I am making the I am making the assumption you have assumption you have read section three.read section three. Civil law code – Romans citizens onlyCivil law code – Romans citizens only Law of nations – all Law of nations – all

– Merged as Romans gave citizenship to Merged as Romans gave citizenship to allall

Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guiltyJudgesJudgesPax Romana – peace of Rome, 200 Pax Romana – peace of Rome, 200

years starting with Augustusyears starting with Augustus

ChristianityChristianity

Religion in RomeReligion in Rome

Lots of religionsLots of religions Roman gods must be worshipped Roman gods must be worshipped

unless permissionunless permission People chose religions that People chose religions that

benefitted them – Cult of Isis – benefitted them – Cult of Isis – women; Cult of Mithras - Menwomen; Cult of Mithras - Men

Divisions in JudeaDivisions in Judea

Zealots rebel Zealots rebel against roman against roman influenceinfluence

Belief a messiah Belief a messiah would lead them would lead them to freedomto freedom

Temple Temple destroyed – destroyed – Diaspora 66ADDiaspora 66AD

ChristianityChristianity

Origins in Judaism – same leaders, Origins in Judaism – same leaders, prophets – O.T. of Bibleprophets – O.T. of Bible

Islam connectionIslam connection

Jon the BaptistJon the Baptist

New prophet – New prophet – great prophet great prophet would followwould follow

Baptizes JesusBaptizes Jesus Speaks out Speaks out

against so called against so called Jewish leaders - Jewish leaders - decapitateddecapitated

JesusJesus

Don’t write this - Don’t write this - Book is not quite rightBook is not quite right Lots of info about Jesus’ life from Lots of info about Jesus’ life from

Biblical writersBiblical writers– Also - Josephus, Tacitus, AfricanusAlso - Josephus, Tacitus, Africanus

Who is this Jesus?Who is this Jesus?

Born 4 B.C. (that’s why Before Christ isn’t Born 4 B.C. (that’s why Before Christ isn’t accurate)accurate)

Virgin birthVirgin birth Descended from King of DavidDescended from King of David Small town – NazarethSmall town – Nazareth Carpenter? Dad was probably a Carpenter? Dad was probably a

stonemasonstonemason Performed miraclesPerformed miracles Spoke in parables,Spoke in parables, 12 apostles – went out to spread 12 apostles – went out to spread

messagemessage

MiraclesMiracles

Jesus was a JewJesus was a Jew

Followed Jewish law, but added to Followed Jewish law, but added to itit

Son of God – messiah?Son of God – messiah? Spiritual salvation - eternal life, Spiritual salvation - eternal life,

justice, moralityjustice, morality Upset with Jewish establishment of Upset with Jewish establishment of

the day – more concerned with the day – more concerned with laws than lovelaws than love

Jesus a threat?Jesus a threat?

Threat and thorn Threat and thorn in Jewish leaders’ in Jewish leaders’ sidessides

At odds with At odds with leaders of timeleaders of time– Betrayed by Betrayed by

followerfollower

Risen from DeadRisen from Dead

Good FridayGood Friday Easter SundayEaster Sunday Some accepted Some accepted

Him as MessiahHim as Messiah

PaulPaul

PaulPaul

Hated ChristiansHated Christians Bright light - after recovers he Bright light - after recovers he

changes and preaches to the changes and preaches to the worldworld– Sent lettersSent letters– Advised beginning churchesAdvised beginning churches– Sacrificed the rich life now for laterSacrificed the rich life now for later– New TestamentNew Testament

Oppression of Oppression of ChristianityChristianity Christianity refused to honor Christianity refused to honor

Roman godsRoman gods Meet in secretMeet in secret Blamed for problems of RomeBlamed for problems of Rome

– Those killed - martyrsThose killed - martyrs

Nero kills ChristiansNero kills Christians

Jesus’ message Jesus’ message appeals to manyappeals to many Love, equality, dignity, inclusion Love, equality, dignity, inclusion

of all, life beyond graveof all, life beyond grave

Perfect timePerfect time

Road of RomeRoad of Rome Safe – protected by Roman fleets, Safe – protected by Roman fleets,

legionslegions Language written in Greek, LatinLanguage written in Greek, Latin Martyrs inspire others – why would Martyrs inspire others – why would

people die if it wasn’t worth it?people die if it wasn’t worth it? Jesus not originalJesus not original

Constantine Constantine

Edict of MilanEdict of Milan

ChurchChurch

Enter church through baptismEnter church through baptism Eucharist – drink and eat in memory of Jesus- Last Eucharist – drink and eat in memory of Jesus- Last

SupperSupper

Structure of early Structure of early churchchurch YOU GET TO DO THIS YOU GET TO DO THIS

CrucifixionCrucifixionExcruciating- “out of the cross”Excruciating- “out of the cross”This explanation can be very This explanation can be very gruesome and hard to stomach. It gruesome and hard to stomach. It was very real. It is not was very real. It is not embellished and it is not embellished and it is not Hollywood. This type of Hollywood. This type of punishment is not known in the punishment is not known in the western world nor for the most western world nor for the most part is the pain.part is the pain.

History of CrucifixionHistory of Crucifixion

Romans didn’t come up with itRomans didn’t come up with it– Greeks – transferred through CarthageGreeks – transferred through Carthage– Alexander the Great killed 2000 in TyreAlexander the Great killed 2000 in Tyre

Doctor who unsuccessfully treated Doctor who unsuccessfully treated HephaestionHephaestion

– Used in many civilizations prior to RomansUsed in many civilizations prior to Romans Only one report in history of a person Only one report in history of a person

surviving crucifixion by Josephussurviving crucifixion by Josephus

Who was crucified?Who was crucified?

SlavesSlaves PiratesPirates Enemies of the stateEnemies of the state NOT roman citizens unless…NOT roman citizens unless…

– They were guilty of treasonThey were guilty of treason

Flogging or Flogging or FlagellationFlagellation

Roman Scourge or Roman Scourge or FlagrumFlagrum Jews – 39 lashes (maybe more if Jews – 39 lashes (maybe more if

soldier enjoyed it)soldier enjoyed it) Braided leather with either metal Braided leather with either metal

balls (iron, zinc), stone, or animal balls (iron, zinc), stone, or animal shardsshards

Sometimes had a hook at the endSometimes had a hook at the end

Power of FlagrumPower of Flagrum

Whip arriving at speed of 133 mphWhip arriving at speed of 133 mph– Fastest fastball comes in at 104; many mid 90sFastest fastball comes in at 104; many mid 90s

Power equivalent to 4 .357 Magnum gun Power equivalent to 4 .357 Magnum gun shotsshots– STP – stopping power used in munitionsSTP – stopping power used in munitions– Lower 5 no effectLower 5 no effect– 6-15 light shock6-15 light shock– 16 and 35 reduced shock16 and 35 reduced shock– Greater than 35 serious shock and stunningGreater than 35 serious shock and stunning– Whip 990 STPWhip 990 STP– Gun more instantly destructive due to speed 1 Gun more instantly destructive due to speed 1

mile in 1 sec.mile in 1 sec.

Effect of flagellation

Balls would weaken flesh cause the Balls would weaken flesh cause the body to break open as repeated blows body to break open as repeated blows fellfell– Used to remove skin from the bodyUsed to remove skin from the body

Criminal/victim usually leaned over Criminal/victim usually leaned over – Hands above headHands above head– Coverage from shoulders to legsCoverage from shoulders to legs

Person usually died from it – stopped if Person usually died from it – stopped if planned to crucifyplanned to crucify

Appearance of BodyAppearance of Body

Spine would be Spine would be exposedexposed

Muscles and Muscles and veins were veins were exposedexposed

Many would die Many would die before ever before ever seeing the crossseeing the cross

Can’t bring Can’t bring myself to insert a myself to insert a picture – too gut picture – too gut wrenchingwrenching

Hypo vol emic shockHypo vol emic shock

Hypo - lowHypo - low Vol – volumeVol – volume Emic – bloodEmic – blood Blood pressure drops and causes Blood pressure drops and causes

possibly faintingpossibly fainting Body very thirsty to replace blood Body very thirsty to replace blood

lossloss

Cross itselfCross itself

Criminal/victim carried own Criminal/victim carried own patibulum (crossbar)patibulum (crossbar)

Lay down on patibulumLay down on patibulum Stipe waited for victim 7ftStipe waited for victim 7ft Crude seat on stipeCrude seat on stipe

NailsNails

5-7 in. long5-7 in. long May have used May have used

ropesropes Nails driven Nails driven

through wrists and through wrists and anklesankles

Nail crushes Nail crushes median nerve median nerve through hands – through hands – very painfulvery painful

Feet Feet

Pain of nailsPain of nails

Like when you hit your funny bone, Like when you hit your funny bone, but instead someone take a pliers but instead someone take a pliers and squeezes the nerveand squeezes the nerve

ExcruciatingExcruciating Spasms, unconscious, cramping Spasms, unconscious, cramping

occursoccurs Shoulder out of jointShoulder out of joint To speed up death – legs brokenTo speed up death – legs broken

Death on the CrossDeath on the Cross

AsphyxiationAsphyxiation– Lungs are essentially blocked/cramping from positionLungs are essentially blocked/cramping from position– Pushes body into inhaled positionPushes body into inhaled position– Need to push on feet to exhaleNeed to push on feet to exhale– Feet tear nail pushed up against tarsal boneFeet tear nail pushed up against tarsal bone

Continual scraping on stipeContinual scraping on stipe Respiratory acidosis – CORespiratory acidosis – CO22 breaks down in blood breaks down in blood

increases acid in bloodincreases acid in blood– Irregular heartbeatsIrregular heartbeats– Intense sweatingIntense sweating– Die of cardiac arrestDie of cardiac arrest

Hypovolemic shock – fluid builds up around heart and Hypovolemic shock – fluid builds up around heart and lungslungs

RespirationRespiration

Body?Body?

Most were left on the cross to Most were left on the cross to disintegratedisintegrate– Not buriedNot buried– Spartacus and men were burned on Spartacus and men were burned on

the crossthe cross– Left to birdsLeft to birds