saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

i. lomiZe, g. xeliZe, p. samsonaSvili

hidroenergetikuli danadgarebi

I nawili

damtkicebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos

mier. 28.01.2009, oqmi #1

2

Tbilisi

2009

ganxilulia Tanamedrove hidroenergetikuli danadgarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

saxeobis _ hidroeleqtrosadgurebis hidronergetikuli mowyobilobis Semadgeneli

nawilebi, maTi muSaobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi, muSa procesebi, energetikuli

maxasiaTeblebi, gamoyenebis areebi. mocemulia miTiTebebi ZiriTadi parametrebis

SesarCevad. agreTve hidroturbinebis montaJisa da eqspluataciis safuZvlebi.

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia energetikuli da hidroteqnikuri mSeneblobis

specialobebis studentebisaTvis.

recenzentebi: prof. n. kodua

prof. d. namgalaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-648-0 (yvela nawili) ISBN 978-9941-14-649-7 (pirveli nawili) http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi

formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

Tavi 1. energetikuli resursebi, mokle mimoxilva - - - - - - - - - - 7

Tavi 2. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi. hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi,

hidroenergetikuli mowyobiloba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10

Tavi 3. wylis energiis gamoyenebis sqemebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

3.1. mdinaris nakadis simZlavre, energia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

3.2. hesebis principuli sqemebi. hidromaakumilebeli

da zRvis mimoqcevis eleqtrosadgurebi - - - - - - - - - - - 14

Tavi 4. hidroturbinis ZiriTadi parametrebi da misi muSaobis

Teoriuli safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19

4.1. dawneva, simZlavre, xarji, margi qmedebis koeficienti - - - - 19

4.2. hidroturbinis muSaobis ZiriTadi gantoleba

(eileris gatoleba)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22

4.3 hidroturbinebis klasifikacia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27

4.4. hidroturbinebis konstruqciuli sqemebi - - - - - - - - - - 29

4.4.1. aqtiuri hidroturbinebis moqmedebis sqemebi - - - - - - - - 29

4.4.2. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis moqmedebis sqemebi - - - - - - - 31

4.5. hidroagregati - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36

Tavi 5. hidroturbinebis modelirebis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - 39

5.1. zogadi cnobebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39

5.2. modelirebis da msgavsebis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - 39

5.3. ori geometriulad msgavsi hidroturbinis brunTa

ricxvebs, xarjebsa da simZlavreebs Soris kavSiri

maTi muSaobis izogonalur reJimSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40

5.4. hidroturbinis dayvanili parametrebi - - - - - - - - - - - - 50

5.5. hidroturbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti - - - - - - - - - - 52

5.6. ori geometriulad msgavsi hidroturbinis margi

qmedebis koeficienti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55

Tavi 6. hidroturbinebis modelebis gamocda laboratoriul

pirobebSi da eqsperimentuli masalis damuSaveba - - - - - - - - - 59

6.1. modeluri gamocdebis saerTo amocanebi - - - - - - - - - - - - 59

6.2. energetikuli da kavitaciuri gamocdebis stendebi,

4

maTi muSaobis pirobebi da eqsperimentis

Catarebis Tanamimdevroba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59

6.3. hidroturbinis mTavari universaluri da muSa

maxasiaTeblis ageba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66

6.3.1. mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis ageba radialur-RerZuli,

propeleruli da CamCiani turbinebisaTvis - - - - - - - - - - 66

6.3.2. mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis ageba

mbrunavfrTiani turbinebisaTvis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69

6.3.3. turbinis muSa maxasiaTebeli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70

6.4. hidroturbinis universaluri saeqspluatacio

maxasiaTeblebis ageba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71

6.5. hidroturbinis gaqanebis maxasiaTeblebi - - - - - - - - - - - - 73

Tavi 7. hidroturbinis ZiriTadi parametrebis SerCeva - - - - - - - - - 76

7.1. hidroturbinebis nomenklatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76

7.1.1. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis SerCeva

nomenklaturis mixedviT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78

7.2. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis ZiriTadi parametrebis

SerCeva dayvanili sidideebiT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82

7.3. liTonis spiraluri kameris gaangariSeba saSualo siCqaris

mudmivobis kanoniT (c=const) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86

7.4. CamCiani (peltonis) hidroturbinebis ZiriTadi

parametrebis SerCeva - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87

7.5. hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis sareJimo grafiki - - - - - 90

Tavi 8. hidroturbinebis montaJisa da eqspluataciis zogierTi

sakiTxi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92

8.1. hidroturbinebis montaJis zogierTi sakiTxi - - - - - - - - 92

8.2.. hidroturbinebis eqspluataciis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - 101

literatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111

5

Sesavali

Tanamedrove pirobebSi energetika nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis xerxemalia da,

saboloo angariSiT, mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs ama Tu im qveynis mdgrad

ganviTarebas. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelosaTvis, romelic Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi

aRmSeneblobis amocanebis gadawyvetas anxorcielebs, energetikuli sferos mimdinare

Tu perspeqtiul funqcionirebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. cxadia, gadauWarbeblad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni qveynisaTvis energetikuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaTagania. saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebisa da amJamad

mokvleuli energetikuli resursebis analizis safuZvelze, agreTve rigi teqnikuri da

ekonomikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am etapze qveynisaTvis hidroenergetikis

prioritetul ganviTarebas alternativa ar gaaCnia. miT umetes im pirobebSi, rodesac,

dResdReobiT aTvisebulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri hidroenergetikuli potencialis

mxolod 12%, rac gacilebiT naklebia, vidre `TeTri naxSiriT~ mdidar msoflios sxva

bevr qveyanaSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom hidroenergetikis ganviTarebasTan erTad, yuradReba

unda mieqces energiis sxva wyaroebis ganviTarebasac (Tbo, qaris, mzisa da sxv.).

saqarTveloSi hidroenergetikis ganviTarebas me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Caeyara

safuZveli da gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis farTo masStabebs miaRwia.

aRsaniSnavia iseTi sayovelTaod cnobili hidroenergetikuli kompleqsebi, rogoricaa:

rionhesi, xramhesi, lajanurhesi, engurhesi, romelTa mSeneblobas Tavis droze udidesi

mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos ekonomikis aRmavlobisaTvis.

samwuxarod, ukanasknel periodSi saqarTveloSi masStaburi hidroenergetikuli

simZlavreebis mwyobrSi Seyvana ver xorcieldeba rigi cnobili mizezebis gamo, Tumca

aSenda SedarebiT mcire simZlavris erTi hidroeleqtrosadguri _ xadorhesi (24 mgvt)

da agreTve, sakmaod bevri mcire hesebi (Ciruxi-sanalia hesi, rusTavi hesi, surebi hesi,

spasovka hesi, muco hesi da sxv).

saqarTvelos energetikis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiis monacemebiT 2006

wels qveynis 32 ZiriTadi hidroeleqtrosadguris jamurma gamomuSavebam Seadgina 5.32

mlrd.kvt.sT. unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad moqmedi hidroeleqtrosadgurebis garkveuli

nawilis hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi, meqanikuri da hidroenergetikuli mowyobiloba

teqnikurad da moralurad moZvelebulia da saWiroebs reabilitaciisa da

modernizaciis samuSaoTa Catarebas. qveyanaSi energetikuli problemebis mosagvareblad,

6

garda arsebuli hesebis reabilitaciisa, saWiroa axali mcire, saSualo da mZlavri

hesebis mSeneblobis ganxorcieleba.

cxadia, rom zemoT aRniSnuli hesebis teqnikuri gadaiaraRebisa da

axalmSeneblobebis dros erT-erTi arsebiTi problema iqneba hidroenergetikuli

danadgarebisa da mowyobilobebis montaJis, gamarTva-gaSvebisa da SemdgomSi maTi swori

eqspluataciis ganxorcieleba.

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo miznad isaxavs energetikuli da hidroteqnikuri

mSeneblobis specialobis studentebs gaacnos hidroenergetikuli danadgarebis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi saxeobis _ hesebis da misi mowyobilobebis muSaobis ZiriTadi

principebi, maTi saxeobebi, Semadgeneli nawilebi da sxva sakiTxebi, romelTa codna

aucilebelia Cveni qveynis hidroenergetikis sferosaTvis saTanado sainJinro-teqnikuri

kadrebis mosamzadeblad.

7

Tavi 1. energetikuli resursebi

mokle mimoxilva

energetikuli resursebi SeiZleba or kategoriad gavyoT _ ganaxlebadi da

araganaxlebadi. pirvels miekuTvneba wyali, mze, qari, xolo meores _ qvanaxSiri,

navTobi, bunebrivi gazi. gamoyenebis mixedviT arsebobs e.w. tradiciuli da

aratradiciuli (alternatiuli) energetika. pirvels miekuTvneba: hidro_Tbo_da

atomuri energetika, meores _ helio (mzis), eolo (qaris), geoTermuli wylebis,

biomasis energetika.

eqspertuli SefasebiT, saqarTvelos gaaCnia Semdegi energoresursebi:

potenciuri hidroresursebi Seadgens 135.8 mlrd. kvt.sT/weliwadSi, teqnikuri

potenciali 81 mlrd. kvt.sT/weliwadSi, ekonomikurad xelsayreli ki _ 32 mlrd.

kvt.sT/weliwadSi [1], [2].

qvanaxSiris maragi ganisazRvreba 400 mln.tonaze metiT [1].

2000 wlis 1 ianvaris mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos saxmeleTo da sazRvao

teritoriebze navTobis prognozuli maragi Seadgens 1381 mln.tonas, amosaRebi maragi _

525.0 mln. tonas [1].

saqarTveloSi bunebrivi gazis [1] prognozuli resursi bolo SefasebiT Seadgens

180 mlrd. m3-s;

saqarTvelos teritoriaze yovelwliurad modis mzis radiacia, romelic 108

mgvt simZlavris ekvivalenturia [1].

qaris energiis teqnikuri potenciali Seadgens 4.5 mlrd. kvt.sT/weliwadSi; [1]

geoTermuli wylebis prognozirebuli maragi (wylis temperatura 90_1100C)

Seadgens 250.0 mln. m3-s. [1]

biomasis gadamuSavebiT SeiZleba miviRoT 510 mgvt simZlavre.

aseTi energetikuli resursebis pirobebSi saqarTvelosaTvis prioritetulia

hidroenergetikis, maT Soris mcire hidroenergetikis ganviTareba.

saqarTvelos energetikuli sferos ganviTarebisa da winsvlisaTvis Casatarebelia

Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

• mimzidveli sainvesticio garemos Seqmna:

• hidroenergetikuli potencialis ufro srulad aTviseba, anu axali

hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba, maT Soris mcire simZlavris;

8

• arsebuli hidroeleqtrosadgurebis reabilitacia an modernizacia-rekon-

struqcia;

• Tboenergetikis racionalurad ganviTareba, upiratesad airturbinuli

blokebis damontaJebis xarjze;

• regionebSi (soflis tipis dasaxlebebSi), komunaluri sferosa da mcire

biznesis saWiroebisaTvis, sadac SesaZlebelia mikro _ da mini hesebis aSeneba,

an mzis, qaris da biomasis energiis resursebis gamoyeneba;

• sasoflo-sameurneo da komunalur seqtorSi geoTermuli wylebis gamoyenebis

xelSewyoba;

• gamanawilebel qselebSi danakargebis minimumamde dayvana, warmoebaSi da

sayofacxovrebo seqtorSi energodamzogi mowyobilobis farTod danergva;

• moqnili satarifo politikis gatareba;

• mezobel energosistemebTan saqarTvelos energosistemis kavSirebis aRdgena-

gafarToeba;

• komunalur seqtorSi organul saTbobze momuSave gaTbobis individualuri

sistemebis danergvis xelSewyoba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom hidroenergia Tbosadgurebze gamomuSavebul energiasTan

SedarebiT ufro iafia [3] da es faqtori gansazRvravs, ZiriTadad, CvenTan

hidroenergetikis ganviTarebis prioritetulobas. amasTan, Cveni hesebi, ZiriTadad,

iZlevian ufro metad sezonur dauregulirebel pikur energias maSin, rodesac

Tbosadgurebi bazisuri energiis ZiriTadi wyaroa. aqve unda iTqvas, rom pikuri

energiis gasayidi fasi daaxloebiT 3-jer Zviria bazisurze.

alternatiuli energetikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTvelosaTvis ase

gamoiyureba: mzis energoblokebze gamomuSavebuli energiis maRali TviTRirebulebis

gamo isini ver uweven saTanado konkurencias hidro _ da Tbosadgurebs dRevandel

etapze, Tumca kvlevebis gagrZeleba aucilebelia. qaris energetikuli danadgarebis

ganviTarebam ucxoeTSi iseT dones miaRwia, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda masze

gamomuSavebuli energiis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, rac xels uwyobs

energiis am saxeobis farTo aTvisebas. saqarTveloSi am mxriv sami pirveli rigis

maRali potencialis mqone raionia SerCeuli: mTa sabueTi lixis qedze, q. foTis

Semogareni da kapandibi (q. baTumTan).

9

Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom qaris eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli

energiis naxevarze meti zamTris Tveebze modis, rac xels Seuwyobs Semodgoma-zamTris

deficitis Serbilebas.

unda iTqvas, rom mzis energiis gamoyeneba praqtikulad warmatebiT aris

SesaZlebeli komunalur sayofacxovrebo seqtorSi mzis wyalgamaTboblebiT cxeli

wylis misaRebad. geoTermuli wylebisa da biomasis energiis gamoyenebiT, am etapze

pirdapiri gziT eleqtroenergiis miReba SeuZlebelia, Tumca am saxis energetikuli

resursiT gaTbobisa da saWmlis momzadebis problemis gadaWra SeiZleba.

ekologiuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT energiis yvela wyaros met-naklebad

axasiaTebs naklovanebebi:

navTobs, qvanaxSirs, gazs _ atmosferos dabinZureba mavne airebiT (magaliTad,

CO-Ti);

wyalsacavian hidroeleqtrosadgurebs_wyalsacavis axlomdebare zonaSi gruntis

wylebis donis aweva, rac iwvevs mimdebare teritoriis daWaobebas da mdinaris

SesarTavSi myari natanis naklebi raodenobiT Catana, rasac zog SemTxvevaSi Tan sdevs

zRvis mier sanapiro zolis garecxva da ekologiuri wonasworobis darRveva;

geoTermuli wylebis mopovebisas xdeba maTi daRvra da irgvliv teritoriis

damarileba-dabinZureba, rac mas gamousadegrad aqcevs Semdgomi sasoflo-sameurneo

warmoebisaTvis;

qaris energodanadgarebi __ iwvevs xmaurs, rac garkveul saSiSroebas uqmnis

garSemo myofTa janmrTelobas.

energogeneraciis obieqtebis garemoze SesaZlo mavne zemoqmedebis miuxedavad,

romlis minimumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia saTanado sainJinro RonisZiebebis gatarebiT,

aucilebelia qveynis energetikuli resursebis gonivruli aTviseba.

10

Tavi 2. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi. hidroteqnikuri

nagebobebi,

hidroenergetikuli mowyobiloba

istoriulad Camoyalibebul saxelwodebaSi “hidroenergetikuli danadgarebi”

moiazreba hidroeleqtrosadgurebi, satumbi sadgurebi, hidromaakumulirebeli

sadgurebi da zRvis mimoqcevis eleqtrosadgurebi. amasTan, termini `danadgarebi”

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan dasabuTebuli kritikis obieqtia, gansakuTrebiT msxvil

hidroeleqtrosadgurebTan mimarTebaSi. cxadia, ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda

saxelwodeba `hidroeleqtruli sadgurebi”, magram istoriuli tradiciis

gaTvaliswinebiT `hidroenergetikul danadgarebs~ aqvs arsebobis ufleba, miT umetes,

rom qvemoT ganxiluli Teoriuli wanamZRvrebi da moqmedebis principebi saerToa zemoT

CamoTvlili energoobieqtebisaTvis.

hesi, anu hidroeleqtrosadguri, warmoadgens hidroenergetikul danadgars,

sadac hidravlikuri (wylis) energia gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad. hesis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis hidroteqnikuri nagebobebi, meqanikuri, hidroenergetikuli da

eleqtroenergetikuli mowyobilobebi.

hidroteqnikur nagebobebs miekuTvneba: wyalSemtbori nageboba, anu kaSxali,

wyalmimRebi nagebobebi, wyalsatari nagebobebi, anu arxebi da gvirabebi, gamTanabrebeli

rezervuarebi, wyalsagdebi nagebobebi (swrafmdenebi da siRrmuli wyalsagdebebi), hesis

Senoba.

kaSxali warmoadgens hidroteqnikur nagebobas, romelic ewyoba mdinaris ganivad

mis zeda da qveda ubnebs Soris dawnevis Sesaqmnelad. kaSxlidan mdinaris zemowelis

mimarTulebiT akvatorias zeda biefi ewodeba, xolo kaSxlis qvemoT _ qveda biefi.

kaSxlis zeda biefSi Seqmnil sagubars ewodeba wyalsacavi. wyalsacavis daniSnulebaa

moaxdinos hidroresursebis akumuliacia maTi racionalurad gamoyenebis mizniT.

wyalsacavis saSualebiT warmoebs mdinaris Camonadenis regulireba, vinaidan am

ukanasknelis ganawilebis wliuri da dRiuri reJimebi uTanabrobiT xasiaTdeba.

regulirebis saxeobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben: sadReRamiso, Tviuri, wliuri da

mravalwliuri regulirebis wyalsacavebs. wyalsacavs gaaCnia moculoba, romelic

Sedgeba e.w. `mkvdari~ moculobisagan, romelsac mdinaris mier Camotanili natani avsebs

da `sasargeblo~ moculobisagan, sadac wyali grovdeba da romlis xarjzec

11

xorcieldeba regulireba. im dones, romelic Seesabameba mTlianad Sevsebuli

wyalsacavis sarkis zedapirs, ewodeba normaluri Setborvis done (n.S.d.)

konstruqciis mixedviT kaSxlebi iyofa: gravitaciul, kontrforsul, TaRovan

kaSxlebad.

masalis mixedviT arCeven: betonis, rkinabetonis, miwis, qvanayar, monaleq

kaSxlebs.

simaRlis mixedviT ganasxvaveben: maRal _ (>50m), saSualo _ (10_50m) da

dabaldawnevian (<10m) kaSxlebs. kaSxalebi arsebobs e.w. `yru~, romelzedac ar xdeba

wylis nakadis gadadineba, mag.: miwis da qvanayari kaSxalebi da wyalsaSviani, romliTac

xdeba wylis gadadineba zeda biefidan qveda biefSi (mag., betonis da rkinabetonis

kaSxalebi).

kaSxali wyalsacavTan erTad Sedis hidrokvanZis SemadgenlobaSi. daniSnulebis

mixedviT arsebobs: energetikuli, samelioracio, wyalsameurneo (wyalmomaragebis) da

kompleqsuri hidrokvanZebi.

gzas, romelsac wyali gaivlis vidre wyalsacavis zeda biefidan, moxvdeba

hidroturbinaSi, ewodeba sadawneo traqti. sadawneo traqti Sedgeba: wyalmimRebis, Ria

an daxuruli tipis derivaciisa da saturbino milsadenisagan.

wyalmimRebi ewodeba nagebobas, sadac xorcieldeba wyalsacavidan wylis miReba

derivaciaSi. arsebobs zedapiruli da siRrmuli wyalmimRebebi.

derivacia warmoadgens sadawneo traqtis tranzitul nawils wyalmimRebidan

saturbino milsadenamde. derivacia arsebobs: Ria (udawneo), rodesac masSi gamaval

wyals gaaCnia Tavisufali zedapiri (mag., marTkuTxa, trapeciuli, wriuli an sxva

ganivkveTis mqone arxi) da daxuruli (sadawneo), rodesac masSi gamavali wyali wnevis

qveSaa (mag., wriuli ganivkveTis gvirabi).

saturbino milsadenebiT wyali derivaciidan miewodeba uSualod hidroturbinas.

saturbino milsadenebi, rogorc wesi, liTonisgan mzaddeba, Tumca SesaZlebelia,

SedarebiT mcire dawnevis dros ganxorcieldes rkinabetonis, polimeruli masalebis an

xisgan.

wyalsagdebi nagebobis daniSnulebaa zemodan qveda biefSi Seuferxeblad

gaataros mdinaris wyaldidobis Camonadenis is nawili, romelic hesSi ar miedineba an

hesis remontis dros mdinaris mTliani Camonadeni.

arsebobs zedapiruli da siRrmuli wyalsagdebebi. pirveli maTgani udawneo

reJimSi muSaobs, meore_dawneviTSi.

12

hesis Senoba warmoadgens saTavsos, sadac warmoebs uSualod energiis

gamomuSaveba da sadac ganTavsebulia hidroagregatebi (hidroturbinebi, hidrogenerato-

rebi, hidroturbinis regulirebis sistema), turbiniswina saketebi, marTvis pulti,

damxmare mowyobilobebi, tvirTamwe meqanizmebi (magaliTad: xiduri amwe) da sxv. hesis

Senoba SeiZleba iyos miwiszeda da miwisqveSa.

meqanikur mowyobilobaSi Sedis zedapiruli da siRrmuli saketebi (farebi) _

rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve saremonto da avariuli; sadawneo milsadenis (saremonto da

avariuli) da turbiniswina saketebi (diskuri, sferuli da sxv).

hidro da eleqtroenergetikul mowyobilobebs miakuTvneben hidroturbinebs

Tavisi damxmare mowyobilobebiT; hidroturbinebis regulirebis sistemas;

hidrogeneratorebs; trasformatorebs da gamanawilebel (Ria, daxuruli)

mowyobilobebs.

13

Tavi 3. wylis energiis gamoyenebis sqemebi

3.1. mdinaris nakadis simZlavre, energia.

simZlavre N ewodeba drois erTeulSi Sesrulebul muSaobas. erTeulTa SI

sistemaSi simZlavre izomeba vatebSi (vt), kilovatebSi (1kvt=103vt.), megavatebSi

(1mgvt=106vt), gigavatebSi (1gvt=109vt), teravatebSi (1tvt=1012vt).

Tu dawneva tolia H, m, wylis xarji Q, m3/wm, maSin muSaoba, romelsac

asrulebs wyali erT wamSi anu wyaldenis potenciuri simZlavre,

HQ9810γQHρgQHN0 ⋅⋅=== , (3.1)

sadac 3

kg/m 1000ρ = aris wylis simkvrive;

g=9,81 m/wm2 _ Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba;

9810=γ n/m3 _ wylis kuTri wona;

No-s ganzomilebaa, vt.

hidroenergetikaSi miRebulia simZlavris gamosaxva kilovatebSi

HQ81,91000

HQ9810N0 ⋅=⋅⋅= , kvt. (3.2)

nakadis mier garkveul droSi gamomuSavebuli energia Эo gamoisaxeba Semdegi

namravliT:

tNЭ 0 ⋅= , (3.3)

sadac t aris dro wamebSi an saaTebSi,

SI sistemaSi eleqtruli energia izomeba joulebSi da misgan warmoebul

erTeulebSi, wm.vt· 1 mn· 11j ⋅=⋅=

dasaSvebia energiis gamosaxva vt.sT-Si da misgan warmoebul erTeulebSi: sTkvt·⋅ ;

sTmgvt·⋅ ; sTgvt·⋅ ; sTtvt·⋅ . energetikaSi yvelaze farTo gavrceleba hpova ma-sTkvt·⋅ .

sT1kvt·⋅ =3600kilojouls. Sesabamisad,

14

3600

,ЭЭ,

kilojoulikvt.sT =

garkveul droSi, V, m3, wylis moculobiT, H, m, dawnevis dros SesaZlebelia

energiis Semdegi raodenobis gamomuSaveba:

kvt.sTkvt.sT367VH

367000γVHЭ == . (3.4)

vinaidan sT-m367000kgZ3600102sT1kvtkgZ/m 1000 m/wm;102kgZ1kvt·3 ⋅=⋅=⋅=γ⋅= ; ,

sadac 3600 aris saaTi gamosaxuli wamebSi.

3.2. hesebis principuli sqemebi. hidromaakumulirebeli

da zRvis mimoqcevis eleqtrosadgurebi

hidroeleqtrosadgurSi (hesSi) wylis energiis gamosayeneblad saWiroa H

dawneva. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor miiReba H dawneva, arsebobs wylis hidravlikuri

energiis gamoyenebis sami ZiriTadi sqema [4]:

1. kaSxaluri, romlis mixedviT mTeli dawneva iqmneba kaSxalis saSualebiT

(nax.1).

2. derivaciuli, romlis mixedviT mTeli dawneva iqmneba derivaciiT. am

SemTxvevaSi igeba mxolod im simaRlis kaSxali, rom wyali Sevides

derivaciaSi (nax.2).

3. Sereuli, romlis mixedviT dawnevis garkveuli nawili miiReba kaSxalis

meSveobiT da danarCeni _ derivaciiT. (nax. 3).

15

nax.1. kaSxaluri hesis sqema.

nax.2. derivaciuli hesis sqema.

nax.3. Sereuli hesis sqema.

derivaciuli arxi

statikuri

dawneva

Hst

mdinare

HstBA

kaSxali

grZivi Wrili

gegma

Setborvis sazRvari

16

hidroenergetikul danadgars, romelSic wyali dabali niSnulidan maRal niS-

nulze tumboTi gadaadgildeba, xolo Semdeg igi eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebisaTvis

gamoiyeneba _ hidromaakumulirebeli eleqtosadguri (hmesi) ewodeba.

aseTi tipis sadguris daniSnulebaa eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis grafikis

gasworeba (dRe-RameSi an gazafxuli-zafxuli da Semodgoma-zamTari). am mizniT,

rogorc wesi, arsebobs ori auzi: erTi_ qveda biefSi, meore _ zeda biefSi. garda

amisa, hmesis hidromanqanas muSaoba unda SeeZlos rogorc tumbos, aseve turbinis

reJimiT. aseT hidromanqanas Seqcevadi ewodeba.

energosistemis mcire datvirTvis saaTebSi, rodesac saWiroa wylis gadaRvra

sezonur hesebSi an datvirTvis Semcireba TbosadgurebSi, hmesis hidromanqana wyals

tumbavs qveda auzidan zeda auzSi, sadac iqmneba wylis maragi. am dros hmesis

hidromanqana muSaobs tumbos reJimSi im zedmeti energiis xarjze, romelsac

gamoimuSavebs sezonuri hesi an Tboeleqtrosadguri. eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis pikis

saaTebSi hmesis hidromanqana muSaobs turbinis reJimiT da gamoimuSavebs

eleqtroenergias moxmarebis pikis dasafaravad.

hmesis ZiriTadi tipebia:

1. hmesi, romelSic eleqtroenergia gamomuSavdeba mxolod wylis gadatumbviT;

2. hmesi, romelic eleqtroenergias gamoimuSavebs, rogorc gadatumbviT, aseve

zeda biefSi modinebis xarjze;

3. kombinirebuli danadgari hesi-hmesi, rodesac, hidroeleqtrosadgurSi

dadgmulia specialuri tumbos agregatebi.

hmesSi SesaZlebelia saturbino da satumbo agregatebis cal-calke damontaJeba,

anu e.w. oTxmanqaniani sqemis realizeba. xSirad amontaJeben tumboebsa da turbinebs

gancalkevebulad erTi saerTo amZrav-generatoriT, rasac sammanqaniani sqema ewodeba.

gamoiyeneba agreTve ormanqaniani sqema, romelic Sedgeba amZrav-generatorisa da

Seqcevadi hidromanqanisagan. am ukanasknels SeuZlia muSaoba rogorc saturbino, aseve

tumbos reJimiT. ormanqaniani sqema yvelaze metad kompaqturia, igi nakleb danaxarjebs

moiTxovs rogorc mowyobilobis, aseve samSeneblo samuSaoebis Rirebulebis

TvalsazrisiT da amitom ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze man farTo gavrceleba

hpova.

hmesis saturbino reJimiT muSaobisas misi dawneva naklebia, satumbo reJimiT

muSaobasTan SedarebiT, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi statikur dawnevas akldeba saturbino

milsadenSi dawnevis adgilobrivi da sigrZeze hidravlikuri danakargebi. rac Seexeba

17

satumbo reJims, am dros dawneva izrdeba, radgan zemoT aRniSnuli danakargebi emateba

statikuri dawnevis mniSvnelobas. amrigad, saturbino da satumbo reJimiT hmesi

muSaobs sxvadasxva dawneviT.

Cveulebriv hmesi satumbo reJimiT muSaobs ufro xangrZlivad, vidre saturbino

reJimiT, xolo satumbo reJimiT wyliT miwodeba ufro naklebia, vidre wylis xarji

saturbino reJimis dros. Sesabamisad gansxvavdeba simZlavrec satumbo da saturbino

reJimebisas.

xSirad hmesis ciklis ganmavlobaSi zeda da qveda biefebis doneTa niSnulebi

mniSvnelovnad icvleba, rac iwvevs Seqcevadi hidromanqanis rogorc dawnevis, aseve

Sewova-gawovis simaRlis cvalebadobas.

saerTod, praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli hmesebis dawneva meryeobs 7.0 m-dan

1070.0 m-mde (kombinirebuli hmesisaTvis), xolo maTi muSaoba turbinis reJimSi 3_4

saaTis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis pikis dafarvis mizniT.

cnobilia, rom okeaneebsa da zRvebSi miqceva-moqcevis dros, rac gamowveulia

kosmosur sistemaSi mze-dedamiwa-mTvare arsebuli mizidulobis ZalebiT, adgili aqvs

wylis donis sistematur ryevas. amgvari movlenebis (miqceva-moqcevis) cvalebadoba

umetes sanapiroebze meordeba yoveli 6 saaTis da 12 wuTis Semdeg. rac Seexeba wylis

donis ryevis amplitudas, igi adgilobriv pirobebzea damokidebuli da magaliTad,

yureebSi, fiordebSi man SeiZleba 10_15 metrs da metsac miaRwios.

mdinareTa energiisagan gansxvavebiT, mimoqcevis energia gamoirCeva didi

stabilurobiT mravalwliur Tu wliur periodebSi.

mimoqcevis energiis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi idea, sazRvao eleqtrosadgurebis

mSeneblobis gziT, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: zRvisagan gamoyofil (SemosazRvrul) mis

Seviwroebul ubanze, romelsac auzi ewodeba, moqcevis dros warmoiqmneba doneTa

vardnili zRvasa da auzs Soris, xolo miqcevis dros ki warmoiqmneba doneTa vardnili

(sxvaoba) auzsa da zRvas Soris, rac sakmarisi dawnevebis dros uzrunvelyofs

turbinebis muSaobas orive mimarTulebiT. danarCeni drois ganmavlobaSi zRvis

elqtrosadguris agregatebi, saTanado dawnevebis ararsebobis gamo gaCerebulia da

energia sistemaSi ar miewodeba.

zRvis eleqtrosadguris auzis potenciuri energia z

Э da misi Sesabamisi

saSualo wliuri simZlavre z

N miaxloebiT iangariSeba formulebiT:

18

KFA102Э 6 2

saSz⋅= , kvt.sT; (3.5)

KF225A8760ЭN 2

saS

z

z≈= , kvt., (3.6)

sadac saS

A aris moqcevis saSualo wliuri amplituda, m;

1K < _ uganzomilebo koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs wylis

donis Sesabamisad auzis farTobis cvalebadobas;

F_ auzis farTobi, km2.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zRvis eleqtrosadguri ganicdis iZulebiT gaCerebas

gamowveuls dawnevaTa vardniT, agreTve sxva faqtorebis gamo, teqnikurad SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebul iqnas potenciuri energiis mxolod 31. zRvis eleqtrosadguri miT ufro

efeqturia, rac ufro maRalia moqcevis saSualo wliuri amplituda.

19

Tavi 4. hidroturbinis ZiriTadi parametrebi da misi

muSaobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

4.1 dawneva, simZlavre, xarji, margi qmedebis koeficienti.

hesze hidroturbinis mowyobis principuli sqema naCvenebia nax.4,a-ze [5]. rogorc

naxazidan Cans, wyali zeda biefidan wyalmimRebis saSualebiT da sadawneo milsadenis

gavliT miewodeba turbinas.

hidravlikuri turbina warmoadgens manqanas, romlis saSualebiT wylis nakadis

energia gardaiqmneba hidroturbinis muSa Tvalis brunvis meqanikur energiad, romelic

hidroturbinis lilvis saSualebiT gadaecema masTan SeerTebuli hidrogeneratoris

rotors. amgvarad, hidroturbina warmoadgens hidrogeneratoris amZravs.

hidrogeneratorSi hidroturbinis brunvis meqanikuri energia gardaiqmneba

eleqtroenergiad.

hidroturbinis ZiriTadi muSa organoa misi muSa Tvali, romelic warmoadgens

lilvze damagrebuli frTebis erTobliobas. sxvadasxva tipis hidroturbinis muSa

Tvlis frTebi SeiZleba uZravi an moZravi iyos. turbinis muSa Tvalze wylis

mimarTvasa da misi xarjis regulirebas anxorcielebs mimmarTveli aparati, romelic

warmoadgens turbinis muSa Tvlis perimetris gaswvriv uZrav RerZebze wriulad

ganlagebul niCbebs, romlebsac am RerZebis garSemo mobruneba SeuZliaT (an saqSeni da

nemsa, romelic RerZulad gadaadgildeba), riTac xorcieldeba mimmarTveli aparatis

gaReba-daketva. niCbebis (an nemsas) moZraoba xorcieldeba marTvis specialuri

hidravlikuri sistemis_servomotoris saSualebiT. mimmarTveli aparatis irgvliv

moTavsebulia spiraluri kamera, romlis daniSnulebaa miiyvanos wyali mimmarTvel

aparatze Tanabrad mTeli misi perimetris gaswvriv. muSa Tvalidan namuSevari wyali

gadadis gamwov milSi (an pirdapir qveda biefSi), saidanac wyali xvdeba qveda biefSi

(nax.4,b).

hesis statikuri dawneva Hst ewodeba zeda da qveda biefebis niSnulebis

(doneebis) sxvaobas.

q.b.z.b.st ∇−∇=H , (4.1)

20

xolo neto(sasargeblo) dawneva, anu turbinis dawneva H warmoadgens nakadis e

kuTri energiebis sxvaobas turbinis Sesasvlel 1_1 da gamosasvlel g_g kveTebs Soris

g1

eeH −= (4.2)

nax.4. hidroeleqtrosadguris da turbinis danadgaris sqema.

praqtikuli angariSebisaTvis miRebulia, rom turbinis dawneva tolia:

2g

2gα1c1

2

c1

z.b

O

O

h0

c0

α1c12

zp1

q.b.

sadawneo

milsadeni

p1/ρg

z1

1

1

turbinaH

st

q.b.

cq.b∆h

gam. cgam

z0

g

g

gamwovi mili

zp1

a)

b)

q.b.

H

cgam

2/2g

∆hgam.

pgam

/ρgzgam

g

g

cgam

wyalmimRebi

21

dan.st.

hHH −= , (4.3)

sadac hdan Seicavs dawnevis yvela saxis hidravlikur (adgilobrivs da sigrZeze)

danakargebs m-Si, romlebsac adgili aqvs wylis moZraobisas zemo biefidan turbinis

Sesasvlel kveTamde.

rogorc yvela manqanaSi, turbinaSic ikargeba energia, ris gamoc turbinis

lilvze miRebuli simZlavre masSi gamavali wylis nakadis simZlavreze naklebia. am

garemoebas iTvaliswinebs turbinis sruli margi qmedebis koeficienti (m.q.k.) η ,

romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad efeqturad gardaqmnis turbina wylis hidravlikur

energias meqanikur energiad da romelic iangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:

0NNη = , (4.4)

sadac N turbinis sasargeblo simZlavrea mis lilvze, kvt. igi ganisazRvreba

gamosaxulebiT:

9.81QHηN = , (4.5)

Q_turbinaSi gamavali wylis xarji, m3/wm;

H _turbinis dawneva, m;

η_ m.q.k. igi sakmaod maRalia da icvleba 0.9_0.95 (90_95%)-is farglebSi.

turbinis sruli margi qmedebis koeficienti iTvaliswinebs energiis

hidravlikur, moculobiT, meqanikur da sxva danakargebs.

hidravlikur danakargebs miekuTvneba:

1. muSa TvalSi Sesvlisas dartymaze danakargi;

2. hidravlikuri danakargebi sigrZeze turbinis farglebSi;

3. danakargebi, nakadis siCqarisa da mimarTulebis cvlilebaze turbinis

farglebSi;

4. gamwovi milidan gamosvlisas danakargebis mniSvnelovani nawili.

moculobiTi danakargebi gamowveulia imiT, rom turbinasTan miyvanili wylis

didi nawili gadis muSa TvalSi, xolo mcire nawili gaedineba muSa Tvalsa da mis

22

momijnave turbinis uZrav nawils Soris arsebul RreCoebSi da muSa procesSi ar

monawileobs.

meqanikuri da sxva saxis danakargebi gamowveulia turbinis mbrunavi nawilebis

xaxuniT. magaliTad: sakisrebSi, saqusleebSi, labirinTebSi, diskur xaxunze da sxva.

magaliTi 1.

ganvsazRvroT turbinis xarji, Tu misi simZlavre 20.0 mgvt-ia, xolo

dawneva 93.0 m.

amoxsna.

turbinis simZlavre cnobilia da Seadgens 20000 kvt-s. m.q.k. mniSvneloba

miviRoT 92%-is toli (η=0.92). maSin

/wmm 238.3

92.09381.920000

H81.9NQ =

⋅⋅=

η⋅⋅= .

4.2. hidroturbinis muSaobis ZiriTadi gantoleba

(eileris gantoleba)

turbinaSi wylis moZraobis forma metad rTulia, amitom muSaobis ZiriTadi

gantolebis gamoyvanisas uSveben, rom turbinis muSa Tvlis or frTas Soris gamavali

wyali warmoadgens erT Wavls, romlis xarji tolia turbinis mTeli xarjisa,

gayofili muSa Tvlis frTebis ricxvze, xolo siCqare am wylis saSualo siCqaris

tolia.

turbinis muSa Tvals abrunebs masSi gamavali wylis mier Seqmnili brunviTi

momenti. Tavis mxriv wyalze turbinis muSa Tvali moqmedebs imave sididis momentiT

romelic cvlis wylis moZraobis raodenobis moments. ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogori unda

iyos moZraobis raodenobis momentis cvlileba, raTa turbinis muSa Tvlis garkveuli

23

ω kuTxuri siCqariT brunvis dros mis lilvze miviRoT saWiro simZlavre. am mizniT

ganvixilioTYnax.5-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi sistemis turbinis sqema. aq mimmarTveli

aparatis niCbebi aRniSnulia 1-iT, muSa Tvlis frTa 2-iT, xolo turbinis RerZi 0-iT.

nax.5. hidroturbinis sqema: 1 – mimmarTveli aparatis niCabi; 2 – muSa Tvalis

frTa; 0 – turbinis RerZi.

gamoviyenoT Teoriuli meqanikis momentebis Teorema. am Teoremis Tanaxmad

romelime RerZis mimarT moZraobis raodenobis momentis pirveli warmoebuli droiT

amave RerZis mimarT gareSe moqmedi Zalebis momentebis jamis tolia.

miviRoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi: absoluturi siCqareebi aRvniSnoT c -Ti,

fardobiTi_w -Ti, xolo gadataniTi, anu wriuli u -Ti. muSa Tvlis Sesasvlel kveTs

Seesabameba indeqsi 1, xolo gamosasvlel kveTs – 2. muSa Tvlis Sesvlis wris radiusi

aRvniSnoT 1r -iT, gamosvlis wris radiusi _ 2r -iT.

0

r1

1 2

r2

w2

c2

u2

β2

α2

u1

c1

w1β1

α1

24

absoluturi 1c siCqare paralelogramis wesiT or mdgenelad iSleba: 1w -

wylis muSa TvalSi moZraobis fardobiT siCqared da 1u - wriul siCqared. kuTxe 1c da

1u siCqareebs Soris aRiniSneba 1α -iT, xolo kuTxe 1w siCqarisa da 1u siCqaris

uaryofiT mimarTulebas Soris 1β -iT. Sesabamisad kuTxe =2α c2 u2 da =2β w2 (-u2) an

2α aris kuTxe c2 da u2-s Soris da 2β aris kuTxe w2–sa da (-u2) –s Soris.

ganvixiloT drois t Sualedi. Tu turbinaSi erT wamSi gadis Q xarji, maSin

misi masa gγQ

sididis toli iqneba da t droSi turbinaSi gaivlis tgγQ

masis mqone

wylis raodenoba. moZraobis raodenobis momenti 0 RerZis mimarT t drois

ganmavlobaSi wylis muSa TvalSi Sesvlis adgilisTvis iqneba:

111 cosαcrtgγQ ⋅⋅⋅ (4.6)

xolo gamosvlis adgilisaTvis:

222 cosαcrtgγQ ⋅⋅⋅− (4.7)

niSani “_“ imis gamoa, rom es ukanaskneli gamosaxuleba danakargs warmoadgens.

Tu turbinaze moqmedi Zalebis moments misi 0 RerZis mimarT aRvniSnavT M _iT, maSin

momentebis kanonis Tanaxmad:

MtcosαcrgγQtcosαcr

gγQ

dtd

222111 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅ (4.8)

vinaidan ganvixilavT damyarebul moZraobas, amitom gveqneba,

McosαcrgγQcosαcr

gγQ

222111 =⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅ (4.9)

cnobilia, rom simZlavre warmoadgens momentisa da kuTxuri siCqaris namravls.

ganxiluli SemTxvevisaTvis mxedvelobaSi miiReba mxolod hidravlikuri danakargebi

25

turbinaSi. Tu turbinis hidravlikur margi qmedebis koeficients ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

HhH

η tdan,

h

aRvniSnavT hη -iT, maSin Sesabamisi simZlavre tolia:

h

γQHηN = (4.10)

radganac MωN = , miviRebT:

ω

γQHηωNM h== (4.11)

e.i.

ω

γQHηcosαcr

gγQcosαcr

gγQ

222111h=⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅ (4.12)

gamartivebis Semdeg gantoleba ase gamoisaxeba:

222111 cosαcrωcosαcrωgHη ⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅=h

(4.13)

1ωr aris wriuli siCqare muSa Tvlis Sesvlis diametrze e.i 11 uωr =

analogiurad 22 uωr = . sabolood gveqneba:

222111 cosαcucosαcugHη ⋅⋅−⋅⋅=h

(4.14)

es aris hidroturbinis muSaobis ZiriTadi gantoleba anu eileris gantoleba.

rogorc am gantolebidan Cans, h

η rom maqsimaluri iyos, aucilebelia muSa

Tvlidan wyali gamovides wriuli siCqaris mimarTulebis perpendikularulad

( )o902 =α . turbinis muSa Tvlidan wylis amgvar gamosvlas normaluri ewodeba (Tumca

am Teoriul gaTvlebs eqsperimenti ar adasturebs). eileris gantoleba am SemTxvevaSi

martivdeba da miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

111 cosαcugHη ⋅⋅=h.

(4.15)

26

eileris gantoleba SeiZleba Caiweros aseTi saxiT [5]

2g

ww2g

uu2g

ccHη21

22

22

21

22

21 −+−+−=

h. (4.16)

am gantolebiT aixsneba muSa Tvlis formasa da turbinis dawnevas Soris

kavSiri. RerZul turbinaSi 21 uu = da h.

ηH ganisazRvreba mxolod absoluturi da

fardobiTi siCqareebiT, romlebic ar SeiZleba iyos Zalian didi, vinaidan am

SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba danakargebi. es iwvevs swored RerZuli turbinebis gamoyenebis

SezRudvas dawnevis mixedviT. H _is zrdis kvalobaze gadadian diagonaluri da

radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinebis gamoyenebaze sadac 21 uu ≠ da amasTan rac

metia H , miT ufro izrdeba am faqtoris roli. amiT aixsneba isic, rom

maRaldawnevian turbinebisaTvis izrdeba turbinis Sesasvleli diametris 1D -is

fardoba mis gamosasvlel 2D diametrTan.

Cven ganvixileT SemTxveva, roca turbinaSi wyali Sedioda misi frTebis sawyisi

elementebis mxebis mimarTulebiT. amgvar Sesvlas turbinis muSa TvalSi wylis

daurtymelad Sesvla ewodeba. es piroba rom davicvaT, saWiroa mimmarTveli aparatis

imgvari gaReba, rom brunTa ricxvi iseTi iyos, raTa fardobiTi siCqare mimarTuli iyos

misi frTis sawyisi elementis gaswvriv. rogorc nax. 5-dan Cans, 111 w u,c da siCqareebi

qmnian samkuTxeds, romelsac siCqareebis samkuTxedi ewodeba. am samkuTxedidan,

sinusebis Teoremis Tanaxmad:

)βsin(α

usinαw

sinβc

11

1

1

1

1

1

+== (4.17)

es aris turbinis muSa TvalSi wylis daurtymelad Sesvlis gantoleba.

4.3. hidroturbinebis klasifikacia

msoflioSi mravali hidroeleqtrosadguri muSaobs sxvadasxva dawneviT da

wylis xarjiT. mocemul pirobebSi wylis energiis maqsimaluri efeqturobiT gamoyeneba

moiTxovs garkveuli sistemis turbinis dayenebas.

27

turbinis muSa Tvlis zonaSi wylis nakadis moZraobis xasiaTis mixedviT

miRebulia turbinebis dayofa or did klasad:

reaqtiuli turbinebi, romelTa gamdinare traqtSi nakadi dawneviTia da muSa

Tvals SeuZlia ganaxorcielos wylis energiis samive komponentis: dawnevis energiis

ρgp, potencialuri energiis z da kinetikuri energiis

g2c2

gardaqmna.

aqtiuri turbinebi, romlebSiac nakadi muSa Tvalis zonaSi udawneoa. aseTi

turbinebis muSa Tvali gamoiyenebs mxolod wylis kinetikur energias g2

c2

.

Tanamedrove hidroenergetikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba turbinebis ZiriTadad oTxi

saxeoba (sistema). TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia Tavisi gamoyenebis are dawnevebis mixedviT,

rac naCvenebia nax.6-ze.

RerZuli turbinebi _ propeleruli da mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis), gamoiyeneba

SedarebiT mcire dawnevebisas _ 80÷ 100 metramde.

diagonaluri turbinebi gaTvaliswinebulia dawnevis diapazonisaTvis 40÷220

metramde.

radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinebi gamoiyeneba dawnevisaTvis 30÷700

metrian intervalSi.

es samive tipis turbina miekuTvneba reaqtiul turbinebs.

aqtiuri turbinebi (CamCiani, anu peltonis) gamoiyeneba dawnevis diapazonSi

300÷ 1700 m-mde da zemoT.

28

nax. 6-dan Cans, rom turbinebis gamoyenebis areebi kveTs erTmaneTs. am

SemTxvevebSi ama Tu im turbinebis SerCevis sakiTxi gadawydeba teqnikur-ekonomikuri

gaangariSebis safuZvelze.

nax. 6. hidroturbinebis gamoyenebis diapazoni.

dawneva, m

turbinis tipi

reaqtiuli aqtiuri

RerZuli

(propeleruli

da kaplanis)

diagonaluri

radialur-

RerZuli

(frensisis)

aqtiuri anu

peltonis

1

2

34

6810

20

3040

6080

100

200

300400

600800

1000

2000

29

4.4. hidroturbinebis konstruqciuli sqemebi

4.4.1. aqtiuri hidroturbinebis moqmedebis sqemebi

CamCiani (peltonis) turbina (nax. 7) ZiriTadad Sedgeba mimmarTveli aparatisa 1

da muSa Tvlisagan 2. mimmarTvel aparats, romelic wyals aZlevs saWiro mimarTulebas,

xSirad saqSensac uwodeben. igi Seicavs nemsas. ukanasknelis gadaadgileba iwvevs wylis

xarjis cvlilebas, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba turbinis xarjis regulireba. turbinis

muSa Tvali Sedgeba wreze Tanabrad ganlagebuli CamCebisagan. TiToeuli CamCa Sedgeba

ori erTnairi naxevarCamCisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan isea SeerTebuli, rom SeerTebis

adgili CamCis simetriis RerZad gadaiqceva da dana miiReba. saqSenidan gamosuli

wriuli kveTis Wavli am daniT or Tanabar nawilad ipoba da Semdeg gars Semoedineba

CamCis naxevrebs. CamCaSi maqsimaluri efeqtiT Wavlis SesvlisaTvis CamCebis gare nawili

amoWrilia. wyali SenobaSi rom ar Sevides, turbinis muSa Tvali 3 garsacmSia

moqceuli. rogorc yvela manqanas, turbinasac aqvs lilvi da sakisrebi.

nax. 7. CamCiani (peltonis) turbinis sqema: 1 – saqSeni (mimmarTveli

aparati); 2 – muSa Tvali; 3 – garsacmi.

12

3

2

30

unda aRiniSnos, rom aqtiuri turbinis zomebs ZiriTadad saqSenebis raodenoba

gansazRvravs. rac metia maTi ricxvi, miT ufro maRalia turbinis muSa Tvlis brunvis

sixSire da miT naklebia turbinis zomebi.

SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli aqtiuri turbinis meore saxeoba, e.w.

`bankis~ (avtoris gvari) turbina (nax. 8). am turbinis Tavisebureba is aris, rom

mimmarTveli aparatidan 1 gamosuli wyali Sedis muSa Tvlis frTebze 2 da moZraobs

periferiidan centrisaken, Semdeg muSa Tvlis SigniT Tavisufal areSi, xelmeored

Sedis muSa Tvlis frTebze da moZraobs centridan periferiisaken, e.i. wyali orjer

gadakveTs frTebs da mas orjeradi moqmedebis turbina ewodeba. am turbinis Rirsebaa

misi martivi konstruqcia, xolo nakli – igi SeiZleba mxolod mcire simZlavrisa

damzaddes (daaxloebiT 500kvt-mde).

nax. 8. orjeradi moqmedebis (`bankis~) turbina: 1 – mimmarTveli aparati;

2 – muSa Tvalis frTa.

1

2

31

Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli aqtiuri turbinebi miekuTvnebian e.w.

horizontalur aqtiur turbinebs maTi lilvis orientaciis mixedviT. aqtiuri

(peltonis) horizontaluri turbinebi gamoiyeneba 5 mgvt simZlavremde, xolo roca

simZlavre metia 5 mgvt-ze, maSin gamoiyeneba vertikalur lilviani turbinebi.

horizontalur turbinebSi gamoiyeneba erT an or saqSeniani sqemebi, xolo vertikalur

turbinebSi ki SesaZlebelia saqSenebis ricxvis gazrda 6-mde. horizontalur turbinaSi

SeiZleba erT lilvze erTi an ori muSa Tvlis dayeneba, xolo vertikalur

turbinebSi, rogorc wesi, erTi muSa Tvali gamoiyeneba, Tumca SesaZlebelia ori muSa

Tvlis gamoyenebac.

4.4.2. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis moqmedebis sqemebi

reaqtiuli turbinebis ZiriTadi nawilebia: spiraluri kamera, mimmarTveli

aparati, muSa Tvali, gamwovi mili. spiraluri kameris daniSnulebaa miawodos wyali

mimmarTveli aparatis mTel perimetrze. mimmarTveli aparatis daniSnulebaa turbinis

muSa TvalSi garkveuli mimarTulebiT Seiyvanis saWiro raodenobis wyali. igi Sedgeba

wris irgvliv ganlagebuli niCbebisagan, romelTac garsSemodenili forma aqvT da

SeuZliaTATavianTi RerZis garSemo Semobruneba, rac wylis xarjis Secvlis saSualebas

iZleva. mimmarTveli aparatidan wyali Sedis turbinis muSa TvalSi, romelic wylis

energias turbinis muSa Tvalis brunvis meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis. muSa Tvlidan

wyali gadadis gamwov milSi, aqedan ki mcire siCqariT Cadis qveda biefSi.

reaqtiuli klasis hidroturbinebidan yvelaze ufro efeqturad miCneulia:

1. radialur-RerZuli (nax. 9)

2. propeleruli (nax. 10)

3. mbrunavfrTiani (nax.11)

4. diagonaluri (nax. 12)

32

nax. 9. radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinis moqmedebis sqema: 1 –

mimmarTveli aparati; 2 – muSa Tvali; 3 – lilvi; 4 – gamwovi mili;

5 _ spiraluri kamera.

5

5

1

4

12

3

33

nax. 10. propeleruli turbinis moqmedebis sqema:

1 _ mimmarTveli aparati; 2 –milisi; 3 – muSa Tvalis frTa;

4 – gamwovi mili; 5 _ spiraluri kamera.

4

2

1

3

5

5

34

nax. 11. mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) turbinis moqmedebis sqema:

1 _ mimmarTveli aparatis niCbebi; 2 _ muSa Tvali;

3 _ muSa Tvalis frTa; 4 – gamwovi mili.

3

1

2

4

35

mimmarTveli aparatis konusurad ganlageba diagonalur turbinebSi amcirebs

turbinis gabaritebs. turbinis muSa Tvals aqvs daxrilad ganlagebuli frTebi,

romlebsac TavianTi RerZis irgvliv mobrunebis saSualeba gaaCniaT. turbinis danarCeni

nawilebi ki mbrunavfrTiani turbinis msgavsia.

nax.12. diagonaluri turbinis moqmedebis sqema: 1 – radialuri mimmarTveli

aparati; 2 – konusuri mimmarTveli aparati; 3 – muSa Tvali.

LI LII<LI

1 23

DI

D

36

4.5. hidroagregati

saSualo an didi simZlavris Tanamedrove hidroagregati warmoadgens uSualod

erTmaneTTan SeerTebul manqanas, romelTaganac erTi aris hidroturbina, meore –

samfaza cvladi denis generatori (hidrogeneratori). misi ZiriTadi parametrebia:

simZlavre, nominaluri Zabva, simZlavris koeficienti, brunTa ricxvi, sixSire, margi

qmedebis koeficienti da mqnevara momenti.

generatoris aqtiuri (namdvili) simZlavre tolia:

NηP ⋅= g (4.18)

N aris turbinis simZlavre, kvt; gη _generatoris m.q.k. winaswari

gamoTvlebisaTvis didi simZlavris generatorebisTvis 97.0η =g , saSualo simZlavris

generetorebisaTvis 96.0η =g . generatoris zomebi damokidebulia mis srul

(warmosaxviT) simZlavreze, romelic tolia:

ϕ

=cos

PS (4.19)

ϕcos aris simZlavris koeficienti. simZlavris koeficientis nominaluri sidide

aris 0.8.

sixSire tolia:

60pnf = (4.20)

p aris generatoris wyvil polusTa ricxvi;

n _brunTa ricxvi wuTSi

Tu miviRebT 50f = herc-s, maSin generatoris sinqronuli brunTa ricxvi

iqneba:

p

3000n = (4.21)

hidrogeneratoris sinqronuli brunTa ricxvis mniSvnelobebi mocemulia

cxrilSi 4.1

37

cxrili4.1

wyvili

polusebis

ricxvi,

p

sinqronuli

brunTa ricxvi,

n br/wT

wyvili

polusebis

ricxvi,

p

sinqronuli

brunTa ricxvi,

n br/wT

wyvili

polusebis

ricxvi,

p

sinqron

uli

brunTa

ricxvi,

n

br/wT

2 1500 14 214.3 33 90.9

3 1000 15 200 34 88.2

4 750 16 187.5 35 85.7

5 600 18 166.7 36 83.8

6 500 20 150 38 78.9

7 428.6 22 136.4 39 76.9

8 375 24 125 40 75

9 333.33 26 115.4 42 71.4

10 300 28 107.1 44 68.2

12 250 30 100 45 66.7

13 230.8 32 93.8

rac Seexeba generatoris nominalur Zabvas, igi misi simZlavris mixedviT

ganisazRvreba:

6,3 kilovolti (kv), roca 20P < mvt;

10,5 kilovolti (kv), roca 04P02 << mvt;

13,8 kilovolti (kv), roca 125P40 << mvt;

15,75 kilovolti (kv), roca 125P > mvt.

winaswari gamoTvlebisaTvis hidrogeneratoris mqnevara momentis sidide SeiZleba

gamovTvaloT formuliT:

2

tm , n

SkGD 22 ⋅= (4.22)

sadac n aris generatoris sinqronuli brunTa ricxvi wuTSi;

38

S _generatoris sruli simZlavre, kva (kilovoltamperi)

k _koeficienti; k =1800-s, Tu >n 214 br/wT; da k =2700 Tu <n 214

br/wT.

Tu hidrogeneratoris zomebi cnobilia, maSin:

,l3DGD t4i

2 = tm2 (4.23)

sadac iD aris generatoris statoris Siga diametri, m;

tl _generatoris aqtiuri foladis sigrZe, m.

hidrogeneratori Sedgeba uZravi statorisagan da moZravi rotorisagan.

arsebobs e.w. dakidebuli da qolgisebri tipis hidrogeneratorebi. pirvel

maTganSi saqusle moTavsebulia rotoris zemoT, meoreSi ki rotoris qvemoT, rac

amcirebs hidrogeneratoris wonas da mis Rirebulebas.

roca fardoba 7lD

t

i > , SesaZlebelia qolgisebri tipis hidrogeneratoris

gamoyeneba.

39

Tavi 5. hidroturbinebis modelirebis safuZvlebi

5.1. zogadi cnobebi

vinaidan, hidroturbinebis gaangariSebebis hidrodinamikuri Teoria ar iZleva

zust Sedegebs, amitom am gamoTvlebis Sedegad mzaddeba turbinis modeli da igi

icdeba laboratoriul stendebze. am gamocdis Sedegebs iTvaliswineben modelis

daxvewis dros, rac saSualebas iZleva SeirCes misi optimaluri parametrebi. garda

amisa, turbinis modeluri gamocda warmoadgens erTaderT saSualebas naturuli

turbinis parametrebis dasadgenad turbinis muSaobis sxvadasxva reJimis dros.

5.2. modelirebis da msgavsebis safuZvlebi

turbinebis modelirebis dros daculi unda iyos: 1. geometriuli 2.

kinematikuri da 3. dinamikuri msgavsebis pirobebi [4].

geometriuli msgavsebis piroba moiTxovs naturisa da modelis turbinebis

gamdinare nawilebis zomebis proporciulobas, rac niSnavs, rom modelis spiraluri

kameris, mimmarTveli aparatis, muSa Tvlisa da gamwovi milis konfiguracia naturis

turbinis imave nawilebis zusti analogi unda iyos, magram xSirad marto muSa Tvlebis

msgavsebas icaven da sxva elementebis aramsgavsebas saTanado SesworebiT asaxaven.

kinematikuri msgavsebis piroba moiTxovs, rom nakadebi naturisa da modelis

turbinebSi iyos msgavsi, e.i. orive turbinaSi siCqareebis mimarTuleba unda iyos

erTnairi, maTi sidideebi ki erTmaneTis proporciuli, rac imas niSnavs rom orive

turbinisaTvis siCqareTa samkuTxedebi rogorc muSa TvalSi Sesvlisas, aseve

gamosvlisas unda iyos msgavsi. muSaobis amgvar reJims izogonaluri ewodeba.

dinamikuri msgavsebis piroba moiTxovs nakadebis dinamikur msgavsebas, rac

niSnavs reinoldsis ricxvis Re tolobas orive nakadisaTvis. sinamdvileSi am pirobis

dacva ar xerxdeba, magram mravali cdis mixedviT, avtomodelur zonaSi, ( )510Re >

40

romelSic xSirad naturisa da modelis turbinebi muSaoben, reinoldsis ricxvebis

gansxvaveba ar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas nakadis moZraobis saxeze.

geometriulad msgavsi ori turbinis Sesabamisi zomebis fardoba mudmivi unda

iyos. amitom, sakmarisia miviRoT romelime damaxasiaTebeli zomis fardoba, raTa

davadginoT meore turbinis yvela danarCeni zoma, Tu cnobilia pirveli turbinis

zomebi. damaxasiaTebel zomad miRebulia muSa Tvalis diametri _ D1. e.i. unda

vicodeT meore turbinis muSa Tvlis diametri da pirveli turbinis yvela zoma.

5.3. ori geometriulad msgavsi hidroturbinis brunTa ricxvebs,

wylis xarjebsa da simZlavreebs Soris kavSiri maTi

muSaobis izogonalur reJimSi

msgavsebis formulebis gamosayvanad ganvixiloT siCqareebis samkuTxedi nakadis

muSa TvalSi Sesvlis dros (nax. 13) [4]. davweroT muSa TvalSi wylis daurtymelad

Sesvlis piroba:

)βsin(α

usinαw

sinβc

11

1

1

1

1

1

+== . (5.1)

aqedan ganvsazRvroT 1c siCqare 1u siCqaris saSualebiT:

)sin(

sinuc

11

111 β+α

β= (5.2)

Tu SevitanT 1c -s mniSvnelobas turbinis muSaobis ZiriTad gantolebaSi nakadis

normaluri gamosvlisaTvis

41

nax. 13. siCqaris samkuTxedi muSa TvalSi wylis Sesvlis dros.

111 cosαcugHη ⋅⋅=h , (5.3)

miviRebT

( )11

1121

βαsincosαsinβugHη+

=h , (5.4)

saidanac

( )

11

111 cosαsinβ

βαsinHgηu

⋅+

⋅⋅= h (5.5)

D1=2r1

0

w1

u1

c1α1

β1

42

turbinis mimmarTveli aparatis gaRebis sididis garkveuli mniSvnelobisaTvis

gamosaxuleba

( )

11

11

cosαsinββαsin +

(5.6)

mudmivia. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT am garemoebas da SemoviRebT aRniSvnas, rom

( )

11

11u cosαsinβ

βαsingk

⋅+

⋅= , (5.7)

gveqneba

Hηku u1 ⋅= h (5.8)

axla, Tu turbinis muSaobis ZiriTad gantolebaSi 1u siCqaris magier CavsvamT

mis mniSvnelobas gamosaxuls 1c -iT wylis daurtymelad Sesvlis pirobidan, miviRebT:

1

11121

sinβ)cosαβsin(αcgHη +=h , (5.9)

analogiurad aRvniSnoT:

111

1c cosα)βsin(

singk

⋅+αβ

⋅= , (5.10)

maSin

Hηkc c1 ⋅= h (5.11)

dabolos, Tu wylis daurtymelad Sesvlis pirobidan 1u da 1c siCqareebs

gamovsaxavT 1w -iT, anu

( )

1

1111 sinα

βαsinwu

+⋅= ;

1

111 sinα

sinβwc

⋅= (5.12)

43

da maT mniSvnelobebs CavsvamT turbinis muSaobis ZiriTad gantolebaSi, maSin

12

111121

αsincosα)sinββsin(αwgHη +

=h . (5.13)

Tu aRvniSnavT

( ) 1111

12

w cossinsinsingk

αββ+αα

= , (5.14)

gveqneba

Hηkw w1 ⋅= h ,

amrigad, turbinis muSa TvalSi wylis Sesvlis siCqareebisaTvis miviReT

formulebi

Hηkc c1 ⋅= h ;

Hηku u1 ⋅= h ; (5.15)

Hηkw w1 ⋅= h ,

sadac wuc k,k,k mudmivi koeficientebia turbinis mimmarTveli aparatis gaRebis

sididis garkveuli mniSvnelobisaTvis. analogiuri gamosaxulebebi miiReba muSa

Tvalidan wylis gamosvlis siCqareebisTvisac.

miRebuli formulebis mixedviT, muSa TvalSi wylis Sesvlisa da gamosvlis

siCqareebi damokidebulia dawnevasa da hidravlikur m.q.k.-ze. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos,

rom dawnevis cvalebadobasTan erTad siCqareebi icvleba, magram hidravlikuri m.q.k.

TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba, amitom SegviZlia davweroT:

Hkc c= ;

44

Hku u= ; (5.16)

Hkw w= ,

sadac h.

η -is mniSvneloba Sedis wuc k,k,k mniSvnelobebSi. maSasadame, Tu

mocemulia turbina nQ,H, da N parametrebiT da saWiroa misi 1H dawnevaze

dayeneba, maSin imisaTvis, rom m.q.k. isev maRali darCes, parametrebi, Sesabamisad, unda

Seicvalos 11 n,Q da 1N mniSvnelobebiT. maTi dadgena xdeba Semdegnairad:

Tu turbinis muSa Tvalis Sesvlis diametri 1D -ia, maSin H dawnevis dros misi

wriuli siCqare iqneba:

60

nπDHku 1u == , (5.17)

xolo 1H dawnevis dros

60

nπDHku 111u1 == . (5.18)

Tu am gantolebebs gavyofT erTmaneTze, miviRebT:

HH

nn 11 = . (5.19)

muSa TvalSi H dawnevisas Semavali wylis xarji iqneba:

1c011101 sinα HkbπDsinαcbπDQ == , (5.20)

sadac 0b aris mimmarTveli aparatis simaRle (nax. 14).

Tu dawneva 1H mniSvnelobamde Seicvala, maSin saTanado xarji iqneba:

11c011 sinα HkbπDQ = . (5.21)

45

1Q xarjis mniSvnelobis Q -s mniSvnelobaze gayofis Semdeg miviRebT:

HH

QQ 11 = . (5.22)

H dawnevis dros turbinis simZlavre

9.81QHη102γQHηN == . (5.23)

1H dawnevisas

ηH9.81Q102

ηHγQN 11

111 == . (5.24)

gavyoT 1N N -ze da miviRebT (viTvaliswinebT QQ1

fardobas):

HHHH

NN 111 = (5.25)

simZlavreebis fardobis amsaxveli formula naklebad zustia, vinaidan dawnevis

cvlilebisas Cven miviReT erTi da igive sruli m.q.k., Tumca am ukanasknelis

Semadgeneli meqanikuri da moculobiTi m.q.k. mcirediT mainc icvleba siCqareTa

cvalebadobis dros.

46

nax. 14. muSa Tvali da misi xarji.

axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac sxvadasxva sididis ori msgavsi turbina

muSaobs erTsa da imave dawnevaze. am SemTxvevaSi ufro did turbinaSi hidravlikuri

danakargebi naklebi iqneba, rac gavlenas axdens srul m.q.k.-ze. amitom, sizustis

D1

b 0

u1

α1c1

w1

47

dasacavad zemoTmoyvanil siCqaris formulebSi gasaTvaliswinebelia hidravlikuri m.q.k.-

s gavlena. rac Seexeba meqanikur da moculobiT m.q.k. isini mcired icvlebian da

SeiZleba es cvlileba mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT.

davuSvaT, rom erTi turbina aris modelis m 1mmmm

D , ,N ,n ,Q ,H η parametrebiT,

meore – naturis 1Dη,N,n,Q,H, parametrebiT. modelis turbinisaTvis wriuli siCqare

60

nπDHηku u

m1m

h.mm=⋅= , (5.26)

naturis turbinisaTvis ki _

60

nπDHηku u

1

h =⋅= . (5.27)

Tu bolo tolobas gavyofT winaze, miviRebT:

hm

h1m

m ηη

DD

nn

1

= . (5.28)

xarjis sidide modelisaTvis iqneba:

1sinαcbπDQm10m1mm = . (5.29)

Sesabamisad naturisaTvis:

1101 sinαcbπDQ = . (5.30)

0b mimmarTveli aparatis simaRle sxvadasxva tipis turbinisaTvis sxvadasxvaa da

muSa Tvalis diametriT gamoisaxeba. amitom 1mm

kDb0 = , 10 kDb = , sadac k koeficienti

TiToeuli tipis turbinisaTvis mudmivia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am garemoebas da

agreTve:

48

Hηkc c ⋅=h.m1m

; Hηkc c1 ⋅=h

, (5.31)

miviRebT

1c sinα HkπkDQ ⋅η=hm

2

1mm, (5.32)

1c21 sinα HkπkDQ ⋅η= h ; (5.33)

bolo gantolebis gayofiT winaze miviRebT:

h.m

h

2

1mmηη

DD

QQ 2

1= . (5.34)

modelis turbinis simZlavre:

102

HηγQN mm

m= , (5.35)

naturis turbinis simZlavre:

102γQHηN = , (5.36)

Tu N -s gavyofT mN -ze da gaviTvaliswinebT

mQQ

-s mniSvnelobas, miviRebT:

h.m

h

mmm ηη

ηη

DD

NN

21

21 ⋅= . (5.37)

axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac ori msgavsi gansxvavebuli sididis turbina

muSaobs sxvadasxva dawnevaze, rac damaxasiaTebelia praqtikisaTvis.

davuSvaT modelis turbinis parametrebia 1mmmmm

D,N ,n ,Q ,H ;

49

naturis turbinis parametrebia _ 1D N, n, Q, H, .

davweroT wriuli siCqaris formulebi modelisa da naturisaTvis

60

nπDHηku u

m1m

mh.mm=⋅= ; (5.38)

60

nπDHηku u

1=⋅=h

. (5.39)

bolo gantoleba gavyoT winaze, miviRebT:

h.m

h

m

1m

mh.m

hm

mηη

HH

DD

HηHη

DD

nn

11

⋅⋅== 1. (5.40)

xarjis mniSvneloba, Sesabamisad, modelisa da naturisaTvis

mh.m

2

1mmHkπkDQ c η= ; (5.41)

HkπkDQ c21 t.h

η= . (5.42)

Tu am bolo gantolebas gavyofT winaze, miviRebT:

h.m

h

m1mmh.m

h

2

1mmηη

HH

DD

HηHη

DD

QQ 2

121 ⋅⋅=⋅=

2. (5.43)

simZlavreebis fardoba tolia:

mmmmηHQηHQ

NN

⋅⋅⋅⋅= . (5.44)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

mQQ

-s, maSin miviRebT:

h.m

h

.mmm

2

1mmηη

ηη

HH

HH

DD

NN 2

1 ⋅⋅⋅⋅= (5.45)

50

unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebuli sididis turbinis m.q.k. sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobisaa, rac arTulebs formulas da gaangariSebebs. amitom, dasaSvebia am

formulebSi m.q.k. cvalebadobis ugulebelyofa da samagierod Sesworeba SevitanoT

naturis turbinebis sruli m.q.k. mniSvnelobaSi misi zomis Sesabamisad.

5.4. hidroturbinis dayvanili parametrebi

zemoT miRebuli formulebis gamoyeneba rTulia. garda amisa, miRebuli formu-

lebiT Znelia erTi tipis turbinis gamtarunarianobis Sedareba meoris

gamtarunarianobasTan, amitom miRebulia, rom gamoTvlebis dros modelis muSa Tvalis

diametri CaiTvalos 1.0 m-is tolad, romelic muSaobs 1.0 m dawnevis qveS. am modelze

miRebuli brunTa ricxvi, wylis xarji da simZlavre aRiniSneba: /1

/1

/1 N,Q,n . maT

Sesabamisad ewodeba dayvanili brunTa ricxvi, dayvanili xarji da dayvanili simZlavre.

amrigad, Tu davuSvebT, rom wina formulebSi 1D =1m m; 1H =m m, maSin gveqneba

/1

/1

/1 NN;QQ;nn === mmm anu:

;H

nDn 1/

1 = (5.46)

;HD

QQ21

/1 = (5.47)

HHD

NN21

/1 = , (5.48)

an

( ) 1H η,Q9.81N /I

/I m kvt =⋅⋅= (5.49)

da

cx.Z η,Q13.34ηQ1.369.81N /I

/I

/I ⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅= (5.50)

51

es formulebi ar iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas, rom modelisa da naturis

turbinebs aqvs sxvadasxva sididis m.q.k.-bi.

magaliTi 2.

D1m=0,3m muSa Tvalis diametris mqone modeluri turbinis gamocdam Hm=3,5 m

dawnevaze aCvena, rom muSaobis optimalur reJims udidesi m.q.k.-T Seesabameba

n m.opt.=430 br/wT, Q m.opt.=0,15 m3/wm. gamovTvaloT imave tipis naturis turbinis

brunTa ricxvi nopt, xarji Qopt da simZlavre Nopt, romlis muSa Tvalis

diametri D1 =5,0 m, xolo dawneva H=90,0 m.

amoxsna.

CavTvaloT, rom modeluri da naturis turbinebis hidravlikuri m.q.k. tolia,

e.i. hh.m η=η . maSin naturis turbinis optimaluri brunTa ricxvi ganisazRvreba

gamosaxulebidan (5.40):

br/wT 1

m1.m

1

optm. m.opt31

5.390

0.53.0430

HH

DD

nn =⋅==

xolo optimaluri xarji ki (5.43)-dan:

/wmm 2113

m1.m

1

opt mopt=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

5.390

3.00.515.0

HH

DD

QQ22

naturis turbinis simZlavre ganisazRvreba damokidebulebiT:

η⋅⋅⋅= HQ81.9Nopt. ,

sadac η_m.q.k.-s mniSvneloba Seesabameba turbinis muSaobis optimalur

reJims ηopt.=93_95%. miviRoT ηopt.=0,93 maSin:

kvt 173250=⋅⋅⋅= 93,09021181,9N .

52

magaliTi 3.

wina magaliTis monacemebis mixedviT ganvsazRvroT modeluri turbinis dayvanili

parametrebi misi muSaobis optimaluri reJimisaTvis.

amoxsna.

optimaluri dayvanili brunTa ricxvi (5.46)-is Tanaxmad tolia:

br/wT 69

m

1.mopt m/

Iopt=⋅=

⋅=

5,33,0430

H

Dnn .

dayvanili xarjis optimaluri sidide (5.47)-is Tanaxmad iqneba:P

l/wm. 890/wmm 03

m1.m

m.opt/

Iopt==

⋅=

⋅= 89,

5.33.015.0

HD

QQ

22

5.5. hidroturbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti

turbinebis sistemisa da tipis dasaxasiaTeblad, agreTve sxvadasxva turbinis

erTmaneTTan Sesadareblad SemoRebulia e.w. swrafmavlobis koeficienti.

turbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti warmoadgens misi iseTi geometriulad

msgavsi turbinis brunTa ricxvs, romelic 1.0 m dawnevis dros Tavis lilvze

anviTarebs 1.0 cxenis Zalis (1cx.Z=75kgZm/wm=0,736kvt) tol simZlavres.

swrafmavlobis koeficienti aRiniSneba sn -iT da gamoisaxeba formuliT:

4s HH

Nnn = (5.51)

53

am formulaSi Nn, da H warmoadgens Sesabamisad im turbinis brunTa ricxvs

(br/wT), simZlavres gamosaxuls cx.Z-Si da dawnevas metrobiT, romlis swrafmavlobis

gansazRvrac gvsurs.

CamCiani turbinebisaTvis 807,2n s ÷= br/wT, ormagi moqmedebis (`bankis~) turbi-

nebisaTvis 20010n s ÷= br/wT.

radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinebisaTvis swrafmavlobis koeficienti

icvleba did diapazonSi 45070n s ÷= br/wT. amis gamo pirobiTad miRebulia maTi

dayofa Semdegnairad:

cxrili. 5.1

nelmavali turbina 15070n s ÷= br/wT

normaluri turbina 250150n s ÷= br/wT

swrafmavali turbina 450250n s ÷= br/wT

mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) da propeleruli tipis turbinebisaTvis

1200300n s ÷= br/wT, diagonaluri turbinisa ki _ 350200n s ÷= br/wT.

rac ufro maRalia sn , miT ufro kompaqturia da naklebi Rirebulebisaa

hidroturbina. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia didi sn -is mqone turbinis

dayeneba dabal dawnevaze, xolo mcire sn -is mqone turbinisa_maRal dawnevaze.

hidroturbinis swrafmavlobis koeficienti sn gamovsaxoT dayvanili brunTa

ricxvisa da xarjis saSualebiT: cnobilia, rom 4s HH

Nnn = ,

sadac N_simZlavrea gamosaxuli cx.Z-Si.

(5.46)-dan ,D

Hnn

1

/1= (5.52)

(5.48)-dan HHDNN 21

/1 ⋅= , (5.53)

(5.50)-dan /1N -is mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT (5.53) miiRebs Semdeg saxes

54

;HHDQ34.13N 21

/1 ⋅⋅η⋅⋅= (5.54)

sn -is gamosaxulebaSi (3.54)-is da (3.57)-is CasmiT miviRebT:

ηQ3.65nn /1

/1s = . (5.55)

aqedan Cans, rom rac metia dayvanili xarji da dayvanili brunTa ricxvi, miT

metia sn . swrafmavlobis koeficientis zrdasTan erTad muSa Tvalis zomebi mcirdeba

da piriqiT. amitom, dasaproeqtebeli turbinisaTvis mcire gabaritebis misaRebad

mocemuli simZlavrisa da dawnevis pirobebSi, sasurvelia ufro maRali swrafmavlobis

koeficientis mqone turbinis SerCeva.

maRali swrafmavlobis misaRwevad aucilebelia maRali m.q.k.-s, dayvanili xarjis

da dayvanili brunTa ricxvis arseboba. vinaidan m.q.k.-s gaaCnia bunebrivi zRvari _ 1.0

da masTan sakmaod miaxloebulia Tanamedrove hidroturbinebis m.q.k., amitom

praqtikulad ori gza rCeba hidroturbinebis srulyofisaTvis: 1) dayvanili xarjis

gazrda; 2) dayvanili brunTa ricxvis gazrda.

swrafmavlobis koeficientis gazrda ufro xelsayrelia dayvanili xarjis

momatebiT da ara brunTa ricxvis gazrdiT, vinaidan erTi da igive sn -is mqone

sxvadasxva seriis ori turbinisaTvis, ufro mcire zomis is iqneba, romelic ufro

maRali dayvanili xarjiT xasiaTdeba, xolo maTi brunTa ricxvebi identuri iqneba.

55

5.6. ori geometriulad msgavsi hidroturbinis

margi qmedebis koeficienti

ganvixiloT izogonaluri reJimiT momuSave ori msgavsi turbina. pirvelis

parametrebia mmm 1D,,H η , meoris _ 1D ,η H, . davuSvaT, orive turbina muSaobs erTnair

dawnevaze HH =m .

turbinaSi ZiriTadia hidravlikuri danakargebi, amitom ganvixiloT mxolod

isini. turbinaSi hidravlikuri danakargebis Teoriulad dadgena Zalian Znelia, amitom

sakiTxis gasamartiveblad varaudoben, rom mimmarTveli aparatis niCabTaSorisi da muSa

Tvalis frTaTaSorisi Rarebi warmoadgens swor milsadens; amasTan, danakargebs

angariSoben darsis formuliT turbulenturi moZraobisTvis.

hidravlikuri danakargebi modelsa da naturaSi, Sesabamisad, toli iqneba:

2gc

RL

λh2

m

m

m

mm = ; 2gc

RLλh

2

= , (5.56)

sadac λ ,λm aris xaxunis koeficienti modelsa da naturaSi;

L ,Lm _ Rarebis jamuri sigrZe modelsa da naturaSi, m;

R ,R m _ modelis da naturis turbinis Rarebis hidravlikuri radiusebi, m;

c ,cm _ wylis saSualo siCqare modelsa da naturaSi, m/wm;

h ,hm _ hidravlikuri danakargebi modelsa da naturis turbinaSi, m;

m.q.k., Sesabamisad, modelisa da naturis turbinisaTvis:

m

m

m

mm

m Hh

1H

hHη −=

−= ;

Hh1

HhHη −=−= . (5.57)

CavsvaT mh da h mniSvnelobebi da miviRebT:

m

2

m

m

m

mm 2gHc

RLλ1η −= ;

2gHc

RLλ1η

2

−= . (5.58)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

56

mmm

2gHkc = , 2gHkc = , (5.59)

anu

m

2

m2

m 2gHck = ,

2gHc

k 22

= , (5.60)

maSin

2

m

m

m

mmk

RL

λ1η −= , 2k

RLλ1η −= , (5.61)

anu

2

m

m

m

mmk

RL

λη-1 = , (5.62)

2k

RLλη-1 = (5.63)

gavyoT bolo gantoleba winaze, amasTan gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msgavsi

turbinebisaTvis erTnairi reJimiT muSaobisas adgili eqneba tolobebs kk =m

da

RL

RL

=m

m. amitom miviRebT:

mmλλ

η1η1 =

−−

(5.64)

sadawneo milsadenebSi adgili aqvs tolobas:

4

1DD

λλ

1m

m

= , (5.65)

aq m 1

D modelis turbinis muSa Tvalis diametria; 1D _naturis turbinis muSa

Tvalis diametri. ukanasknelis gaTvaliswinebiT gveqneba:

4

1DD

η1η1

1m

m

=−−

, (5.66)

anu, sabolood

57

( ) 4

1DD

η11η 1m

m⋅−−= (5.67)

naturuli kvlevebiT [4] dadginda, rom naturis turbinis m.q.k.-s mniSvneloba

naklebia (5.67) formuliT miRebulze. amitom, (5.67) formula Sesworebis Semdeg ase

gamoisaxeba:

( ) 5

1DD

η11η 1m

m⋅−−= . (5.68)

am formulis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia radialur-RerZuli (frensisis)

turbinebisaTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqsperimentulad gansazRvrulia turbinis modelis

sruli m.q.k., xolo muSa dawneva ar aWarbebs 150,0 m. rodesac muSa dawneva metia 150.0

m-ze, maSin gamoiyeneba formula:

( ) 205

1 HH

DD

η11ηH

m1m

m⋅⋅−−= , (5.69)

sadac m

H _ modeluri turbinis dawneva, m.

mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) da propeleruli tipis turbinebisaTvis arsebobs

formula:

5

ReRe7.03.0

η1η1

m

m

+=−−

. (5.70)

CamCiani turbinebisaTvis ki _ m

ηη = . e.i m.q.k. hidroturbinis zomebze ar aris

damokidebuli.

magaliTi 4.

58

dayvanili sidideebis me-3 magaliTSi gansazRvruli mniSvnelobis mixedviT

davadginoT turbinis brunTa ricxvi, xarji da simZlavre, Tu D1=2.0 m; H=110,0

m.

amoxsna.

turbinis brunTa ricxvi (5.46)-is Tanaxmad iqneba:

br/wT,

1

/

opt I 3620.211069

DHn

n =⋅=⋅

=

xolo turbinis xarji ki (5.47)-is Tanaxmad:

/wmm 37.332

1

/

I.opt=⋅=⋅= 1100.289,0HDQQ 2

;

turbinis simZlavre, misi m.q.k. η=93%-is gaTvaliswinebiT:

kvt 3740093,01103.3781,9HQ81,9N =⋅⋅⋅=η⋅⋅⋅= .

59

Tavi 6. hidroturbinebis modelebis energetikuli da

kavitaciuri gamocda laboratoriul pirobebSi

da eqsperimentuli masalis damuSaveba

6.1. modeluri gamocdebis saerTo amocanebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom turbinebis hidromeqanikuri gaangariSebis meTodika

mudmivad ixveweba, turbinis sakmaod saimedo da amomwuravi maxasiaTeblebis miReba,

romlebic misi muSaobis reJimebis farTo diapazons moicavs, SesaZlebelia mxolod

eqsperimentuli gziT. turbinebis daproeqtebisas saangariSo gziT dgindeba gamdinare

nawilis formis ramdenime varianti, xolo maTi saboloo Sefaseba da damuSaveba xdeba

sacdel stendze miRebuli modeluri gamocdis monacemebis safuZvelze. am gamocdebis

Sedegad dgindeba modeluri turbinis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa mixedviT igeba

saeqspluatacio da sxva maxasiaTeblebi naturis pirobebisaTvis.

ganasxvaveben stendebis or saxes: energetikuli, romelzedac dgindeba turbinis

modelis parametrebis (dawneva, xarji, brunTa ricxvi da m.q.k.) urTierTkavSirebi da

kavitaciuri stendi, romelzedac ganisazRvreba kavitaciis kritikuli koeficientis

kavSiri modelis parametrebTan. energetikul stendze xdeba turbinis modelebis

gamocda muSa Tvalis diametriT 250÷800 mm farglebSi, kavitaciurze ki _250÷500mm.

6.2. energetikuli da kavitaciuri gamocdebis stendebi,

maTi muSaobis pirobebi da eqsperimentis Catarebis Tanamimdevroba

energetikuli stendi (nax.15) Sedgeba zeda 1 da qveda 2 biefis avzebisagan, 3

tevadobisa da tumbosagan 4. avzebs Soris montaJdeba turbinis modeli 5, amasTan,

rekomendebulia spiraluri kameris da gamwovi milis geometriuli msgavsebis dacva.

60

modelis muSaobisas wyali gadis turbinaSi 1 avzidan 2 avzisaken, sadac xdeba wylis

xarjis gazomva sazomi wyalsaSviT 6, romelic, rogorc wesi, unda iqnas tarirebuli

moculobiTi an masuri meTodiT. wyali gaedineba 3 tevadobaSi, saidanac 4 tumbos

saSualebiT gadaitumbeba 1 zeda avzSi. amrigad, xorcieldeba cirkulaciuri sistema.

1 avzSi donis SenarCunebis mizniT masSi aris wyalsaSvi 7, romlis saSualebiTac

3 tevadobaSi isxmeba 4 tumboTi miwodebuli zedmeti (Warbi) wyali. am avzSi nakadis

dasawynareblad da gasasworeblad gamoiyeneba gisosi 8 da 9.

energetikul stendze dawneva Cveulebriv 2÷6 metris diapazonSia. gamocdebis

dros ZiriTadi gasazomi sidideebia: xarji Q , romelic ganisazRvreba wyalsaSvze

wylis simaRlis h -is mixedviT, dawneva H , romelic aiReba 10 da 11 piezometrebis

Cvenebis mixedviT (danakargebi spiralur kameraSi Sesvlamde SeiZleba damatebiT iqnas

gaTvaliswinebuli), brunvis sixSire n (izomeba taxometriT an mTvleliT 12) da

simZlavre, romelsac anviTarebs turbina l

N (simZlavre lilvze), romlis gazomva

yvelaze rTulia.

simZlavris gasazomad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis muxruWebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi

eleqtruli. 13 muxruWis rotori SeerTebulia modeluri turbinis lilvTan, xolo

statori 14 magrdeba sakisrebze CarCosTan 15. rotoris brunvis dros magnituri

urTierTqmedebis Zalebi (meqanikuri muxruWis dros – xaxunis Zalebi) waritaceben

statorsac, magram igi kavdeba 16 simiT, romelic mierTebulia 17 sasworTan.

simis P daWimulobis da r radiusis mixedviT ganisazRvreba momenti, romelsac

anviTarebs turbina rPM ⋅=l

n.m, xolo brunvis sixSiris n -is mixedviT _ lN

simZlavre, kvt:

kvt. da wm

mn ,

wm

mn

wm

1

ll

lll

ll

,9550

nM1029.830

nMπ N M

30πnN

; ω,MN ; ,30πnω

⋅=

⋅⋅⋅⋅

=⋅=

⋅==

(6.1)

turbinis modelis m.q.k. gamoiTvleba eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze:

HQ9.81

Nη

⋅⋅= l

m (6.2)

61

62

gamocdebi mimdinareobs Semdegnairad: fiqsirdeba turbinis mimmarTveli aparatis

gaReba 0a da aiReba anaTvali brunvis sxvadasxva n sixSirisaTvis, romelic

icvleba muxruWiT. gazomili sidideebiT gamoiTvleba dayvanili parametrebi /1n da

/1Q :

⎪⎪⎭

⎪⎪⎬

⎫

=

=

HDQQ

;H

nDn

21

/1

1/1

(6.3)

da Sedgeba cxrili ( )/1

/1η Q ,nfη =m

0a -is sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebisaTvis. maTze

dayrdnobiT igeba mTavari universaluri maxasiaTebeli (nax. 19).

CamCiani (peltonis) turbinebisaTvis mimmarTveli aparatis (saqSenis) gaReba

izomeba nemsas svlis S sididiT mm-Si, an misi mTliani svlis nawilis mixedviT. am

SemTxvevaSi nemsas maqsimaluri svla miiReba 1-is tolad, xolo daxurul

mdgomareobaSi ki _ 0-is tolad.

energetikuli gamocdebis dros miRebuli monacemebi da gamoTvlebis Sedegebi

Setanilia cxrilSi 6.1.

cxrili 6.1

gazomili sidideebi gamoTvlili sidideebi

eqsperi-

mentis

#

datvirTva

,P

n

dawneva

,H

m

wylis

xarji

,Q

l/wm

brunTa

ricxvi

n ,

br/wT

dayvanili

brunTa

ricxvi

/1n ,

br/wT

dayvanili

xarji

/1Q ,

l/wm

sasargeblo

simZlavre

lN ,

vt

wylis nakadis

simZlavre

QH81.9N =n ,

vt

m.q.k.

mη ,

%

1 1P 1H 1Q 1n /

)1(1n /

)1(1Q 1N n,1N 1η

2 2P 2H 2Q 2n /

)2(1n /

)2(1Q 2N n,2N 2η

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

m mP mH mQ mn /

)m(1n /

)m(1Q mN mNn, mη

unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi cxrili Sedgeba mimmarTveli aparatis yoveli

konkretuli a0 gaRebisaTvis.

63

garda m.q.k., xarjisa da simZlavrisa, energetikuli gamocdis dros ganisazRvreba

gaqanebis brunvis sixSire, muSa Tvalze RerZuli Zalvebi, muSa Tvlis frTebze Zalvebi,

Zalvebi mimmarTveli aparatis niCbebze da sxva sidideebi.

kavitaciuri stendi (nax.16) Sedgeba 1 mimyvani milsadenisagan, 2 turbinis

modelisagan, 3 qveda biefis Caketili avzisagan, romelic wyliT nawilobriv aris

Sevsebuli, 4 da 5 sacirkulacio milsadenebis da 6 tumbosagan. stendi Caketilia da

muSaobs wylis mudmivi moculobiT, rac uzrunvelyofs qveda biefis niSnulis

ucvlelad SenarCunebas.

gamocdebis dros warmoebs Semdegi sidideebis gazomva: Q xarjisa 7 venturis

tipis wyalmzomis saSualebiT ( h∆ diferencialuri manometris vardnilis mixedviT),

dawnevisa (vardnili H∆ _s mimatebuli 1 milsadenSi siCqaruli dawneva),

lN simZlavrisa (8 muxruWisa da 9 sasworis saSualebiT, energetikuli stendis

msgavsad), vakH _ vakuumisa, Tavisufali zedapiris zemoT 3 avzSi vakuummetriT.

aucilebeli vakuumi iqmneba 10 specialuri vakuum-tumboTi.

imisaTvis, rom eqsperimentis dros 6 tumboSi ar ganviTardes kavitacia, is

ewyoba 10-15 metriT dabla 3 avzTan SedarebiT. stendis muSaobis dros adgili aqvs

wylis gacxelebas, rac gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia, rodesac wylis miwodeba

regulirdeba tumbosTan arsebuli saketiT. wylis temperaturis SesanarCuneblad

gamoiyeneba gamacivebeli klaknili milsadenebi (sqemaze ar aris naCvenebi), xolo

zogjer umateben axal wyals milsadenidan 3 avzSi da erTdroulad awarmoeben 5

sadawneo xazidan wylis gamoSvebas atmosferoSi.

rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba kavitaciuri stendebi dawneviT 20-30 m, Tumca ufro

saimedo monacemis misaRebad, gansakuTrebiT maRaldawneviani turbinebisaTvis, iqmneba

kavitaciuri stendebi dawneviT 150-200 m da meti.

gamocdis Tanamimdevroba Semdegia: modelirdeba romelime reJimi (mimmarTveli

aparatis gaReba 0a , dawneva H , brunvis sixSire n ) da Semdeg gansazRvraven xarjs,

simZlavres, m.q.k-s amasTan, safexureobrivad adideben vakuums vakH 3 avzSi, rasac

mivyavarT danadgaris kavitaciis koeficientis t

σ Semcirebisaken, romelic gamoiTvleba

formuliT:

σkσ σ=t

, (6.4)

64

nax. 16. kavitaciuri stendis sqema.

1_mimyvani milsadeni; 2_turbinis modeli; 3_ qveda biefis avzi;

4_5_sacirkulacio milsadenebi; 6_tumbo; 7_venturis tipis xarjsazomi; 8_muxruWi;

9_saswori; 10_vakuumtumbo.

sadac 2.11.1k σ ÷= , xolo σ_kavitaciis kritikuli koeficientia. igi tolia:

H

ρgp

Hρgp

σs

o.w.b −−= , (6.5)

4

65

7

1

2

8

9

10

3 HvakH

s

∆H

∆h

65

sadac sH aris gawovis simaRle;

o.w.P _gajerebuli orTqlis wneva;

b.P _barometruli (atmosferuli) wneva turbinis dayenebis niSnulze.

nax. 17. kavitaciis koeficientis kritikuli mniSvnelobis gansazRvra.

eqsperimentuli Sedegebi moicema grafikis saxiT )(σt

f=η , saidanac moinaxeba

σ -s kritikuli mniSvneloba (nax. 17).

amrigad, ganisazRvreba σ mravali reJimisaTvis da Semdeg izoxazebis saxiT

daitaneba turbinis mTavar universalur maxasiaTebelze (nax. 19).

aq unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: 1) σ -s cdiseuli mniSvneloba grafikis mixedviT

dgindeba vizualurad; 2) kavitaciuri wyveta, romlis mixedviTac fiqsirdeba σ ,

mowmobs, rom kavitacia Zlierad aris ganviTarebuli; Tu t

σ mxolod mcired aWarbebs

σ -s, es yovelTvis rodi iZleva imis garantias, rom turbinaSi kavitacias ara aqvs

adgili. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gawovis simaRlis dasaSvebi mniSvnelobis dadgenisaTvis

Semoitaneba maragis koeficienti σk .

6.3. hidroturbinis mTavari universaluri da

kritikuli

mniSvneloba

σ

σt

η

66

muSa maxasiaTeblis ageba

6.3.1. mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis ageba radialur-RerZuli,

propeleruli da CamCiani turbinebisaTvis

hidroturbinis modelis maxasiaTebels, agebuls dayvanili xarjisa da dayvanili

brunTa ricxvis koordinatebSi, ewodeba mTavari universaluri maxasiaTebeli.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, energetikul stendze gamocdebis Semdeg dgeba

cxrili 6.1 mimmarTveli aparatis sxvadasxva gaRebis 0a -s mniSvnelobisaTvis. amis

Semdeg, am monacemebiT igeba grafiki 0a -s calkeuli mniSvnelobisaTvis ( )/1η nfη =

m (nax.

18).

QI

n1

a0=const

707274767880

90

85

η %m

nax. 18. dayvanili parametrebis da margi qmedebis koeficientis mrudebi.

am grafikze tardeba horizontaluri Wrilebi, dawyebuli η -s maqsimaluri mniS-

vnelobidan am mniSvnelobis 70-75 % sididemde. m.q.k.-s didi mniSvnelobebisaTvis Wri-

lebs atareben 1 %-is toli intervalebiT, xolo mcire mniSvnelobebisaTvis 2_2,5 %-

is intervalebiT (nax. 18), ris Sedegad miiReba m.q.k.-s ori erTnairi mniSveneloba.

67

Semdeg abscisTa RerZis qvemoT mimmarTveli aparatis imave sididiT gaRebisaTvis ageben

( )/1

/1 Q fn = damokidebulebis grafiks (nax. 18).

m.q.k.-s ori erTnairi mniSvnelobis wertilebidan gavlebuli vertikaluri xazebi

abscisTa RerZis da ( )/I

/I Qfn = grafikis gadakveTis wertilebSi iZleva dayvanili

brunTa ricxvisa da dayvanili xarjis saTanado mniSvnelobebs. amgvarad, miiReba

wertilebi garkveuli margi qmedebis koeficientiT, romelTac Seesabameba dayvanili

xarjisa da dayvanili brunTa ricxvis saTanado mniSvnelobebi. mimmarTveli aparatis

consta 0 = gaRebisaTvis miRebuli m.q.k. gadaaqvT /IQ da

/In koordinatebSi agebul

grafikze, romelic warmoadgens consta 0 = mruds, masze daniSnuli m.q.k.

mniSvnelobebiT. aseTi mrudi iqneba imdeni, ramden consta 0 = gaRebazec Catarda

gamocda. axla, Tu m.q.k.-is erTi da imave mniSvnelobebis wertilebs mrudebiT

SevaerTebT (nax. 19), miviRebT maxasiaTebels /IQ da

/In koordinatebSi, romelsac

hidroturbinis mTavari universaluri maxasiaTebeli ewodeba.

mTavari universaluri maxasiaTebeli saSualebas iZleva dadgindes turbinis

ZiriTadi parametrebi da zomebi. garda amisa, SesaZlebelia dadgindes turbinis

parametrebi mis sxvadasxva reJimSi muSaobisas.

68

nax. 19 turbinis mTavari universaluri maxasiaTebeli muSa TvaliT

PO 115/716

a0=50

a0=46

a0=42

a0=38

a0=34

a0=30

a0=26

a0=22

a0=18

a0=14

σ=0.

13σ=

0.12

σ=0.

11 σ=0.

10

σ=0.

09

σ=0.

08

1264=2.75D1

865.

5

613

10.08

ϕ=34

50

569

311

802

1268

2070

=4.5

D1

D=6

22

D=5

05

1201=2.61D1

622466

b0=0.25D1

D0=

534=

1.16

D 1; z

0=24

D 1=4

60; z

1=14

848688

91% 90

72 74 76 78 8082 84 86 88 90 91

%

n 1I

br/wT

110

100 90 80 70 60

Q 1I l

/wm

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

.

69

6.3.2. mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis ageba

mbrunavfrTiani turbinebisaTvis

am tipis turbinebs xarjis ormagi regulireba gaaCniaT, romelic xorcieldeba

muSa Tvalis frTebis da mimmarTveli aparatis niCbebis erTdrouli da SeTanxmebuli

mobrunebiT. amiT uzrunvelyofilia m.q.k-s mcire cvlileba turbinaze datvirTvis

mniSvnelovani cvlilebisas.

mbrunavfrTiani turbinis gamocda tardeba muSa Tvalis frTebis dayenebis φ0

kuTxis 4-8 mniSvnelobisaTvis ise, rom TiToeuli φ0=const-saTvis SesaZlebeli iyos

propeleruli maxasiaTeblis ageba wina paragrafSi aRwerili wesiT. TiToeuli

dayenebis φ0 kuTxisaTvis aigeba:

1. damokidebuleba )n(f /I1=η . amasTan, aseTi mrudi iqneba imdeni, ramden

mimmarTveli aparatis consta 0 = gaRebazec Catardeba gamocda.

2. damokidebuleba )Q(fn /I2

/I = , consta 0 = -sa da const=η -saTvis.

3. amis Semdeg TiToeuli constn /I = -saTvis aigeba mrudebi )Q(fn /

I3/I = .

4. constn /I = da consta 0 = –saTvis vpoulobT η da

/IQ -s mniSvnelobebs.

Semdeg, gadavitanT ra am mniSvnelobebs /In ,

/IQ sibrtyeze da SevaerTebT maT

mdore xaziT miviRebT propeleruli maxasiaTeblis Wrils φ0=0 dayenebis kuTxisaTvis.

analogiurad aigeba propeleruli maxasiaTeblis Wrilebi dayenebis sxva kuTxeebisaTvis.

Semdeg gatardeba aRniSnuli Wrilebis momvlebi mrudi, romelic warmoadgens umaRlesi

m.q.k.-s mqone reJimebis wertilTa geometriul adgils, dayvanil brunTa ricxvis

mudmivi mniSvnelobisaTvis. momvlebi mrudebi igeba dayvanili brunTa ricxvis sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobisaTvis, rac saSualebas mogvcems avagoT mTavari universaluri

maxasiaTebeli. momvlebi mrudebis η=const mrudebTan gadakveTis wertilebis gadatana

/In ,

/IQ sibrtyeSi mogvcems mTavar universalur maxasiaTebels.

70

6.3.3. turbinis muSa maxasiaTebeli

turbinis muSaobis reJimi, romelic mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis

centrze gamavali horizontaluri xaziT gamoisaxeba, warmoadgens yvelaze efeqturs da

mas turbinis muSaobis optimaluri reJimi ewodeba, xolo Sesabamis dayvanil brunTa

ricxvs optimaluri dayvanili brunTa ricxvi. am optimaluri da sxva reJimisaTvis

SeiZleba avagoT m.q.k.-sa da dayvanil xarjs Soris damokidebulebis mrudi ( )/1Qfη = ,

amasTan, constn /1 = (da Sesabamisad constH = , anu yovel mruds Seesabameba constn /

1 = da

constH = sxvadasxva mniSvneloba). Tu davuSvebT, rom dayvanili simZlavre 102

HηγQN'1'

1 =

kvt-s, maSin SeiZleba sxvadasxva dawnevisaTvis avagoT damokidebuleba ( )/1Nfη = ,

romelsac ewodeba turbinis muSa maxasiaTebeli (nax. 20). unda aRiniSnos, rom η am

SemTxvevaSi aris modelis margi qmedebis koeficienti (praqtikuli saqmianobisaTvis

ufro mosaxerxebelia ( )Nf=η mrudebis ageba masStaburi efeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT).

muSa maxasiaTeblidan Cans, rom turbinis m.q.k. TandaTan izrdeba, Semdeg ki swrafad

ecema. miuxedavad imisa, rom mimmarTveli aparatis didi gaRebis dros xarji matulobs,

turbinis simZlavre klebulobs. amgvar reJimSi turbinis muSaoba dauSvebelia, vinaidan

ikargeba simZlavre da, amas garda, irRveva turbinis avtomaturi regulatoris

muSaobis mdgradoba.

nax. 20. turbinis muSa maxasiaTebeli.

η %

90

80

701.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.01.0 2.1 NI,kvt

simZlavris 5% maragim

71

am uaryofiTi movlenebis Tavidan asacileblad da, agreTve, turbinis simZlavris

maragis uzrunvelsayofad misi maqsimaluri simZlavre SesaZlo simZlavris 95%-s unda

Seadgendes, e.i. saWiroa 5% simZlavris maragi (nax. 20).

mTavar universalur maxasiaTebelze naCvenebia 5% simZlavris maragis mrudi (nax.

19). mis asagebad jer ageben ramdenime (oTx-xuT) muSa maxasiaTebels dayvanili brunTa

ricxvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaTvis. am muSa maxasiaTebelze aRniSnaven wertilebs,

romlebsac Seesabameba '1N dayvanili simZlavris 95% (nax. 20). Semdeg

γηH102NQ

/1/

1 = ,

formuliT pouloben am dayvanili simZlavreebis Sesabamisi dayvanili xarjis sidideebs.

amgvarad, arCeuli oTxi-xuTi dayvanili brunTa ricxvisaTvis cnobili xdeba Sesabamisi

dayvanili xarjis sidideebi, rac mTavar universalur maxasiaTebelze iZleva oTx-xuT

wertils. am ukanasknelze gavlebuli mrudi warmoadgens simZlavris 5% maragis mruds

(nax. 19).

6.4 hidroturbinis universaluri saeqspluatacio

maxasiaTeblebis ageba

hidroturbinis universaluri saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebi imiTaa

gansxvavebuli, rom isini aigeba ori parametris: normaluri brunTa ricxvisa - nn da

turbinis muSa Tvalis cnobili D1 diametris mixedviT:

constnn == n da constDD == 1

TiToeuli saeqspluatacio maxasiaTebeli warmoadgens mTavari universaluri

maxasiaTeblis ares asaxvas, axal koordinatTa H - dawnevisa da N – simZlavris (ix.

nax. 21) an H dawnevisa da Q wylis xarjis areSi.

amrigad, ageba ZiriTadad daiyvaneba /In da

/IQ koordinatebidan H,N an H,Q

koordinatebSi gadaTvlaze. aRniSnuli xorcieldeba msgavsebis formulebis gamoyenebiT.

(5.46)-is safuZvelze miiReba:

72

2

I

1

nnDH ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= / (6.6)

xolo (5.47)-dan da (6.6)-dan miviRebT

/1

31

/I

21

/I n

nDQHDQQ == (6.7)

nax. 21. universaluri saeqspluatacio maxasiaTebeli

50 70 90 110 130 150 170

Nt

mgvt

30

40

50

60

70

Hm

D1=6.3 m

n=88.3 br/wT

η=78%

80 82 84 86 88

90

9192 93

Hs=2 m

Hs=1 m

Hs=

0.5 m

73

Tu gamoviyenebT simZlavris formulas, maSin

,n

nDnDnQ81,9QH81,9N

2

/1

131/

1

/1 η⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=η= (6.8)

da sabolood miviRebT

η⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= 5

1

3

/1

/1 D

nnQ81,9N , (6.9)

sadac η mocemuli reJimis Sesabamisi sruli m.q.k.-ia (wertili koordinatebiT

/I

/I Q,n ).

6.5 hidroturbinis gaqanebis maxasiaTeblebi

datvirTvis qveS turbinis normaluri muSaobis dros misi brunTa ricxvi mudmiv

mniSvnelobas inarCunebs. magram avariul situaciebSi, magaliTad, datvirTuli

agregatis qselidan amorTvisas, brunTa ricxvi (brunvis sixSire) swrafad matulobs

da Tu turbinas wylis miwodeba ar Seuwyda, maSin brunvis sixSirem SeiZleba miaRwios

zRvrul mniSvnelobas – gaqanebis brunvis sixSires. vinaidan, hidroagregatis mbrunavi

nawilebis (hidrogeneratoris rotoris da hidroturbinis muSa Tvalis) simtkice

gaTvlilia aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba gaqanebis brunvis sixSiris

SesaZlo sididis dadgena. am mizniT gamoiyeneba hidroturbinis gaqanebis maxasiaTebeli,

romelic aiReba sastendo gamocdis dros samuxruWe momentis nulovani

mniSvnelobisaTvis.

modelis gaqanebis maxasiaTebeli, Cveulebriv, moicema dayvanili sididis /

gaq. In

damokidebulebiT 0m

a -sagan, anu ( )0m

/

gaq. Infn = . radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinis

gaqanebis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac optimaluri dayvanili brunTa ricxvi 0.66n =/

opt. I

74

br/wT, magaliTisaTvis moyvanilia nax. 22-ze. is aCvenebs, rom /

opt. In izrdeba

mimmarTveli aparatis gaRebasTan erTad da, Sesabamisad, yvelaze ufro saxifaToa

gaqanebis sidide maqsimaluri gaRebisas.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac 0.30a 0 =m mm, rac Seesabameba 0,95Nmaqs wirs,

/

gaq. In = 133,0 br/wT. gaqanebis koeficienti ewodeba fardobas:

/

opt. I

/

maqs. I

gaq. nn

k = (6.10)

nax. 22. radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) modeluri turbinis gaqanebis

maxasiaTebeli (D1m = 460,0 mm).

mocemul SemTxvevaSi kgaq.=133,0/66,0=2,0; nelmavali (maRaldawneviani) frensisis

turbinebisaTvis kgaq. icvleba 1,6 – 1,7, xolo swrafmavali (dabalwneviani)

turbinebisaTvis ki _ 1,9 – 2,1 diapazonSi.

0 8 16 24 mm

a0

40

80

120

br/wT

nI gaq.

m

75

viciT ra, /In ,gaq., turbinis gaqanebis brunvis sixSire gamoiTvleba (5.46)

formulis Sesabamisad

1

/

DHn

n maqs./

gaq.I,= (6.11)

gaqanebis maxasiaTebeli saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT uqmi svlis gaReba au.s..

magaliTad, Tu /

saang. In =70,0 br/wT, maSin au.s.=3,5 mm (ix. nax. 22), xolo naturisaTvis

au.s.=3,5 D1/D1m.

rac Seexeba mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) tipis turbinebis gaqanebis maxasiaTebels,

mas ufro rTuli saxe aqvs, vinaidan ( )ϕ= ,afn 0/

gaq. I, sadac ϕ aRniSnavs muSa Tvalis

frTebis dayenebis kuTxes. am SemTxvevaSi /

gaq. In izrdeba ϕ -s Semcirebisa da a0-s

matebasTan erTad da mxolod Zalian mcire kuTxeebisaTvis (ϕ < - 150) da didi

gaRebisaTvis maxasiaTebeli “Cavardnas” ganicdis da gaqaneba mcirdeba. am tipis

turbinebisaTvis gaq.k sakmaod maRalia (kgaq. > 2,0).

CamCiani (peltonis) tipis turbinebisaTvis gaqanebis maxasiaTebeli 9.17.1 ÷

diapazonSi icvleba.

76

Tavi 7. hidroturbinis ZiriTadi parametrebis SerCeva

7.1. hidroturbinebis nomenklatura

turbinebis nomenklatura gansazRvravs gamoyenebisaTvis rekomendebul turbinis

tipebs dawnevis mixedviT (misi gamdinare nawilis mixedviT) ZiriTadi maCveneblebis

CvenebiT: fardobiT zomebs, /In dayvanili brunTa ricxvebis,

/IQ dayvanili xarjebisa

da σ kavitaciis koeficientebis sidideebs.

amJamad, moqmedebs RerZuli mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) da radialur-RerZuli

(frensisis) turbinebis nomenklatura, romelic periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis da

momavalSi masSi diagonaluri turbinebic Seva. nomenklatura warmoadgens hidro-

eleqtrosadgurebis proeqtirebisas hidroturbinebis SerCevis safuZvels.

hidroturbinebis mwarmoebel qveynebs sakuTari nomenklatura gaaCniaT.

magaliTad, ruseTSi miRebulia turbinebis Semoklebuli markireba, amasTan, marka

moicavs oTx maCvenebels:

1. turbinis saxeoba (sistema), romelic aRiniSneba asoebiT:

ПЛ_RerZuli mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis); Д an ПЛД- diagonaluri

mbrunavfrTiani; ПЛК_mbrunavfrTiani kafsulis; РО_radialur-RerZuli (frensisis);

Пр_RerZuli propeleruli; ПрД—diagonaluri propeleruli; К_CamCiani (peltonis);

2. turbinis tipi, ZiriTadad, ganisazRvreba dawneviT. erTi da igive

dawnevisaTvis SeiZleba arsebobdes turbinis ramdenime tipi, romlebic gansxvavdebian

gamdinare nawilis formiT. TiToeul tips miniWebuli aqvs sakuTari rigiTi nomeri,

romelic aRiniSneba turbinis markaSi (zogjer wiladis saxiT: mricxvelSi _

maqsimaluri dawneva, mniSvnelSi _ tipi);

3. SeTanawyoba da saturbino (spiraluri) kameris masala. SeTanwyoba

ganisazRvreba agregatis lilvis orientaciiT da SeiZleba iyos vertikaluri (В) an

horizontaluri (Г), xolo saturbino (spiraluri) kameris masala _ betoni (Б) an

liToni (М).

4. turbinis nominaluri diametri _ 1D ,sm (ПЛ da Д _ turbinebisaTvis igi

ganisazRvreba muSa Tvalis kameris mixedviT: РО_tipis turbinebisaTvis _ muSa Tvalis

frTebis Sesasvleli nawiburis mixedviT). diagonalur turbinebSi mocemulia, agreTve

77

muSa Tvalis frTebis daxris kuTze Θ , xolo CamCiani turbinebisaTvis _ saqSenis

diametri da Wavlebis ricxvi.

turbinis markis magaliTi:

РО 45/820-BM-225 _ radialur-RerZuli (frensisis), maqsimaluri dawneva 45 m,

gamdinare nawilis tipi (muSa Tvalis forma) #820 vertikaluri liTonis spiraluri

kameriT, 25.2D1 = m.

turbinebi zomebis mixedviT iyofa or jgufad: msxvili (ПЛ -isaTvis 8.2D1 > m

da РО-saTvis 8.1D1 > m); mcire da saSualo ( 1D naklebi am mniSvnelobebze).

rekomendebuli diametrebi mocemulia cxrilSi 7.1.

cxrili 7.1

D1, sm

160 180 200 225 250 280 320 360 400 450 500

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050

saSualo da mcire turbinis muSa Tvalis diametrebia: 1D =42, 50, 60, 71, 84,

100, 120, 140, 180, 200, 225 sm.

diametris garda, turbinebi xasiaTdeba simZlavriT. mcire da saSualo

simZlavris turbinebs miekuTvneba turbinebi simZlavriT 15000N < kvt (pirobiTia);

mbrunavfrTiani (kaplanis) da radialur-RerZuli (frensisis) turbinebis gamoyenebis

rekomendebuli are dawnevebisa da simZlavris mixedviT naCvenebia nax. 23-ze.

amrigad, turbinis TiToeul tips axasiaTebs gamdinare traqtis forma, mTavari

universaluri maxasiaTebeli da sxva maCveneblebi. magram ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis

saxiT SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi umTavresi zomebi da damaxasiaTebeli parametrebi:

turbinis muSa Tvalis diametri 1D , dayvanili brunTa ricxvi da xarji ( )/1

/1 Q,n ,

agreTve kavitaciis koeficienti σ . es sidideebi sakmao sisruliT axasiaTebs turbinis

tips da SeiZleba iyos baza maTi SerCevisaTvis hidroelsadgurebis daproeqtebis dros.

7.1.1. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis SerCeva

nomenklaturis mixedviT

78

turbinebis saqarxno nomenklaturuli monacemebi saSualebas iZleva

saorientaciod SeirCes hesis hidrosaturbino mowyobilobis parametrebi: maTi tipi,

1D muSa Tvalis diametri, n brunvis sixSire, qveda biefis donesTan SedarebiT

turbinis muSa Tvalis mdebareobis simaRle, romelic ganisazRvreba gawovis

sH sididiT.

aRniSnuli sidideebis gaangariSebisaTvis sawyisi monacemebis saxiT gamoiyeneba:

hesis saangariSo dawneva H da erTi agtegatis simZlavre agrN , romelTa ricxvi m

aiReba minimaluri, magram aranaklebi orisa.

turbinis nominaluri simZlavre N ganisazRvreba hesis dadg.N dadgmuli

simZlavris mixedviT saangariSo dawnevisaTvis, m agregatebis ricxvis da

hidrogeneratorebis m.q.k. gη mixedviT:

g

dadg.

η=

mN

N . (7.1)

msxvili hidrogeneratorebis margi qmedebis koeficienti miiReba 98.096.0 ÷ -is

toli 85.08.0cos ÷=ϕ pirobebSi.

vertikaluri mbrunavfrTiani da radialur-RerZuli turbinebis nakrebi

nomenklaturuli grafiki (nax. 23) saSualebas iZleva SeirCes aRniSnuli turbinebis

tipi 3 m-dan 500 m-mde dawnevis diapazonSi, xolo kerZo grafikebiT (ix. nax. 24)

SesaZlebelia dadgenili tipis turbinis muSa Tvalis diametrisa da brunvis sixSiris

gansazRvra.

aqve mocemulia damxmare grafikebi sh -is dadgenisTvis, hesis zRvis donidan

maRlivi mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. gawovis sruli sH simaRlis gaangariSeba

zRvis donidan turbinis maRlivi ganlagebis mxedvelobaSi miRebisas warmoebs

damokidebulebiT:

900

hH ss∇−= . (7.2)

turbinis dadgenili simZlavrisa da brunTa ricxvis mixedviT Sesabamisi

sacnobaro literaturis safuZvelze SeirCeva hidrogeneratori: ganisazRvreba misi

ZiriTadi zomebi da masa. turbinis masac dgindeba sacnobaro literaturis mixedviT da

agreTve damamzadebeli qarxnebis monacemebis safuZvelze, xolo hidroagregatis

Rirebulebas gansazRvravs sabazro pirobebi.

79

rogorc sxvadasxva tipis hidroturbinebis gamoyenebis areebis nakrebi

grafikidan (nax. 23) Cans, turbinis simZlavris da saangariSo dawnevis garkveuli

kombinaciis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva tipis turbinebis gamoyeneba. am

SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im tipis turbinis gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba ganisazRvreba

variantebis teqniko-ekonomikuri SedarebiT hesis Senobisa da hidroenergetikuli

mowyobilobebis Rirebulebis gaangariSebis safuZvelze.

rogorc aRiniSna, turbinis ZiriTadi parametrebis dasadgenad aucilebelia misi

saangariSo dawnevis sH Sesabamisi nominaluri simZlavris codna, risTvisac

Tavdapirvelad unda ganisazRvros dasagegmarebeli sadguris agregatebis raodenoba.

unda iTqvas, rom sazogadod rekomendebulia hesis agregatebis ricxvis

Semcireba, TiToeuli maTganis simZlavris SesaZlo gazrdasTan erTad. aseTi gadawyvetis

Sedegad izrdeba reaqtiuli turbinebis m.q.k. (masStaburi efeqtis xarjze), mcirdeba

hesis mTliani energetikuli mowyobilobis Rirebuleba, momsaxure personalis

raodenoba. agreTve mcirdeba hidroagregatebis damzadebis da montaJis vadebi. amasTan

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ar SeiZleba hidroagregatebis raodenobis Semcireba

erTamde, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac hesis mTliani simZlavris realizeba SesaZlebelia

erTi agregatiT, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi agregatis remonti gamoiwvevs

eleqtrosadguris gaCerebas da hidroenergetikuli resursis araefeqtur gamoyenebas,

radgan Seiqmneba wylis uqmi gaSvebis aucilebloba. amrigad, agregatebis minimaluri

raodenoba 2 caliT ganisazRvreba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom hesis hidrosaturbino mowyobilobis SerCevis zemoT

aRwerili meTodi ar vrceldeba propeleruli tipisa da diagonalur hidroturbinebze,

vinaidan aRniSnuli turbinebisTvis nomenklaturuli bade ar aris damuSavebuli.

reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis nomenklaturiT SerCevis meTodika miaxloebiTia,

amitom misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod winaswari gaangariSebebisaTvis, rac

saSualebas gvaZlevs winaswar SeirCes variantebi, romelTa Sedarebis safuZvelze

moxdeba hesis ZiriTadi hidrosaturbino mowyobilobis optimaluri variantis arCeva.

80

nax. 23. mbrunavfrTiani da radialur-R

erZuli turbinebis nomenklatura

РО31

0

123456810203040100 80 50200

300

400

500

600

800

mvt

34

56

78

1012

1620

2428

3235

4050

6080

100

200

300

m

H

N

D1maqs.=1050 sm

950

950

900

850

850

850

850

600

450 36

0

D1 min.=280 sm

280

280

280 200

200

250

200

200

180

180

180

180

ПЛ

15

ПЛ

20ПЛ

30ПЛ

40

ПЛ

15

РО45

ПЛ

70

ПЛ

80

ПЛ

60

РО75

РО11

5РО

170

РО50

0

РО40

0РО

230

81

nax. 24. ПЛ 40 mbrunavfrTiani turbinis kerZo grafiki.

7.2. reaqtiuli hidroturbinebis ZiriTadi parametrebis

H

hs, m-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1H, m

40H, m

3020

N, mvt24 28 32 36

403632282420

250D1, s

m

95083.3

78.9

75

71.4

68.2

65.2

62.5

60

90088.2

83.3

78.9

7571.4

68.2

65.2

85093.7

88.2

83.3

78.9

75

71.4

68.2

800100

93.7

88.2

83.3

78.9

7571.4

750

100

93.7

88.2

83.3

78.9

700

107.1

100

93.7

88.2

83.3

650

115.4

107.1

100

93.7

88.2

600

125

115.4

107.1

10093.7

550

136.4

125

115.4

107.1

500

150

136.4

125

115.4

450

166.7

150

136.4

125

400

187.5

166.7

150

136.4

360

214.3

187.5

166.7

150

320250

214.3

187.5

166.7

280

187.5

250

214.3

200

175

150

125

100

8070

60

5045403530

25

2017.5

15

12.5

10

8

s

82

SerCeva dayvanili sidideebiT

sawyis pirobad moicema: sH _saangariSo dawneva, maqs.H _maqsimaluri dawneva,

min.H _minimaluri dawneva, N _ turbinis nominaluri simZlavre da ∇_ qveda biefis

donis absoluturi niSnuli. angariSisaTvis aucilebeli /

s1n da

/

s 1Q aiReba Sesabamisi

turbinis mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.

angariSi sruldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:

1. turbinis tipi SeirCeva ZiriTadad maqs.H mixedviT.

2. turbinis saangariSo xarji ganisazRvreba mocemuli N simZlavris mixedviT:

ηH9.81

NQ⋅⋅

=s

s (7.3)

vinaidan, angariSi warmoebs turbinis mimmarTveli aparatis sruli gaRebis

SemTxvevaSi, maSin η naklebia optimalurze. Cveulebriv radialur-RerZuli turbinebi-

saTvis 92.090.0 ÷=η , xolo mbrunavfrTiani turbinisaTvis 90.087.0 ÷=η .

3. turbinis muSa Tvalis diametri 1D ganisazRvreba formuliT:

s

s

HQQD

/1

1 = (7.4)

radialur-RerZuli turbinebisaTvis dayvanili xarji /

1

/

s 1QQ = aiReba

simZlavris 5%-iani maragis mrudze (0,95 maqs.N ). mbrunavfrTiani turbinebisaTvis

/

1

/

s 1QQ = SeirCeva im pirobebiT, romlebic ganisazRvreba gawovis dasaSvebi simaRlis

mixedviT, anu kavitaciis koeficientis σ -s maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT.

umjobesia /

1Q ufro didi mniSvnelobis miReba, rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes 1D

da gaizardos brunvis sixSire.

rogorc ki, ganisazRvreba /

1Q da 1D , nomenklaturis mixedviT unda

ganisazRvros uaxloesi udidesi nomenklaturuli diametric (ix. cxr. 7.1).

4. turbinis brunvis sixSire n ganisazRvreba formuliT:

83

1

/1

DHnn = (7.5)

saangariSo dayvanili sixSire /

s1n radialur-RerZuli turbinisaTvis miiReba

axlos optimalurTan /

opt. 1n (mocemulia nomenklaturaSi), xolo mbrunavfrTiani da

diagonaluri turbinebisaTvis /

1opt.

/

s nn > . es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom drois

umetes nawilSi turbina muSaobs dawneviT s

HH > da maSin, rogorc Cans, H

nDn 1/I =

gamosaxulebidan roca constn = da H izrdeba /

In mcirdeba da Tavsdeba turbnis

maxasiaTebelis optimalur zonaSi. n -is gansazRvris Semdeg miiReben uaxloes

sinqronul sinqn sixSires.

5. agregatis brunvis sixSire unda iyos sinqronuli, romelic ganisazRvreba

Semdegi formuliT:

p

3000n =sinq

, roca sixSire 50hc;

p

3600n =sinq

, roca sixSire 60hc.

aq p aris hidrogeneratoris rotoris wyvil polusTa ricxvi. sinqn

mniSvnelobebis rigi calsaxad ganisazRvreba da aq Sualeduri mniSvnelobebi

SeuZlebelia (ix. cxrili 4.1).

6. gawovis dasaSvebi simaRle ganisazRreba formuliT:

Hσ900

10Hs ⋅−∇−≤t

, (7.6)

sadac σkσ 0=t

, 1.21.1k 0 L= maragis koeficientia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mTavar universalur maxasiaTebelze mocemulia σ maragis

gareSe.

84

7. turbinis ZiriTadi zomebi ganisazRvreba 1D -is mixedviT, fardobiTi zomebis

Sesabamisad, romlebic mocemulia Sesabamisi tipis turbinis cxrilebSi, aRweraSi da

naxazebze.

8. turbinis masa ganisazRvreba miaxloebiTi formulebiT da analogebis mixedviT.

9. mas Semdeg, rac SeirCeva turbinis tipi da gansazRvrulia 1D da n ,

mocemuli N da min.maqs.s.

H ,H H , mixedviT, saWiroa mTavari universaluri

maxasiaTeblis gamoyenebuli zonis gamoyofa. am mizniT ganisazRvreba /1n -is sami

mniSvneloba:

s

s HnDn 1/

1 = ;

maqs.

min. HnDn 1/

1 = ;

min.

maqs. HnDn 1/ =1 (7.7)

garda amisa, maqs.

H -isaTvis ganisazvreba /

H1,Qmaqs.

maqs

maqs

maqs HD

QQ

21

H/IH = , (7.8)

sadac η9.81H

NQ Hmaqs

=maqs

(η -s mniSvneloba unda davuSvaT). miRebuli wertilebi

daitaneba mTavar universalur maxasiaTebelze da misi saSualebiT gamoiyofa gamoyenebis

zona. es zona SemosazRvrulia a, b, c, d, e xazebiT (nax.25). kargia, roca maRali m.q.k.-s

zona mTlianad moTavsebulia gamoyenebis zonis SigniT.

85

nax. 25. mTavari universaluri maxasiaTeblis gamoyenebis zona.

QI Hmaqs.

nI maqs.

nI s.

nI min.

QI

a b

c

de

QI H

nI

s.

86

7.3. liTonis spiraluri kameris gaangariSeba saSualo

siCqaris mudmivobis kanoniT (c=const)

vTqvaT, liTonis spiraluri kameris Semoxvevis kuTxe 0360 -ia (nax. 26). kamera

gavyoT rva Tanabar nawilad. am SemTxvevaSi Tu pirvel kveTSi gaivlis turbinis mTeli

xarji Q , meoreSi _ Q87

, mesameSi _ Q86

, meoTxeSi _ Q85

da a.S. maSin kameris

Sesasvleli kveTis, e.i. pirveli kveTis diametri sp. 1D gamoiTvleba gamosaxulebidan:

cD

Q ⋅π

=4

2

1sp, (7.9)

saidanac

cQD

π= 4

1sp (7.10)

nax. 26. liTonis spiraluri kameris saangariSo sqema.

aq c warmoadgens kameraSi wylis Sesvlis saSualo siCqares. Tu turbinis

saangariSo dawneva 15H > m, maSin 3 H5.1c = . kameris meore kveTis diametri

ganisazRvreba formuliT:

I

II

III

IV

V

VIVII

VIII

Da 45°

87

c8QD

π⋅⋅= 47

1sp (7.11)

analogiurad gamoiangariSeba danarCeni kveTebis diametrebic. kameris yvela kveTi

unda exebodes turbinis statoris svetebis ganlagebis gare aD diametrs, romlis

sidide damokidebulia muSa Tvlis diametrze.

7.4. CamCiani (peltonis) hidroturbinebis

ZiriTadi parametrebis SerCeva

arsebobs CamCiani turbinis SerCevis ramdenime meTodi. aq ganxilulia erT-erTi

maTgani.

mocemuli saangariSo dawnevis H da nominaluri simZlavris N mixedviT

vsazRvravT turbinis swrafmavlobis koeficients formuliT.

H

.NHnn s

cx.Z= , (7.12)

sadac kvt.c.Z N36.1.N = ;

sinqronuli brunTa ricxvi n (50 herci sixSirisaTvis) ganisazRvreba

gamosaxulebidan

P

3000n = , (7.13)

sadac P aris rotoris wyvili polusebis ricxvi, br/wT.

Cveulebriv, rogorc wesi n -s ar iReben 600÷750 br/wT-ze mets. vuSvebT ra,

sinqronul brunTa ricxvis ramodenime mniSvnelobas (7.12) gamosaxulebis mixedviT

vangariSobT swrafmavlobis koeficientis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebs.

88

viciT, ra sn -s mniSvnelobebi, cxrili 7.2-dan vsazRvravT turbinis saqSenebis

raodenoba 0z -s,

cxrili 7.2

turbina

saqSenebis raodenoba,

0z

swrafmavlibis koeficienti,

sn (uxelsayrelesi)

erTsaqSeniani 1 14_23

orsaqSeniani 2 20_34

samsaqSeniani 3 26_40

oTxsaqSeniani 4 32_47

eqvsaqSeniani 6 38_58

TiToeuli variantisaTvis viciT, ra sn , 0z vangariSobT fardobas ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

1

0

Dd

Semdegi

gamosaxulebidan

( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛÷=

1

0s D

dz253245n 0 , (7.14)

sadac 1D aris turbinis muSa Tvalis diametri, m;

0d _saqSenidan gamosuli wylis Wavlis diametri, m.

praqtikam aCvena, rom turbinis saukeTeso energetikuli maCveneblebi miiReba

roca

1810dD

0

1 ÷= (7.15)

amis Semdeg ganisazRvreba turbinis dayvanili xarji

2

1

00

'I D

dz4.3Q ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= (7.16)

turbinis saangariSo xarji Q iangariSeba Semdegi formulis mixedviT:

η⋅⋅

=H81.9

NQ (7.17)

η_turbinis margi qmedebis koeficientia da saqSenis mTlianad gaRebis

SemTxvevaSi igi miiReba 0.87÷0.88 farglebSi.

viciT, ra /IQ da Q vpoulobT turbinis muSa Tvalis diametrs_ 1D

89

HQ

QD/I

1 = (7.18)

amis Semdeg vsazRvravT Semdeg ZiriTad zomebs:

Wavlis diametrs:

88.08.0

Dd 1

0 ÷= ; (7.19)

saqSenis gamosasvlel diametrs:

0d2.1d = (7.20)

turbinis muSa Tvalis gare diametrs:

( ) 01 d8.25.2DD ÷+=g.

; (7.21)

CamCis siganes:

( ) 0d6.38.2a ÷= ; (7.22)

CamCis simaRles:

( ) 0d8.25.2c ÷= (7.23)

da CamCis siRrmes:

0d95.0e = (7.24)

nax. 27. CamCiani turbinis ZiriTadi zomebi.

saqSenis da muSa Tvalis ganlageba pirobiTia

d0w

β1=10-150

β 2=1

76-1

730

u

Di=D1-(2-2.4)d0

D1

Da=D 1+

(2.5-2

.8)d 0

γ=4−

90

d 0

d

A=(5.9-7.3)d0

Sesasvleli

piri

90

7.5. hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis sareJimo grafiki

hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis sareJimo grafiki gansazRvravs hesis dawnevisa

da simZlavris cvlilebas misi eqspluataciis procesSi da warmoadgens turbinis

SerCevis safuZvels. sadguris turbinebis jamuri simZlavre ΣΝ iniSneba hesis

dadgmuli simZlavris Ndadgm. Sesabamisad. es ukanaskneli ki ganisazRvreba

hidroenergetikul gaangariSebaTa Sedegad.

ΣΝ =( Ndadgm. /ηgen), (7.25)

sadac ηgen aris generatoris m.q.k., romelic tolia 0,97 – 0,98.

dawneva H damokidebulia or sidideze: statikur dawnevaze Hst da hidravlikur

danakargebze hdan, ZiriTadad, hesis sadawneo sistemaSi, amitom igi SeiZleba gamoisaxos

Semdegnairad:

dan.q.b.z.b. hH −∇−∇= (7.26)

zeda biefis niSnuli z.b.∇ ganisazRvreba wyalsacavis Sevsebis mixedviT da

mdebareobs n.S.d.-s (normaluri Setborvis done) niSnulsa da m.m.d.-s (mkvdari

moculobis done) niSnuls Soris. qveda biefis done q.b.∇ damokidebulia ZiriTadad

qveda BbiefSi wylis xarjis Qq.b. sidideze da misi warmodgena SesaZlebelia

damokidebulebiT:

)Q(f q.b.q.b. =∇ (7.27)

unda aRiniSnos, rom Qq.b.-s zrdasTan erTad matulobs q.b.∇ .

hidravlikuri danakargi hdan wylis xarjis kvadratis proporciulia. igi

agreTve damokidebulia hesis wyalsataris sigrZeze da misi ganivkveTis zomaze.

(7.27)-isa da hdan gaTvaliswinebiT, mocemuli z.b.∇ -s SemTxvevaSi wylis

xarjis matebasTan erTad anu turbinebis jamuri simZlavris ΣΝ zrdasTan erTad,

91

dawneva mcirdeba. hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis sareJimo grafikis zogadi saxe

naCvenebia nax.28-ze.

nax. 28. hidroeleqtrosadguris turbinebis muSaobis sareJimo grafiki

nax. 28-dan Cans, rom turbinebis jamuri simZlavrisa da e.i. wylis xarjis

zrdasTan erTad, dawneva mcirdeba. sareJimo grafikis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia

Semdegi dawnevebi: maqsimaluri – Hmaqx, minimaluri – Hmin da saangariSo – Hs. am

ukanasknelis dros uzrunvelyofilia agregatebis nominaluri simZlavre

gen.agr. η⋅=∑∑ NN – (7.25) -s Sesabamisad. saangariSo dawnevis sidide Hs dgindeba

hidroenergetikul gaangariSebebiT. rodesac H < Hs, hesis turbinebis jamuri

simZlavre SezRudulia simZlavris z-m wiriT da igi naklebia ΣΝ-ze, e.i. am pirobebSi

hesis simZlavre naklebia Ndadgm.-ze

Hmaqs.

Hs.

Hmin.

H

0 ΣNsaang.

m

z

ΣN

92

Tavi 8. hidroturbinebis montaJis da eqspluataciis

zogierTi sakiTxi

8.1. hidroturbinebis montaJis zogierTi sakiTxi

msxvili turbinebis montaJs Tavisi specifika gaaCnia. msxvili turbinebi

yovelTvis proeqtirdeba da mzaddeba individualurad hesis konkretuli moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT da amitom maT SeiZleba xSirad gaaCndeT individualuri

konstruqciuli gadawyveta, rac, bunebrivia, moiTxovs maTi montaJisadmi individualur

midgomas. amas garda, msxvil turbinebs, rogorc wesi, qarxanaSi mTlianad ar awyoben

da amitom hesze montaJi warmoadgens damzadebis teqnologiuri ciklis damamTavrebel

etaps. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania isic, rom turbinebis samontaJo samuSaoebi

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli hesis Senobis samSeneblo samuSaoebTan. hesis agregatebis

eqspluataciaSi Sesayvani drois Semcirebisa da maqsimaluri Sromis nayofierebis

miRwevis mizniT muSavdeba samSeneblo da samontaJo samuSaoebis kompleqsuri proeqti.

amasTan, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, yvelaze efeqturia samSeneblo da samontaJo

samuSaoebis paralelurad warmoeba, turbinis montaJi msxvili blokebiT, romelTa

awyoba xorcieldeba asawyob moedanze. im dros, rodesac blokis farglebSi warmoebs

aucilebeli samSeneblo samuSaoebi, nakaduri montaJis organizacia xorcieldeba

erTdroulad ramdenime agregatze, droSi wanacvlebiT. proeqtis Sedgenisas didi

yuradReba unda mieqces samontaJo samuSaoebisaTvis aucilebel meqanizmebs da

gansakuTrebiT amweebs. rogorc wesi, montaJis sawyis stadiaze gamoiyeneba samSeneblo

amweebi, xolo damamTavrebelze _ samanqano darbazis ZiriTadi amwe.

montaJs daqvemdebarebuli turbinis yvela elementi iyofa or jgufad:

Casayolebeli nawilebi, romlebic dayenebis Semdeg rCeba betonSi da ar eqvemdebareba

daSlas, da mosaxsneli nawilebi, romlebic Cveulebriv magrdeba WanWikebiT da sarWebiT

da remontis dros SeiZleba maTi moxsna.

Casayolebel nawilebs miekuTvneba: gamwovi milis konusis mopirkeTeba, statori

(statoris kolonebi da sayrdeni rgolebi), mbrunavfrTiani da diagonaluri

turbinebis muSa Tvalis kamera, foladis spiraluri kamera.

mas Semdeg, rac betoni Cawyobilia gamwovi milis konusis qveda niSnulamde,

iwyeba foladis mopirkeTebis dayeneba, Semowmeba da gamagreba (nax. 29). Semdeg

93

dabetoneba grZeldeba. amasTan, foladis mopirkeTeba erTdroulad yalibis rolsac

asrulebs. aseTi xerxi uzrunvelyofs mopirkeTebis betonSi saimedod Cayolebas.

hesis Senobis saturbino blokebisaTvis gamoiyeneba maRali simtkicis betoni

(200-300 markiani).

nax. 29. gamwovi milis konusis mopirkeTebis dayeneba:

1_mopirkeTeba; 2_mWimebi talrepebiT; 3_Sveulis simi;

4_RerZuli simi; 5_Sveuli zeTian WurWelSi.

Casayolebel nawilTa umravlesoba yendeba da magrdeba fexurebSi, romlebic

warmoadgens masiur betonSi darCenil siRrueebsa da sicarieleebs. isini kargad Cans

nax. 30-ze.

fexurebSi specialur qvesadebebze yendeba statoris svetebi da sayrdeni

rgolebi, muSa Tvalis kameris mopirkeTeba, romelic iWimeba talrepebiT (CarCo ori

xraxniT, marcxena da marjvena kuTxviliT) da iWeqeba domkratebiT da solebiT.

mniSvnelovania agregatis RerZis mimarT dayenebis sisworis uzrunvelyofa, formisa da

zomebis sisworis dacva (gadaxra diametris Sesabamisad unda iyos dasaSvebis

farglebSi), zedapirebis niSnulebisa da horizontalurobis dacva (statoris zeda da

52

3

2

42

2

1

94

qveda sayrdeni rgolebisa), yvela dayenebuli nawilis saimedod damagreba. Semdeg

axorcieleben adre Cawyobili betonis zedapirebis saimedo gawmendas, daWdevasa da

garecxvas, liTonis zedapirebis gawmendas saRebavebisa da Jangisagan da mxolod amis

Semdeg iwyeben fexuris dabetonebas. zemoT CamoTvlili samuSaoebis guldasmiT

Sesruleba aucilebelia Casayolebeli nawilebis saimedod damagrebisaTvis.

nax 30. kremenCugis hesze dayenebuli mbrunavfrTiani turbina:

1_statoris svetebi; 2_mimmarTveli niCbebi; 3_qveda rgoli; 4_turbinis xufi;

5_muSa Tvalis frTebi; 6_milisi; 7_lilvis miltuCi; 8_lilvi; 9_muSa Tvalis

garsmdeni; 10_ muSa Tvalis kamera; 11_gamosawevi segmenti; 12_ mimmarTveli niCbis

berketi; 13_sayureebi; 14_maregulirebeli rgoli; 15_servomotorebi; 16_mimmarTveli

sakisari; 17_generatoris saqusles sayrdeni konstruqcia.

gansakuTrebiT sapasuxismgebloa foladis spiraluri kameris awyobis operacia.

hesze miewodeba foladis garsis calkeuli datvifruli segmentebi damzadebuli

Ø1330

D0=9300(Z0=32)b 0=3

200

D1=8000

dmil=2880

Dk

16

15 8 1714

1513

12

11

6 9

10 5

7

3

1

2

4

95

furclovani foladisagan, romlebic qarxanaSi mxolod sakontrolo awyobas gadian da

isic ara yvela turbinisaTvis.

spiraluri kameris montaJi or etapad xorcieldeba: segmentebis awyoba mosaWidi

SeduRebiT da saboloo SeduReba. amasTan, orive operacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes an

didi intervaliT an erTmaneTis miyolebiT. rogorc wesi, spiralis awyoba

erTdroulad ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs: kbilidan da Sesasvleli kveTidan.

pirapiri xorcieldeba saSualo seqciaSi _ damasrulebel rgolSi, sadac warmoCndeba

yvela cdomileba.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva SeduRebis xarisxs, SeduRebis nakerebis

simtkicis uzrunvelyofas, liTonis gaxurebiT gamowveul adgilobrivi deformaciebis

ararsebobas. SeduRebis maRal xarisxs ganapirobebs pirapirebis damuSavebis maRali

xarisxi, xarisxiani eleqtrodebis gamoyeneba da SeduRebis reJimis dacva, agreTve

SemduRebelTa maRali kvalifikacia.

aranaklebi yuradReba eqceva SeduRebis nakerebis xarisxis kontrols. am mizniT

iyeneben rentgenoskopias, gamma-sxivebiT dasxivebas, agreTve ultrabgeriT meTods. jer

kidev iyeneben Zvel, gamocdil, xerxs navTis saSualebiT: nakeris Siga zedapirs usvamen

carcs da gaSrobis Semdeg gare zedapirze awyoben navTian Cvrebs. 2_3 saaTis Semdeg

aTvaliereben: Tu Siga zedapirze navTis laqebi aRmoCnda, nakers aqvs defeqtebi da igi

Tavidan unda moewyos.

spiraluri saturbino kameris SeduRebis Semdeg mas abetoneben, amasTan zeda

nawils faraven bitumis sagebebiT, raTa Semcirdes betonze gadacemuli datvirTva.

turbinis mosaxsnel nawilebs miekuTvneba: mimmarTveli aparati, muSa Tvali,

turbinis lilvi da xufi mimmarTvel sakisarTan erTad da mimmarTveli aparatis

amZravis meqanizmi. maTi montaJis droisaTvis ukve dayenebulia Casayolebeli detalebi,

xolo hesis samSeneblo konstruqciebi amoyvanilia maRal niSnulebamde. rogorc wesi,

ukve damontaJebulia samanqano darbazis ZiriTadi amweebi, rac turbinis msxvili

blokebiT montaJis saSualebas iZleva.

montaJis rigiToba damokidebulia turbinis konstruqciaze. Tu qveda rgoli

xels ar uSlis muSa Tvalis CaSvebas (nax. 31), maSin iwyeben mimmarTveli niCbebis

poWoWikebiT dayenebas qveda rgolis milisebSi. Semdeg yendeba Sualeduri sayrdeni

rgoli, romelSiac magrdeba mimmarTveli niCbebis poWoWikebis mimmarTveli Wiqebi.

magram xSirad Sualeduri rgoli ar arsebobs da Wiqebi uSualod turbinis xufSi

magrdeba (nax. 32). am SemTxvevaSi pirvelad kraterSi uSveben muSa Tvals, xolo Semdeg

96

ayeneben turbinis xufs, atareben ra xvrelSi mimmarTveli niCbebis zeda poWoWikebs,

romlebzedac amis Semdeg acmeven mimmarTvel Wiqebs. Tu qveda rgoli muSa Tvalis

fersos farglebs scildeba (nax. 33-is marcxena nawili), maSin Tavidan unda CaeSvas

muSa Tvali, xolo Semdeg moewyos qveda rgoli milisebiT da mxolod amis Semdeg

moewyos mimmarTveli niCbebi.

nax. 31. zemo_tulomis hesis RerZuli mbrunavfrTiani turbina.

D800

1470 16

z1=8

6 9 5

31

2

4

15141312

D1=4200

dmil.

=2070

D0=4900(z0=24)

97

nax. 32. engurhesis turbina.

radialur_RerZuli turbinebis muSa Tvalebi xSirad hesebze mTliani (erTiani)

miewodeba da maSin winaswari awyoba daiyvaneba garsmdenis dayenebaze (ix. 18, nax.33-ze).

magram zogjer turbinis muSa Tvali rkinigziT transportirebis SeuZleblobis gamo

ori da zogjer sami nawilisaganaa Sedgenili da maSin misi awyoba unda ganxorcieldes

hesis samSeneblo moedanze.

mbrunavfrTiani da diagonaluri turbinebis muSa Tvali yovelTvis ewyoba hesis

samSeneblo moedanze, ris drosac mowmdeba frTebis meqanizmis mobrunebis siadvile da

simdovre zeTis dabali 0.2_0.3 mgpa wneviT miwodebis saSualebiT.

D2=3050

D1=4500

b 0=4

60

z1=19

D0=5400z0=24

D1200119

7

2

6

5

3

4

12

10

8

98

nax. 33. saiano-SuSenskis hesis radialur-RerZuli turbina:

1_statoris svetebi; a da b_statoris zeda da qveda sartylebi; 2_mimmarTveli

niCbebi; 3_mimmarTveli aparatis qveda rgoli; 4_turbinis xufi; 5_ mimmarTveli

niCbebis zeda poWoWikis sayrdenebis Wiqebi; 6_xufis damagreba statoris zeda

sartyelTan; 7_lilvis miltuCi; 8_lilvi; 9 da 10_muSa Tvalis zeda da qveda

forsoebi; 11_ muSa Tvalis frTebi; 12_berketebi; 13_sayureebi; 14_maregulirebeli

rgoli; 15_servomotoris Woki; 16_mimmarTveli sakisari; 17_saqusles sayrdeni;

18_garsmdeni; 19a da 19b_ muSa Tvalis zeda da qveda fersoebis mamWidroeblebi;

20_ganmtvirTavi xvretebi; 21_sakisris kameris SemWidroeba.

D1=6500

D0=7850

b 0=1

040

Ø1900

16

21

4

1

a

b

10

19 b

2

97

18

3

1019 a

11

20

5

6

13

mimmarTveli aparatis

15 12 14

17

8

servomotori

99

frTebis SemWidroebebidan da SeerTebebidan gaJonvebis gansasazRvrelad awyobili

muSa Tvlebi aucileblad hidravlikurad gamoicdeba zeTiT 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

zeTis gaJonva muSa Tvalis gareT dauSvebelia ekologiuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.

turbinis xufi montaJdeba mTlianad awyobili saxiT, magram misi saboloo

damagreba xdeba muSa Tvalis dacentrebis Semdeg. am mizniT Tavidan moinaxeba muSa

Tvalis mdebareoba frTebsa da kameras Soris RreCos mixedviT mbrunavfrTian da

diagonalur turbinebSi an SemWidroebebSi RreCos mixedviT radialur_RerZul

turbinebSi (ix. 19, nax. 33_ze).

amis Semdeg sruldeba Zalian sapasuxismgeblo operacia: lilvis vertikalurobis

Semowmeba, rac Zalian maRal sizustes moiTxovs _ vertikalidan gadaxra ar unda

aRematebodes 0.02 mm_s lilvis sigrZis TiToeul metrze. gazomva xorcieldeba oTxi

simis meTodiT, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs (nax. 34, a). lilvis zeda miltuCze 2

magrdeba liTonis jvaredi 1. amasTan, mas deben izolirebul Suasadebze. Reroebs

emagreba simebi 3, romelTa boloebze ekideba sakmaod mZime tvirTebi 4. imisaTvis, rom

es tvirTebi ar moZraobdes, maT Ziraven zeTian abazanebSi, romlebic turbinis xufze

idgmeba. lilvze l manZilze acmeven or sayrden sartyels 5. jvaredsa da lilvs Soris

rTaven elements voltmetriT 6. manZili lilvsa da simebs Soris izomeba specialuri

mikrometrulTaviani CangliT Stixmasis nakrebidan (nax. 34, b). es Cangali eyrdnoba

lilvs jer zeda da Semdeg qveda doneebze da mikrometruli Tavis trialis

saSualebiT wredis Sekvris momentamde xdeba a1, b1, c1, d1, xolo Semdeg a2, b2, c2, d2

anaTvlebis aReba. anaTvlebis sxvaobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba mTliani gadaxra

vertikalidan δ Semdegi formuliT:

( ) ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ]22211

22211 dcdcbaba −−−+−−−=δ (8.1)

fardobiTi gadaxra� 1δ mm/m, tolia:

lδ=δ1 (8.2)

Tu 02.01 ≤δ �mm/m_ze, maSin gadaxra dasaSvebia. Tu metia, maSin unda Seicvalos

lilvis daxra da Tavidan Catardes gazomva. muSa Tvalis dacentrebis dasrulebis

100

Semdeg xdeba xufis damagreba, ewyoba mimmarTveli sakisari da mimmarTveli aparatis

niCbebis amZravi meqanizmebi.

samontaJo samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg ewyoba gaSvebis gamocdebi, romlis

drosac 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mowmdeba hidroturbinis muSaobis unari da

parametrebis Sesabamisoba ZiriTad sagarantio maCveneblebTan.

nax. 34. turbinis lilvis vertikalidan gadaxris gansazRvra.

44

36

5d2

35d1

21

b)

a)

404505

15

+x

-x

-y

+y

2 c2a2

B2

c1B1a1

101

8.2. hidroturbinebis eqspluataciis safuZvlebi

turbinebis eqspluatacia moicavs maT efeqtur gamoyenebas hesebze, teqnikur

momsaxureobas, mimdinare da kapitaluri remontebis Catarebas hesis maRali

saimedoobisa da xangamZleobis SenarCunebis mizniT.

turbinebis gamoyenebis efeqturobas, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravs maqsimaluri m.q.k._s

miRwevis moTxovna (agregatebs Soris datvirTvis optimaluri ganawileba), romelic

gamoisaxeba turbinebis jamuri maxasiaTeblebiT. aseTi maxasiaTeblebis Sedgenisas

hesebze rekomendebulia koreqtivebis Setana turbinaTa naturuli gamoc-debis

monacemebis Sesabamisad. es saSualebas iZleva dazustdes mbrunavfrTiani turbinebis

kombinatoruli mrudebi, gaTvaliswinebul iqnas calkeuli turbinis maxasiaTeblebis

gadaxra, xolo zogjer mxedvelobaSi iqnas miRebuli sxvadasxva turbinis

wyalsatarebSi hidravlikur danakargebs Soris sxvaoba (amas SeiZleba adgili hqondes,

roca milsadenis sigrZeebi gansxvavebulia an aris ganStoeba).

saimedooba _ turbinebis Zalian mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, amasTan, es cneba

mraval Sefasebas moicavs. ufro mniSvnelovania Semdegi:

muSaobis unari _ turbinis muSa mdgomareoba, romelic Seesabameba dadgenil

teqnikur moTxovnebs simZlavris, m.q.k._s, vibraciebis, xmauris, gaJonvebisa da sxva

maCveneblebis mimarT;

gaumarTaoba _ muSaobis unaris dakargva, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos an muSaobis

SeuZleblobiT _ sruli mtyuneba (magaliTad, gamovida mwyobridan mimmarTveli

sakisari, gatyda mbrunavfrTiani turbinis frTebis mosabrunebeli meqanizmi), anda ama

Tu im maCveneblis gadaxraSi dasaSvebi zRvaridan (magaliTad, Semcirda m.q.k., gaizarda

vibraciis done). ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi turbinis muSaoba SesaZlebelia, magram igi

gamarTulad ver CaiTvleba;

xangamZleoba _ dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic turbina inarCunebs muSaobis unars

eqspluataciis teqnikuri pirobebis Sesabamisad, momsaxureobis, mimdinare da

kapitaluri remontebis Sedegad;

mtyunebis gareSe muSaobis albaToba _ drois mocemul intervalSi gaumarTaobis

gareSe garkveuli albaTobiT muSaobis SesaZlebloba.

102

arsebobs saimedoobis sxvadasxva raodenobrivi kriteriumi. hesebisaTvis farTod

gamoiyeneba e.w. mzadyofnis koeficienti Km, romelic turbinebisaTvis ganisazRvreba

gamosaxulebiT:

( )remmuS

muS

m TTΣΣT

K+

= , (8.3)

sadac ( )rez.komp.tur.muS

ΣTΣTΣTΣT ++Σ= ;

Ttur, Tkomp - Sesabamisad turbinul da kompensatorul reJimebSi muSaobis dro;

Trez - rezervSi yofnis dro (muSaobisaTvis sruli mzadyofna);

Trem _ turbinis remontSi yofnis dro (dro, romelic agregatis sxva nawilebis,

magaliTad, saqusles remontisaTvis ixarjeba aq ar gaiTvaliswineba). jami miiReba

drois sakmaod didi periodisaTvis T, aranaklebi erTi wlisaTvis.

hidravlikuri turbinebi eqspluataciaSi martivi da Zalian saimedo manqanebia da

xelsayrel pirobebSi eqspluataciisas maTi mzadyofnis koeficienti 0.96 - 0.97 da

meticaa. amasTan, eqspluataciisaTvis araxelsayrel pirobebSi kavitaciuri da

abraziuli cveTis dros igi ecema 0.9 - mde da qvemoT.

turbinebis cveTa gamowveulia kavitaciiT, wyalSi Setivtivebuli natanis

abraziuli zemoqmedebiT an kombinirebulad kavitaciuri da abraziuli zemoqmedebiT.

kavitaciuri cveTa (erozia) ZiriTadad gamowveulia kavitaciuri nakadis

meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT, romelic vlindeba dartymebis saxiT, kavernebis gaqrobis

Sedegad garsmden zedapirze an mis siaxloves. zemoqmedebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom

aRniSnuli dartymebis sixSire Zalian maRalia. amasTan, vlindeba liTonebSi daRlis

movlenebi. rRveva warmoebs liTonis gamofxvnis formiT, calkeuli kristalebis

amogdebiT da liTonis zedapiri gluvis nacvlad dafuWvili xdeba. (nax. 35). es iwvevs

remontebis xSirad Catarebis da muSa organoebis Secvlis aucileblobas, rac aZvirebs

hidromanqanis eqspluatacias. frTebisa da sxva garsmdeni zedapirebis rRvevas mivyavarT

m.q.k.-s damatebiT Semcirebisaken.

103

nax. 35. foladis zedapiris kavitaciuri rRveva (erozia).

hidromanqanebSi kavitaciis damaxasiaTebeli saxeebia (nax. 36) a_profiluri

kavitacia, romelic warmoiSoba frTebis garsdenisas yvelaze ufro mcire wnevis areSi;

b_xvreluri kavitacia, rac gamowveulia siTxis moZraobiT wnevis didi vardnilis qveS

RreCoebSi, magaliTad, muSa Tvlis frTebsa da turbinis kameras Soris; g_adgilobrivi

kavitacia, rac gamowveulia usworobebis: calkeuli Sverilebis, wiboebis da sxvaTa

garsdeniT, magaliTad, WanWikebis Tavebis garsdeniT. kavitacia, ZiriTadad profiluri,

SeiZleba gansxvavebuli formebiTa da ganviTarebis stadiebiT gamovlindes, rac nax. 37-

zea naCvenebi. aq a_kavitaciis buStulovani formaa, romlis drosac nakadis mTlianobis

wyvetas aqvs calkeuli moZravi buStulebis _kavernebis saxe; b_zonaluri an apkovani

kavitacia, romelic xasiaTdeba mTliani kaverniT. es ukanaskneli Sevsebulia siTxis

pulsirebadi grigalebiT; g_mowyvetadi, rodesac kavernaSi aris sicariele, romelic

ar aris Sevsebuli siTxiT; d_superkavitaciuri, romlis drosac sicariele isea

ganviTarebuli, rom igi SerTulia mxolod profilis gareT.

TiToeuls am formaTagan Tavisi specifikuri Taviseburebani gaaCniaT.

buStulovani da zonaluri formebi ufro intensiurad vlindeba akustikuri (xmauri)

saxiT da eroziuli zemoqmedebiT, magram SedarebiT naklebad aisaxeba nakadis

hidrodinamikur maxasiaTebelze maSin, rodesac mowyvetiTi da miT ufro superkavitacia

arsebiTad cvlis nakadis hidrodinamikur parametrebs, rac gavlenas axdens

hidromanqanaSi gamavali wylis xarjze, mis simZlavreze da m.q.k-ze.

104

nax. 36. kavitaciis tipebi hidromanqanebSi.

nax. 37. kavitaciis stadiebi.

RerZuli mbrunavfrTiani turbinebi ufro kavitaciur cveTas ganicdian, romelic,

rogorc nax. 38-dan Cans, viTardeba muSa Tvalis frTebis aramuSa mxares. amasTan, zona

1 Sesasvlel nawiburTan gamowveulia nakadis adgilobrivi mowyvetiT Setevis didi

kuTxeebis dros. yvelaze metad ganviTarebulia zona 2 gamosasvlel nawiburTan

a) b) g)

are

grigali

are

g)

d)b)

a)

gaqrobis are

warmoqmnis are

105

periferiisaken gafarToebiT. zogjer intensiur rRvevas ganicdis muSa Tvalis kamera 3,

frTebis mobrunebis RerZis zonaSi da frTis zedapirebis gverdebi kameris siaxloves

(aq vlindeba e.w. xvreluri kavitacia).

radialur-RerZul turbinebSi yvelaze metad kavitaciur cveTas ganicdis muSa

Tvalis frTebis is nawili, romelic mdebareobs frTis gamosasvlel nawiburTan axlos

da qveda fersos Siga mxare.

nax. 38. RerZuli turbinebis kavitaciuri dazianebis zonebi.

zogjer kavitaciuri cveTis intensivoba Zalian maRalia da siRrmis mixedviT

Seadgens 5-10 mm/weliwadSi. is damokidebulia turbinis Tvisebebze, eqspluataciis

pirobebze (muSaobis reJimze, qveda biefis niSnulze da Hs_is sidideze. gansakuTrebiT

saSiSia, rodesac Hs izrdeba dasaSveb zRvarze maRla) da masalaze.

maRali kavitaciuri medegoba gaaCniaT uJangav mcirenaxSirbadian, qromirebul

foladebs da amitom isini farTod gamoiyeneba turbinebis muSa Tvlebis frTebis

dasamzadeblad.

arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom zedapirebi kavitaciisagan dacvis mizniT

daifaros araliTonuri masalebiT - epoqsidis fisiT, reziniT, kaproniTa da sxva.

1

2

1

3

3 3

106

wyalSi myofi natani, gansakuTrebiT kvarculi, iwvevs turbinebis intensiur

cveTas. am movlenas, abraziuli cveTa ewodeba, romelsac ufro xSirad mTis

mdinareebze ganlagebul derivaciul hesebze vxvdebiT.

konstruqciebis abraziuli cveTis meqanizmi rTulia da masTan dakavSirebuli

bevri sakiTxi gadauwyveteli. Tanamedrove warmodgeniT abraziuli cveTa garsaden

zedapirebze natanis nawilakebis dartymebisa da nakawrebis Sedegia. es saSualebas

iZleva gamoiyos is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven nakadis abraziuli cveTis

process.

garsmdeni sxeulis mimarT moZravi natanis nawilakebis kinetikuri energia,

12

wd 23s

sπ

=ρ , (8.4)

sadac ss d da ρ aris nawilakebis simkvrive, kg/m3 da diametri, m;

w _fardobiTi siCqare, m/wm.

mocemuli simsxos nawilakebis raodenoba, romlebic xvdebian garsmden zedapirze

drois erTeulSi,

�

6dSw

i 3s

d

πε

= , (8.5)

�

sadac dε aris wylis moculobaSi mocemuli simsxos nawilakebis fardobiTi

Semcveloba;

S _ farTobi, romelic ganicdis cveTas, mm2.

natanis nawilakebis abraziuli Tvisebebi, romlebic damokidebulia simagreze

(foladisaTvis saxifaToa nawilakebi simagriT 5-ze meti moosis Skalis mixedviT) da

maT formaze, SeiZleba gamoisaxos abraziulobis koeficientiT Kabr.

v.b.dulnevis monacemebiT namsxvrevi qviSisaTvis

Kabr =1.7ds3/4 , (8.6)

sadac ds aris nawilakis diametri, mm.

107

garsmdeni elementis forma, romelic gansazRvravs nakadis adgilobriv

struqturas, gaiTvaliswineba formis koeficientiT Kf.. amrigad, abraziuli

zemoqmedebis intensivoba cveTadi zedapiris erTeulze Eabr tolia:

,wKKKE 3sdE ⋅ρ⋅ε⋅⋅⋅= abrfabr

(8.7)

aq KEKE _ proporciulobis koeficientia. vinaidan, yvela koeficienti K da ε� -

uganzomilebo sidideebia, maSin Eabr - s ganzomileba iqneba vt/m2. am formulaSi cxadad

ar Sedis nawilakebis diametri, magram misi gavlena aisaxeba Kabr_iT. aqedan gamomdinare,

saerTo abraziuli zemoqmedeba unda ganisazRvros jamiT, romelic miRebulia e.w.

saxifaTo fraqciebisaTvis, romelTac miakuTvneben ds>0.05-0.1 mm.

faqtobrivi abraziuli cveTa gamosaxuli masalis moculobis an masis danakargiT

Gabr, kg, mocemuli cveTis intensivobisas damokidebulia agreTve farTobisagan, masalis

abraziuli cveTis maCveneblisagan, romelic ganisazRvreba moculobis kuTri danakargiT

Babr, m3/(wm×vt), masalis simkvrivisa ρmas da droisagan t:

,tBSEG ⋅ρ⋅⋅⋅= masabrabrabr (8.8)

miRebuli Tanafardobebi gviCvenebs, rom abraziuli cveTisaTvis gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba aqvs wyalSi natanis saxifaTo fraqciebis Semcvelobas (simRvrives),

fardobiT siCqares da masalis abraziuli cveTis maCvenebels. unda aRiniSnos, rom

moyvanili Tanafardobebi misaRebia abraziuli procesis fardobiTi SefasebebisTvis.

turbinebSi abraziul cveTas ganicdis mimmarTveli niCbebi (nax. 39, a), sayrdeni

rgoli (nax. 39, b), muSa Tvalebi (nax. 39, g). intensiur abraziul cveTas ganicdis

radialur-RerZuli turbinebis muSa Tvlebi, gansakuTrebiT qveda ferso, frTebis

Sesasvleli da gamosasvleli nawiburebi, agreTve qveda da zeda SemWidroebebi.

saxifaToa natanis moxvedra mimmarTvel sakisarSi, rac mis swraf cveTas iwvevs.

108

a) b) g)

nax. 39. radialur-RerZuli turbinis detalebis abraziuli cveTa.

turbinebis cveTa auaresebs maT energetikul maxasiaTeblebs, iwvevs m.q.k.-s

Semcirebas, zogjer simZlavris vardnas, SeiZleba gamoiwvios intensiuri vibracia,

xmauri, gaizardos wylis danakargebi gaCerebuli turbinis mimmarTvel aparatSi

gaJonvisas. rogorc nax. 40_dan Cans, turbinis m.q.k. Semcirda 10_12%_iT, magram

simZlavre SenarCunda, vinaidan gaizarda gamtarunarianoba abraziuli cveTis gamo

gamosasvleli nawiburebis damoklebis xarjze.

abraziuli cveTis gamo saWiro xdeba turbinis remontis Catareba, rac zrdis

saeqspluatacio xarjebs. mniSvnelovania optimaluri remontebsSorisi periodis

dadgena. Cveulebrivi pirobebisaTvis wyalSi abraziuli natanis momatebuli raodenobis

ararsebobisas kapitalur remontebs Soris periodi Seadgens turbinis muSaobis

25000_30000 sT. saerTod, kapitalur remontebs Soris intervali 4 weliwadia,

xolo turbinebis muSaobis xangrZlivoba aranakleb 30 weli.

109

nax. 40. cveTis gavlena radialur-RerZuli turbinis maxasiaTebelze.

hesis ZiriTadi mowyobilobis mimdinare remonti iTvaliswinebs samuSaoebs im

defeqtebis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic amcirebs hesis saimedoobas, magram, amasTan

erTad, ar saWiroebs agregatis mniSvnelovnad demontaJs. am remontebis dros

xorcieldeba gacveTili da defeqturi detalebis Secvla, calkeuli meqanizmebis

gawmenda, garecxva da SezeTva, mcire defeqtebis gasworeba. mimdinare remonti

sruldeba saWiroebis mixedviT da hesis, hesebis kaskadisa da energosistemis

xelmZRvanelobis Sexedulebisamebr. remonti sruldeba samjer weliwadSi.

hidroturbinebis kapitaluri remonti tardeba oTx weliwadSi erTxel.

kapitaluri remontis periodSi agregatis mocdenis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia

turbinis muSa Tvalis diametrze da 3_4 Tves Seadgens. kapitaluri remontis dros

Slian da aTvaliereben, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aremonteben agregatis saqusles;

Slian da aremonteben ZiriTadi agregatisa da damxmare mowyobilobis gacveTil da

defeqtur meqanizmebsa da detalebs; amowmeben da aremonteben hidromeqanikuri dacvis

sistemas (gaqanebisagan, temperaturuls); SezeTvis da sxva sistemebs. aremonteben da

gamarTaven yvela xelsawyos da avtomatikis aparaturas; awarmoeben agregatis

regulirebis sistemis gamarTvas; aremonteben betonis zedapirebs; awarmoeben turbinis

zedapirebisa da liTonis nawilebis, agreTve nagavis Semakavebeli gisosisa da wyalqveSa

η%

80

60

40

20

turbinis kapitaluri

remontis Semdeg

turbinis cveTa, ori wlis Semdeg

N,mvt

6420

110

liTonis konstruqciebis antikoroziul SeRebvas; awarmoeben sxvadasxva sakontrolo

gazomvebsa da RreCoebis Semowmebas.

myari nataniT mdidari mdinareebis samTo ubnebze ganlagebul hesebze, sadac

turbinis kvanZebi da detalebi intensiur abraziul cveTas ganicdis, remontebis

Catarebis aucilebloba ufro xSiria, rac zrdis hesis saeqspluatacio xarjebs.

111

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koreqtori n. doliZe

ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.01.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 26.06.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 7. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77