IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Basics of Biodosimetry Part 1 Lecture Module 2.
-
Upload
ethelbert-chapman -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
2
Transcript of IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Basics of Biodosimetry Part 1 Lecture Module 2.
IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency
Basics of BiodosimetryPart 1
LectureModule 2
IAEA
What is Biodosimetry?
Biodosimetry is the use of any biological change in an irradiated person that can be sufficiently quantified to indicate their radiation dose
2
IAEA
The ideal specification for a biological dosemeter
• Specific to radiation
• Low background
• Low donor variability
• Low doubling dose
• Dose response calibration
• Persistent effect
• Easy sampling
• Rapid result
• Cost
3
IAEA
What are our options?
For high doses:
>2 Gy
Prodromal nausea and vomiting
Differential white blood cell counts
Localised > 3 Gy
Erythema
Conjunctivitis
4
IAEA
Erythema and blistering
5
IAEA
Changes in neutrophil numbers after irradiation
% ofnormal
Normal
Time, d
Infections, fever, death
Critical period,infections,fever
<1
2 - 51 - 2
>5 - 6
180
100
50
00 4530
Gy
156
IAEA
Other possible endpoints
• Altered levels of biochemicals in body fluids
• Gene mutations
• Genes up- or down-regulated
• Increased numbers of DNA double strand breaks
7
IAEA
Our best options
Cytogenetic indicators:
• Dicentrics
• Translocations
• Micronuclei
• Aberrations in prematurely condensed chromosomes
8
IAEA
Why do we need biodosimetry ?
Doctors treat symptoms, not doses
• Biodosimetry can detect false positives and false negatives
• Biodosimetry can forewarn to expect later clinical developments
• Biodosimetry can indicate partial body or inhomogeneous exposure
9
IAEA
Why do we need biodosimetry?
• Dose information can inform doctors in the dose range where medical intervention is needed
• Doses <1 Gy will need no treatment, only counselling
• False alarms, i.e., no dose, need reassurance
• Large events result in epidemiology follow-up
10
IAEA
Why do we need biodosimetry?
• Physical dosemeter badges do not necessarily reflect the wearer’s dose
• People, sometimes members of the public, who are not routinely monitored can be involved in radiation events
11
IAEA
Overall place of biodosimetry in radiation dose monitoring
• It supplements, but does not replace, physical monitoring
• It works for overdoses, it does not have the sensitivity of a badge
• It resolves anomalies
• It helps quantify dose in the absence of reliable physics
• It relieves anxiety
12
IAEA
Brief early history of cytogenetic dosimetry
• Early in the 20th century it was known that radiation damages chromosomes
• 1960 breakthrough; method to visualize human chromosomes in white blood cells
• Calibrations at Oak Ridge, USA
• Biodosimetry performed on mid-1960s criticality accidents in USA
13
IAEA
The dicentric assay
• The first type of aberration to be used
• Most frequently still used
• Therefore a large body of experience
• Now a routine procedure
• Has been described as the biodosimetry ‘gold standard’
14
IAEA
A dicentric in a metaphase chromosome spread
15
IAEA
What is the ‘dose’ that we are measuring?
• Absorbed dose• Unit is gray (Gy)
• We relate the chromosome aberration yield to dose by reference to a dose response calibration curve in Gy
• We are measuring dose to lymphocytes
• We do NOT operate in sieverts (Sv)
16
IAEA
What are the lymphocytes that we use
17
IAEA
Lymphocytes
• PHA stimulates T-lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes in the blood are non-dividing
• They are a synchronised population of cells that can be stimulated to divide and can be harvested at first metaphase
• In non-dividing cells dicentrics are predominantly induced by radiation
18
IAEA
The lymphocyte in vitro cell cycle
19
IAEA
Conclusions
This lecture has described:
• Requirements for biological dosemeter
• Clinically observable effects of high doses; poorly quantitative
• Best options for more quantitative dosimetry; cytogenetics
• Why we need biodosimetry; how it helps
• Early beginnings in 1960s with the dicentric
• Consideration of dose that we specify
• Some basic points about peripheral blood lymphocyte
20