I. Multicellular organisms have cells that are specialized.

– Different jobs in multicellular organisms are done by different cells• cells are specialized• different functions divided among different cells

– Plants, animals, and fungi are mostly made up of multicellular organisms• Levels of organization

– After cells come tissues. A group of cells that work together

– Different tissues make up organs. Each organ has a specific job.

Multicellular organisms have cells that are specialized.

– Different organs working together make up organ systems and help the organism function» Nervous system allows for response to changing

conditions» Muscular system produces movement and supplies

heat» Respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases

carbon dioxide» Circulatory system delivers oxygen and removes

carbon dioxide» Digestive system breaks down food into usable

forms– Different organ systems work together for survival

II. Multicellular organisms adapted to live in different environments. – Organisms have characteristics that allow

them to survive in t heir environment.– An adaptation is any inherited characteristic

that increases an organism’s chance for survival.

– Adaptations are the result of differences that can occur in genetic material.

III. Sexual reproduction leads to diversity.

– Sexual reproduction is when the genetic material of 2 parents comes together

– Result is offspring having genetic material with diversity because the DNA is different from the parents.

III. Sexual reproduction leads to diversity.

– 2 different cellular processes involved• Meiosis when a special form of cell division

produces sperm cells in males– Egg cells in females– Each contain ½ the necessary amount for an

organisms to survive.

III. Sexual reproduction leads to diversity.

• Fertilization is the second process– Sperm cells from male combines with egg– DNA now from both parents and divides– Specialization occurs and different tissues and organs

form.

I. Plants capture energy from the sun.

– The sun provides the energy for almost all organisms to live.

– Light energy must be changed into chemical energy• Chemical energy is the form used to carry out the

functions of life

• Plants convert sun’s energy to chemical energy

I. Plants capture energy from the sun.

– Producing Sugars• Plants take sunlight and change to chemical

energy by photosynthesis.• 6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 +

6H2O– Plant takes in water and carbon dioxide– Produce sugar

• Most photosynthesis takes place in the leaves• stems hold up leaves to sun• roots anchor plant and supply water

I. Plants capture energy from the sun.

– Storing and releasing Energy• Plants are autotrophs or self feeders• Able to use some of the energy-rich material for

cellular processes• Rest can get stored; often as starches

I. Plants capture energy from the sun.

• Cellular respiration is the process by which a cell uses oxygen to break down sugars to release the energy– Carrots and beets store starch in their roots– Rhubarb store in their stems

• Potatoes store as swollen roots called tubers

II. Plants are adapted to different environments

• Plants are adapted to different environments– Leaves, stems, and roots are adaptations that

allow plants to survive• Grasses can survive as long as their root structure stays

unharmed.• Trees can not survive if leaves and stems are damaged

– Reproductive adaptations– Protective adaptation

• odor producing to keep organisms away• produce harmful chemicals

III. Plants respond to their environment

– Plants respond to a stimulus from their environment– Gravity

• Roots grow down• Stems and leaves grow up

– Touch• Many respond using tendrils that wrap around objects• help allow plant to grow towards the sunlight

– Light• Stems and leaves grow towards• phototropism, when the stems bend toward the sunlight• Auxin is a hormone that stimulates cell growth.• produced at the tip of the stem• auxin moves away from light so darker side of the plant

grows longer

IV. Plants respond to seasonal changes

– Light• sunlight amounts can cause plants to grow or

become dormant• dormancy stops growth and requires less energy

– Temperature• leaves to die on deciduous trees

• Others, the whole plant dies and seeds left behind allow new plants to grow.

I. Animals obtain energy and materials from food

– Animals are consumers. Consumers are organisms that need to get energy from another organism.

• Unlike plants, animals must consume food to get energy

– Animals are Heterotrophs because they are organisms that feed on, or consumes, other organisms.

– Animals can be grouped by the type of food that they eat

• Herbivores – feed on plants or algae• Carnivores – feed on other animals

• Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals

Animals obtain energy and materials from food

– Animals must digest their food in order to obtain energy from it. Digestion is the process that breaks food down into pieces that are small enough to be absorbed by cells.

– Animals, just like plants, obtain energy from sugars and other carbon compounds through cellular respiration

– In many animals, respiratory system delivers oxygen to the blood, and the blood carries oxygen to the cells.

II. Animals interact with the environment and with other

organisms – In many animals, muscle and skeletal systems

provide movement and support. A nervous system allows the animal to sense and respond to stimuli.

– Animals respond to many different types of stimuli, such as sights, sounds, odors, light, or change in temperature. Any observable response to a stimulus is described as a behavior.

– Interactions that occur between the same species are often described as social behaviors.

II. Animals interact with the environment and with other

organisms– Interactions that occur between animals of

different species often involve the search for food. • A predator is an animal that hunts other animals

for food.• An animal that is hunted by another animal as a

source or food is the prey.

III. Animals respond to seasonal changes

– Unlike plants, animals can respond to seasonal changes by changing their location.• Migration is the movement of animals to a

different region in response to changes in the environment.

– Not all animals migrate in response to seasonal changes. • Hibernation is a sleep-like state that lasts for

extended time periods.

I. Fungi absorb materials from the environment.

– Fungi are decomposers• break down or decompose complex carbon

compound• these are part of living matter• absorb nutrients• leave behind simpler compounds

– Fungi are heterotrophs• get their energy from living or once living matter.

Fungi absorb materials from the environment.

– Characteristics of fungi.• they are multicellular• have a nucleus and a thick cell wall

• they don’t have tissues or organs, instead made of a reproductive body and a network of cells that form threadlike structures called hyphae

Fungi absorb materials from the environment.

– Reproduction• reproduce by spores• can be produced asexually or sexually• a spore is a single reproductive cell that is

capable of growing into a new organism.• spores are released into the air and spread by

the wind.

II. Fungi include mushrooms, molds and yeast

– Mushrooms• cap sits on top of the stalk• Under cap on gills is where the spores grow. • Both parts are made of hyphae

– Mold• is a sport producing part of a another form of fungus

– Yeasts• single celled fungi• some can exist in yeast form • some can exist as multicellular hyphae

III. Fungi can be helpful or harmful to organisms

– Can be helpful because they release the nutrients from dead organisms back into the soil providing nutrients for the plants.

– Can be harmful by attacking the tissues of a plant

– Can produce toxins which kill crops

III. Fungi can be helpful or harmful to organisms

– Can have symbiotic relationships with other organism called Lichens• algae is a plant and provides food for the fungus• the hyphae of the fungus provides the water and

nutrients for the algae • Always remember:

• Freddy Fungus and Alice algae had a LICHEN for each other, and now their relationship is on the rocks!