I. European Trade With China

Chap 15.4 – Encounters in East Asia

Portuguese traders reached China in 1514

A. Strict Limits on Trade

A. Strict Limits on Trade

The Ming allowed the Portuguese to build a trading post at Macao, near Canton

A. Strict Limits on Trade

European goods were inferior to Chinese products and the Chinese demanded payment in gold or silver

A. Strict Limits on Trade

Trade was supervised by imperial officials and Europeans had to sail away when the trading season ended

B. Scholars and Missionaries

A few Europeans, like Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci, made a positive impression on Ming China

B. Scholars and Missionaries

Ricci learned to speak Chinese and adopted Chinese dress but had little success spreading religion

II. The Manchu Conquest

The Ming dynasty was failing and in 1644, Manchu armies seized Beijing and made it their capital

A. Qing Rule

The Manchu set up a new dynasty called the Qing (“pure”) - two important rulers were Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong

Emperor Kangxi Emperor Qianlong

A. Qing Rule

Kangxi ruled for 61 years and spread Chinese power and culture into Central Asia

A. Qing Rule

Qianlong ruled for 60 years, expanded China's borders, and ruled the largest area in China's history

Manchu ruled China: Qing dynasty (1644-1911AD) - last

imperial dynasty in China

B. Prosperity

The Chinese economy grew, new crops from the Americas boosted farm output, and the population boomed

B. Prosperity

Handicraft industries grew and European demand for Chinese goods increased

C. Response to Westerners

Restricting foreign trade proved disastrous - in the 1800s China learned about western advances the hard way

III. Korea and Isolation

Like China, Korea restricted outside contacts in the 1500s and 1600s and became known as the "Hermit Kingdom”

III. Korea and IsolationA Japanese invasion in the 1590s devastated the land of Korea

III. Korea and Isolation

In 1636, the Manchus conquered Korea and Korea became a tributary state

IV. Japan and Foreign TradersThe Portuguese reached Japan in 1543, followed by the Spanish, Dutch, and English

IV. Japan and Foreign TradersAt first, Japan was more open to European missionaries like Francis Xavier than China

IV. Japan and Foreign Traders

The Tokugawa shoguns became hostile and saw foreigners as agents of an invading force

IV. Japan and Foreign Traders

They expelled missionaries and executed thousands of Japanese Christians

IV. Japan and Foreign Traders

By 1638, the Tokugawas barred all western merchants, forbid Japanese travel abroad and outlawed the building of large ships

IV. Japan and Foreign Traders

They permitted just one or two Dutch ships a year to trade at a small island in Nagasaki harbor

IV. Japan and Foreign TradersJapan maintained a policy of strict isolation until it was forced to reopen contacts with the western world in 1853