I

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-655 I

Salmon and

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS

National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries Series

The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, develop- ment and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also as- sists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry.

The Special Scientific ReporGFisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scien- tific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature.

NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both FederaI and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the

I marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, 604. The flora and fauna of a basin in central Florida

Bay. By J. Harold Hudson, Donald M. Allen, and T. J. Costello. May 1970, iii + 14 pp., 2 figs., 1 table.

605. Contributions to the life histories of several penaeid shrimps (Penaeidae) along the south Atlantic Coast of the United States. By Wtlliam W. Anderson. May 1970, iii + 24 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables.

606. Annotated references on the Pacific saury, ColoG abia saka. By Steven E. Hughes. June 1970, iii + 12 pp.

607. Studies on continuous transmission frequency modulated sonar. Edited by Frank J. Hester. June 1970, iii + 26 pp. 1st paper, Sonar target classification experiments with a continuous- transmission Doppler sonar, by Frank J. Hester, pp. 1-20, 14 figs. 4 tables; 2d paper, Acoustic target strength oi! several species of fish, by H. W. Volberg, pp. 21-26, 10 figs.

608. Preliminary designs of traveling screens to col- lect juvenile fish. July 1970, v + 15 qp. 1st pa er, Traveling screens for collection of juvenile s a g o n (models I and 11). by Daniel W. Bates and John G. Vanderwalker, pp. 1-5, 6 figs., 1 table; 2d paper, Design and operation of a canti-

-- levered traveling fish screen ( m o g V ) b Dan T i z t W ; S a r s ~ m s ~ , T u i e y , a* I k ~ Prentice, 10 figs., 1 table.

609. Annotated bibliogra hy of zooplankton sampling devices. By Jack k. Jossi. July 19'70, lii + 90 PP.

610. Limnological stud of lower Columbia River, 1967-68. By f3hirGy M. Clark and George R. Snyder. July 1970, iii + 14 pp., 15 figs., 11 tables.

I 611. Laboratory tests of an electrical barrier for con- g;lf;gz redation by northern squawfish. By Maxfield, Robert H. Lander and

Charles D. Volz. July 1970, iii + 8 pp., 4 figs., 5 tables.

612. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part VIII : Sea-level meteorological properties and heat exchange processes, July 1963 to June 1965. B Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iv + 129 pp., figs., 8 tables.

613. Sea-bottom photographs and macrobenthos col- lections from the Continental Shelf off Massa- chusetts. By Roland L. WigIey and Roger B. Theroux. August 1970, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables.

614. A sled-mounted suction sampler for benthic or- ganisms. By Donald M. Allen and J. Harold Hudson. August 1970, iii + 5 pp., 5 figs., 1 table.

615. Distribution of fishing effort and catches of skip- jack tuna, Katsuwonus elamis, in Hawaiian waters by uarters of t t e year, 1948-65. By ~ i c h a r d ~ .%Jch ida . June 1970, iv + 37 pp., 6 figs., 22 tables.

616. Effect of quality of the spawning bed on growth and development of pink salmon embryos and alevins. By Ralph A. Wells and William J. Mc- Neil. August 1970, iii + 6 pp., 4 tables.

617. F u r sea1 investigations, 1968. By NMFS, Ma- rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. December 1970, iii + 69 pp., 68 tables.

m 8 . S p a w n i n g a r i G X d a b u n d a n c e o f steelhead trout and coho, sockeye, and chum salmon in the Columbia River Basin - ast and present. By Leonard A. Fulton. ~ e c e m k r 1970, iii + 37 pp., 6 figs., 11 maps, 9 tables.

619. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables.

620. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Par t IX: The sea-level wind field and wind stress values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs.

Continued on inside back cover.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Peter 6. Petenon, Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Philip M. bedel, Director

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-655

lmrnobilizarron of Fingerling Salmon and Trout by Decompression

DOYLE F. SUTHERLAND

SEAlTl€, Wb Mmh 1972

*ettdm$ of h m m m ~ , U.S. @vmmmnt Prfatinf O& E3tZm - m a 2s aatr

The Natiand Marine Fish~sii.ers gprrrige (NMF8) doerr not approve, rec- ommend or endome any progri&ary prodact ur proprietary material mentioned in thia p&licatifm No &LIB shall be made to NMFS, or to W publlmtion fadshed by PJMFB, in any advertking or =lea pro- mation whleh wouId fadieate or imply that NMF8 agpmvee, rewmmenda or endorm any pro@&my prudnd or proprietary material mentioned herain, or whi& has sa its porpoge an intent to muse M y or indirectly the advertid product b be wed or purchased beauare of this MMFS publication.

CONTENTS

Pam In:M~&on ................................................ 1 Ad- and ~~ ...................................... 2

lhwbom* sttldy .......................................... 2 ..................................... Zeal&u+mx D m study 8

Immobilization of Fingerling Salmon and Trout

by Decompression

DOYLE F. SUTHERLAND, Fishem Biobgist National Marine Fisheries Service

Northwest Fisheries Center 2725 Montlake Boulevard East

Seattle, Washington 98102

ABSTRACT

dlmaBape W d wlkh turbines a d

other structums wit;hfn U. are be- lieved to suffer dm& or b t b from mem p-

\

dimly, o o w d ~ in a Lb*omtmy tuld at Iae Harbor Dam, waa undddmn as a result of&-

observations and examines the role of decom- pression as a possible cause of immabilktion.

The Kaplan turbines at Ice Harbor Dam have an area of low negative pressure below the blades that theoretically averages about one-half at- mosphere (38 cm of mercury vacuum) when the turbines are operated at r a w capacity.' The actual level of negative preggure below the dur- bine blades is not known but mud be consider- ably greater than the 88 an theoretical average.

Bmmd eaannounimtion, I. Scot-$* U.S. Amy C u m of I-

It ia also known that demmpmsion to leveh tests. Fork lengths of the two lots of fiah were present in the turbines can be hamful to juvenile appmximz&ely the same; the chinook salmon Paern sahnon. In a study of the &ecb of neg- ranged from 119 to 180 mm and the coho salmon ative pramre. on .fh$erUng chinoak 8ahq1, from 185 to 190 m n !be sJi&% size difference H o h m and Donawn' found that etltrt %h leaf- f believed to hsve had little or no influence on ' ferecE an average of 8.5% m o W B xhm hh ,, f i e CQrnparative response of the two species to compre~md from 18 psi to -2 psi. Id& (1959)". ' ' negsthe pressure. reparted that fingerling coho &in exposed to The experimenfal apparatus consisted of two negative prtrserm of 12.7-78.7 m/Hg for 0.1- main components: (1) the fish-holding-recir- 2.5 sec a p p w d to be stunned m o m e n ~ l y but culating system and (2) the pressure chamber- concluded that decomprewion,to parl;isil vma Ti vacuum E I $ S ~ T basic arrangement (except was not likely to kill the W h unless acmnpanie ; for the vacuum pump and filter) is illustrated by c.tlvibkian. Harvey (1963) coz~~hza;gd f rod i ib Figam I. A round wooden tank served aer his &dies and comprehensive review of tihe W the h o l u g f a * . Water from the water main eratuw that the eff& of d e e o m p ~ d h 'c%dL"' $f PBW, ?@'ash., treated with sodium thiosulfate pended on the condition of the figh and PhpgiCBf ' "'"b nedkallze the chlorinity, was continuously re- factam in the environment as well as on the - circulated through a sand and charcoal filter and d h d e of the vacuum. aerated by a diaphragm compressor. The water

Immobilized hge~ling d o n and trout were temperahre was maintained at 9.0" C -r- 0.5" C first ob- a t Ice Harbor Dam hi 1 W # 4 k g a portable refrigeration system. Marked juvenile eoho w b o n and rainbow trout The pressure chamber was built from a were r e W in a turbine intake and r e c ~ m 129.4-cm length of heavy-duty iron pipe, 30.5 cm

ation of the test fish. wasgained thmugh a .

a 10.2ccm pipe .srlmwe with the efbd& o~~ ~ ~ ~ e , w- - 1 st Range 8ad m e r pbte, Additional slwms pro-

- *: ':lebdPd plumbing artlmlments for w a k intake

r. ~ # m d dimharm Ihw, &r mhad port, pressure md ' - and vacuum line. kk 8 , 7 W k r (1,000-

bi&d @&.at : @o&) tmk m v s d as e vacuum reservoir and I ~ f i r: 1 was ccmndWl to the pressure chamber by a rub-

~--~it&yr hose 1.9 om thi& The vacuum was a ~ ~ l i e d

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Laboratory study - [n this study chinook salmon fingerlings were

substituted for rainbow trout as the LM~IF ape- cies was not readily available. Tbe c h h ~ s k salmon fingerlings were downstream dgrarreS caught in the gatewells of McNary Dam, Uma- tilla, Oreg. The coho salmon were no~lgligrants taken from the White Salmon Federal Ha-# White Salmon, Wash. All fish were t r a n s p l , d to the test site by tank truck and held in a fit&- holding facility (described below) for at least 2 dsys More they were used in decompression

* Holmes, H. B., and I. J. DonaIdaon A stud of the x r effect of pressure changes upon salmon finger& ns 2- & a plied to puns thro h s illway at Mayfield %m, 1 &wlft& ah, #&A. $npu%l. manwcr., 18 p@jp p,.

The amount of negative pressure applied to the chamber was controlled by evacuating the reservoir to the desired level as indicated on a gauge. A second gauge plumbad into the cham- ber fhonitored p m u r e change. The vac- uum was &md by eloiaing the vmam h e valve and venting .the ~~ by a m i n s a s m n d .6- ball valve. Ah& 1 tp ma required to obibin 61 om of

m e w vmaum in the Ghasnber wbm it ww flbd with water;, 2% were wdgd to mi& 71 . ~ ~ 3 3 ! of mercury vacultbn betmum of the law tmwW af dbsdvd U~~ by #ta hw ~egatiaa prwure. At all negdive p r m qt; tmk ow-half m d to r % i i ~ 8 the vawun hp opening the relief valve and cloisia$ t;he vacuum. tiae valve.

capture in the barge, and of recovery or death were recorded for each fish. All live immobilized fish were transferred a t the end of the work day to the holding tanks near the dam and held for at least 3 days to evaluate delayed effeds.

LABORATORY STUDY OF DECOMPRESSION

Some fish were examined at the highest vac- attainable with the system employed (71 cm

of mercury vacuum). Qther p u p s were then at successively lower levels to the lowest

of vacuum that produced immobility (61,

,; :$ :$51, and 41 cm of mercury vacuum). For valid .:J , :qcomparison of the labomtory results with those :?!"#in the field, it was desirable to simulate field

- $:conditions by decompressing the fish as rapidly ?"' - .[as when passing a turbine (onehalf second or -. 1 ,:r~''(less). In exploratury trials with a small pres- - 'p - -- 4 ; =,5sure chamber (10.2 x 121.9 cm), a high level

-2,. ;-$of negative presaure could be achieved in a frac- :" : - tion of a mcond. The test fish, however-par- -13 -Jc'~. titularly the wild chinook salmon-did not ap- ' - Ld to acclimate to the restricted environment.

id.~ubaequently, a larger pressure chamber (30.6 - -$ : = x 140.8 cm) was used, although the time re- n 'ri

10 r PARTIAL lMMaelLlTY

...A * .... I 1 I * I

TIME AFTER EXPOSURE (MwUTES1

IMMOBILIZED FINGERLINGS BELOW ICE HARBOR DAM

During the turbine studies at Ice Harbor Dam, recovered test fish were closely observed for symptoms of immobilization similar to those manifested by fish decompressed in the labora- tory. The first immobilized fish were seen on 4 November during the fourth test (Table 1). On

Table l.-Dmation of immo-tllon of individual eoBo dmon snd bow trout i l t ~ ~ ~ l i . u g ~ mewed in &e PP-1 net at I e H%pkr Dam, a N - I I3eimnh iW.

4 m. W o w o

16 Nw. Ebahbo7n la m. Ehinbow 22 MW. 3Wtlb.ow

Eainbow 80 )Om. Ekidmw

B D i s s 3hidmW 6Dec. gar2nbcm

L l k l d l d for i 3 W a d . m

6

Gji . . - \ - 5 - - . - .. - -

- a d alive 8 itan m, the O%C)T 'kopo . . mufn$,*e zi&?&gt,

r r ma ?& bm hilt a4.ght in 6, 9, 10, and 31. (16 and 8Q Nwmbx; 2 and 6

- , - ) l - v d m a . ~

I

. , fmm 1% (tat 11) kY fMqdn hf#&etmBb ~.mo

. 4 s - & & p IS (test 18) b7'7'7 ;. .$ min *el#). Ths few dah mrvid..,8dq

hold3ng pdod. The one caught in test I1 was --. E l l i ~ evhhtly norfmd &r 30 days of ob-

@b1e h e k p m e n t af k b t

fmmobW t3sh wme wght fn the ma catch tAEiSm-

h e n t h e m ~ o d s , ~ c a g - Of the total t.Ur-e d i s f\ta~d net, ~2W%tl$ Iw

than 1% entered the recovery barge; the rest filtered thxough the meshes of the net. An esti- h t e d 18 9% of the test fish released in the turbine were killed by impingement against the net and a much higher percentage injured by physical contact. Far immo'bilized b h to reach the reeovery

bar@ uninju~ed (not heemted, descala e h ) , thsy wonM have to be passively bnspopted the length of the net br that flow directed tawmd the d end.

B w w e the net may have ,mused izmmabdim- tion by iabpingment it was highly desirable to obtain mnples of immobilized fish in the gend area occupied by the net in the 1966 tests. Field parties with long-handed dip nets cruised the area in boats just dter releases in April and Mm 1967 to march for fighfigh in distress. Although many such fiah were seen to surface, mwt were picked up by hove*- gulls or pulled undw the 5urfaee by turbulence before they could be reached. For the final test (10 May), a small inclined-screen m o p trap (50.8 cm deep and 121.9 an wide) was anchored in the turbine dis- charge. It, tooJJ proved of litrtle vdue for col- 1-8 distmsmd Ash. The total catch by both methods was only five immobilized fish. All of them displayed the symptom c h a r a d s M c of demmpxession, erratic motion followed by in- setivity and sinkiq. Obemed i m m o b ~ o n ranged fkm 2 to 6 min, and the c o m p u ~ msx- imm period of immobilization ranged from 6 to 1% min (Table 2).

Inbrat in this study is the mumption that immobi&ation was due )io d-prwion. The assumption is supported by lahratory experi-

W'ti'li3 %-Duration of immobilization of individual who salmon ihgerings caught b dip net and scoop trap in the. turbine discharge, 14 April - 10 May 1987.'

Time Time Time from release from release Dab in turbine to in turbine 1967 capture in

from rm- dip net Obwmed Es&natedmaHon -B trap

m3-m & olrkr lnin 14 April 3 5 7 8

5 2 6 7 21 April 14 El 18 10 10 May 7 4 10 11

11 6 16 17

Allfishmmdveds8.day holdingpezkd

*U-S9 :M W6 'T *- =w -M3PII P T 0~- P $0 @%RWW 'TMT

'%If 'mu '0 '3 ~m 'Qa=a,'& "8 ''R *a 'mamo1~3g

'@Hz :T Wd'(T OdIOS"4a a@Md *p '.- 'AQ 'a@&! 'tq *%(Wd 'islttqq

---4F- 'rnTPP 'd 'f 'u

pmdl -wd "Wn 4w -hi 'wrr *a 'LBT '81-8T PO *ow1 '?A "Po3 F&rp -4s -8 W "w+d '=n!QrW ~1- * 4w- -=w w- *mT

P am 4- h).a a-d 'm6T *H 'H 'mm

'8SFWZ WWi 'W 'ma 'S@Wl -m 3FTn94 ww rlw mmd 'WT

XZlX3ITO '3 "IT Pm "E 'd 'IT3EBFrEl

N m h e r and lengths, by sascin, of t b h . ~ ~ aught with sn atter t+swI W Q ~ S Pate. 1YTs~1~asa- &Zr 1Sep-i 1M1 to ~ e e c r s a k m2. By F. E. L m lmtl F. &. ?&thy. F e b m q 1971, iii + 15 pp., 9 @%., 15) tables.

C a m + Mery a d Vo1 of the fd- wa* ~&ora&.eClaTUmx the Lsxvw It. Pad W%iM# IS52-63. by Q m m G w Ier. Be&- M I , 2 + 13 pp., 8 b, 'f t&& Calieo dbpa (of the Sou%wte~tl United S t a b , @69-&2. Bg R8alx91*t Cumnirns, Jr. June 1971, lu + it2 pa., 2% flg5-, 3 tables. Far Seal lave&t&pti~~~ 1989. By NUBS, Ma- mne Maxmad BLdo$nd &&omto~.3r. A u . t 1971, 8% pp., I!@ m. 44 tables, 23 appezxbx A t&Ie$10 appmdk i 3 tablm.

sale by %e‘ erf D-t;s, U.I. Go-t . W&ahmxba, R.C.

Eltlb! crab =-a. I. Brwmwtian by freezing. ~ n l y 19171 iii + 118 pa, 5 figs., Z tz+bles. a. Effect of c l m d d treatmab on aooeptabilifi h a A. B t n m ha S. L e n ~ , n , a n $ F a e r i r d . , Jdy lHl, fi + 1, w., 1 &.. 9 Ckcurrenc~ of fn wme camman squat- Tc &ds of the United States and Can&. By R. A. WE aad E. H. Gll~~&ger. July 1,911, ui + 7 pp, 2 b b h , An htlnotatd lribliqpafip of atkmp'ts k, rear

k W W ? 0f j ~ p ~ b h&€# h *@ IakkQmb~y. By &bmt C. &by. illrg~nat 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 a - p a d k I table, 1 a p w i x II.tsrbL. F"or sale '& &8 & z - t Wi! D-ats, U.S. Gom?m- ment W m , Wwhhgtan, D.C. mdt%2 - 35 celta.

Blueing of p m d crab m a t . IL. IderttiI&on of atme fibcfxu~ iavdvd in $e blue &woE03"821on Qf t%umd a a b meat CaHytmh y m BY Melvin E l&em. M w l@?l, iii + pp., -1 eSIJ-, 3 *.

sale by the Supxi GoveWent P ~ h h n g 26402 - 25 cents.

Price 26 cents.

Oc~arrenee of l a r d , juvenile, auld mhm er&b in the vicinity of Bwufo-rt Me N& Cadha. By Domnie I. Dudley and Hago%. $9 A- 1971 iii + 10 p., 1. &., 6 taMw. or &Q by tba ho r u t d e n t of D-w-b. U.8. &mb m a t & L i n g ~mea, ~ a ~ l h ~ z 1 , D.C. BBIW - Prim 25 mta

Len&-wei ht relations af haBBmk f x ~ m wm- mmial lan8ings in New Eaglsnd 198165. By Bradford E. Brown rrd E?ehzd h Hemwmoa. August;. 1871, v + 13 pp. 16 6 tabIml 10

h . A hbles.. P o d by % 8 u ~ t e m d - & i f m e n & , U.S. ~ T m t h t i n g O&, Wgahington, D.C. %MOP, - &%we 2.6 tm&a.

S9. A hydro aphic survey df the G a l e E & q s m t m ~ , #&as 1963-@. BY E. J. Pzzllam, W. L. Trent, a d G. B. Adams.- Ckbbex 1971 v + 13 pp., 16 fi 12 tables. Far d e by the bmaPEF- intendant a$%mmenbI U.S. WBSBIW& hint- ing Offbe, W a s B W n , D.C. WB&? - Price

640. Annotated bibIiogra hy on the industry and biology of the bge crab, Ca-88 By Marlin E. Tagxis amd Afl-li BQ August 1871,94 pp. Ftw @sale by the 8 x p & ~ ~ dent of Dwumenb, U.S. Go-nt PrW&g OBee, Washington, D.C. %02 - W e e 41.m.

641. Urn of thresldtln shad Dwo- p e t a e ~ $ . ~ as live bait duri expe&enbl pis-md-l% b- ing for a ~ i p j 3 t-, Katnr-w pdm~i., in Hawaii. By Rsk& T. B. Iwmrgie~ Angust 1971, iii + 10 p r , 8 Bpi. 7 U b l a Fox nk by th. Supmiaten a t Dapmentsl U.I. W e v t Printing Ofice, Wasbgten, b.~. %OM2 - 3 w 26 cents.

642. Atlantic menhaden BmwwtC ~ A W remum and fk&ery--amlysis of dwune;. By Keme& A. Eensy. Au t 1871, 7 + 32 m., bOl figs. B a p ndix dpa, r k b l e s , 2 appm&x 1.h. s a g b y the Sngainben,dgnt at Dae-mb, U.8. Governa t PFllmtIng OBm, WasWngkm, D.C. 20402 - P h c ~ 46 at&.

646. Dissolved nitro conmntzatilane %I P;b@ Galam- blla and Snake Fwrs in 19)m 4 && &twt en ,

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