IB History Hitler

7/31/2019 IB History Hitler

1/17

Hitler

1

Hitlers Rise to Power

Background of Interwar Years

Problems of Weimar Govt (1918-23)

Ineffective constitution Versailles Treaty Ruhr Hyperinflation

Stresemann (1924-28)

New currency FR out of Ruhr Locarno Treaty of Berlin League of Nations

Crash and Great Depression (1929-33)

Unemployment Dependent on US loans No genuine support for govt Extreme poverty Agriculture struggling


2/17

Hitler

2

The Nazi Party (after 1924)

3 main tactics in Mein Kampfo Violent tactics would have to be abandoned to win electoral supporto Strict organization and larger membershipo Fuhrers dominates completely makes Nazi seem united

Flexible promises to voterso Adapt Nazi Party to win voterso Would change 25 points to appeal to voterso Becomes more extremist later

Offers better jobs Offers more $$ Help middle class (in particular) Idea: make GE great again Believed in national community 25 points kept very vague Propaganda:

o All leaders highly trained in propagandao Goebbels (in charge)o SA enforces ito Modern technology used movies, news

Target certain people in communityo Mayoro Teachero Priest

Got them to be Nazi (influential people) Had massive rallies Tried to gain support of big business Mein Kampf best seller


3/17

Hitler

3

Breakdown of Nazi Voters

Young people supported Naziso Brainwashed since young

Voted for them as they were anti-Marxist/anti-communisto Hated left-winged

At the beginning, men gave more support but eventually, gained many women voters More rural areas voted for them More in north More protestants More middle class

May 1924 32 seats in Reichstag elections

1928 12 seats (H becoming extremist)

Remembero SA protect Partyo SS protect Hitler

Stock Market Crash led to unemployment

July 1932o Nazis did best evero One of largest party (37%)o Not majorityo Hitler then expected to have all power

President of WR (Hindenburg) was supposed to give Hitler the title of Chancellorbut he hates Hitler

Put him in charge of the post office. Thats the best job hell ever have. Puts Franz von Papen as Chancellor & Hitler as Vice-chancellor

Nov 1932o Papens govt falls, lack of supporto Re-elections and got 33% of seats (largest party in parliament)o Caused low morale in Nazi Partyo The future looks dark and gloomy Goebbel

Schleicher made new Chancellor Papen + Hitler angry!

Jan 1933o Schleichers govt fallso Nazis got 44% of seatso Hitler convinced Papen to get Hitler to become Chancellor


4/17

Hitler

4

Papen would be vice-chancellor But Hitler would be like a puppet of Papen Hindenburg reluctantly agrees

o H underestimated

Adolf Hitler

Commitment Tremendous energy Remarkable willpower Single-minded fanatic Great orator Hypnotic effect on audience Gift for exploiting anxiety Powerful, dominating personaly

Basic Ideas

Anti-semitism Social Darwinism Anti-communism Pan-Germanism Anti-democracy

SA

Own private army Former members of freikorps


5/17

Hitler

5

Summary of Hitlers Rise to Power

Long term bitternesso deep anger about WW1 and TOVo lost most territoryo had to pay reparationso blame Jews for losing the war

Ineffective Constitutiono Weakness in the constitution crippled the govto Many people wanted to return to dictatopshipo Too many small parties in GE

Moneyo Financial support of wealthy businessmen gave Hitler the money to run his propaganda

and election campaigns

The Great Depressiono GE economy crashed after world war reparationso Many unemployed in GEo Factories and stores closedo People starved on streetso In the crisis, people wanted someone to blame and looked to extreme solutions

Hitler offered these Germans turned to Nazism out of desperation Number of Nazi seats rose from 12 to 230 by 1932

Hitler as a Speaker

o Great oratoro Eyes had peculiar power over peopleo He believed God had called upon him to be the dictator of Germany and the worldo This persuaded him to go on and his self belief caused others to believe in him too

Reichstag Fireo New elections in march 1933, Hitler determined for Nazis winningo Most historians believe Hitler might have arranged for the fireo Gained authority since he was given permission to kill all communisto H ensured that he killed all influential communists to reduce competition

Propagandao Use modern technologyo Most Germans had radioso Speeches done on loud speakerso Movies about Nazismo Books from past idea burnt and replaced with Nazi bookso Mein Kampf best seller


6/17

Hitler

6

3 phases of Hitlers Rise to Power

Phase 1: Problems (1919-23)o Disappointed troops joined right-wingedo Left-winged

Soviet-style revolution in Munich Crushed by Freikorps Most leaders were jews

o Hitler and Nazis tried to take power in Munich WR lowest point, 1923 Ruhr/Inflation But failed

Phase 2: Prosperity/Golden Years (1924-1928)o During these golden years, the Nazis built their strengtho Borrowed $$ from Americao One of Hs key ideas were natural selection but still unpopular

Phase 3: Collapse (1929-33)o Depression

5 major GE banks crashed in 1931o Voters rushed to the extremes after bank collapse Reeso Hitler used modern propaganda

Visited 20 cities in 29 days

Helped in to powero Businessmen wrote to Hinderburg supporting the appointment of H as chancelloro Middle class feared communism more than Nazism


7/17

Hitler

7

Consolidation of Power

January 1933

Hitler becomes Chancellor Still has possibility to be fired by Hindenburg or the government falling Nazi didnt have 2/3 of constitution H stays under radar Consolidate power for about 2 years

How did Hitler consolidate power and become Fuhrer?

Reichstag Fireo Feb 1933o

Mysteriously govt building burnt downo Communists blamedo H uses this as an excuse to be against Communist

Huge communist conspiracy Goes to houses of other communists to find evidence of involvement 4000 Communist arrested

Communist started losing seats Thus, strengthened Nazis position in Reichstag

Decree for Protection of People and stateo Suspend all GE liberties of citizenso GE in chaos think Communist trying to overthrow govto Led to destruction of communist party

General Electionso Tried to get 2/3 of majorityo 44% of votes they goto Sent SA and SS to parliament meeting and 81 communist arrested

Continued making coalitions with centre and right-winged parties Finally got 2/3 of party majority!

Enabling Acto March 1933o Chancellor (Hitler) given power to make laws without president or Reichstag approval

Ruled by decreeo WR voted to destroy itself = stops existingo Reichstag rarely met

Thus, got rid of Parliament Gestapo

o Secret police


8/17

Hitler

8

o GE became a police stateo They spied on people, ensuring citizens followed rules strictly

Thus, no personal freedom Nazi breathing on their backs all the time

Banso Trade union

Replaced by GE labour front Controlled workers

o Other political parties Only Nazi Party existed

Bureaucracyo Got Nazis in chargeo State parliaments dissolved

Thus, had control of everything EXCEPT Army personally loyal to president Church

SAo 1934 growing bigger & getting harder to controlo More violent & chaotico Leader = Ernst Rohm

Wanted to merge with army Would break TOV Rohm = threat

Night of the Long Kniveso

Rohm and SA leaders arrested and killedo Sent for a meeting in countrysideo Hitler arrives with SS, protecting himo All leaders shot

Hitler took full responsibility for death Said SA was going to overthrow govt He said he saved them Made him incredibly popular

o Excellent propaganda for H and SS Death of Hindenburg

o Merges Chancellor + President = Fuhrero Army swore loyalty to himo From plebiscites, 90% were okay with it


9/17

Hitler

9

Social Policies

Propagandao Goebbels (in charge_o All artists had to enrol to become one under REICH CHAMBER OF CULTURE

Under this, they Had to be checked on Had to Nazis Were controlled

Types of Propaganda

Radioo Everyone unified under radio systemo Everyone could afford ito 70% had radioso Loudspeakers in towno Reached 56/70 million of GE (very effective)

Presso Everything had to be approved before publishingo All newspapers were owned by Naziso Had to accept papers

Filmo Controlled for content before showno Had subtle political messageso 10-15minutes before movie, there would be a documentary of Nazi Party

Not allowed to be lateo Goebbels approved 1000 movies during his time

Photographso H had an official photographero All photos were carefully stagedo Hs photos were produced everywhere!

Mass rallieso Mass rallies would transform a person from a little worm into a dragon Go Encouraged extremismo Rallies were equivalent to pop concerts nowadays

Arto Replaced all denigrated art with proper Aryan Nazi art

Supposed to be clear and direct Emphasised on superiority of Aryan race, glory of war and wise leader, H


10/17

Hitler

10

Architectureo words in stone Hitlero Massive building projects made of marble and stone to make it last

H hoped the 3rd Reich would last for 1000 yearso Redesigned BerlinGermania

Hoped it would be capital of GE Music

o No modern musico Traditional folk music

Literatureo Encouraged to burn non-Nazi books

Only wanted books on GE nationalism or peasant stories mein kampf = best seller

Autobahnso (highways)o Unified for transportation and communicationo Propaganda posterso Gave people jobso Good for morale, economy and propaganda

Sporto Govt coordinated all sportso super human raceo H himself obsessed with health

Vegan Didnt drink

o Showed superiority of Aryan race Religions

o Most GE Christianso Under 1% of Jewso Hitler and Churches

Phase 1: tries to gain control of churches Groups all churches together = reich church

o Didnt worko Churches dont want to be under one

H signed CONCORDAT with popeo Promised not to interfere politics and churcho Didnt work

Phase 2: tries to weaken churches People pressured to go to public schools Pushes non-religious youth groups


11/17

Hitler

11

Religion not taught in school Priests arrested Church property destroyed

o This was faced with MIX SUCCESSo Some people were still religious

Phase 3: creates new religion = GE faith movement Pagan religion Worship the sun Attempts were half-hearted

o Nazi leaders influenced how successful this wasWomen and family

Women took a conservative traditional role Kinder, Kirche und Kuche = children, church and cooking Hs main interest of women = increase Aryan population

o Have as maaany kids as possibleo Birth rate fell greatly in 1920so Needed more people in increase strength

Women who had many kids were prizedo Gold = 8 kids

Women were asked to stay at homeo Give jobs to men to solve unemployment problemo Only allowed part-time jobs

Women had to marry Aryan men Every time an Aryan is born, govt give $$ Contraception and abortion made illegal If women were married but either one could not have kids, they had to divorce Thus, birth rate increased but many died in WWII

Hitler Youth (HJ)

Aware that younger generation was his fan base Makes sure he indoctrinate them well Creates Hitler Youth Start of WWII, 82% of all teens were part of club

o Forced to joino Popularo Prepared them for future roles

Ladies = mother Men soldier

Some groups avoided HJo Underground groups = alternatives


12/17

Hitler

12

o Some got caught for not joining HJ and hung!Education

All teachers were strictly Nazis No one were to stand out

o Loyaltyo Obedienceo Group mentality

Curriculum set by govt


13/17

Hitler

13

THE GREAT TERROR

o Believes in Aryan race. Otherwise, eliminatedo Believes Darwinism (survival of the fittest)

Strong had rights of getting rid of weak Weak = burden on society

i) Hereditary Defects E.g. deafness, mental/physical problems, blindness Started off with STERILIZATION (cant have kids)

o Compulsory law Moved on to EUTHANASIA (mercy killing)

o Felt like they were doing them a favouro Kept secreto Went for treatment and died (made it look like an accident)o Propaganda on how great euthanasia is

Back lashed on themo Nazi lost support people lost the ones they love under themo Stopped this campaign

Lastly, sent to CONCENTRATION CAMPSii) Asocials

People who did not fit into GE community E.g.

o Beggars/homelesso Prostitute/criminalso Homosexual (most targeted)

Not contributing to society Rounded up + re-educated+ forced to work

o Some could be fixedo Those who could not be changed were sent to concentration camps

iii) Political Opponents Eliminated on the spot anti-Nazi and anti-Hitler Some sent to concentration camps


14/17

Hitler

14

iv) Different Races Jewish, gypsies, blacks, non-Christians

o Jewish most targetedo 6 million of themo Hitlers pathological hatred for them due to past

greedy & ruin economy Had good positions (took jobs from Aryan) Very few survived

Persecution of Jews

1935 Nuremburg Laws

Hitler announces at mass rallies to people about the laws hes made to protect GE peopleo Law for Protection of GE blood and honour

Not to mix other blood Jews and Aryans cannot marty

o Reich Citizenship Law Takes away Jews GE citizenship

Less protected Immigrants in their own country cant vote, no pension

o Law for Protection of genetic health of GE people Had to confirm one was Aryan Certificate to find job, get married

1936-37: Quiet Year

Olympics happening in Berlin Economy : BR helps Berlin Foreign relations had to be kept well Toned it down to lessen bad publicity H refused to give medals to other races

o People realise hes racist1938: Serious Persecution begins

As a Jew, one had to register and show them all your property to Naziso Nazis would confiscate them later

ID card had big J and had to wear a staro They stood out greatly

Jews were soon pushed out of business Excluded from public places schools, cinemas, shops


15/17

Hitler

15

1938: Kristallnacht (The Night of the Broken Glass)

A Jew assassinated a GE diplomat Goebbels seized opportunity to take revenge on Jews

o A series of attacks against Jewso Well-coordinated

7500 businesses destroyed, 400 Jewish churches burnt down, 91 killed The rest sent to CC

Most GE Jews got out.

1939-45: Final Solution

H feels he can be more radical and violet to Jews as people were more concerned about war H invades Poland at the beginning of war

o A lot of Jews there Jews isolated into ghettos

o Transported them to CCo Became slave labourerso 6 million Jews died

Israel created so that Jews had a place to go


16/17

Hitler

16

Political Control

Role of Hitlero Hitler was a dictator tolitarian stateo No illusion of democracyo No cabineto Hitler

Suffered from insomnia Slept during day Effective in afternoon Indecisive and insecure

o Focused on foreign policy, military/war and building projects Rebuilds Berlin

o As a result of his behaviour, hes very detached.o People thought he worked 24/7

So generous Working for free Brave soldier Loved children

Thus, people trust him unconditionally Whatever he wanted, happened

Role of Top Nazi Leaderso Very effectiveo Hitler gives them big idea, they made it happened

Took ideas from mein kampf and made it a reality Desperate to get closer to H Everybody wanted to be his successor Positions overlapped/changed constantly

Led to competition so that they couldnt get to the top, rising aboveFuhrer

Role of NSDAP Partyo Many joined as it was a good job

Made sure family protected Everyone wanted to be in party

o Feudal system If in Nazi Party, you had a lot of power Old-fashioned Polycratic


17/17

Hitler

17

A lot of different bodied is govt, overlapping and working together Chaotic

Didnt know who had what responsibility No restriction more extremist

IB History Hitler

Documents

Transcript of IB History Hitler