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NOME Erteschik, Ann M., Comp.; And Others.TZTLE Public Library Construction 1965-1978. The Federal

CottrP:ittien-Through the :Library Services-hatConstruction Act.

INSTITUTION Bureau of School Systems (DHEV/OE), Washington, D.C.Office of Libraries ,and Learning Resources.

.PUBDATE' lig 78NOTE 31p.:AVAILABLE FROM '''Superintendent.of Documents, 0.-S..povernment Printing

Office, Washingtone.D.C. 20402 (260-934/2092 i-3)

IDES PRICE Kr-S0.83 HC -52.06 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Construction Programs; Costs; Facility Improvement;

*Federal Aid; *Federal Legislation; Library Services;Projects; *Public Libraries; Tables (Data); TrendAnalysis

IDENTIFIERS *Library Services and .Construction Act

ABSTRACTThis report analyzes some of the data frog

documentation suWtted by the individual states for federalfinancial assistance, through the Library Services and ConstructionAct to meet-public library construction needs between 1965 and 1978.-The impact of the LSCA library construction program is described interns of the cutting of costs, the population affected, and thenumbers and types of.projects funded: The main goals of .construction -- increased space, seating capacity, and book volumecapacity--azo-dd;scussed in terms of the improved .ibrary services

have-rfostered. The other priorities of LSCA--reaching isolatedrural areas, and meeting special information needs of libraryphtrons--are discussed' in terms of their fulfillment b' construction

.funding. Several Construction projects and their 'resulting service-improvements are included to illustrate this relationship.- Summariesof LSCA program highlights and future trends; are followed by tablespresenting expenditures by state. and funding source, as well as by.population density and type of construction; popdlation servedthrough the projects; ntaber of projects; and affected floor, area,added seating capacity, and added book volume capacity' by state,population density, and type of construction and.library. (EBR)

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PUBLIC LIBRARYCONSTRUCTION1965 - 1978The Federal Contribution Throughthe Library Services andConstruction Act

COMPILED' BY:

Ann M.,ErteschikMichael Buchko, Jr.Julia M. Hirsch

AUGUST 1978

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U.S. Department of Health, Edtkation, and WelfareOFFICE OF EDUCATION.Washington, DC 20202

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PREFACE

- Between the years of 1965 and 1978, participating States andTerritories have had Federal finenci91 assistance in meeting some of thepublic library construction needs of the nation. The major source of thisFederal funding has been the Library 'Services and Construction Act(LSCA); Public. Law 84-597, as amended. This legislation, administered bythe U.S Office of Education through the States' officially designatedState library administrative agenciei helped strengthen the partnership-ofState, local and Federal governments in extending public library servicesto more people.

This report analyzes some, of the to requ ked in the documentationsvbmitted by the States in bot e applicdtion ,prod 'reporting 'process.a.larts, tabulations, aht1 pictures have = n used to help show the impact-of the Federal dollars through LSCA Title II, and other FederalesouTes. Itshould be noted that the charts show cumulative totals' for some items. Ina few instances- the data was not sufficient from aNiailable reports toprovide satisfactory State totals, and the retention date for such recordshad expired for the States.

The narrative sections of the project completion reports were themajor source for examples of significant improvements in servicesresulting from the new and/or remodeled buildings.

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A TABLE OF CONTENTS

Legislative Hi Storyimpact of the LSCA ibrary Construction 173ograin 3

Costs 4Population- -., OOOOOO 5Number and Type of Projects 6Floor Aiea . . . . , ... 8Seating Capacity .. 9'Book Volume , 1 I

The Effect of Library Construction on Other LSCA Priorities I3Program Highlights and Future Directions 16

Appendix

Basic Tables. 18

GRAPHS AND CHARTS

The Construction Dollar . 5Number of New and Other Construction Projects by Type of Libr ry . . . 6Number of Rural Title 11 Constfuction Projects by. Fiscal Year 7

Number of Urban Title 11 Construction Projects by Fiscal Ye 7Seating Capacity by Population Densities . 10Book Volume Capacity Increase by Type of Library . . . . 12

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LEGISLATIVE HISTOR Y

Financial encouragement of publiclibrary building construction in the United

Stafettias- stemmed from-- two majorefforts -- the First, a private philanthropicendeavor; the second, a Federal fundingprogram.

During the-late 19th and early 20thcenturies, very few public libraries wereoperating from buildings designed forlibrary purposes. Instead, they werescattered among various types of houSing,including: an :abandon'ed clapboardschoolhouse, the entrance hall of alawyer's office, under the stairwell 'of aMasonic Lodge, over a meat market, andin the former stables of a local firedepartment. Although these quarterswere ill-suited for libary, use, theyillustrate the resourcefulness anddeftrmination of townspeople to providelibrary services.

Recognizing the value 'of freelibraries and the severe need for separate,functional library buildings, in '1886Andrew Carnegie initiated his privatelibrary building program. Within threedecades Carnegie had donated $56,162,622.for the construction of 2,509 librarybuildings throughout the English-speakingworld. More than $40,000,000 of thisamount was given to' build 1,679 publiclibraries in 1,412 communities in the U.S.I/Carnegie viewed his building program notas philanthropy, but as a "clever stroke ofbusiness" because in return for theconstruction funds, he demanded a pledgethat the city invest its money to furnishrind mnintw:n the librory.2/

The uniform exterior and interiordeignrimony steps leading up to the mainentrli-Ice, first floor for public service,technical: services and other functions onthe basement leve - were a trademark ofthe. Carnegie pr am. Although some ofthe architectur atures hindered thefuture development of ihe library'sservices, with subsequent remodelingnearly 83% of the buildings remainfunctioning as public libraries today.

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When the Carnegie Co orationshifted its emphasis from constr tion to

--library education and -training, la stack-period of approximately forty yearsduration ensued before public I libraryconstruction was given new vigor lirougha Federal funding program.

Despite a dearth of constructionfunds, public library services contirllued todevelop throughout the nation, nd1956, the Library Services Act (LS ) wasenacted to further this growth: Thislegislation played a vital role in ini iatinglibrary services to neglected rural areas,to reach an estimated 26 ruralresidents of 300 counties without publiclibrary services, and helping to improveinadequate services of another two million-rural residents. Providing funds forsalaries, library equipment, books andother materials, and operating expenses,LSA extended services primarily throughbOokmobiles. '1_SA was cited in the Houseof Representatives as "one of the mostworthwhile programs of the Federalgovernment." 3/ Yet, without permanentfacilities, adequate library services couldnot be rendered to many communities andthe maximum dividends of FederalinVestment through LSA could not beclaimed.

The need for new library buildingsand/or renovation of existhg ones wasagain quite severe. By the early 1960's themajority of all public libraries had beenconstructed before the 1940% and thereplacement rate was a low 2% annually.The American librarl building wascharacterized by advanced age, lack ofspace, and lack of modern equipment.

the Library Services andConstruction Act (LSCA) was signed intolaw by President JohnSon on February I I,1964. Its overall purpose was to pro:notethe extension of public library services toall areas without s services or withinadequa services; t provide for', theconsructio of new public librarybuildings or improi/ement o existinglibrary facilities.

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Under Tale II (Public LibraryConstruction), erection of new buildings,and the expansion, remodeling, oracquisition of existi4 buildings' are

etigilste project's for funding.- Grants-may-be used to cover such expenses asarchitectural .fees, acquisition of. land,building,equipment, and landscaping. As aState formula- matching grant program,construction' projects are fwpded on a jointFederal-State/local share bc:is. TheFederal share is set by law at no less than33% and no .greater than 66% for anyState allotment, based on the per capitalwealth of each State. The funding

. forryiula provides a base of $100,000 toeach State and $20,000 to each territory,with an additional allotMent from theremainder of the annual appropriationdetermined by the ratio of each State'spopulation 'to the total population of theU.S. according to thes recenfdecennial census. Total apprWriations forTitle II have been $175,769,750. Therehave been no appropilations sin 1973,° -however, the legislative authorization has _

enabled the use of other frederal sourcesfor public library construction.

All funds are administered throughthe appropriate State library_administratitye agency which makes allgrant decisions in line with the approvedState plan, and provides technicalassistance with all aspects of the buildingprogram. Applicants for LSCA Title IIfunds are generally required to meet thefollowing planning and projectspecifications: a) hire . a registeredarchiteCt; 5) survey. the community toassess its library services needs; c).yeite abuilding. program statement; d) retain alibrary building consultant; e) project 20years of use for the building;' arid' f)comply with both State. and Federalbuilding codes.

f3oth the r irement of matching.funds and the pla ing specift tions ofTitle II have had positive eff t on theconstruction of public library buildings ascan be seen from the summation of theprogram's accornp)ishments _in thefollowing sectioa. -

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Clark, County Library,Funcflonal interior withexterior

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:424117trj'ar

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Arkansas:preserved.

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IMPACT OF THE L-SCA LIBRARY CO STRUCTION PROGRAM

Beginning in the mid 1960's andthrough the ,early 1970's, the United Stateshas seen a revitalization-of-pubfic libraryconstruction as a result Of Federalassistance through LSCA Title II. With anew source of funding available, interestin planning and building libraries in localcommunities was renewed. Many Statelibrary agencies sponsored statewidesurveys of public library constructionneeds .yhich revealed outgrown andoutdated buildings still in use andconsequently restrictingeboth the rangeand quality of services being offered tothe public. Title VI funds provided theneeded* impetus for the "planning andconstruction of ublic library buildings forservices in the 7 ...The impact of theseFederal funds di t result in providingjust buildings, taut rather buildings which- are tailored to the services being providednow and as planned for the future. Theartistic and imaginative design whichoccornodotes the best in service, featureshas, during these years of libraryconstruction,

bythe judicious

use of funds by the public library agenciesreceiving the matching grants."4/

Public libraries which are beautiful,hospitable, easily Occessibile and designedwith a service-orientedi, concept, arebetter able to fulfilll their service, role asa rnajw resource for the local community..Such new buildihgs are, in addition, ogreat source of pride for communitymembers and an inspiration for continued.learning for persons 'of all ages., Thetransformation of a barebpsement roominto a tivelY,.colorful children's room,.theunrestricted- come-and-go of learning

.resource centers with media'for indlidualself-instruction, the integration ofmaterials for easier patron use,"-and thechange of atmRsphere from closed stacksand formidable rows of study tables toinviting comfortable reading areas aremade pdtssible through new constructionand remodeling. The total impact on

,library users and non-users isimmeasurable. A librarian of a newpublic library in 9 southwestern town,

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e?cpre sed the effect of attractive, usablephysic I surroundings on library -users_say' "Those-- who- -fornlerly--patranizedthe oi' library in its inadequate quarterscome o the new library more often andstay I tiger. Many come .who never usedthe ary before. They-come tobrowse,to r 1.)to study, and just to enjoy theirI ibrdry. Registration and circulationstatistics far exceed -any we hod. every.dreamed. of."

- Community pride plays ci major rolein stimulating full utilizatlon'of the newlibrary facilitiet. Such positive attitudesalso have an effect on the library beforeits actualization, fonit is only through the-committed support and efforts of thewhole community and its responsiblemembers that a library building programcan sucdeed. All strata of the communityand its government become involved, fromlocal interested citizens to the librarystaff, Board of Trustees, State libraryagency consultants, and Federal programadministrators.

AcqUiring a new. or remodeledlibrary, from initial concept to finishedproduct, --is an inyolved .ond involvingprocess. SinNtife securing of funds isimperative, the general public must beapproached wand convinced of the valeand benefits to. be derived from theproject, and influenced to continuefinancial support for services from thebuiJding through its own resources. Amultitude of actions and decisions arenecessary to obtain a pleasing andfunctional, ',public library buildingappropriatte for the cornmuntty it serves.Assessment of the needs of the area'spopulation, translation of the needs into awritten building program, and subsequentdecisions regarding cost, size (floor area),amount of book shelving area,. seatingcapacity, etc. are all important factorswhich can later' influence the extent ofpublic use.oi the finished library facility.

Decisions regarding the selection_oa suitable site can also have significant ,teffect on the librari's use. Situated .at abusy main intersection or %conveniently0

locatid in the center of a 'downtownshopping area, or in ,rural areas, nearanother irnpbrtant local service buildingsuch as the post office or town hall, apublic library becomes a readily

The choice of exterior style can alsoinfluence public acceptance of a newlibrary. In some communities, interest inpreserving-unity of style of local buildingsis of prime importance .and so a newproposed structure,must comply with thisdesire in order to be welcome. ThisregfIrd for architectural harmony withexisting buildings, coupled with the desirefor a building able to render modernservices that meeg.t.day's demands, wasexpressed in

tons true t ien repor t

submitted by a southern librarian: "Anattractive Georgian style was selected forthe new library to be in keeping with theearly, historical buildings and homes inthe areli...constructed of colonial stylebrick...and designec4'for easy occess ofelderly visitors, and those in wheelchoirs,"

in other coinmunities, the drive for-a well functioning, modern library sharesequal importance with respect for thenatural environment. One northwesternlibrary which ochieVed this dual qualitywas honored with -76n award ,from anaichitects.oral 'association... The jury"commended the setting of this building,the retention of the natural-surroundings,

tand its (the library's) scale and characterin relationship to the surroundingneighborhood...Liberal gloss areas' withthe books exposed to view expressed thebuildipg's functions for all to see...Thefilbrcry has become a sociof-ceeletrt:or thecommunity and the quality of innerspaces -and the materials used contributedto this.-Entry plaza, entry court andcontrol desk proyide a hub around whichall main areas are convenientlysituated...The inner garden 'court anddecks extending to the natural landscapecomplement these inner spaces."5/

Many libraries built with Title II aireceived awards from State and nationsarchitectural, engineering,, and historicalpreservation associations. These awards

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are a tribute to the farsightedness dndhigh quality work of library planningteams working in conjunction withexcel lent architects and constructionfirms. Recognition through formal awards

-notvral-44--an--honor,--but- the mostgratifying result of these well designednew and remodeled public library buildingsis the increased usage by the public theywere built to serve.

The following sections examine theochieverfients of LSCA Title II in relationto the specific concerns of constructionprojects: cost, populafion served,increase in usable floor area, and seatingcapacity and, book volume capacityincrease"

-COSTS-

Centrd% to any review of 9 Federalmatching grant program is the effectiveuse of the funds. This can be determinedby reviewing both the program'saccomplishments (as will be Oesented inthe upcoming sections), and by examiningevidence of public financial supportstimulated in response to the availabilityof the Federal dollar.

An overview of the funding sourcesfor public library construction authorizedunder Tjtle li is shown in Chart A: TheConstruction Dollar. (Tables 1 and 2, seeAppendix, p. 19 and' 20, further breakoutexpenditures by State, source, population-.density of area served, and type ofconstruction.) LSCA Title II fundscomprise the major portion. of the Federalcontribution to public libraryconstruction, providing 24% of the totalexpenditures. Another 3% of these castswere supplied by other Federal fundingsources including: Model Cities Program,General Revenue Sharing, Communityand Housing Development Act,,Appalachian Regional Development *t,-and, most recently, the Local PublicWorks Act.

The largest of these other Federalprograms supporting_ public. libraryconstruction is the Appalachian RegionalDevelopment Act, which has to dateassisted 149 library' projects with 154

. million dollars. This progro assistsdepressed communities in designatedAppolochion areas to establish basiceconomic and educotional facilities andservices in order to become Selfau ;Lief] . The Appolochion Re:fork:11Commission provides supplemnental fundsto augment local monies to enable thelocality to qualify for Federal funds suchas LSCA Title 11. It can also provide the

c grant under authorization of anotherFederal program when monies oreunavailable, as has- been the case withLSCA Title II since its lost rippropriationin 1973.

THE CONSTRUCTION DOLLAR

Combined Federal expenditures,however, are only a fraction of the totalcosts of the construction p'rojects. Therelatively small LSCA investment of 24iout of every dollar, prompted nearly threetimes that amount in matching funds. 1-1;e

matching dollars from both State andlocal sources combined equal 73% of thetotal costs, with local support comprisingthe major share, 66%. In the vastmajority of States, Nicol/State funds farexceeded the matching requirements setby law. This high percentage of matchingin some cases not only surpassed, butactually ,doubled the required amounts.Local dollars in the amount of$475,756,419 were raised which, alongwith $53,137,1%96 from State funds,matched $174,318,366 in Federal I1. grants.With the addtion of $21,469,975 providedby other Federal sources, a total of over$724 million was expended under Title 11

outhoriiration for public libraryconstruction projects.

AN a result of the lorje contributionof local dollars, the effectiveness of theFecierul grant was...multiplied. Credit-for -t-hit rftvrx; not i Fri i tonbelongs to the State library agencieswhich had re.sponsihility for distributingthe funds. In an effort to spread theFederal dollar for the greatest benefitthroughout the State, many State libraryagencies required a higher level of localsupport than the level required by theFederal government in order for the Stateto qualify for its allotment. In this way,States could use their allotment toinitiate more construction projects and toprompt a larger outpouring of localmonies.

Raising local funds to qualify for aTitle II grant took many fortrrs in additionto bond referendums and appropriations,including typical "grassroots" efforts suchas bazaars benefit banquets. Securingcontributions orn individuals, localbusinesses,. indus clubs, and privatefoundations, and inspiring memorialcontributions were also among the variousavenues' that fund-raising committeespursued.

-POPULATION- .-

Projects funded by Title, IIprovided 88,458,742 persons with ,opportunity to avail themselves of a f I

range pf library services offered from apermanent building. This high count ofpopulation served (over one-third of thecountry's current population) reflects onlythe availability- of library services anddoes nbt begin to measure the benefits ofthese services in terms of human value.

This summation of the Title IIprogram has. considered three basicpopulation sizes. Tht categories studiedare: rural, areas wifh less than 10,000residents; mid-range, areas of 10,000 to100,000 person and urban, areas ofgreater than 100,000 population. Theachievements of the construction projects

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are related to these three basic sizepopulation groups throughout this study.Since all' figures were calculated fromdocurnentatiork submitted for approval ofconstructIon,,lind these reports cover a

for early projects may vary from currentr figures for the library's service area

today.In examining the population figures,

it appears that Federal assistance initiallyhod the 'most- impact on rural residents,followed by a wider distribution of grantsto other more densely populated areas.The population served through Title IIassisted libraries is broken down by Statein Table 3 (See Appendix, p. 21).

-NUMBER AND TYPE OF PROJECT-

In interpreting and evaluating Title IIexpenditures, it is germane to call.attention to the bresdth of the program'saccomplishments. The act.)al number of

library facilities newly csstructed orremodeled into more usable structurestotals 1,917. Within the nine year activefunding span of Title II, 0,804 of the totalfibre:), construction projects were begun.FArt*en doiatrt_by fisenl yeorthe_number ofprojects approved bnd carried out is asfollows:

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FY 65 31.7FY 66 350FY 67 272FY 68 775FY 69 206FY 70 66FY 71 109FY 72 126FY 7.3 53

Since the most recent. appropriationfor Title II in FY 1973, 113 libraries hovebeen awarded construction grants underthe Title II authori;ation, utilizing moniescarried over from previous. fiscal yearsand/or funds from other Federalprograms.

CSAIIIT B.

NUMBER .OF NEW AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSBY TYPE OF LIBRARY

' 041Iyoss of Mary buildings Including egoism hoodgoorloro,

promising amiora, and basionotelo hoodquorlarak

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Many typos of libraries were givenFederal assistance. Predominantly,central libraries and branch libraries wereprovided construction aid, but otherlibrary service buildings were alsoIncluded. .107100Q their were systemsheadquarters, processing centers,bookmbbile stofoge garages, -- buildingswhich helped improve the overall qualityof public library service in an area.

Federal funding is often necessary toensure establishment of other type

ej libraries, in particular those which servemore than one specific locality or whoseservice oreg crosses local jurisdictions.Federal aid may be influential in thebuilding of processing centers and otherservice centersl.which do not providedirect public service, but contribute tothe economical, efficient functioning ofpublic libraries, freeing the",-Cyne of locallibrary staff for giving increased patronassistance and developing new services.In such cases, local construction supportmay not be readily forthcoming, sincematerial or service benefits are notclearly apparent to the average_taxpayer/voter.

When the cost of building a newlibrciry has seemed,prohibitive to the localtaxpayer, one solution offered hai beenthe renovation of another building,standing unused, such as a vacatedgrocery store, theatelk, or post office.Acquisitions of these stkc)ures by libraryboards Name kept good Serviceablebuildings, se with historical value, fromgoing to waste, and with remodelingand/or small additions they often hovebeen transformed into attractive, sturdylibraries.

. On the other hand, it should bepointed out, that many librarians have hodto muster courage to steodfastly refuse toaccept a building which was) and wouldalways remain ill- suited or badly locatedfor library purposes.

Ch4rt B shows the total -number oflibrary buildings assisted by Federalsupport, broken out by both type of .construction and by type of library*.(Table 4, see Appendix p. 22, covers thesame categoriei but also breaks out. thenational totals by State.)

Both control libraries and branchlibraries how new constrsict ion at a highrote, reaching totals of 521 and -SI7respec t i vr 1 y. Crnt431 libraries, however,have apiNirnately 2 1/2 'times (358coinpared to branches 139) the number ofother construction projects whiffs ue

remodeling, .renovation, additicombinations thereof. Since centrallibraries existed before any of theirbrunches, it logically' follows thethat thcentral libraries ore likely to be theoldest and the most in need of theseimprovements.

The Division cxnong new and othercons.truction projects reflects not- °1stythe type of library, but the size . of-population served as Chart C and Chart0 demonstrate. Rural areas which werepreviously without services had thegreatest need for main library buildings,whereas urban libraries showed the

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greatest desire for new branches or forremodeled central- libraries, . Inmetropolitan areas, new brunches woreneeded to extend services to thespreading suburban communities and toaccommodate the population thrust of °large city. t ill l y. -urban- -.1-rntr .31libraries .needed assistance' to keepexisting li ary structures functioningand able o cope with the even greaterdemands i ng placed on them. As thehub of o city library system, urbancentral lib ones have greater spaceneeds, for staff, workshop areas,materials storage, equipment fornetworking activities, etc. Space is alsorequired in whrch to conduct newservices necessary to reach minorityinner-city dwellers. Adult education antiliteracy projects, ethnic heritage events,local history taping projects, audio-visualand media use, etc. are exaples of suchservices. These space deffciencies wereoften eliminated through well plannedocklitiont and reallocation of 'interiorfloor area, supported as etigible expensesunder Title II.

. From the data examined, it is-evident that the determination of type of-,:olistruction project to be 'initiated was`lased on the combined factors of cost toconsenting taxpayers, site of populationTo be served,_ the library's inajOrfunctions (as central, branch, processingcenter, etc.) and space Weeds for theindividual library activities.

-FLOOR AREA-

The main goal of constructing,adding to, or renovating a 'library buildingis to create more usable space for libraryactivities. Therefore, the increases infloor area achieved by Title IIconstruction projects are of note. Thetotal floor area effected by this Federalassistance program if 24,527,000 square

"-feet, of which nearly 21,000,000 squarefeet is new or otded and the re-noihing is

'remodeled floor area.Table 5 (See Appendix, p. 23) gives

break-buts by State of new /added and

remodeled floor area by type of librdhoand population site. Some intern stingfindings car) be extracted from thosetigueini. Of all types of libraries, centrallibraries achieved the most substantialrainy in floor area, a sand 12.7 million%trio', e tee? - over half the national total(joined by all Title II assisted libraries.With regnrd to popu tion size, theg measure of car ined new/addedgreatest meaand rernodelr:d floor ea is found inlibraries serving the mid-range populationgroup, with 11.725,000 square feeteffected. Urban libraries follow with6,583,000 square feet and rural librarieStake third place with 3,219,000 squarefeet." On a per project basis, however,.t of floor area averages follow adif ent order: 5,300 square feet forrue' I libraries; 10,050 square feet for mid-range population; and 36,500 square feetfor urban libraries.

With proper planning, theseincreases in floor area can hoveconsideispble impact on the- range, typeand quality of services the - new orredesigned library of The architect'sexact delineation of 'floor area 'forspecific purposes (i.e. technical staff workarea, multipurpose Looms, reading areas,)ook shelvinll and rrtoterials storage, etc.)is of individual concern to each libraryand is based on the assessed present andprojected, needs of the community itserves. --In new construction projects, thelibrarian has the-advantage of being ableto plan space utilization in- accordancewith his/her interpretation , of the

.----cOmmurrity's desires, to include, forexample, small group meeting rooms; artsand crafts work space, activity areas formusic ',ening, etc. Well designed flqorarea can ease the traffic flow and _placethe librarian in ci visible, 'approachablelocation fro-n which he/she con both assistpatrons and supervise the library. Alibrary can also be planned to emphasizespecial characteristics, such as a pleasinggoturol environment, or to create aparticular ambience. Treading as anenjoyable, relaxing experience con beemphasized with comfortable lounge areasand open stocks; fun-time activities for

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children can be ;mode~ even More-pleasantaAd lebrning-effective.ioith vibrant, opengrad unclutfered areas; and quiet study canbe stressed through defineaprivate spacesSuch as study caFrels bOoths forindividual work.

Although rei nodeling does. notusually afford the same -planningoppottunities as does hew construction, itcan be, utilized to provide additional floor

:,urea for a needed children's room, a long--.

awaited r$Oblic auditoribm, or accessiblebook shelving. e

-.Remodeling projects.may also resultin .many-:gooci,changes'ttiat, although . notMeasurable in square- feet, nonethelesshaVe 'definite Rositive effect On, the

--smooth fUnationing of the library... Through .renovation, -the: library may be__made barrier=frOe..- fpr 'handicapped..patrons, :be--altered toynake new Services

or be redesigned.. to providecoesolidafedsfaff work 'areas, increasingbath staff .efficiency and marble. One..drcraatic example, of the latter -was therepoitat.ion of. an old Carnegie librarywhere the staff work areas had been.divided between ...tie second. floor and thebasement levels. The time d energylost between floors had a alizingAfect-tan the staff and had al ed theirability and desire to respond to patronrequests within a creditable frame.With consolidation of the librar rOce

. areas, .. staff effectiveness wasConsiderably' upgraded, deipite the zero

. .inCrease in square footage registered h'the data.

;SEATING CAPACITY-

As described'in the previous section,the expansion of usable floorarea has hadboth direct and indirect _effects on thequality of services 'a library can offer.The .advantages :libraries accrue fromincreased square footage become clearwith .a closer examination of new _andremodeled floor space divided intodesignated use areas such.es book shelving

space, seating' for reading activities andseating for public.meeting purpo_ses.

The seating capacity of a library. directly determines the way in which the

public utilizes its library .facility. With.adequate and comfortable seating forFeeding, viewing, listeritrig, and studying ina pleasant atmosphere the users are more:',;:..

. likely to enjoy their visitsextend them in/l ength-of time, and come more frequently -than if crowded conditi&qs prevail. Theavailability of Thaltipurpose rffeeting andactivity "rooms is' also a big pl for

, increased library patronage-

r..` The proportioninnumber of seats alrdoms versus readidifferently perceivedoff: iridividual libraries. The division offloor area in a newly constructed librarymost -visibly Oemonstrates theparticular

- .patroriage the library is geated to attractand serve. In q, community. -.for exaMple, .a low-income urban- area = where crowded,

. living qyarters and accompanyingly, highnoise leVels diStract, the library may aimto 'offer an alternative environment forstudents and other persons needing-privacy and quiet study space. Such alibrary's emphasis would be on providingthe largest seating- capacity for individuallearning-conducive reading areas.Another library, particularly one in a ruralsetting, may conclude, after assessing theneeds. of the community, that theconstruction of \"a meeting roarti. would'advance library use and make the library a

.local point for community activities,since meetirig rpoms. are availablenowhere else irr the144ighborhood.5.

The, choices made in the use ofseating capacity 'by individual 'libraries iscompiled in a national overview providedin Chart E This chart. reveals substantialgroWth in the seating capacity of bothreading° areas and meeting rooms inlibraries serving th6 three eppulationgroups. The upswing in, number of seats in \reading areas is nearly constant across all .

population categories ranging from a 2 1/2to 3 time capacity increase.

S_

space and theated for meetingareas reflects 'theeels and 'priorities

2."%t

It .is in the enlacement of seating-icapacity of meeting rooms that thegreatest variance among. populatibn.'groups occurs. Large incregses -areevident in all thre groups, but 'thepertentoge . increase of 827% in ruralareas is donsiderably- 'greater than' the573% increase registered -1)y mid-rangelibraries or thle 376% increase exhibited inurban' libraries. The strikingneed lor'meeting rooms in rural areas isalso demonstrated in.the number of -new

. meeting rooms, built in rural librarieswhich previously had no such publicmeeting space. Out of the 1,119 new oradded. meeting rooms constructed for

libraries formerly lac king suchmultipurpose, rooms, .427 -are found inthose libraries which serve predominantlyrural areas:

The combined total for both rebdingand meeting roach seating capaCity showsan overall national gain from 67;503 to266,034 seats in Title II project libraries.This figure shows approkimatelyquadeIpled seating capacity. Eachpopulation group evidences an,increase.a.approximately 3 to 4 times the originalseating capacity.

.The rate orease in seating

capacity, as related to population served

,CHART

SEATING CAPACITY BY POPULATION DENSITIES

-UNQER 10,000PEOPLE (RURAL)

BEFORE

AFTER

10%900 TO

100,000 PEOPLE

BEFORE114

AFTER

OVER 100,000PEOPLE (URBAN)

BEFORE

AFTER

30 60 99 120 150 180

TOTAL NUMBER OF AYABALE'SEATS (IN 'THOUSANDS)

also reveals marked increases.' From theprogram's beginning in 1965 to the presenttime, the number of seats crvailable inreading areas per 40,000 persons has risenfrqm 10 seats in 1965 to 30 seats in 1978..In meeting or multipurpose rooms, thisrate of -increase per 40;000 per s - asfrom 3 seats in 1%5 to 20. seats in197Tables 6 and 7 (see 'Appendix, p. 24, 25further detail these gains in seatingcapacity, breaking them out State,,type of library and type of con ruction.The percentage increase rest)l ng fTitle II aid, is also given byStat

-B001. VOLUME C 15-A CIT

Since the -bus' ess of librariesrevolves around book to such a g

-e>;tent, the increase in book lumeCapacity is another signifjcant f ctor inthis summation of Title II

accomplishments. Nationwide, there were-substantial gains recorded in the -bookvolume capacity ,:of the libraries thatreceived Federal construction aid. Thetotal shelving .capacity of these librariesprior to Title II funding was 50.'9 millionvoiurnes; after completing construction,the book volume capacity totaled 122.8millio4 an expansion of space e toaccommodate the addition of 71.9 mi onbooks.

. _

Chart F provides an in-depth view ofbook volume capacity increase with abreak-out of national gains by both typeof library and i7-f= of population served.,(Table 8, see Appendix p. 26, showS a

/ detailed State by _State book volume/ increase by type of construction and type

of library.) Branch.-libraries claim thereatest increase, having more thanddrupled their shelving space--a 7.5illion volume capacity raised to a 33illion book capacity. This can be

attributed to the large number ofbranches ( out of the 1,917 Title II

projects) w were newly constructedand thus had th4-'opportunity to plan aheadfor -extensive shelving area. Among

branCh libraries, those ruing mid-rangepopulations were found t ve jumped tomore than five times their original 5.2Million book capacity to .9 million

_volumes.

their, a ady large volume capacity,libraries more than doubled

exhibiting fairly consistarit increases in allthree size population groups. Sincecentral libraries qn urban areas mainlyundertook remodeling projects, this

(doubling of book capacity from a highoriginal figure of 27.9 million to. 61.7million volumes / represents a notableenlargement.

In the categorx of +Zither" :type-libracies, the overall bilk volumecapacity increase was again nearly

-doubled. The greatest percentageincrease, however, occurs in the librariesserving rural areas: a 325% jump from alow count of 400,000 to 1,300,000 bookcapacity._ These figures reveal the lack ofmany su-ch service centers in rural areasprior to Title II funding.

Impressive as these increases inbook volume capacity are, they -indicatejust one of the many material `'gainsresulting from Title Il grants, since booksonly represent one facet of. libraryservices. These figures do not take intoaccount, 'Tor example, the extensiveresources of audio-visual materials- and,equipment, realia, all types of art formsand media, skill-building playthings, etc.,which are increasingly taking their place,beside books in today's libraries.

.,

This report barely begins toencompass the many -advantages that canensue froni increased book volumecapacity. , As one direct result of newfacilities providing shelf space for anadequafe per capita book count, manylibraries were able to qualify, for the firsttime, for membership in an interlibrarycooperative system. Also, some librarifts.were enabled to qualify for State aid.Although data cannot accurately portraythe significance that greater book volumecapacity, and thus greater readingselection, can have for a community, one

O

15

librarian expressed than human element inthe library's construction report, saying:

"Herein lies -one of theresponsibilities of a public libraryto bring to its community the finerbooks -Which individual's might nototherwise know exist of have the-opportunity to use."

CHAFIT

BOOK VOLUME CAPACITY INCREASE BY TYPE OF LIBRARY

I

BOOK VOLUME CAPACITY INCREASE (IN MILLIONS)

'All types of Kittery service building, including systems headquarters, and book mA

obilo boodquatoro.

-12- 16

THE, EFFCT. OF LIBRARY COX

The accomplishments of thpublic library construction progrstatistically evaluated and'described, and such clata/i-

- reaching program wlfieffective in carrying,mandqte. One caimpact, however/Title If in relation(priorities of theand Constructiemphasis- was'be, one,throughOuachieveduca

SCAcan be

raphicallyeats a far-has been

its legislativet graSp its full

less one evaluatesa the other legislative

entire Library Servicesn Act program. LSCA's

originally, and continues_ tohelping provide persons

the country with the beste library ;services to meet their

onal, informational, andrecr tional needs. Such amoal has beena' roached in multi-faceted ways. Each

ale of, the Act addresses specific'priority areas, an I in combination, theyhave the overall effect of stimulating- thedevelopment of uality library services.

Preceded by the rural-oriented'Library Servi es Act of 1956, Federal,funds supporting public library 'serviceswere originally targeted 1.. kord reachingisolated rural areas. 'This" task wasen husiastically performed by bookmobiles

"tr veling out to even the, most distant andre ote parts of the country. The services

kmobiles and their librarian/driversw e able to deliver had exciting 'impacton rui-al residents who for the first timewe e able to obtain self-help materials,r6 y information, and recreationalr ing matter. As valuable as theseli ted services were, the advent.of LSCATit e 1l construction funds turned thede re for permanent library. services Sinloc I communities into reality.. ,LSCATit 11 grants provided the basic housingstr cture which made possible. anex nded range o'f ongoing librarypc rams and enabled li5raries to servethe r patrons with a greater variety ofmeaningful library .services:

:Title II projects 'have alsoco HI:Rites:no better utilization of LSGATit I (Library Seryices) and Title III(1n :library Cooperation). -funds. The,pri rities of Title I directly address the

416

UCTION ON OTHER LSCA PRIORITIES

extension of services: to' underservedand/or disadvantaged persbns, and,- withnew permanent buildings .froti which tooperate, communities, have been able .toembark on many innovative ,libraryprojects to help alleviate the identifiedneeds of their clientele. -

. With greater book volume capacity,librarians have acquired specialcollections to meet the uniqueinformation needs of their patrons. Booksdesigned to attract nonuser,sr such asbilinguak4.publicaiions, parbacks, andhigh interesfilow-vecabulary books, havebeen, --offered, along with readingconducive to personal enjoyment.Additionarly, qudio-visual materials and

'equipment whiCI-Chave particular appeal topersons of. limited English-speaking abilityare accomm dated in library facilities.Availclakiy of avdividucii study carrelscoupled w large meeting rooms forgroup ins ruction _makes possible publiclibrary-sponsored adult educatithprograms. Through guest lectures andcommunifWruens held in multi-purposerooms, the --ilbrary can also provideneighbors with opportunities, I forethicational and-cultural experiencei in aninformal setting.

These services are a sampling of thevaried activities sponsored in the newbuildings. One report of a completedTitle II supported addition to a midwestlibrary featured the following newservices: (a) children's story hour, OAparenting classes, (c) family film nights,.(d) lecture series, on taxes, nutrition,county politics, etc.,- (e) young adultsprograms.held in the music listening room,(f) art-study discussion groups, and. (g)reading programs, including one-to-oneliteracy instruction. Other libraries havedestribed how they fully utilize their newspace for needed collections of large printbooks, creating display areas for local artproductions, and providing workshop areasin which to conduct in-service trainingprograms for staff and volunteers.

In additioh to these services whichfulfilled- 'Title I objectives, the

-13-

San Markos Public Library, Texas: Beforeand After

construction of a new byilding or therenovation of an older one has effectedimprovements in- a library' s interlibrarycooperation_ activities for the. benefit ofan enlarged clientele. RenTlocteled spacehas allowed many libraries tip update theirequipment and r so accorimodate newmeans of technology, such -las data basesand computer terminals. These link thelocal library with its sy,sterr4 members, animportcint step in' expanding each library'sability to satisfy diverse patron requests.

The many decisions mode in planning_Federal I y-assisted I ibra6r buildingprojects were based not only on LSCApriorities, but also on the particular needsand goals of the local commuities. Thefollowing examples all demonstrate one ormore national priorities, as expressed inthe Act, mesh*I with State and/or localpriorities and translated into actualprojects ,made pc0ible 4hrough Title II

funding:

The unique cultural needs of the'residents of Frederiksted, St. Croix,Virgin Islands were addressed /Through aremodeling project of the main librarywhich added a "Special Activities Area.1'This versa+i-1 multi-purpose areacomplete with stages and seating for 300persons, accommodates dramaticproductions; orchestra and musical grouppresentationsr dance, films, lectures, etc.It use for town and community meetings,school and public library activities, andvarious other civic activities hasaugmented the community's awarenessand use of the library. The new activitiesarea has enabled the library to encouragecultural expression and growth on theisland and thus fulfill one of its objectivesas an educational and cultural publicservice agency.

Total activity of the Grand ForksPublic Library, North Dakota tripled andcirculation doubled within the first threemonths of its opening in new quarters."Activity has literally sky rocketed,"claimed the library director, 6/attributing th s resurgence of .libraryinterest to th new services being madeavailable in the new building. These newserldc.es, which -are completely accessibleto handicapped persons, include:convenient meeting rooms for public useby large-or small groups; free bus rides toand frbin the library; computer access to

. the school system's computer through aterminal in the library; listening stationswith audio' chairs; Cable TV viewingstations; study cakrels; framed artreproduction-- and sculpture replicas;typewriters; films, film projectors, andslide viewers; recordings, cassettes andplaying equipment, etc. The.emphasis onall .types of media as both a tool forlearning and a form of enjoyment hasgiven the library a revitalized appeal anda new avenue for reaching the nonuser.

The ergtitnsion of -public libraryservices to the city's underservedsuburban areas through a branch librarysystem was- the goal of Ft. Worth's use ofits Title II fUnds. When in 196 I, Ft. Worthhad the dubious distinction of being the

only large U.S. city without a branchlIbrary, 7/ the_city voters authorized aseven branch building program which wascarrie' with the aid of Federal funds-

. Within one year after the full branchsystem opened, activities in the sevenbranches had caused a city-wide increasein library usage of, almost 50%. Tneighborhood branches are highly visible;

- and, as part of a city-wide system, ayeable to offer patrons nearby corwenience,

. a full range of activities, and a' wealth ofrtaterials through in*rlibrary loan.

. The building of Martin's Ferry PublicLibrary was one component of acomprehensive plan for combatting'problems of poverty in the community.An economically disadvantaged area,Martin's Ferry became the firstci3rnmunity in Ohio -to receive funds underth'e Economic Opportuty Act of 1964through its War_ 'on Poverty Commission.The overall program erdphasized increasededucational services directed at meetingthe needs of all segmerits of the.community. The library's role as aneducational agency able cross all -agebarriers, was recognized throtigh aDepartment of Urban Renewal land grant.Previous library -housing- consisted of aninadequate garage for bookmobiles andrental space which necessitated -divisionof the main book stock among threelocations approximately three city blocks

_apart. The new facility, built with Title 11funds provided consolidated services andwas able to effectively aid in theeducational efforts of the War on_ Povertythrough a variety of prograrns.

Addressing the eeds andcharacteristics of all a groups andfostering gretiter in' 'dual andcommunity growth is a aha to alllibraries. In a rural area till isparticularly important as there may befew, if any, other service Orgcinizationsthat target these clientele groups. Thefirst completed LSCA Title II constructionproject, dedicated May 16, 1966, showsevidence of the library's concern forpatrons of all ages. Built to serve. an

agricultural and mining community- of7,000 in an area of about 2,000 squaremiles,. the Platte County Public Library ofWheatland, Wyoming is the cultural' andactivity center. Located at the county

. seat in the county's largest town(popylation 2,500), this attractive,efficient modern library offers separatebook collections and reading/loungingareas for adults, young -people, andchildren; ci Western Americana specialcollection and exhibit; reference roomwith study CarreM and work' areas, aworkroom for staff, a conference roomand a sound-proof room for audio-visualmaterials

As a major resource' center, theadministratiVe headquarters for the NorthCentral Kansas Library ..5Eystem, and asubregional library for the blind andphysically 'handicapped, tte. ManhattanPublic Library provides iffbices to 33member libraries in ci.-seiten-county area.In ,its new quarters,, assisted by Title Itfunds, the library proyildes: space forsystem personnel; a l -rotating book'.collection of _several thousand items; 'acentralized purchasing . department ofsystem materials; an Airt and printingdepartment - which provides displays;printe4signs, book lists, summer readingmateritilik and numerous other publicity*terns for system libraries; Talking Booksfor regional distribution; and TWXconnections with other libraries in theState for interlibrary coopeiative"activities. Services to its, immediate.community were also greatly enhanced bythe new bUilding which offers a businessreference section, an art gallery forexhibition of local and regional originalart, framed arts works including a "mini-masters" series for children, a smallconference room for private groups,-, andan auditorium seating 100 'people. The'result of three years -occupation in, thenew 'library was .a 58% increase inregistered borrowers and a 69% rise 'incirculation. -01

'PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS ANID FUTURE DIRECTIONS

This retrospectiveimpact-, of Federal assist()LSCA Title II on pybliconstruction notes theaccomplishments:

1917 library construction ojects. -

completed

iew of thee 'through

libraryfollowing

A

. I88 million peopleservices in new orbuildings

$174,318,46 from$21,469,975 fromsources stimulatedof $528,893,615 inmatching

have access toin-iproved library

Title II withother Federalthe investmentState and local

Floor space increased by 20,744,000square feet and an -additional3,783,000 square feet wereremodeled

Seating capacityactivities tripled

1,119 jbraries provided publicmeeting (multipurpose) rooms forthe first time in their communities

for; reading-

An additional, 84,984 seats weremade available in the public meetingrooms

Shelving capacity increased by 72million volumes

These - notable improvements can, becredited to the wise use of Feder() L fundson the part of State library agencies dudfocal libraries: Working in 'partnershipwith the Federal government programadministrators, the State and local libraryleaders. used the resources'- fo produce,mgxknum benefits for a large portion. of

:the population. They implemented Title II-:graiits to have impact on the overa ll

,- statewide development of library services.'To assure hat further benefits be

derived through k library construction,projects, ten States -additionally

established their own State4funcAng sourcefor construction purposes.'

, Although no Title 11 funds have beenappropriated since 1973, librarians arecontinuing their efforts to meet .pat r S.

space. demands and are planning for futureservices. In the late 1960's and early1970's, librarians had used Title IIresources to strengthen the library'scapabilities to meet immediate service

and, more than that, to facilitateto provision of new 'types of services forthe foreseeable future. Similarly, today'slibrarians are giving forethought to thepi-ojected demands of tomorrow's libraryclientele _and,- library buildings .must beable (through remodeling if necessary) toaccommodate changing patterns-- ofservice.

: The move to coVputerization, thegreater use of communications technologyand ,increased embbasis on, Diaterlibrarycooperative ..activities, .--such asnetworking, all place additional spacerequirements on libraries: Where extrafloor area is unavailable this necessitateseither encroachment- on public areasand/or staff workrooms, or theconstruction of new housing-1pr these-,activities.

The increased'societal responsibilitiesplaced on libraries as public agencies,such as complete accessibility forhandicapped users aiia regard for energyconservation and ecokogjcal problems,have also created new construction needs.

odeling is- required in a large- numberblic libraries to allow ease of access

rsons confined to wheelchairs andpersons with other' physical-

Irments that inhibit mobilify, inP0 i qr the elderly., The nationalconcern for; dwindling natural energyresources rriust also be reflected inconservation, 'initiatives by public'libraries; Thus, .new. energy- sdving

pforfor

heating and cooling systemsbe installed in many older

considerable renovatan ofprocedure which ,ally-facility.. -

The shifts in population patterns areanother factOr public libraries -Mustcontend with- in determining Nture.,constructibn 'plans. The needs of -rural

.Lcomm= remain apparent-- in hvnyareal lic services of all kinds mustbe provided in order.to s o*.1%---te nigration to-the already overrcrowded cities.'" Onefuturistic type library is the "InstantLibrary" facility made popular by NestVirginia-and originally supped ft byTitleII. 'These modern libraries provideresidents of unreached coal towns,"mountain, hollows, and -other sparsely

.-populated areas with a fixed 4ibraiyfacility within .reasonable distance.Modular prefabricated_ buildings which arequickly-constructed, these libFariel, have apermanent appearance, are able to take--hard use, and can be expanded as the needarises. The newer "Outpost" libraries area further extension of library,, 1 es toisolated rural populations.

Concern, for adequate services inurban areas has also prompted innovativedesIZYS---for supplementary libraryfacilities.. Currently, "Kiosk" libraries areappearing in cities at busy bus stops andon vacant lots near playgrounds and shops.Gen erally, these mini-libraries areconstructed in carousel style withMQXIMUM expan of glass to givevisibility-- to the nviting interiors filledwith paperback ks and staffed by afamiliar 'neighborh d' resident. This

highly visible library does not- provide a-kin range of'services, but is able to gainthe acceptance.of.' ner-city dwellers andthereby stimulate graduated use -oflibraries.

will have to-buildings, anecessitatesthe original

Just -as MigratiOn to metropolitanareas poses. problems to planners, so toodoes the migration out of the cities intosuburbia which often results in the suddenpopularity of slific residential sections.-Libary constr tion plariners musf alsoconsider the' retirement developments

.springing upLiri subarkan areas along withthe "resettling" efforts of young peoplereturning to the heart of the city andupgrading neglected neighborhoods. Tocope with these rapid demographios;.changes, some large city library systemshave utilize4 "Portable Branches." Theseversatile libraries have the advantage ofmobility as they can 'be set clown on anyavailable ,jor. and be removed.- later forservice elsewhere when residents' taxeshave been 'voted to provide a permanets.lib(& building.

ft is evident. that both new patterns.of service and 'population changes 'play .amajor role in determining future' -library

. construction needs. , As a result, thestimulation of funding sources will becrucial to enable public librariesmointain, their ability, to adequatelyprovide for the ever increasinginformational, cuiktral, and, educationaldemands of today's lifelong library users...

-17-

II

A District of Columbia Public LibraryKiosk

.

APPENDIX

rBASIC TABLES:

TABLE 1.- Expenditures by S-tate.and Source_ of Fund ng

TABLE 2 - Expenditures by State, PopUlation Density' and Typeof Construction

TABLE 3 - Population Served _Through Title If Projectsby State

TABLE' 4 - ptoipber. of *Projects. by State;- Population Winsity;

/4TYpe-of Construction and Type -of Library

TABLE 5. -. Affected Floor lrea by State, Pdpu ti on Density,Type of Library and. Type of Cons.truc ion

TABLE 6 - Added - Seating Capacity.in Reading Ai-eas_and Per-centage Increase by State, Population Density,Type of Contruction, and Type of Library

TABLE-7 - Added Seating iapaci -ty in'Meeting Rooms' and Per-centage Increase by State, Poparation Densiiy,Type of Construction, and Type of Library

. ...

TABLE 8 - Added Book Volume Capacity and. Percentage Increaseby State, Population Density; Type of Construction,and-Type of Library

-18-

(-ExPeterrumps SY STATE AND SOURCE OF outextio

.

-

aWaited States

:Astain )Artier& . .

Arkansas -

CaliforniaColorado ,

tonsactitutDelaware

or Columbia

I;SOW .11erai IIdaho ,IllinoisWiensIWOKansastemobacky .,.,

Louisiana -

Maine

MarylandMassachusettschMiigan

MinnesotaMiss issiPPIanswer 1MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire

New JerseyNew MexicoNew VertNorth CarolinaNorth Dakota

,-OhioOk Tahoe.

Pennsylvani aMode -lsland

South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexas_Utah .

VermontVirginiaWashingtonNest VirginiaWisconsin

1.3191111P9 _ -

. Mariam SantaGuamPuerto RicoTrust TerritoryVirgin Islands

.

-

.

-

;

.

TOTAL. MORAL STAVE

.

553,137,1%

ut*Iy 6,497548,511

0 -0 -

I i 2.4030

330,0000

18,424,3791055,721

226,6415,878.147"

329,3350

2440,20530,407

0252;437

0646,601

899,7462,21.7,361 ':

- 0000.00

522.000253,941

157,431000

6180

2,225,00000

.2,000,332

856,512 -100,000

10,0000

35,000248,524

37,7159,015..

8,842,770.00

64,399259,163254,667

2.0792294554 It

. .

.

0

'LOCAL

S47 56,4

9273,537,4751,474,380

-30,364,3743,204,537

13,478,4541,800,61t.

0-9,776,392

4,8513,60?0

2,4004193140,2011,351,2846.012.7707,450,2115.643,8992.860,4211,163,660

9,328,25839,066,41815,361,7612,317,9192419,6049,441,8334,656,1153400,9075.572.1113.892.235

37,717,6485,724,918

52,399,8424,946,9882,196,899

17,995,3183,161,2494,368,736

23,136,629 -4,137,902

4,310,060903,544

11,793,98414,471,4812,631,1451,338,705

14,116,1044443,848

\5,`123,069111177,6942,828,917

00

612,7410

588,204

.

.

LIMA °Teal_

TOTAL

5724481.95%..

6.995.359427 2.8255,189,2143482,569

. 44,375,8026,002,376

16.378,5422.430.383

19444,87818,767,899-

9.348.4777,172,77124,154,916

M362062-17,437,270. 8.630,822.

9,982,2148,645,0716,485.8783,235,735

I14;309,55146,098,57622.265.52317,775,1375,330,129

13,028,2234,063,5885,404,0248,863.0005,266,844

44,042,9076,814,099

67,298,90710,456,5253,247,936

-25,656,951. 7,940,2696,212,144

35,123,7568,024,393

9,350;2294,094,982

15,1129,48122,881.0 99

4,014,2332490,783

18,432,3717,089,062

- 20,103,1721.639,906

722,118

145,839418,987

2,565,714151,404

- 934,832

.

.

e

.

5174,318,366

3.221,356797,105

1,651,1392,050,189

13,003,9402,712,8392470,088

549,764

4,535,7861.220.499

N,8441,1681,2944231,324,1111 .

. .7.302.1793,445,781 .2,587,6452,532.0032412,8853,400,4541,425,474

ZA316099-6,923.5474.053,1397,160,1513,586,3901,368,4731,6=1172,768,8891,120,668

6,167,8281,010,914

13,334,985- 4,319,449

1,Q50,4197,419,8332,30,2661,643,4089,934,1461,474,598

3,0956971,182,4383,362,7467,6658651,348,0881,099,5043,842,5602,466,6242,152,593,071

, 1

81,440159,824

1,593,30614.9,325117,074

. .

-

.

4

521,469,975

. 728,24700

1

895,00085,000

0., ., 0

00

617,0590

180,0000000

135,850225,000

0

990,887241,000

01,404,079

550,3740

39,000000

078,267

1,564,0801,190,088

0241,800184,754200.000

2,052,981-411,561

1,079,9601,909,000

655,751744,253

04,050

435,99269,575

3,984,741388,626- 0

-

. 00

105,000. 0

0

..

.

.

5195,788,341

. 3,949401797,105

1,651,7392.208.189

13.898.9402 797,8392,70,008

549,764r,220,4994,535,786

4,463,2271.2!4,623

.x1,424,962. 7,30Z919

3,445,7812.5874452,532,003

`,.. 2.7413.7353,625,4541,425,474

-......--

4,081,5474,784,7976,923,5475,457,218 i

2,710,5253,586.39017,4731A2t-1172,768,8891,120,668

6,167,8281,089,181

14,899,065 /5,509,531J1,050,419

- 7.661.6332,554,0201,843,408

11,987,1271,886,159

4,175,6573,091,4384,025,4978,409,718

- 1,348,0881,103,5544,278,5522,536,1996,137,333

3,460,212893,201

81,440159,824

1,698,306149 325... .117,074

. I

L.

--44, 2 3

- 19-

A I

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AN

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CO

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TR

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NOs

astrumds

ofdeism

)

-

-

-

omen

sem!

POT

AT

ION

-

.e 11111111A1.)

"

*WI

le 111011JPOPU

LA

ToO

ts

(mad-uolO

al

-

of tampO

SPpRIL

AT

ION

f011iallk_

.

OM

R .

emummuc.

TOTAL

ounalins

-

MIN

I

cominac:

Writ' 'A

l

summ

uss

10Vaa.

lap

amm

o

*Ignited

States

,___

Alabama

,

Alaska

:1:41::0

.

California

Colorado

-

,.

Commocti a

cgt

lelmmar

District

oficomosa

Vlapida

.

,14:2111IOW ,

Illbmpie

Indiana'Iowa'Kamm

KamteckY' Lao

4siaila

Piing

1110714168

Massachusetts

::::::.74......../'----

MS311415101Missouri *stow

NebraskaNevadaNew

Hampshire

.

.New

Jersey' New

Mexico

New

Tort

North

Carolina

North

Dakota

Ohio

.

(Wallo

Oregon.

Pennsylvania

.

Rhode

Island

South

Carolina

South

Dakota

Tennessee.TanisUtah

%Moot

Virginia

.

WashingtonWest

Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

American

Samoa

61411

Puerto

Rico

Trust

Territory.

Virgin

islands

$546714.2

1,267.11,036:2

643.7

.637.5

540.1

1,236.0* 2,36i.8

7 0.0.

' 2.754.8

.929.2

603.5530.1

1097.0 791.0

2.290.1

14310.7 122.6682.6

165.1

768.4

2,661.4

,354.4

'1,354.4

1,204.5

32.0

411.0

1,306.91,219.0

636.2

3,382.0

' 722.1

286.8

'1,017.3

277.2

-

953.2987.8

981.4

1,203.4

320.9

471.0

652.8

-

759.8

2,572.2

130.5

.

298.5

1,045.11,707.59:005.71,083.0

_

170.0

0.0

- 239.2

286.8

146.8

40.5

514;1544)

-

77.8-22.996.148

.0

' 1 5.9

-lc

.7

0.0

.04 .

9

' 6

325.9320.4

64.0

133.7

358.7

227.8

58.00.0

414.7

0.0

1,955.8

238.5

0.0

1 .3.0.0.1 .

0

-

0.0

-

953.5

.

1372.2269.7

1,179.2 70.6

107.7

310.0-79.0

213.3

81:2

376.5

0.00.0

0.0

249.0

1.6

772.7

18.2

473.3

44.0

999.8

366.7

9.5

0.00.0

' 4.60.0

5648632

,

1. 9

' 1.059.

.0

.

686.4

540.1

'7,371.9 3,822.7

n.0 '

0.0

3.i68.7

931.8929.4

8.6o

.s

3.251.0

924.7

2.648.81.531.5

180.0

682.6579.8

768.4

4,617.23.117.0

1,354.0

1,305.8

32.0

'

501.0

1.406.9

1,219.01,589.7

4,714.2

991.8

1,466.01,087.9

384.9

1,263.2

1,066.81,194.71,284.6

697.4

471.0

652.8759.8

2,821.2

132.1

1-,071:2

1,063.32,180.8

1,049.7,2.084.8

536.7

9.5

-

239.2

286.8

151.4

_

40.5

'

5366594.5

3.884.4

686.5

.

2422.41,631.626f684.8

3,021.0- 7,712.9 1

,008.3

.

1,404.54,872.7

5,290.04,666.62.363.8

15,102.3 7,612.44.578.95,602.05,791.44.209.8 345.6

7,490.49,268.7

12,073.0

8,837.43,908.69,145.93.469.93,498.76,975.32,327.7

31,295.3

664.0

35,211.5N4.569.3

,691.9

15,647.9

4,827.53.505.0

18,978.3

5,471.0

3,878:4

- 965.5

5,786.8

11,934.6

1,971.8

.1,317.0

8,968.63,763.1

17,865.2

4,531.9

1,488.9

64.8

179.8

1,4.03.9

,

0.0

775.1

595,429.5

337.2

' 342.6

1.070.3

:41.364.6 2,268.51,358.8'3,440.6

3.4

.0,0

913.7

2,422.9

887.1

406.3

13,494.4

6,405.71.064.1

441.8

,

867.7

1,141.0

mj.183.6

1.131.5,7.Z77.2`

2,374.61,508.6

115.7

1.738.7

233.4250.3

11:1

1,201.5

4.992.8

779.1

7.5280

949.0

-

171.1

2.528.8

779.0

1.192.1

8,036.11,485.7

1,626.8

2,476.7 841.2

1,415.9

394.8

58.5

1,412.1

157.1

232.7

1,287.0.

1.696.5

71.5

0.00..00,0

119.2

5662,024.0

4,221.6

949.1

3.692-7-2.996.2

28,353.3

4.3Z2,8

11,151.-5

1,011.71.434:55.786.4

7,712.95,553.72.770.1

29,596.714.078.1

5,643.06,043.86.659.15.351.61.529.2

8,621.916,485.914,447.610,346.0 4,024.3

10,884.6

.

3,703.33',749.16.986.4

-

3,529.2

36.288.1

- 1,443.1

42.739.5 8,518.3-2,863.0

18.176.7

.

5,606.5

4,697.127.0144

6.956.7

5,505.23.442.2

6.028.0

13,350.5

-

2,366.6

1,375.5

10,380.7

3,920.2

18;097.9

5,818.81.185.4

136.3

179.8

1,403.9 0.0

8941J

$137348;02

.

1,207.6

154.0)56.6 0.0

14,867.6 250.7

_

0.0

512.4

18.210.4

7.226.4

376.3689.7

534.3

4,504.42,494.5 264-3

2.406,9

-'

763.5

416.7

1,126.7

4.919.3

1,149.91,126.55.982.4 0.0

2,111.6

1,257.1 0.0.82.90.0

1.661.5

4.288.79.875.9.

557.7

0.0

.5.857.9

1,267.0

320.3

6,606,5

119.7

3,374.0

0.0

6.393.2

6,546.4

1,515.5

223.0

670.0230.0

8,181.2

5,767.2

-

0.0

0.00.0

s(o.o 0.00.0

$646323-3

..

221.3

.

110.6

,

0.0

0.0

614.8

00.0

,

2,402.3 906.3

00.0

2.586.4

-

527.5

0.0

0.00.0

0.074-70.0

322.5

35.00.0

0.0

23,845.6

-

3,574.4

92.70.0

0.0

602.2248.0574.7

147.9

1,379.1

91.5

13,217.5

292.6

0.0

359.2

-

0.0

-0.0218:3250.6

0.00.0

2,648.6

163.1 0.0

21.1

6,318.4

758.1

1,374.4

969.1

0.0.

' 0.00.0

375.0

0.0

0.0

$2.01.434-5

-

1,428.9

264.6. 7

56.6

15.482:2

250,7

1,402.31.418.7.

11.210.4

-9.812.8

903.8689.7

534.3

4.504.42,494.5 339.0

2,406.9

1,086.0

451.7

1.126.7

,

4,919.3

24.995.5

4,700.96.075.1

0.0

2,111.6

_

1.859-3

248.0

1657.6

147.9

.3,040.64,379.2

23,093.4

850.3

n.0

,6,217.11':

1.267.0

320.3

6,824:8

370.3

3,374.0

0.0

9,047,76,709.5

1,545.5

ff

244:1

6,988.4

988.1

9,555.66,736.3

0.0

0.0Q.0875.0

0.0

0.0

.

addlOsaa,

ffilimodollog

ampiollser,

w essaresaisss

IlsweeP

TOON SERVED THROUGH TITLE ;PROJECTS sys.r TE

tatted States

Alabama fr?AlaskaAr12004Arkansas "-

.55.45E744

1.931.128 .

309,49214872.975100.673

111

."Califormia 5,662.367Color** 1.0724616Coasecttcut 1.340.267Delaware 465.092Distri of ColumbiaFlorida

756.5103.162.471

3.781.515Hawaii 769.913Idaho a95.212Illinois 4.453.679Indiana 1.147.066Iowa 865.833Kansas 1.076.539Kentucky 1.112.992Louisiana 933.150Maine 180,263

Maryland 2.176.332Massachusetts 1.896.123Michigan -4.065.122Minnesota 2.729.354Mississippi 532.084Missouri, 1.342.039Montana 574.863Nebraska 478,597Nevada 127.430New Hampshire 303.833

New Jersey 2.944.316New Mitx1C0 647.380New fort 9.839.383North Carolina 1.496.892North Dgkota 523.907,'Ohio 2.337.927Oklahoma 399.836

Oregon 1,166,162Pennsylvania 5.135.533Rhode Island 429.115

South Carolina 955034South Dakota 821211Tennessee 2.103.038Texas' 6.865.788Utah 633.729Vermont 485.293Virginia 1,594,983Wasington 1.297.520,West Virginia 1,149.756Wisconsin 1.905.050Wyoming 197.841

American Samoa 27.769Guam 46.884Puerto Rico 776.151Trust Territoryvirgin Islands

27,70558.706

21 25

411

.VIM .

Ill.= Or MOJIIICTS BY STATE, POPULATION =NUM TYPE OFCO Ma AND TYPE OF LIBRAITY

.

attalleStatas

AlasAlaskaArizona

- iirtamsalCalifOrmisCallorailloCoasect fastIleleaartOistrict of Co boil 1 aIF leilde

Giargia iilluoiiado.Illinois As

lailtamegaum

M a m a sI t s o l t m t k r

/*stains@Maim

dkrylamdleassackasetts

- MichiganationasqtaMiss les *piMissouriN a m t a s a

alibraskaI l l a v a l a

dlem.lionosh ire

Mrs JerseyOwe MesitaOm YoreMirth Carol loskart% 0411t0t4OhioOklahomaOregonPommeilvaniaUeda Island

South insSwath94MOISSOltTexasUtahVermontVirginiaMasa knishVOtt aMiscalls As101411011

asarican SawOwePearls VicoTrust TerritoryVireo Islands

- .

imps pr coiammenosi .TOTAL

19 17

332 0234567

4564

53

5223

.37 .-54

18. 46

343 02411

-26 .504744

. 28. 29

18261329

892093531474I.7308319 ..

23104798-144740462843

9

6_4

1396.

.

_

,

...

iv OP UMW.

Sir annaoenlommenom

massed

-...

_

120

26a

1314

_215825

. 2244

41

36IIn39I236.2 317I94

222234382317I I18I 18

659

5643

7541220458

G...

178

3980106

32.- 38

24173

2_4

1283

-

1

A.

,

653

7

7. ".._.-

, 249

20- 23

20

12

' I612N.17

610I I13

S-7

428136

l'*--5

N 127

82

2 t

24i I37107

205

10381 i

628

184

41884

26. 6

40I

I

-- 3

..

.

.

.

.

.

879

8I I1210

, 73t 2133 .3-

1

8

5i -I3020

525311 7f II7

2'34.26I 1

I444

1027

7318472411

139

174811

1

52467

8381039

303

.102I1

. .

.

-

663.11

3

cli331 t

1033

24

2714h dn10

15I

i 193

131 51526

. I7145302

13I

3316

1

364i

27. 5

7I

.18

1 285

. 421396.4

. 334.

11

7ii

'

P

375

1064

1411

13200 :

21

20it3

14362241

III67

10II/193

. 0

3I

2

4. 7

83

15453I

594

1393

200

1

I

.

=1:171e.

391757

.116

20038667

0

.

S911143

183

330493

56

210414

39

51236UT

. IM e10,000 to 100.000ever 100,00008We

*Illbssa. Minalmem. Impambos, ;as amEMBIIMes Morme

MI lip= if Mow mpuesawar. annonp SWIM P11100 41.111.11 11" --- 6.11/1.11.6m*

- 22 -

1111111111. APPEOVED FLOOR AMA IY STATE, POPULATION DENSITY, TYPE OF LIBRARY"AND TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION"(In thousands of square Iola,- P

v-

-TOTAL

..

- CONTRALINSAARSIS

1--

1 MANCH UOIUUti011

1

&Han ,

. -

/am RoomAMA ''

,. ..

PUMAmow 'Loom

AMANamosi.soROOM AMA

MOM MosAMA

umosumROOK AMA

mow nomAMA

masoospoROOM AMA

United States

Alabama...

Alaska'Arizona .ArkansasCaliforniaColorado' .

ConnecticutDelaware :

. District of. ColumbiaFlorida'

GeorgiaHawaiiIdaho ,

IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine

MarylandMassichusettsMichlfan .MinnesotaMississippiMissouri :1

MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew- Hampshire

New JerseyNew Mexico),New York fNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma:Oregon

PennsylvaniaRhoderIsland f

South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennessee

_TexasUtah

'1VermontVirginiaWashingtonWest Virginia.Wisconsin.Wyoming

.

American SamoaGuamPuerto Rico -

Trust Territory

VirgtOislands-.. .

.20,744

50i,"?731157

141

1691,364

196

43034

443. 725

49014J .

89740443284399176

' 227 1126.

3731,023753 "'*

555- 252

373191

19592"198

1,267189

1,389421117

931160276772161

' 245115

. 516919.

151

.-56531,270

. .

398418

. 77

-"'414747

23 .

-

a3;783

6519

50943240190

3

'-'". 0

37

3824

141

218938338521

II

ii

.120

'27

6312

'41

129262240

2821

731

.40II

1839al&27726

41:' 0-07128

- , 476

. 040

44541

6,.,000

65

.

10,680

222-2476

26711

93349

6420f97

38

- 0

3t15.

143,

161

16492116

'61

14

882452119

12

3

528073

198

1,110173

1,011197

70

.26343172

45262

27

11

268692

_ 8915

19442123

2407

.

30

'4'14.

2

.:0-..

'

,

.

1,960

389

2014

274

1303

014

6

-0

124102

043377

6. 8

I 3. 61

260025

09

436

7

'16

5752311

039

19

150

11

000

71

1242317

08230

500

. 064

.

..

i

.

.'

5,048

..-

1.1 -'7.-

508030842'41 .

2823139'

121

742

218.185

93'

17

7683.14

182141

2172469522213

16

0-0

1168.

2614.4,

894

33737'

2624590

348 °

9617762

, 3163

20531

89. 14

. .

. I '14

605 .

23

4

1

X96

;7.;-1:264 -

/ '"' CL

41,-P12 ,.

5

22 .

- 26 '

006

15

15

14

51

840893

059

I .13

610

12

004

II

0' 76

150

- 601

16

118

!

1

0000--40.

13

. 01

7

1

. 00 -01

m

,

.

.

i

.

.8,

5,016

2333815

63.345

61

200

.. 0389

331.

6726

167

1153018

82851

.

1770

84190145

148126

'99I9

0

41..

8117

135

43.

3318078 -

759

.18496152

500

38174

232448956.

'0

000

. 0

.

.

%

x\

.

.

1,227

7402768014.3400

. 17

. 17

93

65..85

00060

IS

00

5066

117'

17

18

0

105

8020

1203

914

41000

16I

3 .

740

3624

00000

,

.

'

..

aticoi density:::g2.624

;12.7645.356

5.961.9601.228 ,

,

1.5346,3782,768

.

2431.074643

.

''e - 8343,674540

.ea47850

2562.7122,048

.

38523666

iw,uuu people10,000 to 100,000over, 100,000 people

.

AN toss d Mary wales lisiellogs losindis moms Issolisserlsrs. processing osardes, mid hosilesortims.

?3 7

ADEED ERATINS CAPACITY IN READING ND PERCENTAGE INCREASE BY STATR,,.40PULATION DIMITY, TYPE OP , AND TYPE OrLEINARY

' TOTALCAPACMINMUIN.

TYPI Of CONSTRUCT/014 - TYRB OP tillitARY

e4

). United States .

AlabamaAlaskaAriteee .

ArkansasCalifornia

. ColoradoConmecticutDelawareDistrict of Columbiaflorida

.

leorgiaNew .,

IdahoIllinoisIndianalaws

. .Kansas .Kentucky ..

LouisianaMaine

Maryland'MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippi.MissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire

1New Jersey

Aim MexicoNew Yock c

Worth Carolina.

North DakotaOhio'Oklahoma ;.

-Oregon :

PennsylvaniaRhode Island

South Carolina'South Dakota,

cjogasm;.:44nuseeasn---, -

OtahVermont i

Viroinimj._WashingtonMost VirOinia.imscongin -,.

ibullfill 1

1.-

American Samoa -Collinltorto ;Rico'Trust Territory-Virgin f Islands

,

PINCONTASS

MONAMO

,

maw MaL1M111111 0011611140,1011 MIAOWissiossitiaddem

LIMNOSfampwavadame

ahlellelemmodrsalug

50,360

47325742Q922

2,562721

1,912173415856

870927801

1,032832790927 .

552',. 4498285

2342,7341,33i

. 653453533

'.371

.. 741142'

1,511

3,029338

3,7801,065480

1,381.292

1,1474,398,549

434170886

1,525358

1,190. 770

689785

1,458.

338

frii

0144 .

3575

153,907

2,037719

1,9172,2838,8142,070

.4,265278997

3,058

3,0912,1751,6144,2003,1281,919 .

2,4031,9161 575"?sao-

1,7468,2363,589

' 2,7932,088-2,3921,401

1,639553

-2,909

8,6781,022

10,434.3,5941,1484,9531,1042,3909,7871,805

1,7641,3723,6187.2571;255

. 2.0Z33,5412,3 56

,3,0453,313931

224'180

1,164198365

f ...

206

330180

356148

244.187

123

60140257

255135

101

307276142159

247216103

646201169

328361349278121

28922

186.202176237139

259278108122,

229.

306 .

707308376 .

25070

360242288-127.

175

961807084663 8 6

75,612

1,348428

1,013

5365,903817

1,28395582

1,737

1,6661,203268

. 2,3661,151

9541,286

601837137

1,1721,884-1,910

.1,5971,4261,484672670

- 371III

4,364376

5,4041,584 1573 " 7

2,613-. 622 '

3,7 ,i

7 '.!.r.

1,0801,1541,9235,1.92

834172

2,013.1,4552,104 'ito

1,530293

16180924163215

21,935

21634

484. 825

349532

11,07010

b465

55545545802_

1,145175

1.90

763240158

3403,618

346543'209375358228.40

1,287.

1,285306

1,25094595959190522

'1,604502

25048

809540-63

661758212156

327300

940

-160IS .

50,368 .

550216665236

3,258782

1,94040

482567

. 2200

7131,290992825

1,425. 924.

395160

6523,9Q5890303120191145

331

3651,359

4,466548

4,6701,450

487.

69 .-= 191

76S3,046

755

224113

1,056 ---3,924

507641

969'

251

874994I71

460

156

3515

31,226

670152459584

2,18524935365100705

91182920

1;29253226851

. 198.

55290

5911,102

9711,212498

1,233286

. 81039

45282 ,

1,74854124

.,1,495327243

1,785443

19026

-.4744--

1,686390119.

. 1,1631,311

427254

- . 100

.

' 52180864128275

21,953

344'94373541809318600 ,.

. 0930

1,09041980586772360

'. 242 .

130

45

2694953D3£25

'1,017431

' 599486460

73154.

236538

-1572,008

294235.

' 560.' 58

9161,063. Ils- ..,

122

073

638-105 ,959609

- 322

12

0! 0

0-0

.

2:11.14100 Debitill8405

-31,49710,355...

25,060101,98526062 .-

195

224159

.

11,789'52,261 ,-,

11,562

.

-4,76317,929 .

4,945

..

.

9,57732.3838.408

. .

'6,04122,913.

, 2,272

93415;192 '-'

5,827

1Y, WV. peanut18,1106-to100,004ovar1160,800 people

rue andilpim Ilmestiommexamisea.iis, slowmg spina iremellem. preasseing eselere. art 1;ffilwasiele .

- 24

.

AINNID SEATING CAPACITY IN PAINTING ROOMS AND PERCENTAGE INCREASE Y sumPOPULATION DIMITY, TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, AND TYPE 'OF MUM

.TOTAL CAPACITY IN TITLE II

POO.MCTIITYPICM/COM19191/cOCMI TYPE 011 LIMMARY

.

United States

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFlorida

GeorgiaNew -

Idaho-IllinoisIndianaIowaKansas .

KentuckyLouisianaMaine

lOrylandMassachusetts'MichiganMinnesotaMissilsippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevada 'r.

New Hampshire

New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhio .

OklahomaOrdPennsylvania-Rhode Wand

South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeAntes-UtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWrimilog ,

American Samoa6main

Puerto RicoTrutt TerritoryVirgin Islands.

,=POMO AIM IIIMOMMTSIMI

INOMIAMS

.

NOW SUMAINIMI

141,48N, Wawa

WNW .MONIMMICTION

481414Nv WSW

OMPITMA

WOMBSiressrAlfeellod)

NANDILIMRAMISS

104411p MOE

MOW140040111114110

17.143

700IS

535536350-

260100O.SO

,

20390109

123170

215100

2001850

0642430185

A 11039015

7025

280

9788077215974

690340261 .

3,443683

,

2590

360-575

200837435[7025 .

1,177

SO

0000.0

,

112,127

1,595245

1,0661,2225,0341,1302,515

118652

'2,792.

2,1511,5791,3292,293.2,3672,091

961:2,3831,489572

1,806'4,3682,3064,2671,6272,235

8351,040440

2,031

.6,510698

8,1862,890

7502,6121,5061,6487,3241,810

938487

2,6914,612905

1,4502,4871,7922,6703,191

. 679

28.- 601;142

75_ 425

555 .

2,179245

7,15312883922386718

6525,484

10,655305

1,1191,7641,292873861

1,092705572

1,806580436

2,2061,379473

5,467.1,386 .

1,660625

5267,725960

1,718914279343531113 -

165

262487

' 64870235373

472954

10,580171

1,258

28- 60,7.1,142

75.425--

70,444

1,41115 -

748469

3,9643151,137

18

6522,291

1,476

1,064470

1,6141,6121,816

761

7201,126

165

1,646

1,5511,521

3,396 .1,412,

1,553330835390545

4,353323

4,9412,322556

- 1,922

8661,0502,310-

6/07

471287

2,1013,813

626200

1,852,1,2922,3601,544

100

060

1,14275100

,

. 24.540

106

130325218534465

1,11800

451

65512575055658560loo

1463178407

1602,175

355686105

292. 490

13525

1,206

1,179295

2,4734091200

300337

1,571480

208200230'22479413200330285

470529

280

' 00

325

46,758

391

150

583115

2,145525

1,875-0

5021,130

199

01,1401,179640

1,531-:

84)

1,540658257

802,9821,084419

- 50215130

370315

1,751

4,832518

3,9671,130537

423346900

2,011755

.

30 .

1221,160

4951259413715220

. 7001,399244

14

030015

0.

28,597

69275

330-

. 5721,494

14038018

150666

8057950

79097234520643441265

746744590

1,704695

1,03010015

. 00

507'0

'2,2858970

1,182360177.

1,565372

020716232406ack

1,1370 1,162

270

. 240205

060.'

gi 84260

125

19,629

'V0859.115

00 0

0946

I ;127

39480

20)585000

20550

9800

2021,959772600590' '

5851000

193100

1,162- 704 ,

1393174403103050

'649345455354 .

40160

200 -'

2401.

1,675375180

14

000

300

.

Population Densusider-zwaum people10,000 to 100,000over IODADD people

.

2.0221.0.3664,266

18.74373,12410.260

ii.

'827573376

,

11,841746.05612.541

.

.

'4,87416,2023,464

10,221

32.0624,475

5,586-19,719

3.292

91410,4778.238

*AIINSesosmmisswoUludelows.sulouftlualsesilrsolsi.sopuseflbemposwilmaiklugslosluMusosolembelOporlomplossmassfurrursomusounolikpiwydrorlent

-.25 :29

r.

7 $.

A0000 1100K VOUliNrCIAPACIITYAND P111101111TA0N INONKAKII ST STATII, POPULATIONTYPS OP CONOTNUCTION, AND TYPS 011#1.11111ANY

-,4.,':.:-

*Mk cApAciev id sots si'. PROD ICY s Mt OP CONSTRUCTION j TYM1 OP 1.1111AR1(

..-,...

limited States

Alabama-Alaska

. -Arizona ..

ArkansasCaltfdreiaColoradoConnecticut iDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFlorida,

loorgia"Nawaiilidaho 46.1

IllinoisIndiana ,

IOWKansasKeatuckyLouisianaMaine

MarylandMas itsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaMew Hampshire

New Jersey.

New MexicoNew YorkNorth Carolina,North DakotaObioOklahoma .

OregonPennsylvaniaRhode Island

South CarolinaSouth Dakota

--70resses. ....,,,,4

TexasStabVermont '

/ Virgtaia .

MashtngtonVest Virginia,MisconsinWpointme

kamrican Samoai OmanAluerte RicoTrust territoryVirgin islands

'

I1.. .

AVMNIMOONIAMI

NIMMININ

NM IMILMMISSSmIONIN MIN*

ONINIP

COMMUNIONimpargaissampo

-ININNIAL

LAMM.

N1,1"13"

IMAIIIIM*iiimiusidNO

1

...........mow

Mims* oNINO

50,942,1

634,703212,600

7,8712,920

1,686,996i 479,840

2,866,247308,380483,453296,444

4L1,092,161249,998675,058763,268.

2,126,8591,118,881816,946452,362395,912265,241

. .

266,805_3,225,834

893,441804,911276,790504,400402,350612,690332,274

1,190,954.

2,418,873240,881

3,827,670770,63Q351,511--

1,546,223238,829

1,678,5063,527,423

361,857

568.795178,492344,799.

11,443,819, 464,90I

809,779;752,0001,210,816590,397

4,626,931137,935

16,8000

10,904e

66,500

122,818,712

2,868,296420,048845,994

1,060,8636,857,183

;1.205,3123,855,231429,450

1,491,6252,648,578

2,323,644778,675

1,347,6442,659,6553,145,8001,596,617'1,978,594

960,1831,088,676 4718,506

1,295,0008,599,3682,137,9101,996,588

. 917,5751,474,3901,476,9001,181,7131,008,0002,337,305

6,154,050574,148

8,504,8002,065,335786,017

3,168,262987,000

2,188,3636,329,5815,516,665

1,860,506377,034

2,884,3484,663,501814,500

1,130,4302,661,750.1,949,1502,228,1706,199,021478,320

43,00060,000

1.321,44150,000

'. 118,000

'

314

142

227III

,. 286223

254-61277

247

156

60,000285

50;000

fir

3529825650306151

3539

208793

112

211

992484842142

112

175

170

385166

139

148

23119226793

20390

543822682305

3079

7539

34

77

.

}

,

MV43,741,262

946,514127,240488,123200,941

3,907,127.321,612031,027'52,070

1,008,1721,827,175

960,789. . 195,000

292,8761,455,747969,180353,730984,662235,478574,719281,365

1,004,695695,534815,124948,168443,875812,150843,550.487,222150,726249,500:

2,307,315243,383

2,749,8021,1450585.356,380

1-,442,511

388,671416,305

1,967,772488,100

1,124,929133,552

1,322,6972,575,846258,486,-128,400

1,173,750470,445

1,552,173315,285105,785

3,00060,000310,53720,000

..46,000

.

4

28,115,270

1,287,07980,2081 1,0,000

157,0021,263,060403,860187,957

69,0000

524,959

270,394133,677379,710440,64049,761124,006176,986272,343118,045171,900

23,5004,678,000429,345243,509196;910157,840231,00081,798

525,000.896,851

1,427,86289,884

1,927,328149,12078,106179,528359,50093,552

834,3864,666,708

166,78264,990814,852-64936 "--2;300,47S.91,113192,251736,000-267,88985,600

1,258,805234,600

3,20000

30,0005,500

J

39,802,069

346,04674,640

289,42945,000

3,347,304485,612582,52787,000

948,172759,500

162,3750

464,150908,938-400,1%432,478

1,112,024386,073381,870157,765

34,0004:706,005

601,283. 341,569

40,00095,000

-141,900202,810145,726

1,137,351

2,889,3772610267

, 3,601,942711,985. '

312,106122,910413,500337,997

1,691,4314,840,884

, 62,06273,461

680,495

99,599176,251801,00091,000

414,146'865,5%158.600

13,0000

24,26238,0004,000

15,010,640

1,552,89744,600224,194192,400

1,006,055130.360202,457

,070,000,648

,282osop,436

642,285,945,796,124

1 ,7482 ,58145,500

!

41 ,69566 52939 ,72030 699122,285517,80041030021,300

' 09,000

161,250. 40,000571;730254,22012000

870;592154;500

.. 24796912,404310,900

77,530,

. 8,000288,647

'. 795051249,00027,800

627,600504,33496,500187,000 .

65,785

9,70060,000 ,

286,27512,00047,500

174043,823

334,65088,20894,500120,543816,828109.500204,000

00 .

1,261,986

723,526242,077204,000345,164 ,

271180024,4626,50012,00072,313

250,000

582,500 ..0

246,466546,409478,500357,190

. 891,650344,910530,000

O.

684,55032,000504,058

. 326,500110,380628,537180,171145,064198,3233,024

1,152,119117,081

1,168,407-174:056-

1,000116,600481,150143,000

1,127,127521,494116,000

.3,5000000

ttririltiltuuriZptie

000 to 100,009'guar SMOCCIleople

5,738,344

24,934,82120.380.015

'12,551,350

77,531,91838,735,444

11818990 .

6,387,42321,592,83715.761.002

425,58325.095,2602,594,427

4,238,56725,667,4419,896,061

.1.667.56711,258,2492,085,110

987,158-9,752,4026,374,258

.1AiNerm. mprdonip. noslaller. esEMIndlow. Mursof cloosamogscr rotrnING OFFICIL:1070-73741711/11143 34

.6MIIIIIIIWINImriramisobillemploshilleapolooraudownomplimulpeensees, sollassinslaisdermrs=26-

96. 3n

FOOTNOTES

, tA"Mr. Carnegie's Investments," Library Journal, 27: 329 (June 1920).

, p. 331.

3Comaressional Record, 88th Congress; 1st session, 1963 (IX pt. 17, p. 22710).

4Phy Dalton, "Public Library Buildings for the 70s," 'California Librarian,October 1969, p. 259-60.

5Library News Bulletin, Washington State Library: Olympia, Washington, JanuaryMarch, 1972, vo. 39,p. 31.

6Marilyn Hagerty, "Use of Facilities at Library Triples," Flickertale Newsletter,1972, p. 18.

7Wyman Jones and Ruth McKinney, "Five Branch Libraries for Fort Worth," TexasLibraries, Texas Libraries and Historical Commission: Austin, re" x cM7s,Summer 1968, vol. 30,p. 58.