i DESIGN LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH...
Transcript of i DESIGN LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH...
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DESIGN LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH ULTRAWIDEBAND FREQUENCY
AHMAD HIEDZUANUDDIN BIN AHMAD KHIDIR
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For The Bachelor
Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic) with Honors
Faculty Of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
JUN 2012
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek : DESIGN LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH ULTRAWIDEBAND FREQUENCY 1GHz-5GHz
Sesi Pengajian : 1 1 / 1 2
Saya AHMAD HIEDZUANUDDIN BIN AHMAD KHIDIR mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Tarikh: 19 JUN 2012 Tarikh: `19 JUN 2012
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic) with Honors”
Signature ::………………………………………………
Author : AHMAD HIEDZUANUDDIN BIN AHMAD KHIDIR
Date : 19 JUNE 2012
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic) with Honors”
Signature ::………………………………………………
Supervisor Name: EN MOHAMAD HARRIS BIN MISRAN
Tarikh : 19 JUNE 2012
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For the most beloved and supporting parents,
AHMAD KHIDIR BIN MUIN
DALILAH BINTI MUHD SAID
Special dedicated to my beloved parents, umi and ayah, beloved siblings,
grandmother, grandfather and also to others who encouraged me throughout my journey of
education to the special one, who inspired me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With God’s grace, I have completed my final year project. I would like to thank all those who are involved in helping me to complete this project,
I would like to thank to En Mohammad Harris Bin Misran for being the source of inspiration and for the advices and assist that helped me in completing this project.
A special thanks for the willingness to share the knowledge, experience and also skill throughout this project. I am also would like to convey my most grateful to my beloved parents for always providing me with moral and supports.
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ABSTRACT
In the new era of communication technology, Ultra Wideband is a
communication method used in wireless networking to achieve high bandwidth
connections with low power utilization. In the receiver part of Ultra Wideband
systems, there is one special type of the electronic amplifier used in communication
systems which amplifies very weak signals captured by antenna. This part of receiver
called low noise amplifier which is located of the front-end of receiver. Without
LNA the systems will produce a very weak signal and have a noise. Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) has licensing on the use of UWB frequency
which the frequency allocations ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The objective of
this project final year is to design a LNA using frequency 1 GHz to 5 GHz. The noise
figures that to achieve are less than 1.5 dB and gain is larger than 12 dB. Technique
that has been used in this project is feedback method. This UWB frequency due to its
benefits that are transmits information using very low power, short impulses thinly
spreading over a wide bandwidth, high data rate and less multipath fading.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam era teknologi komunikasi, ‘Ultrawideband’ adalah satu kaedah
kemunikasi yang digunakan dalam rangkaian wayarles untuk mencapai sambungan
jalur lebar dengan penggunaan kuasa yang rendah. Pada bahagian penerima system
jalur ‘ultrawideband’ terdapat satu jenis khas penguat elektronik yang digunakan
dalam system komunikasi yang menguatkan isyarat yang lemah dimana ia di
diterima pada bahagian antenna. Ini sebahagiannya dipanggil penguat bunyi yang
rendah dimana terletak akhir dihadapan penerima. Tanapa penguat lemah ini, ia akan
menghasilkan isyarat yang lemah dan hingar. Suruhanjaya Komunikasi
Persekutuan(FCC) telah memberi perlesenan ke atas penggunaan frekuensi
‘Ultrawideband’ yang terdiri daripada 3.1GHz ke 10.6GHz. Objektif projek ini
adalah merekabentuk penguat lemah dengan menggunakan frekuensi 1GHz hingga
5GHz. Teknik yang digunakan dalam projek ini adalah teknik suap-balik. Angka
hingar yang hendak diterima adalah kurang daripada 1.5 dB dan gandaan adalah
lebih besrar dari 12 dB. Frekuensi ultrawideband' ini memberikan kesan baik dimana
ia menghantar informasi menguunakan kuasa yang rendah, impuls yang pendek dan
boleh merebak pada jalur lebar dengan lebih luas dan kadar data yang tinggi,
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TABLES OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLES OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF FIGURE xii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objectives of Project 3
1.4 Scope of Project 5
1.5 Thesis Outline 5
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ultra Wideband 5
2.2 Advantages and Limitation of the UWB 6
2.3 Comparison Ultra wideband, IEEE 802.11a
and Bluetooth 6
2.4 Ultra Wideband Works 7
2.5 Ultra Wideband Applications 8
2.6 Different Between Ultra Wideband
and Narrowband 9
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2.7 Difference between RF Power Amplifier
and Low Noise Amplifier 9
2.7.1 Power Amplifier 9
2.7.2 Low Noise Amplifier 10
2.8 CMOS versus PHEMT 10
2.9 HBT Technology 11
2.10 History of SiGe Technology 12
2.11 HBT Operation 14
2.12 Advantages of HBT 15
III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Design Specification 18
3.3 Project Planning 18
3.4 Designs for Low Noise Amplifier 19
3.4.1 Bias Circuit (Self-Bias) 19
3.4.1 S-Parameter 20
3.4.2 Two Port Reflection Coefficient 22
3.4.3 Stability Consideration 23
3.4.4 Noise Figure 26
3.4.5 Input and Output Impedance matching 27
3.4.6 Stub Matching 29
3.4.7 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 30
3.5 Broadband Amplifier Design 31
3.5.1 Feedback Method 31
IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Results 33
4.2 Stability 35
4.3 Matching network 38
4.4 Optimization 42
4.5 Hardware 45
V CONCLUSION
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5.1 Conclusion and Future Works 49
REFERENCES 49
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LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE PAGE
1.0 Wireless Communication 1
1.1 UWB Spectrum 3
2.1 Spatial capacity comparison between IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth 8
2.2 Operation of HBT 15
3.1 Flow Chart of Project 17
3.2 Gantt Chart 19
3.3 Transistor amplifier with self-bias 20
3.4 Incident and reflected waves Two Port Network 21
3.5 Signal flow graph of a two port network 21
3.6 Two Port Reflection Coefficient 22
3.7 Stability of two port 24
3.8 Smith Chart illustration for stable and unstable region for
conditionally stable in the ΓS plane. a) |S22| < 1 b) |S22| >1 25
3.9 Smith Chart illustration for stable and unstable region for
conditionally stable in the ΓL plane. a) |S11| < 1 b) |S11| >1 26
3.10 Input Output Matching Network 28
3.11 Single-stub tuning circuits. (a) Series Stub. (b) Shunt Stub 29
3.12 Quarter-Wave Transformer 30
3.13 Topologies of feedback amplifier(a) Voltage-sampling
Series Mixing (series-shunt) topology, (b) Current-sampling shun
-mixing(shunt series) topology, (c) Current-sampling series-mixing
(series-series) topology, (d)Voltage-sampling shunt-mixing
(shunt-shunt) topology 32
4.1 Bias Network 34
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4.2 Biasing Circuit with RLC feedback 34
4.3 Stability and Noise Figure 35
4.4 Input Matching 39
4.5 Output Matching 40
4.6 Schematic Circuit of LNA 41
4.7 S11 and S22 42
4.8 Stability and Noise Figure 42
4.9 S12 and S21 43
4.10 Layout of LNA 44
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LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Comparison between Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11a and UWB 8
2.2 CMOS versus PHEMT 11
3.1 Design Specification 18
4.0 S Parameter at 3GHz 36
4.1 Comparison Simulation and Calculation 37
4.2 Input Matching Impedance 38
4.3 Output Matching Impedance 39
4.4 Measurement Results 46
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADS - Advance Design System
CMOS - Complementary-Symmetry Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor
FCC - Federal Communication Commission
GPS - Global Positioning Systems
LNA - Low Noise Amplifier
LAN - Local Area Network
PHEMT - Pseudo orphic High Electron Mobility Transistors
RF - Radio Frequency
SS - Spread Spectrum
UWB - Ultra Wideband
VLF - Very Low Frequency
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbols Definition
C Capacitor
dB Decibel
f Frequency
g Element Values
G Giga
H Height
Hz Hertz
I Current
K Rollet‟s Stability Factor
Km Kilometer
L Inductance
M Meter
mA Miliampere
mm Milimeter
mW Miliwatt
π Pi
P Power
R Resistance
S Scattering
V Voltage
ω Angulare Frequency
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A BFP640 DATASHEET 61
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Wireless communication is among technology’s biggest contributions to
mankind. Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a
distance without using of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a
television’s remote control), it can transmitted distance anywhere with a thousands of
kilometers (for example, radio communication). Actually, Ultra Wideband (UWB)
wireless communications is a different approach and offers wireless
communications compared to conventional narrow band systems. Global
interest in the technology is huge. Some estimates predict the UWB market will be
larger than the existing wireless LAN and Bluetooth markets.
Figure 1.0 : Wireless Communication
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Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology offers a solution for the bandwidth, cost,
power consumption, and physical size requirements of next-generation consumer
electronic devices. With the consistent high data rates across multiple devices and
PCs within the digital home and office which enables wireless connectivity for
UWB. This emerging technology provides the high bandwidth that multiple digital
video and audio streams require throughout the home. With the support of industry
workgroups, such as the wireless universal serial bus (USB) workgroup and
technology leader’s example Intel technology there are offers to make a high speed
WPAN which can connect the devices throughout the home.
At the receiver there are have an LNA design presents a considerable
challenge because of its simultaneous requirement for high gain, low noise figure,
good input and output matching and unconditional stability at the lowest possible
current draw from the amplifier. UWB communication poses big challenges for low
noise amplifier (LNA) design.
The design of LNA 1GHz until 5GHz is using BFP640 SiGe HBTr. Due to
the designs that have chosen because designs for use in low cost commercial. It has
high gain, high linearity and low noise performance and so on, so that it can satisfy
our requirement perfectly in awide band range., Others the design will perform in
FR3 board which have a fully intergrated for low noise amplifier for UWB.
The HBT device was chosen because of its higher maximum available gain
(MAG) and the ease to obtain an unconditional stability over a wide bandwidth
owing to its. lower impedance.[20]
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Figure 1.1 : UWB Spectrum
1.2 Problem Statement
LNA function in today’s communication system provides first level of
amplification of the signal received at the receiver. The smallest possible signal that
can be received by the receiver defines as receiver’s sensitivity.
The LNA function plays an undisputed importance in the receiver design. Its
main function is to amplify extremely low signals without adding noise. thus
preserving required signal to noise ratio of the system at extremely low power levels.
1.3 Objective
The problems occur when amplifying the signal where the transmitted noise
also being amplified. To avoid from this noise happen, the LNA is designed so that
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the signal is transmitted without contributing too much noise. The objective of this
research is to perform circuit design, including circuit analysis such as simulation and
measurement at 1GHz until 4 GHz frequency. This low noise amplifier will produce
noise figure less than 1.5dB and also high gain above 12dB. The method used in
obtaining the gain and noise figure is a feedback method,. The results of gain and
noise figure from the three methods will choose the best result.
1.4 Scope of Project
The scope of works for this final year is to design a Low Noise Amplifier
for Ultra wideband application. Following is the scope of project;
a) Literature Review – At the beginning of this project will be research on the
theory such as circuit theory.
b) Calculation – Analysis can be doing by calculation in term of stability, gain.
c) Simulation – Simulation is the procees that we have done for calculation part.
d) Fabrication – After running the simulation part, the circuit can be design The
fabrication will be done using microstrip. The design will be fabricate the best
technique
1.5 Thesis Outline
In this thesis outline there will be covered in four chapters. Chapter 1 is for
Introduction. For this chapter, there are covers the background of the project,
problem statement and scope of work in term of planning schedule.
For the Chapter 2, will be represent the theoretically part especially in basic
of Ultra wideband, Ultra wideband works and other’s. And for Chapter 2 will be
discussing the theory of LNA and step of designing LNA. The methodologies will
be cover in Chapter 3. Simulation results will be appearing when the project will be
applied. Chapter 4 will covered the Results and the lastly dor the Chapter 5 will
covered conclusion and future works.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ultra Wideband
In the technology of Ultra wideband for Radio Frequency which are using
low energy to transmit binary data and extremely short duration impulses or bursts
over a wide spectrum of frequencies. There are using over the distance from short to
medium range 15 to 100 meters to deliver the data and also not involve a dedicated
radio frequency. It’s known as a carrier-free, impulse and base-band radio.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a high data rate, low power short-range wireless
technology that is generating a lot of interest in the research community and the
industry, as a high-speed alternative to existing wireless technologies such as IEEE
802.11 WLAN, HomeRF, and Hiper LANs. The main advantage of UWB
technology is low cost transceiver design. The major challenges in Ultra Wideband
Communication Receivers are high speed, high dynamic range of ADC and
Wideband Low Noise amplifier.[1] Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology is loosely
defined as any wireless transmission scheme that occupies a bandwidth of more than
25% of a center frequency, or more than 1.5GHz [2].
Ultra-Wideband Communications was first employed by Guglielmo Marconi
in 1901 to transmit Morse code sequences across Atlantic Ocean using spark gap
radio transmitters [3]. Approximately fifty years after Marconi, UWB technology
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was applied to impulse radars in military applications and this technology was
restricted to military from 1960s to 1990s. However, ultra-wideband is now ready for
commercial applications because of recent advancements in microprocessors
stemming from the rapid development of semiconductor technology. Therefore, it is
more appropriate to consider UWB as a new name for a long-existing technology. [3]
2.2 Advantages and Limitation of the UWB
There are many advantages in this UWB technology. The advantages of the
UWB system are offers a high data transmission especially. Other’s than that the
technology is the simple transceiver architecture. Ultra wideband also performs with
the large channel capacity and high performance in multipath channels, and low
signal-to-noise ratio and low power. UWB have been known as a power spectral
density which also allows them to coexist the in term of cellular systems, wireless
local area network (WLAN) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The FCC
power spectral density emission limit for UWB emitters operating in the UWB band
is -41.3dBm/MHz. The Federal Communications regulates interstate and
international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50
states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories
2.3 Comparison Ultra wideband, IEEE 802.11a and Bluetooth
Wireless communication now days can give advantages to all of user.
Actually the communication needs a range or a big area with the high speed
limitation of the transmission of wireless. The comparison is following [4]:
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Table 2.1 : Comparison between Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11a and UWB
Systems Bluetooth IEEE 802.11a UWB
Operating range 10 meter 50 meters 10 meters
Peak Speed 1Mbps 54 Mbps 50 Mbps
Spatial Capacity 30,000
bit/sec/square-
meter
83.000
bit/sec/square-
meter
1,000,000
bit/sec/square-
meter
2.4 Ultra Wideband Works
UWB differs substantially from conventional narrowband radio
frequency (RF) and spread spectrum technologies (SS), such as Bluetooth
Technology and 802.11a/b/g. A UWB transmitter works by sending billions of
pulses across a very wide spectrum of frequency several GHz in bandwidth. The
corresponding receiver then translates the pulses into data by listening for a
familiar pulse sequence sent by the transmitter. UWB’s combination of larger
spectrum, lower power and pulsed data improves speed and reduces interference
with other wireless spectra. In the United States, the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) has mandated that UWB radio transmissions can legally
operate in the range from 3.1 GHz up to 10.6 GHz, at a limited transmit power
of –41dBm/MHz. The result is dramatic short-range channel capacity and
limited interference. [5]