I. WASTE MANAGEMENTACTIVITIESbeen living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been...
Transcript of I. WASTE MANAGEMENTACTIVITIESbeen living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been...
2
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
I. WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIESWaste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating
wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.
Waste management should be embraced by each and every household. Every day, tonnes of
waste is disposed off at various landfill sites. This waste comes from homes, offices,
industries and various other agricultural related activities. These landfill sites produce foul
smell if waste is not stored and treated properly. It can pollute the surrounding air and can
seriously affect the health of humans, wildlife and our environment.
Effects of Poor Waste Management: Due to improper waste disposal systems particularly by
municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a problem. People clean
their homes and places of work and litter their surroundings which affects the environment
and the community. This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials
to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions. After a few
days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced and it becomes a breeding ground for
different types of disease causing insects as well as infectious organisms. On top of that, it
also spoils the aesthetic value of the area when released to the environment and can cause
biological and physicochemical problems to the environment and may affect or alter the
productivity of the soils in that particular area.
1. Solid Waste
Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage management. As long as humans have
been living in settled communities, solid waste, or garbage, has been an issue, and modern
societies generate far more solid waste than early humans ever did.
Municipal solid wastes heap up on the roads due to improper disposal system. People clean
their own houses and litter their immediate surroundings which affect the community
including themselves. This type of dumping allows biodegradable materials to decompose
under uncontrolled and unhygienic conditions. This produces foul smell and breeds various
types of insects and infectious organisms besides spoiling the aesthetics of the site. The
methods of treated solid waste management are:
Composting: Due to shortage of space for landfill in bigger cities, the biodegradable yard
waste (kept separate from the municipal waste) is allowed to degrade or decompose in a
medium. A good quality nutrient rich and environmental friendly manure is formed which
improves the soil conditions and fertility.
Organic matter constitutes 35%-40% of the municipal solid waste generated in India. This
waste can be recycled by the method of composting, one of the oldest forms of disposal. It is
the natural process of decomposition of organic waste that yields manure or compost, which
is very rich in nutrients.
Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria,
convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance. This finished product, which
looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen and is an excellent medium for growing plants.
The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in the kitchens is not
carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the nutrients and returns them to the soil as
3
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can significantly reduce the
amount of disposable garbage.
The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better specially when
used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water and makes the soil easier to
cultivate. It helped the soil retain more of the plant nutrients.
a. Bio Digester
Bio-Digester is a decomposition mechanized toilet system which decomposes Human
Excretory Waste in the digester tank using specific high graded bacteria further converting it
into methane and water, discharged further to the desired surface. The Bio-digester is total
maintenance-free system, which does not require any sewage system. The inoculums
bacteria used in these bio-digester procreate & generate new bacteria in an anaerobic
environment & does not require repeat dosing.
3
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can significantly reduce the
amount of disposable garbage.
The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better specially when
used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water and makes the soil easier to
cultivate. It helped the soil retain more of the plant nutrients.
a. Bio Digester
Bio-Digester is a decomposition mechanized toilet system which decomposes Human
Excretory Waste in the digester tank using specific high graded bacteria further converting it
into methane and water, discharged further to the desired surface. The Bio-digester is total
maintenance-free system, which does not require any sewage system. The inoculums
bacteria used in these bio-digester procreate & generate new bacteria in an anaerobic
environment & does not require repeat dosing.
4
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
5
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
2. Liquid Waste:
Water is indispensable in our daily life as we use it for various purposes like foodproduction, economic development, and for general well-being. There is no substitute forwater a unique natural gift to mankind without which life is impossible . Water is vital to theexistence of all living organisms, but this value resource is increasingly being threatened ashuman populations grow and demand more water of high quality for domestic purposes andeconomic activities. Rivers and their tributaries passing through the cities receive largeamount of liquid effluent released from industrial, domestic sewage, and run off fromagricultural fields causing undesirable alteration to the structure and functions of riverecosystems. It becomes polluted due to the unscientific disposal of the waste water hascaused immense environmental problems not only to the aquatic environment but also tohuman beings worldwide. Therefore treatment of liquid waste water is a challenge torejuvenate the river and stream back to its natural environment by appropriate strategy forrestoration of such areas.
a. Grey Water Recycling
Aim and objectives:The objective is to optimize and validate a system for reusing
greywater and to develop guidelines for the sustainable use of greywater in small-
scale agriculture and gardens in rural villages, peri-urban and urban areas of
Meghalaya.
The trend of urbanization and population growth places enormous pressure on our
water sources’ abilities to replenish themselves while meeting everyone’s need.
From the perspective of supply and demand, local demand exceeds local supply
leading to water scarcity in many places both global and regional. A report from
the United Nations has estimated that in the year 2025, 2.7 billion people will be
facing water shortage problems which mean that the affected population will be
1/2–1/3 of the total population. Facing the challenge of the gradual exhaustion of
water resources, many countries have actively developed greywater technologies
and policies, as well as have applied them to agricultural and residential uses.
Although Meghalaya is well known as the state which receives heaviest
rainfall in the world, but the present scenario has deteriorated rapidly due to
climate change and uneven rainfall distribution for the past few years. The current
situation poses threat to the available water resources of the state which may lead
to water scarcity in many parts of the state particularly the urban areas. Many
household, Government and private Bungalows/Quarters/Institutions/guest
houses, etc. do not have natural water sources and mostly depends on the water
supplied by the private sector to meet their different requirements such as
irrigation, gardening, domestic use, cleaning and sanitation purposes, etc. Of the
5
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
2. Liquid Waste:
Water is indispensable in our daily life as we use it for various purposes like foodproduction, economic development, and for general well-being. There is no substitute forwater a unique natural gift to mankind without which life is impossible . Water is vital to theexistence of all living organisms, but this value resource is increasingly being threatened ashuman populations grow and demand more water of high quality for domestic purposes andeconomic activities. Rivers and their tributaries passing through the cities receive largeamount of liquid effluent released from industrial, domestic sewage, and run off fromagricultural fields causing undesirable alteration to the structure and functions of riverecosystems. It becomes polluted due to the unscientific disposal of the waste water hascaused immense environmental problems not only to the aquatic environment but also tohuman beings worldwide. Therefore treatment of liquid waste water is a challenge torejuvenate the river and stream back to its natural environment by appropriate strategy forrestoration of such areas.
a. Grey Water Recycling
Aim and objectives:The objective is to optimize and validate a system for reusing
greywater and to develop guidelines for the sustainable use of greywater in small-
scale agriculture and gardens in rural villages, peri-urban and urban areas of
Meghalaya.
The trend of urbanization and population growth places enormous pressure on our
water sources’ abilities to replenish themselves while meeting everyone’s need.
From the perspective of supply and demand, local demand exceeds local supply
leading to water scarcity in many places both global and regional. A report from
the United Nations has estimated that in the year 2025, 2.7 billion people will be
facing water shortage problems which mean that the affected population will be
1/2–1/3 of the total population. Facing the challenge of the gradual exhaustion of
water resources, many countries have actively developed greywater technologies
and policies, as well as have applied them to agricultural and residential uses.
Although Meghalaya is well known as the state which receives heaviest
rainfall in the world, but the present scenario has deteriorated rapidly due to
climate change and uneven rainfall distribution for the past few years. The current
situation poses threat to the available water resources of the state which may lead
to water scarcity in many parts of the state particularly the urban areas. Many
household, Government and private Bungalows/Quarters/Institutions/guest
houses, etc. do not have natural water sources and mostly depends on the water
supplied by the private sector to meet their different requirements such as
irrigation, gardening, domestic use, cleaning and sanitation purposes, etc. Of the
6
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
many million liters water supplied by the civic body every day, more than half is
used for purposes other than drinking, and eventually flows down the drain which
mixes with sewage (black water).
Several treatment technologies have been developed and applied worldwide.
But nowadays phytoremediation as a green technology is one of the main
environmentally friendly technologies that scientists are using in their researches.
Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants to clean up contaminated water,
soils, or sediments. Phytoremediation is a new, cost effective, aesthetically
pleasing, and low cost suitable solution for many environmental problems across
the world. Suitable plant species used for phytoremediation should have high
uptake of both organic and inorganic pollutants, grow well in polluted water, and
be easily controlled in quantity spreading dispersion. Furthermore, the plants
should not only accumulate, reduce, or volatilize the contaminants but also grow
fast in a range of different conditions and lends to harvesting easily.
Keeping in view the urgent needs to conserve and optimize the use of fresh
water, a little initial investment can help recover 90% of wastewater which can be
recycled to meet more than 75% of our daily water needs.
One of the new and innovative phytoremedial technology used in many parts
of the world is the Vetiver system which is applicable for wastewater treatment. It
is a green and environmental friendly wastewater treatment technology as well as
a natural recycling method. In the process of treatment, the Vetiver plant absorbs
essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and cations and
stores them for other uses. The end product has provided high nutrient material for
animal feed, mulch for gardens, roof thatching, and handicrafts (ropes, mats, hats,
and baskets) raw material for making pulp, and paper and material for organic
farming and recently extended to biofuel and carbon sequestration.
7
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
b. Domestic Liquid Waste at Village
Aim and objective: To rejuvenate the domestic waste water by constructing engineeringtechnology with eco-friendly technique.
water pollution is the main problem because of uncontrolled urbanization which is due tosewage effluent disposed into water bodies and leads to the adverse effect on living organism.Domestic wastewater treatment has become a serious aquatic environmental problem for allover the world . Sewage water often contains pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria,viruses, fungi, algae etc., having the potential to cause diseases that can lead to immenseharm to public health. Due to such problems the main global agenda is environmentalmanagement, treatment and reuse of the wastewater is at stake. Therefore to bring up with thequicker solution treatment of domestic waste water by using engineering constructedtechnology with eco-friendly is a new treatment technology to clean up contaminatedenvironments through the use of microorganisms and macrophyte plants to degradeenvironmental pollutants or to prevent pollution so as to develop appropriate strategy forrestoration of such areas. The different technique for treated domestic waste water it include
7
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
b. Domestic Liquid Waste at Village
Aim and objective: To rejuvenate the domestic waste water by constructing engineeringtechnology with eco-friendly technique.
water pollution is the main problem because of uncontrolled urbanization which is due tosewage effluent disposed into water bodies and leads to the adverse effect on living organism.Domestic wastewater treatment has become a serious aquatic environmental problem for allover the world . Sewage water often contains pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria,viruses, fungi, algae etc., having the potential to cause diseases that can lead to immenseharm to public health. Due to such problems the main global agenda is environmentalmanagement, treatment and reuse of the wastewater is at stake. Therefore to bring up with thequicker solution treatment of domestic waste water by using engineering constructedtechnology with eco-friendly is a new treatment technology to clean up contaminatedenvironments through the use of microorganisms and macrophyte plants to degradeenvironmental pollutants or to prevent pollution so as to develop appropriate strategy forrestoration of such areas. The different technique for treated domestic waste water it include
8
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
the primary treatment (Treatment with sand and gravel ) and secondary treatment (Treatmentwith Phtoremediation and fallowed by Bioremediation and again replicate with sand andgravel) as depicted in the plan below. The effluent diverted from the different outlet it passedthrough a series of collection tank. The construction of waste water treatment is advisable atthe source of pollution before the effluent pass to the main river and stream.
a. Effluent From Washing of Clothes
Aim and objective: To treat the effluent from washing of cloths before it release tothe main river and stream.
The impact of soap and detergents can have poisonous effect of aquatic life if they arepresent in sufficient quantities and this includes the biodegradable detergent. Howeveruntreated or primary treatment effluents containing soap and detergents may pose aproblem. Soap and detergents make the water purification process difficult. This isbecause; the microorganisms which oxidize organic pollutants to harmless materialsare killed. To assure that products are safe for the environment, manufacturersevaluate the impacts of product ingredients in wastewater treatment systems, streams,rivers, lakes and estuaries. Scientific principles that are widely recognized by the
9
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
technical and regulatory communities are used to assess the risk to the environment ofthese impacts. Therefore to bring up with the quicker solution treatment of domesticwaste water by using engineering constructed technology with eco-friendly is a newtreatment technology to clean up contaminated environments. The primary treatmentinclude primary treatment and secondary treatment. The primary treatment it includethe treatment with sand, gravel and activated charcoal and the secondary treatment itinclude treatment with Phtoremediation and bioremediation.
9
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
technical and regulatory communities are used to assess the risk to the environment ofthese impacts. Therefore to bring up with the quicker solution treatment of domesticwaste water by using engineering constructed technology with eco-friendly is a newtreatment technology to clean up contaminated environments. The primary treatmentinclude primary treatment and secondary treatment. The primary treatment it includethe treatment with sand, gravel and activated charcoal and the secondary treatment itinclude treatment with Phtoremediation and bioremediation.
10
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
11
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
11
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
12
This manual was prepared by the Institute of Natural Resources; under the Meghalaya Basin Development Authority.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe success and final outcome of this manual required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
sources which includes:
1. Technical and Procurement manual for installation of Biodigesters in Meghalaya
2. Meghalaya Schedule Of Rate 2013-14 (Building)
3. Meghalaya Schedule Of Rate 2012-13(Road and Bridges)