9 tr th /ttr r>tto.

+F< Nr J. 4. 17K ; to r th ?u/t ro; h 8rt@. A uthor, ?uot 2 Ehur JTr>t, Pr;t E>>/. To/tK, >r h; "4ru; >>urt >r /ttr rtu."

+5< D 7*). !/ur2 ., 4. 36.

+6< E/4. E4t., . , "Cr ;;ut tu."

+7< "A /tro D 9tru." Nr, ., 4. 6, t th to ; tht h 8 4o.

+)< H @ th R/to o St Boh Mo/; 44/>to: 4ro4h th o th 8or/ th r utur. S /ttr o =tu, oo ., >. 3--"No; hor t ... u> At>hrt ;u/t >t ut. ; 4rtu ?u o/t Bu; t //u At>hrt, ?u; ut ?uo; t, t u>

;uo t." S /o A/>u /ttr to th S4h ho4.

+*< "E/4u ho4 o S4 to tho o #u/," >. 1.

+10< Th 4r>t> o 4u@ o ; r2 >o;;o th 8rtr. "I/9 !/9" 4oor 8tt>; 8h>h >ott/2 o>>ur. So S;o 2 o Hot@ tht h ou@ht to >// "hot Bu"$ th >>out o th Tr/to o th o o Aur/u, t>., 8 Lo@/ 4o o r2 "Lo @/."

=ut 4t o outr / th 8 ;ut 8r o u@@ thr/ E/4u too hr/2. A/>u h;/, h /ttr to th

ho4, 8rtt, h 2, "8th th 4 o >hrt2," 4 o h;;ot /;/,+1< >o tht h h hr ;u>h o h 4t2oto, ;o 8h>h h /o ; 8th r@r to !/9, /ttr to h;.+< Yt h oo @t E/4u, h 9>/;, ot8thout tou>h o tho: "!or // th @r;t o 8oo/ o 2ourhou/r, th ;tr u4o 2our ro8, 8r@ 8h>h 2ou ;trtoth 4o4/, or // th /2 h@ o 2our r+3< ... 2ourou> ot th o>tr, 2ou 8// u;r 8th th @ot"Aothr tt;o2 Jo outu/ /u, ho8rK E/4u our

to ou th o2;ou / o =tu,+F< 8hr E/4u to h u>> C9/ th ho4r> o To/o, >u o hr4utto or /r@ 4t2, 8h>h 9t throu@hout S4.

+1< "S>t; 4ru/," >. 1. C4. >. 6, "Au ;; o; r/@o t o."

+< "C/rr; tu >ttt u ;;." Th "Puo Lut4r" >// h; "%r hu;/, 4ru, G/o Ctho/> r."

+3< =r 8r th @ o /2;, A/r, "E4.," 9., 4ro/2 th t>to 8 ;u>h t o >u o th Mo/; >uto; o 8r@ /o@ r. !or th t>t r o th >/r@2 th ; /ttr o A/r, ... "(ur t; t / ou r/@ou; 4rot."

+F< S M@, 9>., )*0 .

E/4u, 8ho ot o h@ rut t;4 out th M@trror, 8ho /o too u4 o 4t tttu 8th r@rtoth S o Ro;, 8 ot th ; to ur @ >tt to th;ttr o 8ht 8, or 8ht 8 ot, ou o>tr, , th/ttr?uot o, h >oru//2 r;r tht h h r hr tht t8

th 4ro> o th 4o4/ o L to t>h th To/. Hr, th t tttu t u4 to8r th Po4, 8 ;2 4rh4 /ou2, /t 2 th o/ 4t Chur>h o S4 ur t o84r;t, to8r th 8 Chur>h, tht 8 @ro8@ u4 th ;outo

th North, th >tr o 8ho r/@ou oto 8 oo to Co;4ot//, t 4rtu/ h ot th 4r;t o S4, ut thho4 o Ro;.

It o8 t; to 94/ 8ht th >tu/ hr2 o>t 2E/4u !/9 8. So; h h/ th o4o tht Ao4to; 8 ;r/2r/ o th =oo rror, 8h>h h /o@ t root S4$+1<othr, tht t 8 r/ o th Ntor+< hr2, 8 4hoth >otror2 t8 th >hoo/ o Ato>h A/9r$+3< or

tht t 8 tt;4t to ror; Chrtt2, 4ur@@ t ro; /trto.+F< A/>u, ho8r, 4 o t o//o8r 8 >t,uo8 to or;r t;.+5< Stt r/2, th 8 o>tr 8 thtBu, o r H ;hoo 8 >o>r, 8 o o #o 2o4to. Th rror h or >o; > 2C2r/o A/9r J3F)-3)6K:+6< 2 H/r2 o Ar/ JF*-FF*K.+7< ThE/th Cou>/ o To/o h /o @ur @t th ; rror hur 2r or th J675K, r;@ tht Chrt th So o #o8 H So 2 tur, ot 2 o4to.

+1< Ehur, D., >. 5. Th rror o =oou 8r >o; t C4u 3)*. !or thr /o4;t S4,

"Ior o S//."

+< Co; t E4hu, F31. !or >o>to o Ao4to; 8th th, /ttr o Ar to ho4 o S4 J7)5K.

+3< Nr, ., 4. 16.

+F< I., ., 4. 10, /ttr o A/r to S4ro.

+5< A/>u >otr !/>;, ., >. 7. E/4u tht t h 2th@ to o 8th othr hr. "No ro th;tG;u =oou;, ?u /u; D ;tr @tu;, o4tu; u r;t. It; S//u;, ?u 4u; Ptr;, ?u; !/u;, ?u; t S4rtu >tu J>K t o 4u, /rt. Ath;tG;u Aru;, ?u !/u; t S4rtu; S>tu; >rtur 9t;t. Ath;tG;u M>hu; ?u Chrtu; o/u; Du; t o ho;; u 4r>t. Ath;tG;u At4hru; =tu; >r /> tu;, t o@ru; Ethru;, o>tor; t/; ...," t>.

+6< "L>tur o th Ct>h;," 9. "Chrt th So o #o 2 tur, @ott o th !thr, ot 2 o4to."

+7< D Trt, ., 4. 7, "Th So o #o ot / #o-- #o 2 o4to, or #o 2 ;t4hor J o4tu, > >ou>u4tuK."

It ;t to u44o Ao4to; to ;r ru>tto oNtor;.+1< It @r 8th th /ttr r4ut@ th tr;

"Mothr o #o" 44/ to th %r@ Mr2,+< ut t rro;t th t/ 4ot o >o8/@@ th ut2 o 4ro Chrt. ht !/9-- o h; o/ th >h ou o > th>otror2--8h to ; >/r, 8 tht th 4r>t o

Chrtt8o tur >ou/ ot /o@>//2 tr>h@.+3< H throrro thu: Chrt r4>t to H Dt2 #o, So o #o$8th r4>t to H Mhoo H /o #o So o #o, ot >, ut 2 @ t to uo 8th H;, 8ho >#o, So o #o. Thror Chrt, u/ H r H hu;t2ro; th > o #o, ;ut ;, r4>t o ththu;t2, So o #o o/2 u>u4t . Th r/to o Bu thM to #o h 4rrr to >r 2 th tr; Ao4to-- 8or otou S>r4tur th >o>to, "ut," 2 !/9, ";4/thr,+F< or 8ht o4to o, t ot />to,

u;4to Ju>4toK." Th tr; t/ 8 o out ou 2E/4u th #oth> Ltur@2$+5< h ;ot //2 u t t rt 8thothou@ht o r@ ;t4h2>/ >uo o o ott2 4ot.=@rou@ht to t, ho8r, or u@ th 8or 2 tho 8ho; h ;h>>/t>/ ror, h 8 / to t ro; tur//to >o8/@ h;/ th 8ro@. " > /2 /," 2Ehur, "tht E/4u, 8ho 44r to h th >h uthoro

th hr2 t th t;, // to t t rt ro; @or> rtt/2, ot 44r o4/2 hrt>, t//,;oho h rror, h rro@t/2 ott/2 4oto 8h>hhh o/2 t u4 throu@h @or>."+6<

E/4u /o ; to h 44/ to !/9+7< or h o4o oChrt Soh4$ th /ttr, 8ho 8 ; o @rt 4trto>ut, rt or;u/t th 8 o>tr, tt@ h 8rthtChrt ;ut >or 8th r@r to H Dt2 tru/2 #oSo o #o, ut 8th r@r to H Mhoo, So o #o ;o/2, 2 o4to.

+1< S =/ut, "D>t. o R/@.," rt>/ o Ao4to;.

+< Nr, . 3. =/ut J1.1.K 2 ut th >otrr2.

+3< Nr, . 0.

+F< A/>u >otr !/>;, . >. ).

+5< "E/4. A/u;," >, 11. Ao4to u;4to J+#r: /4<K o>>ur JK th M >o Do;: o4t ho; 4o$ JK th 4r2r trt r

P>h: o4to @rt$ J>K tht A>o: o4to; >r. Th Cou>/ o !rurt J7*FK r th uthor o th /tur@2 hrt> Jo /o A/>uK th ; >u o th Sr> >o?ut S !/ur2, . F3.

+6< Ehur, "Drtto," >. 6. Nr, . 17, h th

; r;r othr 8or.

+7< S =/ut, Art. o Ao4to;.

To @ o th / o 8h>h th >otror2 8 >rr o,t8// >r2 to tt o; o th r@u;t o !/9, >rt > A/>u ror. Th r:--

J.K "I Chrt, ;, ot th o4t So o #o, th ;utH Mhoo r ro; th > o #o >o?ut/2 ;uto;th@ rt ro; th ;hoo o ;."+1< To th A/>u >

o/2o44o othr /;;, 8h>h, ho8r, ;or o th tur o ?u/. "I," h 2, "Chrt o4t So o #o, Chrt/o #o, th #o th o4t So o #o"+< Hr A/>u>oouth 4r>t o Chrt t8o tur--th r2 th@ !/94rott@t-- u th r@u;t thu ot @t tht o>tr o!/9, 8h>h 8 o th r2 / o 2 tr>h@ o4r>t.

J.K Chrt 4o o o;t; So o D, o;t;

Soo #o. 4ro > o/2 h t8o thr, o o th o4t thr. So t 8th Chrt. A/>u 8r: "A ;Jo2 ou/K >// th o o h thr, o Chrt J#o ;K >// So o #o."+3< =ut to tho 8ho 2 tht ; ou/ r ro; h thr, th r@u;t 8ou/ >rr2 o 8@ht.

J>.K Chrt too 4oto o tur/ 4> to8r #oor o th o/utr2 u;o 8h>h H o8 to H !thr #o.+F< Th 4> !/9 94r 2 th tr; ru>oto/, 44/ to Bu.+5< H ;2 h th@ oMtt.9. ), "=ho/ ;2 rt, 8ho; I h >ho$" St Pu/ E4.toPh/44. . 7, "H too u4o. H; th or; o rt, 8; th / o ;."+6< r 4rh4 h h h ;, ththor2o th /u> o Moh;;; tru, tho 4@ o th&or8h>h 4 o Chrt rt, , "Chrt oth ot 4rou/2to rt uto #o,"+7< , "Bu o othr th rt."+)<

J.K To 4ro tht S>r4tur r>o@ t>to t8Chrt

th M Chrt th #o, !/9 44/ to Lu 9. 1*, "h2>//t thou M @oo Thr o @oo, o, #o$" Mr9. 3, " tht 2, or tht hour, o8th o o, ot th@/ h, thr th So, ut th !thr." T9t u>h th> o/2 ;t 2 rr> to othr t9t, u>h Boh . 16,

8hr #o to h @ H o/2 @ott So to ur thu4o th Cro.

+1< A/>u >otr !/>;, . >. 1.

+< A/>u J., . >. 13K /o 8r: "I Chrt th o4t So o #o, >u ;, h >ou/ ot o #o ut>: th ;ut h /o Mr2 o4t o r4>t to h Dt2. =ut th Mr2 >ot th ;othr o #o." =ut th A/>u th ;4ou >o>/uo. C4. /o Cotr !/>., . >. .

+3< Cotr !/>, . >. .

+F< C4. 1 Corth, 9. 3, "Th H o Chrt #o." Th 4oto o 4> 8 u, 2 !/9, " @o/tt; t %r@, ?u >//; D hu;/ o> 4rotttur."

+5< C4. E/4u "Coo o !th": "... 4r tu; D ;u/ t ho; !/u;, o4tu; hu;tt t ?u?u; o4tu; Dtt ... ?u t Du tr Do JBoh 9. 35K ... ?u, >oor; ut o; >t hu> !/o D >uu; @rt;, 4ro>to t >u; o4to JutK o4t, t >u; o>to o>t, t >u; Chrto Chrt, t >u; ro r."

+6< C. A>t . 13.

+7< &or, . . 170.

+)< &or, 9/. . 5*.

Co>@, th, tht t 8 /o@>//2 >r2 to 4 o ChrtthM So o #o 2 o4to, !/9 2t ;t tht th o4to,thou@h th ; +1< tht 8h>h / u to >r2 A,!thr, 2t 8 ;or 9>//t @r, 4rh44>>//2h@hr. It r /o ro; ; o4to ot @ trtot 4t;, > Chrt 4t; 8 o/2 th 4ot t 8h>h Ho4to 8 out8r/2 ; ;t 2 @ o ;r>u/ou 4o8r,8h>h>otu t// th rurr>to. Chrt o4to-->>or@ to!/9,8 u; t H >o>4to, "H hu;t2 /o4@ >>or>8th t o8 /8, ut uo 8th th Lo@o."+< It 8// tht thou@h !/9 8h to 4 >/r th t>to t8 Chrt#o, M, 2t h ot >rr2 th 4rto o r to>o8/@ t8o 4ro Chrt. "Th Ao4tot >o8/@ thut2 o Pro, ut ;t 2 th u9t4oto o t8o t>t4ro/ @ u>h 82 tht th So o #o hou/ r>o@ th h>/ or // 4r>t, ut ot o >/o ;r to

;out to or4to o th hu; 4ro/t2 to th DPro."+3< Th t8o tur o Chrt h rt 2 th Chur>h@t th Moo4h2t, th t8o 8// @t th Mooth/t,ut th Chur>h r 8t o to ;t th t8o Pro.+F< th r@rtoth >otto o !/9, 8 r >o?ut/2 r to th >o>/uo

tht thr th 4ro/t2 >r to Chrt 8 " ;rtr>to, ;t4h2>/ / o@ t8o t//2 >o;4t/ tur,"+5<ortht th 4ut 8 o/2 out ;, tht 2 o4t o !/9th othr ;t oth@ r//2 rt ro; th orthoo9 o>tr.+6<

+1< S Boh 9. 35. C4. Nr, . 4. .

+< Nr J/./.K =/ut, Art. o Ao4t., 4ut th rt/2: "Thr 8r J>>or@ to !/9K t8o rth our

Lor /--JK th u;4to o ; t th >o>4to$ JK th o4to o tht ; t 4t;. C4. Cotr !/>., . 16: "(u t S>uu A;, >>4t h @; @rto$ 4r;; ?u >uu; >r; t, >uu; ro 4rtt;, ?u 4r o4to; t, ; r;4tor otr >uu; ho;; >o;4/9u, ;t 4o >ott, 4r;; />t, ?u; u>4t 9 r@ >o, >u; ro ?u; tt />ro + < ;ortu rur@o."

+3< =/ut, rt>/ o Ao4t.

+F< C4. P>hu: "I Chrto @; utt, o @; 4ro t, ?u 4ro 4ro; >ou;r 4ott, utt

ro utt; o 4ott, ?u; 4ro r ur t, utt r tur."

+5< =/ut, . C4. /o A/>u >otr !/>., . 5, 8hr h 2 tht !/9, /thou@h h hr ro; rt@ th u/ 4ro/t2 o Chrt, 2t t o 4ot 8h>h o/ t.

+6< So />hu.

Th rt ;to o th 8 thor2 44r /ttr o E/4utoth Aot !/, 8rtt 7)3,+1< ut t ot ttr>t ot>t// /tt/ /tr. Th 4o4 Ar, h /ttr to th orthoo9ho4 o S4 J7)5K, 4 o th ;/>ho/2 8 o th hr2h@ r>h h;-- hr2, h r;r, r or 4ro4ou,u/ 2 Ntoru. To@thr 8th E/4u, h ;to A>ru,+<=ho4 o =r@, 8ho; E/4u h 8o or to h 8. Th 8o>tr ; to h ; t 82 ?u>/2 or @rt 4rt oS4,+3< 8h/ !/9 4ro4@t t 8th >or/ u>> S4t;. Th >h;4o o th orthoo9 4rt2 S4 8r =tuEthru, 8ho; 8 h ;to o, Thuu/, =ho4 oS//$8h/ 2o t orr A/>u, Pu/u o A?u/, A@or oL2o, ur th r>to o Chr/ th #rt th Po4,th orthoo9 4oto.

+1< S M@, *6 4. )F).

+< !/ur2, . 36, ;to /ttr o h to E/4u, @ th /ttr o4o o o; outu/ 4ot th 8 o>tr.

+3< Bo o r/, h 8or @t C/uu, 2: "H> ru/t o>tr utr?u H4; ;@ 9 4rt >t."

!/9, @ ho4 4ro> o 8h>h Chr/ >/; thor/orh4, 8 ;/ to h >>/t>/ u4ror, uror h o4o t thr h$ ut E/4u, /@ ur Moh;; @or;t, >ou/ o/2 r>h 2 letters or ;@.H; to h r> o;th@ ;or th ;r @tu44ortro; th Ar, 8 r r@ht o tr4rt@ 4@ th

/ttr o =tu Ethru.+1< =ut t hr to / thtE/4u 8 o u>h r/2 tr; 8th th Ar uthort$,ro; 4@ h 8rt@, 8 hou/ r tht th o44ot 8rthr th >.+< Nr u@@t tht t ;2 h #oth>@ #/> 8ho u44ort E/4u, ut th ; ;oru//2 th th othr u44oto.

Th rt >ou>/ >// to >or th ?uto 8 h/ 2 thu@@to o th E;4ror th Po4 t Nro 7)), 8h thhr2 8 >o; 2 t8t2- ho4 o #u/.+3<

A ;/r 4ro>/ >ou>/ 8 h/ 2 Pu/u t !ru/ 7*1,

8thth ; ru/t.+F< =ut th o//o8@ 2r th hr2 8or;//2>o; t u// >ou>/ h/ t Rto, ur th 4r>2 oth E;4ror. Hr !/9 ur h rror, 8 t to Ro; to urthr >o; 2 th Po4, tht th 8ho/ tr Chur>h ;@htt>to th ;ttr. !/9 8 thr u> to 8rt oo>o;@h o8 rror, ut 4t o th h 8 ot rtor to h .+5< h rtur, ho8r, to S4, !/9 r/4 to h o/ hr2,8h>h h h r r//2 ur.+6<

+1< I. >. 13. "Et 4>o4u ;tro4o/tu t 4r>4 trr 4r >rt; >h;t hrt>oru;, uu r @/o, /tr r@ r@; u/>>, trr tr utu urtur." S o th 4@ Nr, . 7, >4. >. 65, "hrt>u t; >r4turru; o >t rto;, >u; 4ottu >u/ >>/; >r ?urt."

+< E/4. . A/u;, >. 7--"44ro @t />t o 4ou;u t r>rr >u>t$" /o, A !/>. "?uot 4 ?uu ur;u 4otu ?u; ;u."

+3< Thr r o; out out th >ou>/.

+F< !/ur2, . 36. H/ t t 7*6.

+5< S /ttr o S4h ho4 to Chr/, @ or !/9 rtorto J7*FK.

+6< Lo III. o h;, t >ou>/ h/ Ro; J7**K: "!u@ 4@o >oto 4rurtu >tu t." S !ro, "Drt," >. F$ 4u M@, >, 44. 305-336.

I 7* A/>u 8 u;;o ro; E@/ to >o; thorthoo94oto. H 8rot t o> to !/9 /2 /ttr, ;oh@ h;oh rror, >o8/@@ tht // h 4rou uttr> otho/o@2 h ou tru. !/9 8r th /ttr, ut hr4/2 ot 4rr. To th ;, or o//o8@, 2r /o@ th/ttr o E/4u th ho4 o S4 to Chr/ thho4o #u/, @ thr o>tr, @ or th rtorto o!/9.

I 7*F 8 h/ othr >ou>/ t !rurt, t 8h>h A/>u othrE@/h >/r@2 8r 4rt. !/9 8 u;;o to tt, hrhhr2 @ >o; th;t, th >r to th >t@ t to E/4u.+1< A/>u oo 8 r 2 Chr/, tto S4t; 2 th h o th ot =>t.

Th 9t >ou>/ 8 h/ t Ro; 7*) to >or; th o t!rurt.+; out !/9 8r to A/>u, t 2 h;rt to E/4u, , tr @ h8 to th Coro >/r@2,t

o to Chr/. A/>u >hr@ to 8r t, 8th Pu/u thPo4 h >outor.

I th ; 2r othr >ou>/ 8 h/ t A9, 8hr A/>u r@uor 8 8th !/9, 44rt/2 >o> h;, or !/9 @r>t, 8rot >oo o th >r@ th 8oro4to, ut t// 4rr@ th t>to o 4r>t/o@@to th t8o tur.+3< A/>u oo, tr @ r 2 Chr/,8 4u/h )00 A.D. Prou/2 to th h h 8rtt toE/4u,8ho 8r o ;ur tr;, >>u@ A/>u, ;o@ othrth@,o or;ou 8/th. Th /ttr 8 t throu@h !/9, , 8r,A/>u 8rot th oo @t E/4u, 8h>h 8 o8 h, 8h>h8 th ; o >ort@ t8t2 thou hrt> #oth> #u/.+F<=ut 4t o E;4ror or Po4, o th oo o A/>u, or thth; o th >ou>/, thr !/9 or E/4u r//2 @ u4h 8 o>tr, th or;r >otu to ; >ort.E/4u, thou@h r2 o/+5< t th t; J)00 A.D.K, / t2r/o@r, !/9 ur h; @ht 2r$+6< th2 oth 4rt@ thr rror.+7<

+1< !/ur2, . F3, 2 thr 8 o th;$ ut M@, 9>. )5), @ u th >o: "Ath;tGt to ;4 > hr E/4 To/t E4>o4, t !/9

J>K r@//t, oru;?u ?u>u;."

+< Nr, . ).

+3< I., 4. 3.

+F< !ro, >, ). Nr 2 10,000.

+5< A/>u . E/4. Pr> to Lr: "No 4ro u ttu;;oo /or /ut, ?u; t;o or >tu / ;ort 4rr4tu; 4ro4tr >r4t; o >tut;."

+6< r 4rh4 9.

+7< No r/> > 4/> th tt;t o th Puo-Lut4r, 8ho, /ttr to R>;uu, 4@ o E/4u, 2: "Pot?u; //u rror u o4to Chrt ro t r 4otut, ?uo ;tu; >o>/u; J7*5K 4>o4oru; ... >o//@t$ t >or; o;u urto

4u/> rror ; >t >>/ Ro; >ou t." Th 8or t/> r/ /tr h. C4. /o >. 5* Bu/u. A/>u, /ttr to A?u/, ho4 o S/ur2, 2 tht E/4u )00 A.D. t// hr to h rror.

h /t o;8ht t /@th 8th th Ao4tot hr2, othro;t trt ;4ort>, >u, ;to o, thrro; ro or th@ tht t 8 th out>o; o 8h to>o>/t Moh;; o4o. It 8// 8// to r>4tu/tu>h

> 8 h ot o th 4ot. =ut 8 ;ut ot 94>t to th tr> o Moh;; /u> th /o4;t, o ;u>h th or@to, o th thor2. ht 8 o /@ht ou@h,;out@ to o ;or th th:--

J.K Tht th o 4ot, 8h>h r4// th Moh;; ro; @uChrtt2--tt@ or ;o;t th tr>t/ ;2tr2oth Trt2--8 th Dt2 o Chrt. A2th@, thror, thtt to ;4h th hu;t2 o Bu, or to o>ur th @rt>to Chrt th M, @ So o #o, 8h>h ou o o toMoh;; r, 8ou/ o r r@ th Chrt >r rr to thMoh;; >>4t>, 2 ;/t@ th Chrt >o>4to oChrt, to tht 8h>h 44r o ot th &or.+1< Thr > oout tht th thor2 o o4to, >rr to t /o@>/>o>/uo, >otrut to th ru/t:

J.K Tht E/4u 8 >>u o r>@ th h/4 o th>u/rr; ;t@ h hrt>/ o4o:

J>.K Tht th 44/>to o th tr; Srt to Chrt, @ uthor 2 t9t ro; S>r4tur, >out> t8o4@ ro; th &or:

J.K Tht Lo III., 4@ o, !/9 rtur to S4, h

r/4 to rror, ;4/ tht t 8 u to h r8 >ot>t8th/ 8ho h/ ;/r 8:

J.K Tht 4@, ?uot 2 Ehur, E/4u toh

/ot h ho/ o th truth >o?u> o h >/o tr>our8thth Ar:

J.K Tht E/4u >>u Ethru o @ / 4ro4ht, tht, or @@, h >o>tur, Moh;; tr4rttototh =t th R/to o St Boh.

So;th@ ;ut o8 o o ;or o>tr, 8h>h, thou@h t ot r S4, or 4rh4 ;u>h >t t, 2t 8 or@t2 S4r, >4/ o !/9,+<--C/uu, =ho4 o Tur.

So;h th o>tr, 8h>h 8 ohoot o I>oo>/;,tr>o Ao4to;, th@ ot u//2 t/.+3<

th r/to o C/uu to th Sr> 8 h th r>ttt;t o o o h o44ot, 8ho tht th B8 4rh;, >// h; th 8t ;o@ th Chrt$ tht h o hh@h/2 >o;; th; th Sr>.+F< Yt h t>2 ;toh @t th BuG@ o th Chur>h.+5<

+1< !t2 2r /tr A/r J"I. Lu;.," >. *K, >>u >rt Chrt o ;/@ thr r/@o ur r o 4r>uto:--"Du; Chrtu; o 4rt >or; J.. Sr>K u@t r;ou 4rorut, %ru; D t S4rtu;, ut // rut, 4rott, u?u >oo >or, ?u Do o; 4>t, rt."

+< Bo o r/ JM@, >. 4. 330K >// h; o, 2 /8hr, "!/9 ru>tur C/uo."

+3< Nr, . 11*.

+F< !/ur2, . 3*).

+5< Nr, . 15.

Th @rt I>oo>/t> ror;, 8h>h ro th Et, uout/2r> t or@t@ ;4u/ ro; th Mo/;. I 71* th &h/tro2 // ;@ S2r. H 9;4/ 8 o//o8 730 2 thEtr E;4ror, Lo th Iur. H to h 4rutoth ;ur 2 ; ; =Gr, 8ho h o; 2r >4tt2;o@ th Sr>.+1ou>/ o Cotto4/>o; ;@. Uortut/2 thr th @rt 4trr>ht orthPo4 8r r4rt, o th >ou>/ r ot-th>to

o // Chrto;$ t >r 8r rr 7)7 t thCou>/o N>. I 7*0 44r th Lr Cro/, 8h>h 8 ro> to our E@/h A/>u h/4@ Chr/ th #rt to ; 4o8ru/ro/ 4rott @t th 8orh4 o ;@.+/ o !rurt. =ut th Po4, h;/t,+3< th ;o, ; truou o44oto to 2 ror; th?urtr, th r>o@to o ;@ >; 4rt 4r>/ oRo;Ctho/> Chrtt2.

C/uu 8 ; ho4 o Tur )).+F< Thou@h 4/> or It/ o>, h oo h8 th 4>, 8h>h h h; th r r o S4, 8hr th Moh;; u4r;>2 h t /tth t@ o ;@ th u4r;>2 o th Po4 ;4o/. !@

tht th 4o4/ o h o> 4 8orh4 to thr ;@, C/uut to 8or to >, ur, o/h, // ;@ >ro hho4r>. I r4>t to th >ro h 8t urthr th othrI>oo>/t, 8h>h 8 > 4rh4 tr> h Ao4tot tr@.+5<

Th 8 8 ot, ;@ht 94>t, our 8th thCtho/> 4rt2, 8ho >u 8 t u4 2 Tho;r, ot oN;, r o C/uu, 2 Bo o r/, Du@/, Irh4rt.=ut, th > o !/9, th hrr>h 8 ;or th ;t>h

orh o44ot r@u;t.+6<

+1< !/ur2, 9/. . 1, 2 h 8 4ott. S Mh;, Sth #r/ Cou>/, Itro., 44. 9. 9.

+< "Aorto; o/ Do t; ;@u ;4rtr ut @t t, ut>u;?u @tur, ut , / 4otu /tt, 4rt>tr tur."--III. >. F.

"I;@ ro, o; >u/tur t orto >/u, utru; /> 4ro4tr ;;or; rru; @tru; t, u//u; Ctho/> rr 4otrut 4ru>u;, ?u44 >u; 4r@ otr /ut ;2tr u//u; 4tu o>u; hr o>tur."--III. >. 1.

+3< Pr>ott.

+F< Nr 2 )1F, HrGo@ )0.

+5< Nr, . 11*. Th S4h Chrt 8r ot r ro; th >hr@ o or@ th >ro, 8 > ro; th 8r o th &h/ A//h J)))K 8h to / h rothr o2 t =otro: h// I, h , / ;2 rothr o2 to th ;r>2 o tho 8ho r@ // or th >ro. Ibn H22, 4u A/ M., . FF6.

+6< !/ur2, . 3*), >o tht th > o th ;@-8orh44r rt ;/2 o trto th u@ o

th Chur>h--;@ tht th2 > r8 o u44ort ro; th =/. H ;@ht h r;;r Mtt. 9. 7--"Y ; o th or o #o >u o 2our trto."

C/uu o8 > h /ot, ut 8 @thr h 8 ro; ho44ot ?uotto o th;.

=r/2 94r, th2 r o//o8:--

J.K I;@-8orh4 r//2 o/-8orh4:

J.K I ;@ r to or, ;u>h ;or hou/ tho /@@ or, 8ho; th ;@ r4rt. =ut 8 r ot 4r;tt toor#o 8or, ;u>h / ;2 8 8orh4 th 8or o ;:+1<

J>.K Th >ro h o >/; to or, >u Bu 8t

to t: / ;ut 8 or othr th@ 8th 8h>h Bu 8 ;/r/2>o>t$ r@, or 9;4/, or Chrt 8 ;oth r@ 8o;$ ;@r, , h4, thor, or 8th // thBu8 >o>t. To or th >ro 8 h r to/, ut tort,+< tht to 2 our/. Tho @r//2 r th rt toor t, 8ho r /t r2 to r t thr 4rtu//2 or4h2>//2.+3<

C/uu /o h r2 4t 8 o th ?uto o 44/u4r;>2.+F< =@ u;;o or >ou>/, 8th ;or 8o; th!/9, h ru to tt t, o8@ tht h >u 8ou/

4ru@, >ott h;/ 8th >//@ th 4ro4o ;/2 >o@r@to o . H )3* >ur 4oo o h, 8th h I>oo>/t> / uh.

Su>h 8r th hr 8h>h >o>t th;/ 8th S4 ur@ thrt thr hur 2r o Ar o;to, 8h>h ; to h, 4rt t /t, u to Moh;; /u>. ;or thr8,th A/@ hr2, 8h>h ro out o hur t2 2r/tr, 8 4rh4 th out>o; o tr>our 8th thMoh;;;o S4.+5<

+1< Bo o r/, 4u M@, o/. >. 4. 36.

+< Lu 9. 7.

+3< Bo, 4u M@, o/. >. 4. 351.

+F< S A449 =, 44. 161-173.

+5< So =/ut. It ou o//o8r Lo. S Mr, 9. , ro; Lu> o Tu2.

CHAPTER .

SCIAL IN!LUENCE ! CHRISTIANITY.

H@ >or th >t o Moh;;; o o>tr/Chrtt2

Jthr r o tr> o ;/r >t o o>tr/ Moh;;;K,t8// // 8th th >o4 o our ?ur2 to t;t th 9tt to8h>h tho /u> 8r r>4ro>//2 /t 2 th t8o r/@o thr o>/ t//>tu/ 4>t$ ho8 r th >hr>tr o Chrt or Moh;; 8 /tr 2 >ot>t 8th 4o4/4ro@ >r o /, 2t o u/.+1< Th /u> 8h// ;or tro@/2 ;t th >to o Chrtt2 oI/;, th th rr.

It 8// o8 tht Moh;;, thou@h h o4o to ;o ;toh r+< ro; t; to t;, r4ort to h 94r/2

>/rtht h 8ou/ h o ;o h r/@o.+3< Aur, hu>>or,-- #o tr/to ;2 trut,-- h ;r>h@orr to th r;2, to/ th; to /t ;o thr ;otr/o.+F< It 8 ot /o@, ho8r, or orr o trt;o--th ?ur--ro ;o@ th Mo/;. I othr 4rt o thro;o th >; r>o@, o; 82 4r/@,>/$ut A/u th2 ot r> ;u>h >our@;t,+5< thou@hth28r r2 u;rou thr. Mot o th;, 2 th Arhtor,+6< 8r oth@ ;or th @@r, / ut u8//@ to8or. Th r;r, ho8r, h t// u, ;ut ot 44/ to //,

"or thr 8r ;o@ th; ; 8ho, ;o 2 t;t o 4t2 oto, /t th 8or/ t t, thr rtr to>ot to 4 th r;r o thr 2 ;o@ rthr o th;>o;;ut2, or 4utt@ o th r8Gh, @r4@ th ?urt,8t throu@h th >outr2 @@@ >t2 4tt>, ;o@ ththu/ to >o;4o 2 thr 8rt>h ro/t@ 44r>."ThtMo/; ;or 9t, 4>//2 rthr /tr t;, 8 >@thr ro; th o 4@ ro; othr 4/>,+7< 8hr >ot>// 82tu /Mhru Jth >ot o th urtK ;to. tht 4@ D #2@o+)< h trt@ ot, 8h>h h?uotro; Ar> 8rtr >>out o ;ot> t/h;t rM/@.+*< Th 8rtr 2: "I 8 o ;out, >/o to th >t2,>ot, 8h>h 8 th r> o r/ r/@ou ; /@ >o;;ut2, >ort 8th th 4r>4/ o Su;: th2 h u4ror to 4r or th;, o or ;or rt to tt tothr 8t. Thr tr/ r@u/to r r//2 ;r/$ >h?ur / 4rt/2 >// o h o8, ;t h >o;ro/2 t ;/ or 4r2r. Er2 ;or@ t 2r th rt oth>o;;ut2 @o rou to >h ?ur, ?ur o h; 8ht 4rooh8h to h or h /2 >ou;4to.... Th2 r r 8th t8o

;/ 2. Thr r >ot o >or 8oo// ro>, t8o@//o8 2r/2 or >h ;--o or 8tr, othr or u;;r. E>h?ur urh /8 8th r@u/r //o8> o u@r, o4to8h h >/oth, o/ or h /;4, ;// u; o ;o2 to

ttth th, // th rt>/ @ trut to th; r2!r2....Mot o th ?ur r >h/or, 8 o/2 @ ;rr. Th/8th thr 8 4rt 4rt o th u/@, ut r u>ttoth ; ru/, 8h>h >ot tt@ th /2 4r2r,/4@ t th >ot, ;t@ to@thr /ot2-u/t>h;r, 8hr th2 4ror; >rt oto.... I th ;or@ >h?ur t h &or r th rt >h4tr, th tht oth @$+10< 8h th r@ or, &or, 4rou/2

to >to, rou@ht or >h ; to r tur, ut/ th8ho/ >o;4/t. !r2 othr-t/ th ?ur ro/@ to @o to th ;o?u o2, 4r> 2 thr u4ror....Th2 r ot t 2 @ut, 8ho; th2 trt or /o@t;,u44/2@ th; 8th oo othr >r. Th or;/tor8th th; r o//o8:--I tr@r 4rt h;/ t th ooroth >ot th @r o ?ur, ;/2, 8th @r/ rou h8t, h /@-;t u4 t8 h hou/r, h t h r@ht h, h r@ / h /t, th 4ortr oth

>ot >o; u4 to h; ;;t/2, 8ht >outr2 h >o;ro;, 8ht >ot h h r , or tr o th ro, 8ho 8th u4ror o t, othr 4rt>u/r, to >rt tht thtor ot ;4otor.... Th >ot 8 4/tu//2 o8 8thrtor th u44ort o t ;t, or th >or/ ru/ 8h>h 8 4ro 2 t our, 8/th2 >tG o M/@,8ho h @oror o th >t2 ur th A/;oh, 4ou ; r>otu//2 @ to th u thr 2 ?ut / or 2oto ;o2."

Th r;/> t8 th ?ur Chrt ;o u>t/2 oou, ot /t u4o: thou@h th4rt>u/r >ot 8 t/h t /tr t;, 8 >ot outthtth /u>, 8h>h 4rou> u>h ;o>to o th r2 4rtoI/;, ;ut h ; t/ /t ;u>h r/r. Th 44rt th/o@ou > o Mo/; u, 4@ ro; Ar 8rtr ;toh8,+11< 8hr t tht th o2 o th Moorh @, #h8rJ1030-10F3K, 8 o//o8 to th @r 2 th ;/ 8ho hrtr to o/tu.

+1< Moh;;; >// hr2 2 8rtr ?uot 2 Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. FF.

+< &or. . )5--"Thou h/t tho to ;ot >// to trt rh4 or th tru /r 8ho 2, r Chrt. Th >o; to 4, >u thr r 4rt ;o ;o@ th;." &or. /. 7--"A to th ;ot> tt JDu /o?uturK, th Chrt ttut th ; J8 ot

4r>r t or th;K o/2 out o r to 4/ #o, 2t th2 or ot th ; t ou@ht tru/2 to or." S /o &or. 9. 3F--"%r/2 ;2 o th 4rt ;o our th ut> o ; t2, otru>t th 82 o #o$" &or. 99. 55.

+3< &or. . )*. S/ ot.

+F< So A/;Gor 4r th ;o o Co;4ot//. A/ Mr, . 0*.

+5< S th trt@ >>out, ., . 11F.

+6< A/ Mr.

+7< A/ Mr, . 115.

+)< I., . 4. F06, ot.

+*tur2.

+10< Ch4tr 67.

+11< Co, . 15F. U/ th 8rtr rrr@ to Chrt u.

=ut or o >o42@ th ttuto o Chrtt2, I/;h8 @ o h@ >o; to >rt 9tt 4r 8th Chrt 4rt. It 2 to ;t u>h th@, ut tho//o8@ >ot r ;or 4@ 8th th =/ th th&or.H>h; I. J7))-7*6K h /t 8or to h o, H; I., :"Cor 8// tht // ;4r th h o #o, 8ho to8thto 8ho; H 8//, ro; 8ho; H 8// H tth t 82.+1< =ut>#o hth @ to u th ro2/ uthort2 4o8r, 8h>h ourh 2 H @oo o/2, /t u o2 H ho/2 8//, 8h>h oothrth tht 8 o @oo to // ;,+< 4>/ to tho 4/>ur our 4rot>to. S thou thror, ;2 o, tht thoutrut?u/ ut> to r>h 4oor, or 4r;t tht 2 8ro@ oro44ro >o;;tt th2 @o;, or 2 ut> th ro to4rto.= >/;t, o r@ht to // 8ho 4 u4o th, or // r th>rtur o #o."+3<

Th o 8 ot ror to th thr, >4/, th o//o8@tor2 h8, o th ;ot Chrt @rot2.+F< o th ?ur8hoh r// @t H; @ >4tur rou@ht to th4r>o th @, ot hr h @otr2 ht ro; t//@ th

Su/t tht ht@ h; h 8 o2@ #o. H; 8r: "H 8ho th, thou 2t, ht ;, ; 4ro th. #o, /#o 4rot>to."+5<

+1< D/, . 5, &or, . . F*--"#o @th H

@o; uto 8ho; H 4/th$" &or, . . F.

+< #/t . 0--"Lt u o @oo uto // ;, 4>//2 uto th; tht r o th houho/ o th."

+3< Co, . F0.

+F< It r to tt tht H; I. 8 ot /82 o @rou.

+5< L-Poo/, "Stor2 o th Moor," 4. 77.

Pro th Moh;; 8r to u4rtto, ;2 r th

;r>/ 8or, 8h>h r >r thr htor, t ;ut>o8/@ tht thr >4>t2 or ;@@ /@ ;r>/ r ?u// tht o Chrt 4rt th M/ A@.+1<

hr o o o Moh;; 44r@ to Tr, thro S4$+< o ;r>u/ou 4r@ @uh@ orth t th 4r2r oAribn Nr$+3< o th ;r//ou >4 o ;r$+F< o th 8or thtt@uh th >or4 o th ;urr Ho$ o th oh8@

th to; o Au A2u$+5< ut oth@ tht 8// r >o;4ro 8thth to o St B; o2 t Ir !/ JProK, or th>/u;2 u/uh@ or@r2 o r/> t #r th 2r o thAr;.+6< Yt th o//o8@ tor2 o = ibn Moh/, ro; A/&uh2r,+7< r; u or>/2 o ;/r ;oh 9tr@>. A8o; >; to =, tht, hr o @ 4ror thho th !r, h t to // hr hou @o r>h oh;$ut or o@ o h h >. L@ hr or ;o;t hr?ut hr to 8t or h 8r. H th 8t out 4r2rt/2 or hr o r/, t//@ th ;othr 8ht h ho, ; hr. So; t; tr th ;othr >; > 8th hroto th = or h 4ou trr>, 8h>h h 4ro>ur hror/. Th o th to/ h tor2:--"I 8 th @ /, uto @o out /2 8th ;2 rothr / to >rt 8or o 8h>h 88r;4/o2. 2, 8 8r @o@ I /t // o u ;2ttr 8r @ o> o. I /oo o8 to ;2 t, 8h /o I8 th h2 ro // o8 ro o >h ." Th 4>tortur//2 >hr@ h; 8th tr2@ to >4, ut h o oth,2@ tht h ttr h // o 8thout h o8@ ho8. Th28r th rt o @ 8th to/ /, ut @ // o.Th 2outh @o o:--"Th Chrt th >ou/t thr 4rt oth

;r>u/ou o>>urr>, o o th; >; to ; ?ur8hthr Ih thr. I No, ut I h ;othr. //, th, th4rt to th Chrt, #o, o out, h /t to hr4r2r.St h; t /rt2," 8h>h 8 ;;t/2 o. A t-o to

ththr r;r/ t> o ro; ro; u4rtto r>oro&@ A/;uhrJ))1-K.+)< th o>>o o rth?u, th4o4/@ @rt/2 /r;, /oo@ u4o t r>t tr4otoo#o, th /@ht 4r> h t to >o> th; tht u>hth@ 8r tur/ 4ho;, h o r/to to th @oo or/tht ; ,+*< h8@ tht th rth tr;/ or Chrt Mo/; /, or th ;ot o>t 8// th ;ot urou o>rtur 8thout t>to. Th2, ho8r, ru to

>o>.

+1< S th tor2 o Athu/4hu, =ho4 o Co;4ot//, th u//--A/oo o =ur@o, >h. 66: ; 8//o8 u4 2 th rth--Mr, . F: S>ho th #rt r; 8thr rtor--I., >. 10: S// hrt> >rr o 2 th / @ht o /r@ >o@r@to--Ior o =, >. 6*: th ;r>/ o th ro J1050K--Mr. 9. 3.

+< Cro, . 4. 7.

+3< I, 4. 3).

+F< S >/2.

+5< #o, "or u>h r th ;u>tur o r2 r/@o," 4. 115.

+6< S #, M>//. Tr>t, " >>out o MSS. r/> ou t #r." =ut 8 ;ut r;;r tht th ;r>u/ou 4ho; 44r ;u>h r/r th htor2 o I/; th o Chrtt2.

+7< A/ Mr, . 1*$ >4. Co, . 355.

+)< Co, . 317.

+*< C4. Mtt. . F5: Lu 9. F.

Th 4> o thou@ht A/;uhr 8 4rh4 out>o; otht4h/oo4h> 4rt 8h>h rt h8 t/ S4 th r@ oth Su/t 4r>or.+1< Th 4h/oo4hGr 8r /oo u4o8thhorror 2 th tho/o@, 8ho 8or u4o th 4o4/, o tht tt;th2 8r r2 to to ur th r-thr.+< Th 8or oIu assara, 4ro;t ;;r o th >hoo/, 8r urt 4u/>/2tCoro$+3< th @rt A/;Gor, thou@h h;/, / th @rtCr, rt to u>h ?uto,+F< 2 82 o @@ thu44ort

o th ;, 8 r2, or 4rt to r2, to 9>ut o oth 4h/oo4hr. At /@th, 8th @ r/u>t>, h @rtth; / t th r?ut o /r ?u.+5<

E ;o@ th Moh;; ">/r@2"-- th tr; //o8/--thr

8rS>4t> Dt,+6< othr 8ho o//o8 th 8/ 4>u/too#r 4h/oo4h2. A;o@ th /t o th, th @rtt ; 8Arro, or ;or >orr>t/2, Au / ibn Roh J116-11*)K, 8ho ho/@ 4>u/r 8 out th hu; ou/ tht 8ou/ /;ot>ottut h; Ptht, tu@ht tht r/@o 8 ot r>h oo8/@ tht >ou/ 2t;t, ut 8r 4ro/ 4o8r:+7<tht science r/@o >ou/ ot u to@thr. 8@ to hro; o thou@ht h 8 h to 4/> r Coro 2 YuuuYu 11*6. H 8 /o 4r>ut 4ut to 4ro 2

Au/;u;,o o A/;ur,+)< or tu2@ tur/ 4h/oo4h2. Aothr otr2oth ; or science, Ibn H, 8 4ut to th 2 th ;@.

+1< DoG2, . 1).

+< A/ M., . 136, 1F1. Th2 8r >// or hrt> 2 th 4ou Mo/;. S /o S o To/o, 4u DoG2, . 10*.

+3< A/ M., . 11.

+F< H 8 u44o to >rt >t to th or tu2 o Ntur/ Science Atro/[email protected]/ M., . 1F1. Yt h /t th ?u ; "9 94ur@toru" o oo to urt.--DoG2, . 115. H ;, Yu A/;ur J11)F-11**K, orr // oo o Lo@> Ph/oo4h2 to urt.

+5< DoG2, . 61.

+6< DoG2, . 6, 63.

+7< S rt>/ th "E>2>/o4. =rt."

+)< A/ M., . 1*). D #2@o, ot, 4ot out tht th 8 ;t: or Au/;u; 8 @rthr o Yu A/;ur, >ou/ ot th @ ;t hr. H thror r, "Yu, o o th = Au/;u;."

S 2 8th, ttr hot/t2 to, th r/rrthr/ th ?u or tho/o@. Th A/u or@//2 /o@toth Moh;; >t o A/ AuG+1< J711-77FK, 8ho o>tr 8rrou@ht to S4 2 th S2r Ar o D;>u. =ut H>h; I.,o>o;@ to th thro, h8 h 4rr> or th o>tr oM/ibn Au,+< >otr tht th2 hou/ u44/t th o@; o A/

AuG. It ;2 tht H>h; I. o/2 h8 /@ to8rM/>r, 8thout 4ru@ othr to >oor; to h 8, ut t //t th >h@ 8 u//2 >>o;4/h th r@ o hu>>or,H; I., 2 th tru;t/t2 o Yh2 ibn Yh2 A/ S2th, Au

Mr8 Au/;/ ibn H,+3< A//h 2 ibn Aurrh;A//h;, thr ot/ tho/o@ o tht r@. Yh2 rturro; 4/@r;@ to th Et )7, ;;t/2 too th / tho44oto or to H; I. o th @rou o h @ /9Muu/;, ut, r/t2, >u h 8ou/ ot @ th ?uou@h4o8r th Stt.+Fo; 4o8ru/ou@hto ;4>h th orthoo92 o 8//-o8 out Muu/;, AuAurrh; ibn Moh/, ut th Su/t, 8th 8 >rto,

>o;;/ t 8 rr, >/r tht th t>to o thU/;8r >/, tht th 94oto o th 8 trtot">o2;u>h uu/ tru>to, >u/>t r2 /u/ 4r>t>."+5<

Eort 8r ; ro; t; to t; to orthro8 th 4rt/2>>2, ot/2 2 #hG/, th "%>tor," h 8>//,"o r/@ou o8/@." Th tt;4t /, th r/ @tuthort2 8 9>o;;u>t.+6< Yt th tr>t/2 o9thoo9 4rt2 otu>> rrt@--to 2 44r>/ 9tt--th 4ro@r o th

>2 8h>h 8 thrt@ to tt> th t>t turoth Moh;; r/@o.+7< It /@ht >to o th, thtth4>u/r Mo/; r @ru//2 @ to @ u4, th tur8o/2 8or 2 ?u,+)< th2 >ou/ ot u> th 4o4/ tortur to ht o> thou@ht o @rt ;4ort>.+*<

+1< A/ M., . F03. D #2@o ot.

+< D 7)0. A/ M., . 113, 3F3, >r th >h@ to H; I.$ uthor ?uot, . 4. F03, >r t to Aurrh; I.

+3< A/ M., . 13.

+F< A/ M., . 113, ;4/ th rr o th. DoG2, . 4. 5*.

+5< Co, . *F.

+6< DoG2, . 55.

+7/ 4r>t> 8r horr 2 th 4o4/. I th &h/, h 2, h >out> 2 u>h, h 8ou/ h tor to 4>.

+)< DoG2, . 71.

+*< A/ Mr, . 10*.

=ut othr ;or ;4ortt r4>t 8 > tht@rt@

>t 8h>h tr>our 8th Chrt h u4o th o>/ttuto o th &or.+1<

J.K , 8h>h 94r/2 or 2 Moh;;,+< 8 ;u>hruthrou@hout th >outr2,+3< th 9;4/ @ ot t 2 th @h;/. H; I. ; to h th rt o th to r thor u>.+F< H ;, H; II. J*61-*76K, ho8r, th> @t th 4r>t> o r@ 8, @ orr or//th h @o; to root u4-- >t 8h>h h r>//t

th t> o h >ou>//or, 8ho 4ot out tht t 8ou/ ru;24oor ;/, 8ou/ ot >ur th /, 8 8ou/ ;u@@/or //>t/2 ; o @ or othr rut. H; >o?ut/2>otth;/ 8th or@ 8 th u o 4rtuou /?uor th;ottr@t tr;.+5< E th ?u h t to r@ 8, th2 th 4r>t> 2 2@ tht th 4rohto ;@ht r@r 2 Mo/;, 8ho 8r @@ 4r4tu/ 8r 8th/.

J.K Mu> 8 ;u>h >u/tt, 2t trtor2 2@ oMoh;;ru thu: "To hr ;u> to @t th /8$ to 4ror; ;u>to @t r/@o$ to o2 ;u> to @u/t2 o/t2."+6< Aurrh; II. J)-)5K 4>/ 8 r2 oo;u>, @ th @rt ;u> r2 or A/ ibn N ho; thCourt, 8h th /ttr 8 r ro; th Et 2 4roo//ou2. Str>t Moh;; /82 4rott @t tho/too thr /8. Th ;4ortt >t o H/t 4rt>u/r, /ouro8 Purt, ; >ru @t th u. Th2 ">u @rt>o;;oto th tth >tur2 =@h 2 tr@ 4o4/ hou 4//@ thr 8, th2 ou 2, t@ th@@-@r/ th2 ;t 8th r@ thr tru;t."+7<

J>.K Th 8r@ o /, 8h>h h 44ro o 2Moh;;,>; ?ut >o;;o ;o@ th r>hr >/, thou@h th ;ort2 oot; to h u/@ th;/ th 82.+)<

J.K Th 4rohto o >u/4tur, r4rt@ /@ >rtur,8

r@r. ttu, r to Aurrh; 8 hr, th Mtu/ hr, 4/> u/t 2 Aurrh; III. hoour oh /o ;tr. I;@ o ;/ r ;to o thout,+*< /o o th ?uu>t.+10< /o hr o ttut th @t o Coro.+11<

J.K Th S4h Ar ; to h @ u4 tur@ to8rM>>: or 8ht / > 8 r ro; >t ;to 2 Arhtor,+1< tht Au 2h 8 >// Shu /&/h t>t >;, >u h o tur

J.K A ror;r ; to h r, 8ho 8h to 4ruh>or/@ot to t th /h o o8, thou@h ot o 4@ oror.+13<

+1< A/ Mr, ., A44. ). Author ?uot 2 D #2@o: Th Mo/; th /th >tur2 "@ to r 8 >o;;t

// ;r o 9>. Th ru/r o A/u thou@ht o oth@ / th 4ur>h@ @@-8o; /, /t@ to thr ;u>, 4@ th t; r/r2 ;rth."

+< &or. . *3--"Sur/2 8, /ot, ;@ r o;to o th 8or o St ... o th;."

+3< A/ Mr, . 4. 171.

+F< Cro, . 4. 5.

+5< A/ Mr, . 4. 10)$ . 4. 171.

+6< Yo@, "Moor S4," 4. 71.

+7< S/, &or, Itrou>., 4. 1. JCho C/>.K

+)< A/ Mr, . 4. 10*. I 67) YG, o o Mu82h, 8 o>t to rur, /or o ;u>, 8rr o /. S >/2, 4. 35). JCho C/>.K

+*< A/ Mr, . 4. 36.

+10< I., 4. F1.

+11< Ar M;ou. DoG2, . 4. 7.

+1< A/ M/>r, 1. 1F*.

+13< H;;, =rr, *36. H 8 >ru> 2 th ?u. Co, . F0.

Thr @oo ro to u44o tht // th r/9to o th ;oruro/ 4rohto o th &or 8 u to >ot>t 8th >/ Chrt to, 4rt/2 u>to to th Ar,4rt/2 @ro8@ u4 4t/2 2 8th th;. =ut oth@8 th h8 ;or >/r/2 th th o>/ r>h;t o thMo/; 8o;, 8ho; t th r2 > o Moh;; t>h@ to

r@r rthr th @oo >htt/ th th ?u/ o ;$/o th trou>to ;o@ th Mo/; o ;or Chrt>o>4to o th >r 8or--Lo.

Co?ut/2 8 >o; >>uto; to th tr@ 4>t>/--tr@

;o@ Moh;; 4o4/--o 8o; ;@ ;r th o>t2 o;, @ r@r t//>tu//2 o>//2 thr ?u/. Thu8hr o Ar S44ho, Mut;;u ibn A %o/, u@htr oA/;ut =//h$+1< o A2h, u@htr o Ah; o Coro--"th4urt, /o/t, ;ot /r ; o hr 2$"+< o MoG,th/ 4rt >rtr2 o Aurrh; III.+3<

A@, >otrr2 to th r/ 4r>t> /8hr, 8o; 8r;tt to th ;o?u S4. Th 8 or 2 Moh;;/8,+F< th 8o; @ o/@ to 4ror; thr oto t ho;$

"," 2 S/, "th2 t th ;o?u, t ;ut 8h th ; rot thr$ or th Mo/; r o o4o tht thr 4r>4r rt o oto ro; tht 8h>h r?ut 4/>>t to th r> o #o." S/ /o ?uot ro; th /ttr oMoor, >ur@ th Ro; Ctho/> ;r o 4ror;@ th ;, orth ro, ;o@ othr, tht 8o; 8r thr. I th > o// >>4t, 8 h// th Moorh / 44r@ ttt >.+5< At tour;t th2 /oo o, thrr@ht;/ hrt@ th @ht o to o r , thr rh

@@ th u>>u/ >h;4o th ; o >torou /our.+6<Thr4oto, >t, Pr>ott r;r, >; ;/t to tht oChrt /.

+1< Mur4h2, "Ht. o Moh. E;4r S4," 4. 3.

+< Co, . 4. F57.

+3< !or othr Co, . F)3, F)F.

+F< S/, Itro., &or, 4. )F. JCho C/>.K

+5< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 15).

+6< S 4>tur th A/h;r, @ Mur4h2 "Moorh At?ut o S4," Lo>hrt, Pr., 4. 13$ th // >// "Th =u//@ht o #hG/," t. . 4. 10*.

Th >t o th ;4ro;t th o>/ 4oto o 8o; >ou/ot/ to r/>t t/ th >o>4to o /o ;o@ th S4hAr$ , >>or@/2, 8 thr @ro u/t2 ur@o@ 4ro> o r;t, th o//o8@ 9tr>t ro; S ibn Dou,+1<8ho 8rot t th >/o o th th >tur2, 8// h8. Ar@h/ ;tr, Dh;, h 2:--

hrt,+3< 8h>h >h/2 >o;; u, 8 u;t to th >or4or/rt, 8h>h ou@ht to o or t @o;2, 8h>h > o/2>o;4/ 8th t th >ot o o ;// 4 to our/."

E ho4 ot hr ro; >oor;@ to th S;t> rt,+F<

8hthr o/utr/2, or ur >o;4u/o, 8 >ot 2$ ut 8 o8tht th Moh;; @, ur 8ho; th o>>urr, h t o t;thtto o or>@ // h Chrt u>t to >r>u;>.+5<

Aothr @ o 44ro9;to ; 2 Chrt to th out8ror> o Mo/;, 8 tht o; ;o@ th; thou@ht t >r2tot ro; >rt ;t,+6< tho, ;/2, or 2 thMoh;; /8.

A ho4, @ t9 8th >o;4/> o th , @ h9>u

tht othr8 th Chrt >ou/ ot / 8th th Sr>.+7<Th8, tur//2, ot >or @oo ro 2 th tr>tr or ;or@ot 4rt2, 8ho r@r 8th /r; u4>o 2 t>2to8r ;/@;to 8th Moh;;. I 8 > >rt >rt>hro>/r, >ou>/ 8 h/ o; 2r or th t; 2=/u, =ho4 o Coro, or >or@ th t ;tho o4rt@ th >ot;to o th 4urt2 o th Chrt th 2t>ot>t 8th Moh;;;.+)<

+1< S Boh o Coro, th "L o Boh o #orG," o, 4. )*.

+< A/r, "I. Lu;.", >. 35.

+3< Ro; . *$ #/t . .

+F< S "L o Boh o #orG," >. 13.

+5< S "L o Boh o #orG," >. 13$ S;o, "A4o/o@.," . >. F. C4. "Lo2 M2r Tur@ut," 9. 13. Th @, H/ht JAurrh; III.K, *50 4u/h >t, "4r /?u/ / tt ; tou Chrt ht trr t // /u2 u>t /r / r/@o Bu, t >r>o>r 4rr >tt Mho;t, ur 4 ."

+6< S A449 =, 4. 167$ &or . t.--" You r or to t tht 8h>h th o t/, /oo, 8 /h ... tht 8h>h hth tr@/."

+7< "Boh o #orG," 1.1.

+)< "Puo-Lut.", >. 3F1. C4. "Chro. Bu/," >. 501. "%rtu >o@t >o>/u; To/to u; r;u; MuGr To/t, ;o totu H4, Sr> >ou>t, //oru; >r;o >o;;u>rt."

So;t;, ho8r, th >ot>t 8th I/; >t 2 82 o>otrr, Chrt @ot, u>h th ;o ot 8r, 8ou/ >/@ too;

ht or rt o thr o8 ro; ;r 4rt o o44oto to rr>uto; ;o@ Mo/;. Thu 8 o8 tht th ;o th Et >;th;or 4ot/2 ot to thr ;@-8orh4, >u I>oo>/;our o ;u>h o Moh;;;. I th ; 82, ut 8th r ;or

o>to/ ru/t, th >/r@2 S4 thr t to ;4rth4o4/ 8th th tht >// o 44r/ 4ro, r ro;@ 9t to @o/, 8 >o;4t/ 8th t, tht th8rth r>t to o th /.+1< Ltr o 8 o8 tht Ph/4II.,th hu o our (u Mr2, h // 4u/> th h S4ho;o tro2, o th @rou tht th2 8r r/> o/t2.+<

C/>2 o th >/r@2, @, 8 tro@/2 o>t >otrtto

th 4o/2@;2 o Moh;;$ ot, Su/u, ;to 8thhorror h@ 8 >h/r, o o 8ho; tr8ru>>h;, /o ;rr.+3<

o th /t >t o #oth> @ h to or> th;rr@o th >/r@2, thou@h th >t 8 r4/ 2 !ru/ I. J757-76)K th North, 2t >o>u@ >; r2 >o;;o ;o@ th >/r@2$+F< t 8 4rh4 to r;2 ;/r tt o th@ tht tG8h to >o;4/ th >/r@2 to h /8u/ 8.

+1< M Yo@, 4. 67.

+< L-Poo/, "Stor2 o th Moor," 4. 136.

+3< !/orG, "E4. S@r.," 9. 36--"Cotu E4>o4oru; 4ro rtorto ;otr." Th >h/r r >// "S4 > 4r, > o; 4ro/."

+F< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 16. !ro; S;o, "A4o/.," . >>. , 6, 8 /r tht Chrt h @u to ;tt th Mo/; h@ hr;.

h /t to th /t th @rt trt@ ?uto o thor@ o >h/r2. Thou@h or;@ o 4rt o th o>tr oChrtt2 or I/;, >h/r2 t /u> >ou/ ot 8thut> 8ho//2 or/oo >uo / th 4rt. Thttuto o8 2 tht ; ro th @ o Chr/ th #rtJ76)-)1FK,+1< 8 thror r/2 2>hroou 8th th ooEuro4 2 th Ar. It or@ h , , rrr to th;/tr2 r> o , ut // t >hr>trt>, 8h>h 8r4ro/ u/, u>h /o2/t2, >ourt2, ;u>>,4otto r>/ rthr th 4o/t>/ our>, th >hr>trt>r ou ;t @r ;o@ th Ar. "Th o/tr2 4t 4rt o >h/r2," 2 H//;,+< "8//@ t 8ru4o ro>, @ ut> or /hoo ro; >o>ou

o tr/ @t2, 8thout 2 >/>u/to o th >o?u>, otu/ 8ht 8 o;t; r o Ar >h or A;r> I."

htr th 4r> or@ o >h/r2 ;2 h , thr > o

out tht t /o4;t 8 /r@/2 /u> 2 th r/t4oto o Ar Chrt S4, th 4r4tu/ 8r8h>h8t o t8 th; tht >outr2.

Thou@h ot r/@ou ttuto t th outt, 9>4t 4rh4;o@our S9o orthr,+3< >h/r2 oo >; r/@ou >hr>tr, t @o/ @ o 4/our 8 ur@ th >ru @t thMo/; o S4 P/t. S4 t/ ;2 /;ot >// th>r/ o >h/r2$ t ;ut //o8 tht th rt/uh

o >o?ut th Ar h8 th;/ to tru/2 >h/rou;, >/r/2 h oth@ to /r ro; Chrt tht r4>t. Thr2 r/t 2 o Mo/; tru;4h, 8 th ; >h/rou 4rt4/2 t th >4tur o Bru/;, or;@ tr@ ;/>ho/2>otrt to th > t t r>4tur u?ut/2 2 th Crurur th hro> #or2 =ou//o.

+1< H//;, "M. A@.," . 3*.

+< I. C4. 4. F0. "Th >hr>trt> rtu o >h/r2 h o ;u>h r;/> to tho 8h>h Etr 8rtr o th

; 4ro 9to/, tht I ; 4o to u4>t Euro4 or h@ r o; ;4ro;t ro; ;tto o A."

+3< H//;, "M. A@" J1.1.K.

S;/r/2 th /t tru;4h o th Moor S4, t th o thtth >tur2, urh t> o @rot2 rr/2 4r///.Th A/;oh @, Yu A/;ur, tr th @rt >tor2 o A/r>oJ11*3K, r/ 0,000 Chrt 4ror. It >ot, ho8r, tht th >to 4/ ;2 o th @ o//o8r, 8ho>o;4/ o t " o o th 9tr@> 4ro4r to;or>h,"+1< Yu h;/ r4t o t o h th.

I ;2 4@ o th Ar 8rtr 8 tho ?u/tu;rt 8h>h ou@ht to t@uh th Moorh @ht--u>h 4t2,>ourt2, 4ro8 8r, th @t o /o?u>, th rt o 4otr2,// o hor>, 9trt2 8th 8or, />, o8.+<Ch/r2 oo >; r>o@ rt, 8 hr o >rt Yuu Hru, or Au A;r, r@ /@t 4o; to H; II.J*61-*76K o t ut o/@to$+3< or 8 t /o@ orthMoorh @ /rt to >or @hthoo o thr / tr thChrt ho, 8 h t> o th @hthoo>orr 2 th @ o S// 106).+F<

+1< Co, . 53.

+< A/ M., . F01, ro; Ibn H22. C4. Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 15*.

+3< Co, . F77.

+F< Co, . 173.

A th / @ht o S4h ro;> 8 Ru2 DG =r, or thC, o 8 ;2 4rh4 r@r th htor> A/;Gor th Moorh@ht 4ur t r4ro>h$ thou@h, u@ 2 ourtr, h 8 2 o ; r4ro>h, 2t ;2 r thtorto/ o h ;@;t2 ut>. o o>>o tr tt/@t th Chrt, th Cout o #r> @ ;ort//2 8ou,hthu/ Ct/ ru to / h;, 8r h;; 2A/;Gor ;. h th /ttr 8 ur@ to @ th 8or, hthot o Chrt 4ut to th 8or, h : "I t ot 8rtt H

8ho /2th o ;, ot h@ ;t 8th o/>, 8// 4uh/th ;urrr o // ;, h 8ho th th / o o ;,h// r8r / th r>ur o //.+1< M roo;, o oIh;/, ; 82$ /t th Chrt / / th ; o th>/;t ;r>u/ #o." +<

othr o>>o A/;Gor 2 th Cout o Lr or8@@t or ;2+3< o th Ar, othr Chrt >out, h;@;ou/2 th @t$ or 8 h; r/@ th thr othIt o Lr, o hr@ o th ru/ th o h o.

+F<

It ;ut ;tt tht th t> our too ;u>h o thro;t>// t2/, ut >ot o @rot2 o ot @thr rou 2 ut4ro 8ho r ot or tht rtu, thou@h th t>hou/ / /ttr, 2t 4rt th2 ;2 ;t/2 tru. Ho8rth ;2 r4>t A/;Gor @rot2, o h ut> 8 hu;4>h/ >. Th ;o 8ho 8rot th "Chro>/ o S/o,"2tht th u>> o h r o th Chrt trrtor 8 u toth /r@ 42 h or h o/r, /o to h 9tr;ut>,"8h>h rtu," 2 th >hro>/r, " I /r ro; ;2 thr/4, A/;Gor h/ rr, I ;2 o 2, th 2 Chrt."+5<

+1< &or, . 35.

+< Yo@, 4. 110.

+3< I., 4. )0.

+F< Boh %u, *6*.

+5< "Chro. S/.," >. 70.

I >o>to 8th >h/r2 thr o ttuto 8h>h thChrt

S4r ; to h orro8 ro; th Moor--tho ;/tr2orr,;/2, 8h>h 8r o u;rou S4. "Th Rto, or Mo/;h@ht," 2 Co,+1< " >hr@ o th rotr, 4ro9trorr2 utrt2 o /, ot th;/ o/utr/2to

th >otu/ 9r> o r;. Th2 8r // ; o h@ht>to$ ou th;/ 2 o8 to th rotr. Th2 8ror 2 thr ru/ to /2 ro; th ;2, t @ thr ut2to@ht o th 4ot th2 h/."

I 2 >, 8hthr th Chrt ;/tr2 orr 8r r ro;thMoorh, or th rr, o th@ >rt, tht t 8 th Moor8hoo>u/t th Chrt 8th / Ho/2 r, t/4rt o thr r/@o.+t Chrtt2 >;

Moh;;G rt S4. Ch/r2 >; t 8th 8r@t th /, ou t 4otho+3< St. B; oCo;4ot//, 8ho-- 4oor hr; o #//--8 u44o to hou@ht 4ro @t th Moor t C/o.+Fo;@ to @@ @ht ro; 9>t/2 tht ;/ th >>2 ttuto o ho/2 8r, ;tth Ar >h;4o. Th >/r@2, th ho4, too u4 r;ou@ht @t th ; o thr th. T8o ho4, tho o Lo Ator@,+5< 8r t 4ror t th tt/ o %/ Bu?ur

J*1K.+6< Su o Co;4ot// 8 // tt/ @t thNorth; J*7*K$ th "Chro>/ o th C" ; r4t ;too r@ht /t 4r/t ; Hro2;u.+7<

+1< Co, . 4. 11*, ot--"It ; h@h/2 4ro/ tht ro; th ro th ;/tr2 orr o S4 th Et." C4. Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 1. Th ;/tr2 orr o S4 8r ;ot/2 ttut 2 44/ u// th /t h/ o th 1th >tur2.

+< I/; ; Chrtt2 ;/tr2, M/;, "Lt. Chr.," . 44. 0-. L>2, "Ht. Eur. Mor/," 4. 6, .

+3< Pr>., "!r.," 4. 15.

+F< Moh;; /o ;@ >/t/ tt/, &or. ., t.

+5< "Ror@o o To/o," . 4. F. Boh %u 2 th2 8r th ho4 o Tu2 S/;>.

+6< Mr, . 5. S /o I., >. 6.

+7< "Chro>/ o C" JSouth2K, 4. 371.

Yt, 4t o // th, 4t o th t>; 8h>h@r >>o;4 t, >h/r2 4ro to th o/2 >o;;o @rou o

+3< I.

Th2 /o ; to h / to ; o; 4ro/2t ro; ;o@thChrt, 8 hr o o 4ott o th , ; E/Gr,to

8ho; A/r r r/ letters ur th tt/ o "thtr@ror." Th ; or@/ ; 8 =oo. A Chrt o#r;9tr>to,+1< h 8 rou@ht u4 8th 8 to Ho/2 rr. I )3),8h/ o h 82 to Ro;,+< h 4ott to Bu;,+3< o4@otto 8th th B8 !r> to // h >o;4o /,t4u/t@ o/2 to 4 h o8 @ro. Th 9t 2r h /t hhr r @ro8, 8t to S4, 8hr h ;rr B8,>o;4//@h @ro t th ; t; to 4ott. I )F5 or )F7 htttu

>; o hot/ to th Chrt S4, tht th /ttr 8rottoChr/, 4r2@ h; to ; E/Gr h u>t, 8h>h ho8ro ot ; to h o. Thr ; @oo ro to /thtE/Gr trr u4 th Mo/; @t th Chrt, th thoPr>tu Boh ;2 h u to h;.+F< Atr th 8 hr o;or o E/Gr$ ut th 4oto o th B8 8th r@r to thAr; to h or /o@ tr th o ;ot 4r/@>hr>tr.Co?ut/2 th B8 S4 h u>h o44ortut2 to /o4

thrtur/ @t th2 h r h > th >4tur o Bru/;2Nu>hGGr$ th2 h8 th;/ o 8ht h th Ar, th2 ot outtr4 th;, 4@ / th /; o/r@ th r @.+5//2 th rt o ;> th2 h 8 r/, /r@ >/to th2 8r, o / th th Ar, r h o thChrt.+6<

+1< "A. =rt.," )3*.

+< rto @rt, "A. =rt," 1.1.

+3< !/orG, 9. 4. 0 .

+F< Th "A. =rt." 2 tht h u> Aurrh; II. to @ h Chrt u>t th >ho> t8 I/;, Bu;, or th. S Rohr>hr, 9. F.

+5< Pr>ott, "!r. I." 4. 153.

+6< I., 4. 13F.

Th @oo urt@ t8 th B8 th Ar 8th th@ru/4ro> o t; @ 4/> to //->o>/ hot/t2, t th

@@ o th t8/th >tur2 thr ; to h 4ro>tor; or or>@ th B8 to >o; Mo/; o th @rou o 4ro;; 2 thr orthr to Moh;; tht, >turthr

Mh h ot 44r, th2 8ou/ >ort to Moh;;;.+1<Prh4 th 8 o/2 4rt9t o th 4rt o th Mo/; or9tort@;o2$ t // t th B8 o/2 u>> @ th/trt2 42@ /r@ u; o ;o2. E th r/2 2r o th>o?utth2 8r u>t to th r4>t2 o thr ru/r, or 8h, o thru;our o th Mh h@ 44r S2r, ;2 o th S4hB8, /@ thr @oo, trt o to o h;, th Mo/;@oror,A, G th 4ro4rt2 o /t, ru to rtor t o th

rtur o th 44ot ;@rt.

!ro; thr >ot>t 8th Ar Chrt th B8 ; to h/ot;2 o thr t>t /, th t8/th >tur2M;o,+< th @rtt ; ;o@ th S4h B8, 8rot@tthr rror. o th ; to h tht th oo o Mo8r 8rtt or th Crto$+3< othr, tht thr 8 roh// th 9t 8or/.+F<

M2 B8 tt to r2 h@h 4oto ;o@ th Ar, 8

hro >rt H ibn =hrut, 8ho 8 4>tor o >uto; toAurrh; III., ;or to th &@ o Lo *55, th@>ot/ ;@r to th ;o, Boh o #orG, 8 2r /tr.H8 /o t@uh 4h2>.+5<

+1< Co, . 36.

+< !/ur2, . F0*.

+3< C4. th Mo/; / out th &or. S/, Itrou>., 4. 50. JCho C/>.K

+F< I., 4. 7.

+5< A/ M., ., A44. . 4. 99. Not 2 D #2@o.

h/ th Ar t// rt thr ho/ o th rt 4ro> oS4, th /ot o th B8, Chrt trrtor, 8 2 o; uur/. Th2 8r o;t; > to ;4ortt >ot/ 4ot, t 8 th ;urr o A/oo %I. B8h;or 2 th &@ o S// 8h>h rou@ht out thtrou>too th A/;or to S4.

Thr tr@ tor2 to/ o th B8 t th t@ o To/o 2th

Chrt 10)5. Th2 8t o A/oo ur h; tht th28r 4rt o th t tr 8ho; Nu>hGGr tr4ort toS4, ot th >t o tho Bru/; B8 8ho >ru> Chrt.Thr >tor, th2 , 8r ?ut r ro; th @u/t o th>t,

or 8h C4h h 8rtt to th To/ 2@o@u or thr>r4>t@ th 4ro 8ho >/; to th Mh, th To/ B8rtur or 8r, tht thr u@;t th 4ro4h> ; tou/// H;, thror H ou@ht ot 2 2 ; to 4uttoth. Th r4/2 th2 4rou> th or@/ Hr8.+1< It / to 2 tht th 8ho/ th@ 8 r>to.

#ru//2, th Chrt r>or thr u4r;>2 S4, tht o 4ru> t ;or ;or tro@/2 @t th B8. Th28r

>>u o ">ot;4t or th Ctho/> 8orh4, >rto o t2;o/, >r> o Chrt t,"+< othr or;t.Sr /8 8r 4 @t th;, th o/ #oth> t;, thr ro; 8 @rou/2 >urt/ th ;ttr o r,r>, 4roo. A t>t @ th2 h to 8r2//o8 >4.+3<

+1< South2, "Ror.," . 4. 35, ot.

+< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 44. 13F, 135.

+3< A/ M., . 116.

At th o th ourtth >tur2 th 4o4/ ro @t th;,15,000 B8 8r ;>r rt 4rt o S4. M2 8ro;//2 >ort, 35,000 >oro 8r 4ut to th >rt o@/ t. Th 8 Chrt o;t; tt h@h>>/t>/ @t, tr;rr 8th th o/ ;/--thtt o 8h>h ";/ @r" >; tr8r to r@r 8th th@rtt horror ro.

It 8 @t th >ort B8 tht th I?uto 8 rtt/h, th2 >h/2 ur ur t t rt. I 1F*, oth / 9t>to o th Ar o;o S4, r2 /r@u;ro B8 8r 94// ro; Ct/,+1< th / 9;4/ @tr8ro//o8 othr 4rt o S4. Th tor2 o th trt;t o B82Chrt o o th rt th htor2 oChrtt2.

+1< %rou/2 t;t t 160,000 or )00,000.

=.



SPAIN AND THE PAPAL PER.

Prh4 o 4rt o th htor2 o S4 or o trt@ tu2 th >orto o tho @ru/ t4 2 8h>h, ro; @ o

oth ;ot 4t o Chur>h, h h >o; th ;oturt, thror th ;ot @r, o //. Th ?uto o ho8 th 8rou@ht out, 4rt ro; t tr> trt //utrt@ th/o4;t o @rt to, 8// 8orth t@t@, ro; th;o;tou /u> 8h>h t h h u4o th r/@ou htor2 oth8or/ t /r@. !or t ot too ;u>h to 2 tht Ro; >ou/ rh; @oo t >>2, 4rtu/ o / th t;4or/, or o/r@ 4rt o ;, h ot th ;tr/ rour> th /

otoo S4 r2 to > th hu@ht2 4rto u>ru4u/ou/t2 o th It/ 4ot.

I >t, S4 th o/2 >outr2, 4rt ro; It/2, tht to,h >>4t th ;otrou o>tr o Ro; // thrtrt2--o>tr 8h>h th 8ho/ Chrt Et r4ut ro;thrt 8th >or, 8h>h th North J8th th 9>4to oS4Kth t o Euro4--th rth4/> >r/ o th ;@ht2 Tuto>r>--h @r 8th ?u/ to r>t tr;4/ ur

thrt.

Th ru/t // th ;or r;r/, ro; th >t tht r/2t; th Chur>h o S4, ro; t r4 9to, t @rt,t 4ro4rt2, h/ 4oto o >o;4/t ?u/t2 8th th Ro;othr 4r>4/ >hur>h. Th S o Coro h/ o h@h r thourth >tur2 tht Hou, t r/ ho4, 8 >ho to4rt th ;4ortt >ou>/ o N> J35K Sr> J3F7K.

Th #oth> o t th @@ o th th >tur2 ; S4t// / //2 to >o8/@ 2 u4r;>2 o Ro;, or th#oth, @ r ;or 4t >hr>tr th th Ro;G&/t, 8r Ar hrt>, >ut o, >o?u>, ro; //>o;;uo 8th Ro;. Th orthoo9 4rt2, ho8r, @ru//2 @tr@th, 560 th r;t o th Su ur Ar;, th#oth> @ o Er;@/, 8th thr h/4, ro/t @t hthr. H 8 //2 4ut to th or h tro, ut h rothr,R>r, o >@ th thro 5)*, o8 h >oro to thorthoo9 >r, h 9;4/ @ o//o8 2 ;ot o h o/ 4r/t.

Th r>4to o R>r h Court to th Ctho/> o/ 8 th

@/ or tt;4t to t/h th 44/ uthort2, 8h>h 8 th;or @rou o8, th 4o4 h @ @rt >r o 4o8r> S4 8 >ut o ro; orthoo9 Chrto; 2 th o othAr #oth.

o R>r rt >t 8 to 8rt to th 4o4 , /ut@h;, h; or h > 4rtu/ ;ttr. Th 44/ uthort2 thu>o8/@ 8 oo 9r> --

J.K D>@ >>/t>/ 44/ 8thout r@r to th /8 oth/$

J.K S@ to S4 4ot>/ u@ to hr u>h >$

J>.K S@ /@t to 8t>h or th >4/ o th Chur>h$

J.K S@ th 4// to ;tro4o/t.

Th ;tro4o/t, uo8 th r/r htor2 o th S4hChur>h, >; @ru//2 to r>o@, o8@ to th 44/ 4r>t>o@ letters to th >h ho4 o th >outr2. Th2 >;t >o?u> 8th >rt ;4ortt 4o8r, u>h thoo>oo@ 4ro>/ >ou>/$ o >o>rt@ ur@$ o ho/@>>/t>/ >ourt, 8t>h@ or th >ou>t o ho4.+1<

=ut thou@h >rt uthort2 or th S4h Chur>h 8 thu>o> to th 4o4, 2t o8@ to th 4t 4rt o th

S4h@ >/r@2, h >ott h;/ 8th r2 4r@ u o h4o8r. I t8o 4ot, 4>/, th >/; o th 4o4 8rtruou/2 rt.

J.K Th 4ur>h o 4to ro; Ro; 8 94r/2or.

J.K P4/ ///t2 8 o@; 2 o ; ;tt. Thu th4r/t o S4 th tth 9tth >ou>/ o To/o, th orthoo92 o thr //o8-ho4, Bu/, @t thtr>tur o th th 4o4, =>t II.$ =>t u>>or,Boh%., >o tht th2 h th r@ht.+<

Th 4rt o o44oto to th u4r;>2 o th 4o4 8 ;t to th /t 2 th S4h @, thr o; roor th@ tht th r2 2r o th Sr> o th @,tG, h/ 2o, 8h>h ;4ht>//2 or 44/ to Ro;.+3< uthor @o o r to 2 tht th #oth> @ h>/r@2 @ t r> 8th th 4o4, th /ttr >our@ our th Sr> o.+F<

+1< Mu, 9. 4. 167, ., ?uot 2 Dr Duh;.

+< Duh;, . 4. 1*7.

+3< S Hr8> "Chur>h th M/ A@," 4. F. H ?uot #/r, "Ch. Ht.," -13.

+F< B.S. S;/r, ?uot 2 Moh;, . 10, ot.

Ho8r tht ;2 h , t >rt/2 /oo r2 ;4ro/,tho ot h/4 th 4o4 ;u>h r>t/2, thou@h r>t/2,

t tur out, th Ar o;to 8 uout/2 th ; >uoth u/t;t u>to o S4 to th 44/ 2o, 8h>h h44 th 82:--Th Chrt Chur>h th North @, thou@h r, 2t 4oto o @rt @r 8, 8ou/ tur//2 h ou@hth/4 ro; thr rt Chrt @hour, th !r. =ut th/h ;tou 4o/>2 o th /ttr, 8ho 4rrr 9t@thr t;4or/ o;o to @ht@ >h;4o o Chrtt2 > o othr, tur//2 or> th S4h Chrt to /oo toth o/2 Chrt ru/r 8ho >ou/ or th; ;or/ t>$ th 4o4 8r ot /o8 to / th;/ o th o44ortut2

thuor or t/h@ thr uthort2 8 4ro>. It 8 2th trto o th 4o4 tht th 8r @t th Ar 4rtoooth tur o >ru, or; o 8rr 8h>h >rr 8th t tht@ o //@ th trur2 o th =ho4 o Ro;. =2 ; ou/@>, @rt@ 9;4to ro; 4ur@tor2 t 00 ;r h,th 4o4 >o//>t our 2r th u; o our ;//o ;r.+1<

Th rt ;4ortt t> o th Po4 trto @

ot 8 )0), 8h, th o2 o St B; @ ;r>u/ou/2>or, A/oo 8rot to th 4o4 @ / to ;o th oIr !/ JProK to th 8 >hur>h o St /@o,+< u/t o th4ot8hr th r/> 8r ou. Th rth o th 8 S4h Chur>htro; th t, 8h>h 8 o o;ou ;4ort or th utur4>o th Chur>h tht >outr2. ht th >/; o Ro; h >o; to 8th ?urtr o >tur2 o th 4o>h, 8 ;2 ro; th>otror2 8h>h ro t8 C/uu, =ho4 o Tur, th44/4rt2. C/uu 8 h;/ S4r, 4u4/ o th >/rt!/9, =ho4 o Ur@/, o o th uthor o th Ao4tot hr2.A;o@ othr o>tr oo9ou to th o->// Ctho/> 4rt2,C/uu tout/2 rt th 44/ >/; to th h oChrto;,rt@ h o44oto, o r 8 > @thr ro; 8ht r; touo h 8rt@,+3< o th @rou, rt, tht Chrt ot 2toPtr, "ht thou /oot h, h// /oo u4o rth$";@ 2 th tht th uthort2 t Ptr 8 o/2 to 9r> ur@ h /$ >o/2, 8r to th u44o>>2o 4/@r;@ to Ro;, C/uu rtort o h >>ur, Thoo;r,ot o ;otr2 r N;:--"I o@ o 4> to >tu/o/ our2 to Ro;, 8h2 o 2ou 4 o ;2 ;o 2our

;otr2 4rt th; ro; @o@-- 2ou 2 >r2--toRo;t/" A to th our2 t/, C/uu tht h thr44ro or 44ro o t, o8@ tht t 8 ot 4ru>/to//, or uu/ to //: ut th h 8 ur o, tht tr/ /

>ou/ ot @ 2 ;r our2 to Ro;$ thr/2, to th4o4@ th Do;>u A4oto/>u, h u44ortr >// h;,4oto/>, 2 C/uu, tt/ tht o ot /o@ to o "8ho// th o 4ot/, ut 8ho u// th ut thro."

+1< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 6F, .

+< Ro;2, "Ht. E4.," . F0.

+3< Bo o r/, ., 4u M@, o/. >. 4. 375 . !/ur2, . 3*).

=@ u;;o to 44r or >ou>/, th ho4 4ro>otu;>ou, ru to @o, >//@ th 4ro4o ;/@ >o@r@to o . I 4t o h 4> o 4rtC/uur; =ho4 o Tur t// h th )3*.

Th 4o4 uthort2 @ o> r>o@ S4, th 4hr ohtrr> r4/2 /r@, 8 oo th @ u/ to>// >ou>/ o ho4 8thout 44/ u//. Th >; tht/h 4r>t>.+1tur2 =r;uo II. J*)-***K,

>or;@ th /8 o th #oth, too th o44ortut2 to ; th>o >r o th 4o4 @ >u/r >.+<

M8h/, or th r Chrt th North ht/hthr 4>, th 8 o th Chrt Chur>h ur Aro;to ; to or @oo o44ortut2 or ot@ ro;th; r>o@to o th uthort2 o th 4o4. >>or@/2 tht 44/ 8 ; to th 4o4 to8r th >/o o th @hth >tur2to@ uthortt >o 8th r@r to 8ht th 44//t;to >rt rr@u/rt 8h>h h ou thr 82 to th4r>t>o tho Chrt 8ho 8r ur th Ar 2o. Th Po4 Arr/2 urtoo to 8ht 8, 8ht 8 ot, >>or>8th Chrtt2. I /ttr r to th =ho4 o S4 h@h @t th o//o8@ rror, >out> 2 >rtM@tu, 2 E@/, =ho4 o E/r, o;t; >// >o?u> th M@t rror:--

J.K Th 8ro@ >/rto o Etr. Th h /r2 ot> >o; 2 Ptr, >o o To/o, /ttr to th 4o4/oS// J750K.+3< Th rror 8 ot th ; tht o th(urto->;, ut >ot 44rt/2 rr@ Etr to tht8t2->o 2, th u// ;oo // o th 1Fth, tho//o8@

2 8 Su2. Curou/2 ou@h th r2 rror h h/ 2 thLt Chur>h t/ t// th 9th >tur2.+F< Th u/;to othPo4 / u44r@ th rror. A /t )*1 t 8u>t/2@r/ A/u to >u th t o tt/ 8h>h too 4/>

tth Etr o tht 2r to 4/> th 2r o th H@r 7),8h>h o/2 @ o A4r/ 15th, 8hr h Etr or>>or@ to th u@ o th Lt Chur>h, th P>h/ t 8ou/h /r2 4t.+5<

J.K Th t@ o 4or th@ tr@/.+6< th r4>t totho>t rt>/ o oo, th 4o4 @o o r to thrtth;@t tho 8ho 8// ot t ro; th;. It >urou to th

Chrt Chur>h u4ho/@ th t@ o 4or, 8h rou@ht to>ot>t8th th Mo/;, or@ t /8hr.

J>.K Itr;rr@ 8th B8 Mo/;, 8h>h h >o; r2>o;;o, ou> or.+7<

J.K Th Po4 >uto th S4h Chur>h @t >o>rt@4rt8thout u 4r4rto, 4 thr 8r ;2 /4rt,8o/ h4 >/oth@, /@ ho> th /o>.

J.K outu/ uthort2,+)< 8ho t// u tht Ar orrC9/, =ho4 o To/o, to ho/ >ou>/ >o; E@/ or ott@ o Su2, >>or@ to th >r o 4rou 4o4.

+1< "Chro. S/.," >. 13, 8ho 2 tht 110* /@t 8 S4 ho/@ >ou>/ t Lo. "Chro. S;4r," J!/orG, 9.K, >. 6 J /tr toK, 2 tht )6* A/oo I%. t Sru Sr>, @ th / o Po4 Boh %III. to ho/ >ou>/ >o>rt >hur>h. C4. Mr, . ).

+< Mr, . 6.

+3< I. P>, >. 77. S M@, o/. 9>. 44. 33*, 376, F51.

+F< S %>toru A?utu, ?uot 2 Nor " P>h/ Ltoru; C2>/o." J. 7)6K, 4u M@.

+5< DoG2, . 4. 355, ot.

+6< !/orG, "E4. S@r.," . 51F: !/ur2, . 35.

+7< Ar Lttr to th S4h =ho4.

+)< Th Puo-Lut4r, >. 36--"E9 ;t /ttr?u Ar 44 >otr E@/u; ... o/t; D St >ru tr" J776 A.D.K.

=ut thou@h thr 8 tro@ 4rt2 S4 our@ th4rtoo th 4o4, 2t ;2 o th >/r@2 /t2, h 2 thr/E/4u, =ho4 o To/o J7)-)10K, o//2 rt th>ro>h;t

o th =ho4 o Ro;. E/4u h;/, Pr;t o // S4,8rotto M@tu >o;@ h; or >rt hr, ot o h@>o;4/t/2 rut /> h;$+1< ut t th ; t;E/4uh8 h 4> o th Ro; Pot 2 >hr>tr@ tho8hot ro; 4or th@ tr@/ oo/h @ort ;$thou@h M@tu th ;ttr 8 thorou@h >>or 8th th 4o4,+< >ou/ ut2 h 8 2 rr> to th >o o thChur>ho Bru/; th r/t 2 o Chrtt2.+3<

Aothr o>tr >o;t 2 E/4u 8 th u>r4tur/ o, thtt8 u/8u/ to t 8th u/r, or to t oo tou>h 2th;. It 8 2 or h; to ?uot t9t u>h : "Not tht 8h>htrth to th ;outh /th th ;$ ut tht 8h>h 4ro>thouto th ;outh, th /th th ;$" +F< or "to th 4ur // th@r4ur$"+5< to 4ot out tht Chrt t 8th 4u/> r.

=ut th u;4to 8h>h E/4u, / h //o8->outr2;,

C/uuo Tur, /tr, 4>//2 tt>, 8 tht 8h>h r@r thRo;S /o >ottut@ th Ctho/> Chur>h th 4o8r o #o.+6<Th h r2 4ro4r/2 >// hr2$ @t/2 thtChrt 8or, "Thou rt Ptr," '>., 44/2 to th Chur>h o Ro;/o, r;@ tht th2 8r 4o o th 8ho/ Chur>h. "Ho8," h, "> th Ro; Chur>h , 2ou 2 t , th r2 4o8r o#o8thout 4ot or /;h, 8h 8 o8 tht t /t o ho4 oRo;JLruK h r hrt> 2 th >o;;o o> oChrto;."

+1< E4/u, Lttr to M@tu. M@, 9>. 4. )5*. S Nr, . 16 . . Ehur, "Drt," >. *, 33, 4u M@, o/. >.

+< S Ar Lttr to E@/.

+3< A>t 9. 1*, *. S, ho8r, E4t. to T;oth2, . 3.

+F< St Mtt. 9. 11.

+5< Ttu . 15.

+6< S /o /ttr to A/>u, !/9 8r to A/>u rt oo, 8hr h @ u h o Ctho/> >hur>h

ou o our Lor Chrt J ot o th 4o4K, ... 8h>h Ctho/> >hur>h ;2 >ot o 8 ;;r. Nr, . 30.

H th Ar o;to ;r> th 8ho/ o S4, >otu to

t/h or t, S4 >ou/ r h >o; th 4rt-r>outr2 8h>h t o8 $ ut th @ru/ > o th Chrtr; th North rou@ht t tr ;or ;or >o;4/tur>2to th 4o4.

A th @ o Ct/ Lo @ru//2 8o > to8 4ro>ro; th Ar, o; r> 8 or to 9t t8 thr/@ou u@ o th 8/2 r Chrt o tho 8ho htth; r. Th 8 4>//2 44rt th o/ #oth> /tur@2,

8h>hth MuGr> Chrt h u // /o@, 8r t// u@,8hr th Chrt o Lo th Atur h ;4ort 8rr>o ro; Ro;.

Ru;our o th >r4> r/@ou rtu/ r>h Ro;, >>or@/2 /@t,+1< ; >/u, 8 t to S4 *5 ro;Boh . to ?ur to ;ttr o r/@o, 4rt>u/r/2 toth>r;o2 o th ;, th o4o @ 4r/t t Ro; tht th;8 >orr>t/2 4ror; >>or@ to th #oth> /tur@2, tht/ o>tr 8r tu@ht. Ho8r, >/u ou tht th

r@>8 ot u>t/2 8 to 8rrt th u44ro o th >trtu/. It ;2 tht th 4o8r o th Ro; Chur>h 8 ott/ho >ur/2 to ;t o trr> o u4/t/ to th>t>hur>h. Sh 8 >ott to hr t;$ or u>h t@ 8tto th 4r;t u@+< o th Chur>h @t th oto othRo; S >ou/ ot /o@ //o8 to >otu. A>>or@/2, 8 tht r2 oo tr th // o To/o 10)5, th ?uto o tho/#oth> /tur@2 >; u4 or >uo @. Th #oth> th Ro;oo 8r u>t, tr th ur ho o th t;, to t8oor/--2 8tr 2 r$ ut 4t o th >t tht th#oth>/tur@2, th to t @rtr o/t2 tro@r @,rtoth tho /;t >o;4r/2 ttr th t 2ou@r r/, o, th or/ 8t or 2th@, hou/ h h/ >torou,tho/ t /tur@2 8 4rt//2 u44r t th @ o th4o4, 2 th >ot o th S4h @ A/oo %I. o Lo,+3< S>ho I%. o Ar@o. Yt th MuGr> Chrt 8r /oth to @u4thr >uto;r2 /tur@2, t r; u r/ >hur>ho

To/o t// /t th tth >tur2.

+1< Mr, . *. Puo-Lut. @ th /@t th ; o Mru, 2 h 8 t *3 to =/u, =ho4 o To/o.

+< C4. th ;otrou 82 8h>h th Portu@u Ro; Ctho/>, ur Do A/9 MG, tro2 th >r oo ;;or/ o th >t S2r Chur>h o th M/r >ot I.

+3< A I. o Ct/.

=ut th trr> o th 4o4 8 ot >o to ;ttr r/t@toth S4h Chur>h t /r@, h h2 h // u4o th @h;/, t th o th t8/th >tur2 A/oo I. // h @o;8r / ur tr>t 2 C/t III. >u h h ;rr

8th or /;t, ru to or> h 8 t th@o th 4o4. H th or> hr, ut o/2 to r4t th;o> 8th >o 8, =r@r, >ur th ; 4/t2 tth h o Io>t III. E>ro>h;t o th @ 4o8r 8t o4>, @ru//2 44/ >; to rrr to Ro; ro; th@>ourt, th 4o4 too u4o h;/ to 44ot to > ho4r>$ uur4to 8h>h 8 >out> 2 A/oo .J15-1)FK.+1< =ut th ru/t 8 ot tt 8thoutr;otr>ro; th Cort, //2, ur !r I//, th

?uto>; to o4 ru4tur t8 th S4h Court th r@@4o4,S9tu I%. I//, thou@h o r2 to u;t hr/ ;ttr o4ro/ r/@o to th 4o4 h /@t, ru, / hr/tr; o E@/, to t o ot o hr >>/t>/ r@ht$th 4o4 h to @ 82, >ott@ h;/ 8th th rr 4o8r o44ot@ tho o;t 2 th or@ o th /. =ut thor@ 8 /ou o h r@ht, o / o 8r th ro othr, 8h th 8r o th ro 8th Hr2 I%. J1F5F-1F7FK,th 44/ /@t thr8 h /u> o to th @ , 9>o;;u>t th r//ou ro, th2 r;/2 8r tht"tho8ho h th 4o4 tht h h r@ht to trr tht;4or/ >o>r o Ct/ h > h;$ tht th2, throo th @o;, h 4r>t r@ht to 4o thr or@ ou>t @rou, ;t to 9r> t."+<

A ;/r/2 4t 4rt h8 t/ Ar@o. I 113 ProII. @ht@ @t th 44/ 4r>utor o th A/@,o8 to th t; o Chr/ %., th 4r> o Ar@o 8r t o4;t2 8th th Ro; S,+3< th Ar@o truou/2 rttht/h;t o th I?uto.+F<

+1< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 15.

+< Pr>ott, 4. 7. C4. th >hrtr o Ar@o, 8hr2 th @, h o/t th >hrtr o th r/;, ;@ht 4o, 2 othr P@ or Chrt uttut. I, 4. 3.

+3< Lo>hrt, Itrou>to to S4h //, 4. *. JCho C/>.K

+F< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 6, .

Tht t/ tru;t o r/@ou @otr2, th >u o ;oru;rtur@ ;or u;9 / th 2 othr 2 ;,8hr2;or o>t 4o4/ 4 throu@h th r th 8r 4rh4 r>r> t th /tr o Mo/o>h, 8 rt 4ut to >to S4t;r 1F)0, ur@ th r@ o th 4ou o/-;

I//.+1< Th t/ o E44h2 th o//o8@ 2r 8/>t 44ro4rt t or th ;tto o th rt uto ,8h 9 B8 8r urt t S//$ or t 8 @t thtuortut4o4/ tht th hu; 4r>uto 8 , or t /t rtu. Tht o 2r 8t th ;rt2ro; o 000 4ro, th/>to o 17,000 othr o 4uh;t o/2 / th tht/.Dur@ th ;trto o Tho; o Tor?u;, 8h>h /t@ht2r, ;or th 10,000 4ro 4rh t th t, r/2 100,0008r, th 4hr 8t, r>o>/.+< Th >o>to o 4ro4rt2

8h>h >>o;4 // th ur@ ;4ro@ rou@ht or;ouu; to th >or o th I?utor.

Th B8 @ urt, >ort, or 94// th >outr2, thI?uto 8 tur u4o th 8rt>h Mor>o, th MoorurChrt @or;t 8r >//, 8ho 8r o44r 4r>utth ; 82 th B8, //2 r ro; S4.

=ut ;or ;4ortt >o?ut th th--;or ;4ortt, tht , toth u4r;>2 o th Ro; S--8 th uout >o?ut >h2th I?uto or th ror;@ o>tr 8h>h th 9tth>tur2 @ to thr 82 to S4 ro; #r;2 E@/.!@ >o@/ o/, th ror;to @ to 4r S48th8oru/ r4t2. Th t 2 Chr/ %. to E@/ 8rth;/ >ort, rtur u// o G/ or th Protttth--"Thr u>>," 2 #,+3< "8 u>h tht h ot 42 u// to4 4ut to thr 4ou /our 2 th ;r>/I?uto, th 8ho/ @o; o S4 h // //hoo >ort to th Prottt r/@o, / t; th 2 othr>outr2 h r or."+F< So utru t to 2 tht4r>uto /82 / o t o>t I S4 t h rt thttr, 8h>h th 8 u4rtto o th r/r @ o

Lo Ct/, to@thr 8th th 4t2 ;r>t thu;oI//, 4/> u4o 4rou o> 4>u/r/2 4t 4o4/.P/u@ th 4th o @or> ;>/t2, o>/, r/@ou, 4o/t>/, S4 or ;/>ho/2 ut tru>t 4>t>/to

th to.

+1< Th ?uto/ >o 8 r8 u4 133, trou> to S4, 1F. Pr>ott.

+< Pr>ott, "!r. I.," 4. 1F6.

+3< M>//. Tr>t. Pr. to "S4h Mrt2r," 44. 1, .

+F< #, Pr. to "S4h Mrt2r," 4. 3, F, ?uot Ro;t uthor, 8ho 2: "th u;r o >ort 8 o @rt tht h th to4 8h>h 8 4ut to tht / /2 ut t8o or thr ;oth /o@r, I ; 4ru tht // S4 h

4ut to /; 2 th;."

LIST ! AUTHRITIES CNSULTED.

I. RI#INAL AUTHRITIES:--

A. Ar J tr/toK:

J1.K I / H;. "Htor2 o th Co?ut o S4." 8th

ot2 B.H. Bo, Ph.D., 1)5). Th 8or o/2 @o o8 to 7F3.

J.K B.A. Co. "Htor2 o th Do;to o th Ar S4,"tr/t ro; th S4h 2 Mr !otr. 3 o/. =oh, 1)5F. Thuthor JPr>, 4. K 2 tht "h h >o;4/ h 8or ro;Ar;;or/ 8rt@ u>h ort tht tho o>u;t ;2 rth2 8r 8rtt$" J4. 1)K, "Th tut o htor2 ;2 r thoo 8rtt 2 Ar> uthor."

/r 8rtr u to 4 r2 h@h/2 o th 8or, ut thr;oru>>or >ot @oo 8or or t.+1< D #2@o, th/rtr/tor o th Ar> htor2 o A/ Mr, thou@h ot / toth"u;tho>/ rr@;t o th 8ho/ 8or, th > o ot >tto o uthort, th u;rou rror >otr>to,"+< 2t o ot htt to >// Co oo thouto o // our o8/@ o th htor2 o Moh;; S4.It>rt/2 toh@ tht Co, 8ho 4ot out+3< th rror oh4r>or, ; 4r>/2 th ; o ;t h;/, oto/2 o>, ut >ott/2. C/;@ to o // th@ thu/to

h uthort, h ou, 8hr tho uthort > t,ot to thu/.

+1< St/2 L-Poo/, Pr> to "Moor S4" J1))7K. DoG2, Pr> to "Muu/; S4," 4. 6: "Co ... ?u

;?ut o/u;;t htor?u."

+< A to th h ;@ht 4/ A/ Mr 9>u, tht tr>r@ or 9tr>t@ th >>out o rt htor o; >t r ur to r4t, othr tr/2 >otr>t. S A/ M., . 4. *.

+3< Pr., 4. 13 .

J3.K B.C. Mur4h2. "Htor2 o th Mho;t E;4r S4," 8thto 2 Proor Sh4r, 1)16. Th 8or oMoh;; our>, tho, ;/2, 8h>h r ;ot/2 to ou A/Mr >o;4/to. Th >o>/u@ >h4tr o th /u>,

>t> /trr2, 9r> 2 th Ar Euro4, r9hut trt@.

JF.K Ah; ibn Moh;; A/ Mr. "Htor2 o th Moh;;D2t S4," @ 9tr>t ro; /r@r 8or 2 thtuthor,tr/t 2 P>u/ #2@o. o/. Loo, 1)F0. Th 8or,8h>h DoG2 u/t 8th or >rt >>ur>, o th 8ho/r2 trut8orth2, t ot or; 4r>t ; o or;toorth tut 8r@ h/4//2 ;o@ th ;G o Ar htor2. A/Mr, t o Ar>, /ourh t th @@ o thtth >tur2$ ut h ?uot ro; ;2 o/ Ar> 8rtr,

8ho> ;ot /u/. A;o@ th r--

+#r: .< Au =r Moh;; ibn ;r, Ibn / &utt2h, >ro; th @r-u@htr o tG$ , )77.

+#r: .< Ah; ibn Moh;; ibn Mu ArrG, /ourh thr@ o Aurrh; III.

+#r: @.< I #h/ T;; ibn #h/, o Coro$ , 10FF.

+#r: .< Au Moh;; A/ ibn Ah; ibn S ibn HG;, or tCoro, **F$ , 106F.

+#r: .< Au Mr8 H22 ibn &h/ ibn Hu2 ibn H22, ortCoro, 1006.

+#r: G.< Au/ &; &h/ ibn A/;/ ibn Mu ibn Mu A/Ar, Coro, 1101-11)3.

+#r: .< Au/ h A/ ibn Mu ibn Moh;; ibn A/;/ ibn

S o #r, 11F-1)6.

+#r: th.< Au 2 Aurrh; ibn Moh;; ibn &h/u.Ih/,or t Tu, 133$ , 1F06.

=. Chrt J LtK. Th r to ou --

J1.K S>hott "H4 I//utrt," 3 o/. !rort, 1603.

J.K !/orG, "E4 S@r," 6 o/., >ot@ ;ot uu/>o//>to o S4h 8rtr, to@thr 8th ;u>h or;to outth;, 8rtt S4h.

J3.K M@ "Ptro/o@," Lt #r, ;ot /u/>o//>to r/ >or o/u;. Th o//o8@ /t o tho>ou/t:--

J+#r: <.K Ior o =, "E4to; I;4rtoru; / Aru;E4h;r t?u H4 Chroo@r4h," @ >otuto othChro>/ o Ior o S//. Sot: M@, 9> 44.1F6-1)0.

J+#r: <.K Chro>o St, "S/;t> E4>o4," )66.JCo, Pr., 4. 7, 2 67-))6.K

Sot: I., >999. 44. 1111-11F.

J+#r: @<.K Chro>o A//, )66-*76. JCo, ., 2to*73.K Th /o >// Chro>o E;/. It 8 4rh4 @u2Du/>u, =ho4 o S/;>, >rr o 2 th ;o %@/. Sot: I. 11F6.

J+#r: <.K Chro>o S;4r "Atur> E4>o4" J8rttout1000K, )6*-*). Sot: !/orG, "E4. S@r.," 9. F3)-F57.

J+#r: <.K Chro>o r@u; L@ou;, *)-110*, 2 P/@u,=ho4 o o-- r2 outu/ uthort2, r 8th th4tht "u/ou." Sot: I., 44. F66-F75.

J+#r: G<.K Chro>o S/ Mo>h, 8rtt >r> 1100. Sot: I., 9. 70-330.

J+#r: <.K Lu> o Tu2, "Chro>o Mu," 8rtt >r>136. Sot: S>hott, . 1-116.

J+#r: th<.K A/oo, =ho4 o =ur@o, "A>4h/o rru;H4ru;," t>. Sot: I., . F6-*1.

J+#r: <.K Lut4r, *7. Th Chro>o Arrttrut to h; r 2 /tr h, 9t or th 2r606-*60. Th uthor o th @r//2 >// th Puo-Lut4r, r2 /tt/ >rt > 4/> h tt;t. Sot: M@, >999. 44. 770-117*.

J+#r: <.K Ror@o, Ar>hho4 o To/o, "Htor2 o th Arro; Chrt Ar> Sour>, >rr o8 to 11F0." H 1F5. Th 8or u// o rr/t rr> to S>r4tur to4ro htor2. H o ot ;to th Chrt ;rt2ro; th th >tur2.

Sot: S>hott, "H4. I//utr.," . 44. 11-F6

J+#r: /<.K A/ =rt, ro; th !r>h 4ot o 8. Sot: !/orG, 9. 570-57*.

J+#r: ;<.K Boh %u, "H4 Chro>o."

Sot: S>hott, . 700 .

Th o 8rtr ;ut ot r@r o ?u/ /u. So; r/u/, ut // r ;@r to th /t @r$ othr r r/28orth/.

thr uthort thr r o rt --ot htor, ut8rtr o >t/ u>t, 8ho 8or thro8 @rt /@ht o thhtor2 o th t;. A;o@ th r--

J.K E/4u, =ho4 o To/o$ )10. !etters-- Sot: M@, 9>.

to M@tu. Sot: 44. )5*-)67.

to Chr/ th #rt. Sot: 44. )67-)6*.

to A/u JA/>uK. Sot: 44. )70-)).

to !/, ot J7)3K. Sot: 44. *1),*1*.

J.K !/9, =ho4 o Ur@/$ )16. Coo J7**K.

Sot: M@, 9>. 44. ))-))).

J>.K =tu, Prt o L Jor Ator@K. Lttr to E/4u. Sot: " )*F-1030.

J.K Lttr o S4h =ho4 to =ho4 o #u/. Sot: I., >. 131-1331.

J.K A/>u. !etters-- Sot: I., >. >.

A !/>; hrt>u; J7*3K.

A E/4u;.

A Cro/u; M@u; J)00K, @ h 8or @t !/9.

E4t/ C. J)00K,

E4t/ CIII. J)00K.

A A?u/; Pot>; J)00K.

=oo--

Aru !/> hr t t ;o>ho.

#oth ;u J///uK, . oo.

Aru E/4u;, . oo.

E4to/ Lru; t Nru; E4>o4u;.

A/tr o;.

J.K Ar, Po4. Sot: I., 9>. 4. 373.

E4to/ E4>o4 4r ur; S4; >o;;ortu r>t, ;9; t; E/4o, / A>r>o J7)5K.

A E@/; E4>o4u; J S4K u Boh; 4r2tru; J7)K. Sot: I., 4. 336.

A Cro/u; M@u;. E4t/ /9.

[email protected] Lttr ro; Lou th Dor to th Chrt o Mr

J)6K. Sot: !/orG, 9. F16.

Jh.K Eto@u, 4rt o Coro, ho4-@t o To/o.D )5*. Sot: M@, >9. 703-*66.

Lttr to A/r, @ h oo.

"Do>u;tu; Mrt2r," >t to !/or Mr, %r@ Mrt2r, >t. )51.

Lttr to A/r: othr /ttr to th ;, @ "M;or/

S>toru; Lr," 3 oo.

"Lr A4o/o@t>u Mrt2ru;" J)57K.

"D %t t Po SS. %r@u; !/or t Mr."

J.K A/r, Pu/u,+1< o Coro, , >>or@ to h letters,oth o B8h rth #oth> /@. D, )6*, >>or@ to thPuo-Lut4r. Sot: !/orG, "E4. S@r.", 9.

+1< Rorto 2 Ptr.

Coo. Sot: 44. 6-)1.

Lttr to Boh o S//, Sot: " )1-)).

To th S;. Sot: " ))-*1.

To Boh o S//. Sot: " 101-1*.

To th S;. Sot: " 1*-1F1.

To S4ro.

Sot: "!/orG, "E4. S@r.," 9. 44. 1F7,1F).

To Ro;u, o>tor J)60K. Sot: " 151-156.

To Su/ o Coro.

Sot: " 16F-165.

To th S;. Sot: " 167-171.

To E/Gr, tr@ror. Sot: " 171-177.

To th S;. Sot: " 17)-1)*.

To th S;. Sot: " 1)*-17.

To th S;. Sot: " 1)-1*.

To Eu/o@u. Sot: " *1-*.

To Eu/o@u. Sot: " *6-**.

L o Eu/o@u. Sot: I., 9. 5*3 .

I>u/u Lu;ou, o >// >u "Lu; ?u ?u ut o>t, t 4rt > hot; >>/, ?u; o; tr Chrtt t, ott." Sot: I., 9. 1*-75.+1<

+1< A>r 2 Lut4r, >. 30*, to =otu, =ho4 o To/o. Mor/ out A/r uthorh4, ro; thr @ o ;to o Eu/o@u$ ut >. 1*, 8hr 4ru/ 4o o.

J.K Boh o S//.

Lttr to A/r. Sot: !/orG, 9. 44. *1-101.

To th S;. Sot: I., 1F-1F7.

J/.K S4ro, Aot, /ourh )0.

Lttr to A/r J)53K. Sot: I., 1F)-151.

J;.K Su/ o Coro.

Lttr to othr =ho4. Sot: I., 9. 44. 156-16F.

To th S;.



Sot: " 165-167.

J.K E/Gr, 4ott to Bu;.

Lttr to A/r. Sot: " 177-17).

To th S;. Sot: " 1)*, 1*0.

To th S;. Sot: " 17, 1).

Jo.K Lo@/u, 4rt o Coro, /ourh )60. "D htuC/r>oru;." Sot: M@, >99. 4. 565.

J4.K C24ru, r>h-4rt o Coro. "E4@r;;t." Sot:I., 4. 567.

J?.K S;o, 4rt o St o/u t Coro, Aot o thMotr2o P@;//r, )*0. JS E4@r; or E4t4h o C24ru.K"A4o/o@t>u Lr >otr 4ro" JB. 1, )63K.

Jr.K Bo Aur/. "D >u/tu ;@u;." A A8r toC/uu, =ho4 o Tur J)FK. Sot: !/orG, 9. 300-516.

J.K D Tr/to SS. Mrt2ru; #or@ Mo>h, Aur/ tNth/ 9 ur Coru Pro u>tor A;oo ;o>ho: ro;Uur /r, ;o.

Sot: M@, >9. 44. *3* .

Jt.K %t Boh At #orG J *73K, 2 Boh, AotoSt Aru/4h. Sot: I., >999. 44. 3*-310.

Ju.K Boh o Crt, Aot o Thru>, S4. Sot: I., >/999. 44. 1661-1671.

J.K L o St Ruu. Sot: !/orG, 9. 37* .

J8.K Po St N>ho/ A/; r@ / t o>oru; ;rt2ru;?u4 ut 4u L;;. A 4ur/2 u/ou >>out. Sot: !/orG, 9., 3*.

J9.K %t t 4o =. %r@ Ar@t t >o;tu; u ?u4ut Coro, I. M. Sot: !/orG.

J2.K L o =tu, 2 o2;ou uthor. Not r2trut8orth2,--.@., th o E/4u 4/> 7*) J>. )K:;2th>/ >ou>/ ;to J>. 7K. Sot: M@, 9>. )*0-)*F

A th o//o8@ Chrtr, t>.:--

A/oo III. to th Chur>h o Aur, )6. Sot: !/orG, 9. FF.

th ; to th Chur>h o Mu;tu;, )67. Sot: I., 9. 31.

=r;uo II. J*)-***K to th Chur>h o Co;4ot//. Sot: I., 9. 3*7.

A;/2 o =ho4 4ro rturto ;otr St Mr Lo@o 4rtu Ru turt, *7. Sot: I., 9. 36

II. SECNDARY AUTHRITIES:--

J1.K "Htor @r/ E4@" 4r Lo2 M2r Tur@ut.=oo

9. J160).K Sot: S>hott.

J.K Boh Mr.+1< "Htor2 o S4." =oo .-9.,tr/tro; th S4h 2 Boh St. J16**.K

+1< Dr Duh; 2 o h 8or: "It 8// tht t u o/o. No o r t S4."

J3.K !/ur2, "Htor2 o th Chur>h," tr/t ro; th !r>h.J177.K %o/. . =oo 9/. .

JF.K Mor/. "R;r o th Stt o th Chrt R/@o urth Ar t Coro." Sot: M@, >9. 4. *17.

J5.K !ro. "Drtto Htor> hr E/4 t!/>." Sot: I., 305-336.

J6.K Ehur "Drtto @t />hu 8 oAo4to;."Sot: I., 33)-F3).

J7.K Duh;. "Htor2 o S4 Portu@/" JLrrK, 1)3.=u>/,"C/Gto E@/," 4. F30, 2 o th htor2, r29tr@t/2, tht t "4rh4 th t htor2 th E@/h/@u@ o or@ ;or >outr2." It >rt/2 h th ;rt--o;// o o >ou 4ro--o @ >/r u>>>t$ uthh @t th Moor.

J).K .H. Pr>ott. "!r I//." A 9>//t 8or.Th4rt >h/2 r@ o th 4rt u>t r th Itrou>to >h4tr . Th @rt r8> to th 8or th 8t o r>t>tto o uthort u.

J*.K Hr8> "Htor2 o th Chrt Chur>h th M/A@,"

1)53.

J10.K Th A Rohr>hr. "Htor Ur// /E@/Ctho/?u." Pr, 1)FF. %o/. 9., 9., 9.

J11.K Nr. "#r/ Htor2 o th Chrt R/@o

Chur>h"J=oh Tr/toK. %o/. . 44. 1)-33, F61-F75$ o/. . 11*-13.

J1.K "Htor Ar?u t /E4@ ou / o;to Ar," 4r M. Cro. 3 o/., 1765. A htor2 >h/2 oAr 8rtr, ut ot r2 trut8orth2, Co JPr., 4. 1FK Mur4h2 Jot, 4;K h ho8.

J13.K DoG2. "Htor Muu/; E4@ u?u / >o?ut/A/ou 4r / A/;or, 711-1110." F o/., L2, 1)61.A/u/ htor2 o th t;, @ oth /u> thorou@h.

J1F.K E.A. !r;. "Htor2 Co?ut o th Sr>." S9/>tur J. 1)70K. S4h r r trt rthr +#r:4rr@o< L>tur . A u4ru> >>urt 8rtr, 8th tro@ , ho8r, @t >h/r2 J L>tur ., 4. 1)K.

J15.K >/2. "Htor2 o th Sr> E;4r" JR4rt th Cho C/>K.

J16.K #o. Th 4rt r/t@ to th Sr> r >ot/2r4rt th "Cho C/>."

J17.K Rorto "Htor2 o th Chrt Chur>h." %o/. .

J1).K M/; "Lt Chrtt2." =. 9.

J1*.K St/2. "L>tur o th Etr Chur>h." L>t..

J0.K H//; "M/ A@." %o/. . JCh/r2K.

J1.K #. E94u/o o th Mor>o, h M>//ouTr>t.1730. A/o A>>out o MSS. R/> ou t #r 15))$ %8o Court o I?uto Portu@/.

J.K L>2 "R I/u> o Rto/; Euro4." o/.

J3.K =u>/. "Htor2 o C/to E@/," >h4. ."S4h It//>t ro; !th to Ntth Ctur." %o/. . 44.F5-5*7.

JF.K Cr/2/. "Hro orh4. Th Hro Pro4ht."

J5.K C.M. Yo@. "Chrt Moor S4." "#o/Trur2"Sr. 1)7). >ur ;tho, ot >>urt >t. To@o t> o/2 out o ;2--Th uthor 2 J4. *K, tht A/,th



o--/8 o th Pro4ht r// tt/. It 8//o8J#o, . 7F, 76K tht h thr.

J6.K R. =o8orth S;th. "Moh;; Moh;;;." 1)7F. Ar//t, ut t//2 ur oo, Chrtt2 @ 9to//

thor2, ut r t 4r>t>. r too or>/2 r; o"=rutu hoour/ ;." H o8 >>uto o othr //u4oh;/. P. 61, h 2--"Mot othr 8rtr h 44ro>h thu>to/2 to 4ro th. Moh;; 8 to thr hro or ;4otor:th2 h h/ r or th 4ro>uto or th >."

J7.K S. L-Poo/. "Th Moor S4." "Stor2 o th Nto"Sr. 1))7. A >/r 4o4u/r >o;4/to ro; D #2@otr/to o A/ Mr, DoG2, South2 "Chro>/ o th C,"

h@to Ir@ "#r."

J).K =/ut. "D>tor2 o S>t, Hr, S>hoo/ oThou@ht."1)7F. Th rt>/ o Moh;;;, th Ao4tot, othr Ihou r2 uu/. Thr , ho8r, oth@ o thPr>//t Jo S4K, or th Dru.

J*.K Hu@h. "D>tor2 o I/;."

J30.K Th &or. S/ to.

J31.K E>2>/o4 Mtro4o/t. %o/. 9.

J3.K E>2>/o4 =rt>. Art>/ o Arro.

III. PETRY:--

J.K Lo>hrt "S4h =//." 1)3. R4rt, 8thItrou>to, th "Cho C/>."

J.K South2 "Chro>/ o th C." R4rt, 8thItrou>to, th "Cho C/>." A tru/2 ;r/tr/to.

J>.K South2 "Ror>," 8th ;2 trt@ ot.

J.K S>ott "Do Ror>."

I%. RE!ERRED T:--

J.K Ro;2. "Htor DE4@." 1)3*. F o/.

J.K Ru. "Io Srr." 1)36.

J>.K Moh;. "Ittut o E>>/t>/ Htor2." Tr/t



2 Muro>h. 1)F5.

PRINTED =Y

TURN=ULL AND SPEARS,

EDIN=UR#H.

E o th Pro>t #utr@ E=oo o Chrtt2 I/; S4J756-1031K, 2 Chr/ R@/ H

END ! THIS PRBECT #UTEN=ER# E=& CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

Th / hou/ ; 156.t9t or 156.G4

Th // o>t / o rou or;t 8// ou : htt4:QQ888.@[email protected]

Ibn Ma Sarra

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