I MPERIALISM AND C ONFLICT European Powers Attempt to Remake the World.
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Transcript of I MPERIALISM AND C ONFLICT European Powers Attempt to Remake the World.
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IMPERIALISM AND CONFLICTEuropean Powers Attempt to Remake the World
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BETWEEN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR AND WORLD WAR I, EUROPEAN NATIONS ADDED 9 MILLION SQUARE MILES (1/5 OF THE GLOBE) TO THEIR OVERSEAS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS.
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THREE FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony – territory under political
control of another state Protectorate – local rulers left in place
but expected to follow European advisors
Spheres of influence – outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
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OLD EMPIRES IN DECLINE
Ottoman Middle EastMughal IndiaQing ChinaAfrica – effect of collapsing slave trade
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INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS
Industrial RevolutionRaw materialsMarkets for goods
NationalismSpread Christianity
Missionaries
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AFRICA
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CONDITIONS IN AFRICA Religion
Islam spread throughout north AfricaChristian missionaries wanted to convert
Africans and end the slave trade Slave trade
Outlawed in early 1800s Interior explored
David LivingstoneScottish medical missionary
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Cecil Rhodes, British
colonialist who
announced plans
for telegraph line from Cairo to
Cape Town
“all of these stars... these vast
worlds that
remain out of
reach. If I could, I would annex other
planets.”
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BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 – set rules for Europeans
colonizing Africa (Bismarck organized)Claim parts of Africa only if country has set
up a government office there Scramble for Africa
Berlin set off a 20 year race to divide the continent
Redrew map with little regard for traditional borders or ethic boundaries
How does the redrawing of the map of Africa impact the continent today?
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PARTITION OF AFRICAWhat do we know about this part of
Africa?
Ethiopia
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FREE STATE OF THE CONGO H.M. Stanley
Continued Livingstone’s exploration
King Leopold II – Belgium Privately controlled
territory through non-governmental organization
Scandal Mass killings resulted in
Leopold’s overthrow Became Belgian colony
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FREED SLAVES Liberia – established as a home for freed
American slaves in 1847 Based government on U.S. Trouble integrating with native west Africans
Sierra Leone – British colony for freed slaves
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INDEPENDENT ETHIOPIA Menelik II
Ruled Ethiopia beginning in 1889 Used profits from ivory sales to buy weapons Defeated Italians at Adowa
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RECAP Who was Cecil Rhodes?
British colonialist What was the Scramble for Africa? What
started it? 20 year race for African territory started by the
Berlin Conference What was the independent country
established for freed American slaves? Liberia
What independent country was Menelik II ruler of? Ethiopia
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ASIA
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OPIUM WARSDrug trade leads to war
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OPIUM WARS British victory
Gunboats equipped with superior weapons Treaty of Nanjing
Indemnity – Chinese paid British for loss Extraterritoriality – British citizens in China tried
under British law Hong Kong – island became British territory 1st in a series of unequal treaties that forced
China to make concessions to European powers
How do you think unequal treaties would make the Chinese feel about the Qing
Dynasty?
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TAIPING REBELLION Peasant revolt
Hong Xiuquan – village schoolteacher who led revolt
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” 太平天囯
Converted to a form of Christianity Called for:
Civil service exams based on Bible Community ownership of property Separate but equal sexes (no foot binding) End to Qing Dynasty
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TAIPING REBELLION Controlled 30 million people at its height Bloodiest Civil War in history
Third Battle of Nanjing (1864) 100,000 dead in 3 days
20-30 million dead overall
Defeated after 14 years “Ever Victorious Army” – Qing soldiers trained by
Europeans First Chinese army to use western tactics and
modern weapons
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CHARLES GEORGE GORDON AKA Chinese Gordon AKA Gordon of
Khartoum British Army officer
Well-traveled!
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BOXER REBELLION Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising “Righteous Fists of Harmony” – 义和团 “Support the Qing, destroy the foreign” Siege of Beijing in 1900
Representatives of foreign powers held out for 55 days
Rescued by Eight-Nation Alliance Boxer Protocols (1901) Severely weakened Qing Dynasty
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JAPAN MODERNIZES The opening of Japan
Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry (1854)
What are the ships being powered by?
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MEIJI RESTORATION Ruling shoguns replaced by Emperor Meiji
(1867) Accelerated industrialization
“Enrich the country, 富国強兵strengthen the military”
Fall of the samurai 1.9 million before restoration Government tried to abolish samurai class Satsuma Rebellion (1873) – basis for The Last
Samurai Capitalism and western influence
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“UNDER RECONSTRUCTION” Read and respond to 4 questions Complete sentences! #1 – at least 2 contrasts in separate
sentences #4 – at least 3 examples of change in
separate sentences
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BRITISH IN INDIA Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
Sepoy – native Indian soldier for a European power
Against British East India Company Sepoy’s grievances
Soldiers thought afraid BEIC was behind conversion by missionaries
Soldiers forced to travel further from their homes – Why?
Regular payments ended; no pensions
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BRITISH IN INDIA 1853 Enfield Rifle
Had to bite the cartridge open, but many sepoy heard rumors that they were greased with pork or beef fat
Why would this be an issue? To what religion do the sepoy belong?
Civilian rebellion Feudal nobility, rural landlords, and peasants Doctrine of Lapse – adopted children of princes
not legal heirs Landlords lost land as BEIC expanded
Rani of Jansi
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BRITISH IN INDIA Brutal uprising suppressed with extreme
force Seen as justified at the time
British see it as “Great Mutiny”
Indians see it as “First War of Indian Independence”
BEIC blamed for allowing rebellion to occur Company nationalized
India becomes colony under direct control of British government
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MIDDLE EAST
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THE CRIMEAN WAR (1853-56)
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THE CRIMEAN WAR First “modern” conflict
Russia v. France, England, and Sardinia Attempts to gain control over declining Ottoman
Empire Napoleon III and Tsar Nicholas I maneuvered to gain
control of the Holy Land Advanced gunships run on steam power
Treaty of Paris (1856) Black Sea made neutral territory Big setback for Russian influence in the region
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SIEGE OF SAVASTOPOL
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EGYPT MODERNIZES Muhammad Ali – “father of modern Egypt”
Increased cotton production and industry
Expanded trade Conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan
Suez Canal 100-mile waterway linking Mediterranean and Red
Seas (1869) Construction put Egypt in debt Rights purchased by Disraeli, giving Britain control What do you think the impact of the Suez Canal
was? Egypt became a British protectorate in 1882
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SUEZ CANAL Gave Great Britain
easy access to theIndian Ocean
Drastically reducedtravel time
“Lifeline of theBritish Empire”
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE Pashas – provincial rulers spread
throughout empireDecentralized power
Independence movements – Greeks, Balkans
Sudan – Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Madhi, savior of the faith
Wahhabi movement – Arabians seeking to recapture purity and simplicity of Muhammad
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RECAP What created the “lifeline of the British
Empire?” Suez Canal
What is known as the first “modern” conflict? Crimean War
What do Indians call the Sepoy Rebellion? First War of Indian Independence
Who is known as the “father of modern Egypt?” Muhammad Ali
What was the final straw for the sepoys that led to rebellion? Rifle cartridges greased with pork or beef fat
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RECAP What class did the Meiji Restoration seek to
eliminate? Samurai
What rebellion was led by the “Righteous Fists of Harmony?” Boxer Rebellion
Who was the British Army officer who helped train the “Ever Victorious Army?” Charles George Gordon
What are indemnity and extraterritoriality (Opium Wars)? Chinese pay British for loss; British tried by British
law