ISLAMIC SCIENCE

Project by: Ina Ciubara

Zohra Mahdi

Karen Vaccarini

ISLAMIC SCIENCE ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE (8TH -16TH CENTURY

I. MedicineII. PhilosophyIII. MathematicsIV. Natural ScienceV. Science LogicVI. Scientific Method

ISLAMIC SCIENCE •Islamic Golden Age

• Between the 8th and 16th centuries

• Islam was the driving force behind the Muslim achievements

• known as Arabic science

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Experimentation Empirical

Observation Historical Methods Controlled

Experimentation Inquiry

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a polymath who was a pioneer of modern optics and the scientific method

MEDICINE

Systematic Experimentation

Quantification into the study of physiology

Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases

Introduction of quarantine

Avicenna was a polymath who was considered a pioneer of experimental medicine and the concept of momentum

ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY

Logic in Islamic law and theologyi. Analogical reasoningii. Inductive reasoningiii. Categorical syllogism

Aristotelian logici. Metaphysics

Alfarabian logici. Contingentsii. Number and relation of the categoriesiii. the relation between logic and grammar

FORMAL SCIENCES LOGIC

Avicennian logic as a replacement of Aristotelian logic.

Introduction on hypothetical syllogism (history of logic)

Temporal modal logic ( possibility, probability , necessity)

Inductive logic Developed science of citation-ISNAD 15TH century ASHARITE school Standards of an argument Islamic philosophers studied logic and language

MATHEMATICS

Al-khawarizmi contributions to algebra: Intro to Arabic numerals Into to decimal point Al-Karagi first to introduce “THEORY OF

ALGEBRAIC CALCULUS” Prove binomial theorem Prove Pascal’s Triangle, integral cubes Ibn al-Haytham first for “SUM OF FORTH

POWERS” Invention of spherical trigonometry Omar Khayyam first to find solution to

cubic equations

NATURAL SCIENCESASTRONOMY IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM

Stars in the sky

Aldebaran AltairAstronomical

Terms Alhidade Azimuth almucantar

Nasi al-Din Tusi was a polymath who

Nasir al-Din Tusi was a polymath who

resolved significant problems in the Ptolemaic system with the Tusi-couple, which played an important role in Copernican heliocentrism

NATURAL SCIENCESCHEMISTRY

Alembic

Still

Distillation

Liquefaction

Crystallisation

Purification

Oxidisation

Filtration

Jabir inb-hayyan (Geber) was a polymath who is considered a pioneer of chemstry and perfumery

NATURAL SCIENCEPhysics

Ibn Sahl mathematician and

physicist First to discover law of

refraction (Snell’s law) Used this law to work out

the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses

set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light

Reproduction of a page of Ibn Sahl's manuscript showing his discovery of the law of refraction (from Rashed, 1990). The original (ca. 984) is public domain.

Source: Islamic Golden Age. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age