ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

RATOON TRANSPLANTING TECHNIQUE FOR RENEWING SUGARCANE FIELDS

R. Stolf* and H. Tokeshi**

* IAA/Planalsucar, Araras-SP, Brazil

I ** Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil

Key words: Renewing technique, ratoon transplanting, sugarcane

ABSTRACT I I A semi-mechanical method for re-establishing sugarcane plantations is described, us- ing as planting material ratoon pieces from the area to be renewed itself. After the last harvest, the ratoons are lifted mechanically and the fragments are redistributed along the furrows adjoining the lines of the lifted ratoons. For this purpose, a special lifter was developed, to be followed by a conventional furrow opener and workers for trans- ferring the ratoons to the adjacent furrows. The method was tested in a fourth ratoon crop of the variety CB47-80, comparing it with conventional stalks as planting material. Some of the ratoon crop was retained as an indicator in case no benefi was gained

I from replanting. The comparison was made over two harvests. It was observed that for

I the conditions under which the test was carried out, the ratoon transplanting performed better than the remaining ratoon, providing yields similar to those from conventional planting.

SUGARCANE DETERIORATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE FACTORY

S. Ravelo, E.L. Ramos and R. Meiias I I I lnstituto Cubano de lnvestigaciones Azucareras, (ICINAZ) La Habana, Cuba I I

Key words: Sugarcane, deterioration, oligosaccharides, dextran

ABSTRACT

Mechanical harvesting, with its negative effect on the quality of sugarcane during its stay in the field and transport to the factory, continues to be one of the problems in- fluencing factory efficiency and sugar quality to the greatest extent. A potential indica- tor to assess cane deterioration is the content of oligosaccharides in the iuice. The ef- fects of polysaccharides, especially of destran, on the performance of the factory and

I. the quality of final products have been studied.

THE STEPHEATING SYSTEM FOR CLEAR JUICE i I A. Valdks and 0. G6mez

ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Cuban Sugar Research Institute, La Habana, Cuba

Key words: Clear iuice, iuice heaters, stepheating

ABSTRACT

An evaluation has been made of two designs of lulce heaters for increasing the tem- perature of clear juices. A plate type has been compared with a tube and shell type. The plate design has advantages over the tube and shell design from thermic, hydraulic and economical points of view. The technical and economic implications of a stepheat- ing procedure have been assessed.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR GAS TURBINE COGENERATION IN THE CANE SUGAR INDUSTRY

E.D. Larson

Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton, USA

Key words: Biomass gasifiers, bagasse gas~fication, gas turbine cogeneration

ABSTRACT

The steam-injected gas turbine fired with gasified biomass is a promising cogeneration technology for the cane sugar industry. The prospects for its near-term commercializa- tion are good. The required development and demonstration effort is modest, since it would build on the extensive previous work on coal gasifiers for gas turbines and pres- surized biomass gasifiers for methanol synthesis. To prepare for a commercial biomass. gasifier gas-turbine demonstration, pilot-scale testing is need of the most promising gasi- fier/hot-gas cleanup systems with bagasse and cane trash as fuels.

I il COMPUTER-AIDED ENERGY OPTIMIZATION FOR A CANE SUGAR COMPLEX

I H C.G. Lea, Sofreco, Paris, France

Key words: Sugarcane, sugar, computerization, irrigation

I 11 ABSTRACT

The proposal is to make use of developments in computer programming systems and equipment for the simulation and analysis of a cane sugar complex, comprising factory and an integrated irrigation system. The models generated by the computer can be used to explore fully all of the input information available, and thus analyse and understand the condensed data for evaluation of projects, operating problems, future planning and plant performance. The output results in the form of standard text or tables or graphs can easily be understood by sugar experts and outside adminstrators.

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

MECHANlSlNG CROPS GROWN IN ASSOCIATION WITH CANE

C. Hudson

Carib Agro-Industries Ltd, Barbados

Key words: Alternate crops, mechanisation, sugarcane

ABSTRACT

In June 1988 a circular letter was sent to Sugarcane Research Organisations which might be involved in the mechanisation of inter-crops and rotational crops. The replies received indicated that good work is being done, at least in Australia, Barbados, Brazil, Mauritius,

i Reunion and Taiwan. The examples were divided into four categories. Firstly, standard cane equipment modified for non-cane crops was considered. Examples included the modification of cane fertiliser application equipment for other crops, simultaneous sowing ~ of legumes during the planting of two rows of cane at a time, the adaptation of the ridging tool for cassava and yam planting, the use of cane loaders for handling non- cane crops, and the use of a weeding tool for lifting carrots. Secondly, mechanisation of inter-crops was reviewed. Examples here included the potato and maize manage-

I ment equipment in Mauritius, a rice harvester operating in inter-rows in Taiwan, combi- nation of drip irrigation for sugarcane and inter-crops in Mauritius, use of ATV tractors, manipulation of trash, and cultivation and sowing of inter-crops in ratoon cane in Reun- ion. Thirdly, attention was given to rotational crop mechanisation with unburnt cane. An example was the fully mechanised cultivation and planting of cotton, using the strip tillage technique. Exactly the same procedure could be used for crops such as cucurbits, peppers, okra and maize. Fourthly, fully mechanised cane/root crop/cane rotation was described. The example shows how the cultivation obtained by the lifting of root crops rotated with cane actually benefits the succeeding cane crop. The example chosen was with yams produced on a field scale with semi-mechanised harvesting. Mechanical cane planters are used immediately after planting and excellent yields are obtained in the subsequent cane crop.

RAPID EVALUATION OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IN SUGARCANE THROUGH BIOLOGICAL INDEX

D. Cobas and M. Velazco

National Sugar Cane Research Institute, Cuba

Key words: plant growth regulator, chemical ripeners, growth

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of five plant growth regulators applied to three sugarcane varieties when they are five months old, under greenhouse conditions, was evaluated. Stalk height from soil level to the apex of the longest leaf) and specific acid and neutral invertase activity were determined one and four weeks after treatment. Results were evaluated

ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

through variance and principal components analyses and Newman-/keuls test. The more precise indexes were those related to enzymatic activity and plant total height one week after treatment. The possible effect of the different growth regulators on plant develop-

ment was also analysed.

AUTOMATIZED SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE BREEDING IN CUBA, STATISTICAL DATA BASE IN SELECTION STAGES

M. Alvarez*, A. Gonsalez* and G. Galvez**

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Havana, Cuba

* * National lnstitute of Agricultural Sciences, Havana, Cuba

Key words: Sugarcane breeding, statistical methods

ABSTRACT

The statistical data base has been coupled to the Automatized System for Sugarcane Breeding (ASSB), involving a group of analyses conducted on information gathered during all the stages of the sugarcane variety selection programme in Cuba. The System offers facilities to the user, since the'data base is introduced directly to the ASSB, and it allows the printing of reports and abstracts with the results.

STUDY OF GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SP) - A PROPOSAL FOR THE USE OF UNlVARlATE AND

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES

G. Gblvez*, E. Thomas**, C. Morales* and A. Nardo

"National lnstitute of Agricultural Sciences, La Habana, Cuba

** Humboldt University, Berlin, GDR

Key words: Multivariate analysis, genotype environment interaction

ABSTRACT

Fourteen variety trials, conducted in fourteen localities in the western and eastern regions of Cuba, using 12 and five varieties respectively, were studied. Univariate factorial vari- ance analysis (ANOVA) methods and linear regression methods were used to differenti- ate between genotypes and environments, as were also multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) methods the canonical variables W1 and W2, and the Mahalanobis D2 dis- tance. The univariate and multivariate methods were found to complement one another.

ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

VARIABLES DETERMING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATION FOR SUGARCANE SELECTION IN CUBA

N. Milanes and J.M. Mesa

National Sugar Cane Research Institute, Sugar Ministry, Cuba

Key words: Environment effects, sugarcane, Cuba

ABSTRACT

The contributions of management and harvest variable, climate and soil conditions to the environmental effect were determined. A classification of those environments in- volved in the third stage of sugarcane selection in Cuba wasLalso carried out, based on the results obtained with 31 genotypes from the 1975 group, planted at five represen- tative locations on the main sugarcane soils, and harvested as plant cane and first ra- toon. Through different multivariate analyses the effects of 84 variables in 310 cases were evaluated. The conclusion was drawn that the environmental effect was determined by 13 climatic and soil vwiables, and that the ten environments in use were all necessary for sugarcane selection in Cuba.

X-RAY METHOD FOR VISUALIZATION OF BOTANICAL SEED IN SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SPP) INFLORESCENCE

V.N. Savin*, M. Guerra**, R. Campo**, A. Labrada*** and M. Mendez***

*Agrophysics Institute, Leningrad, USSR **National Sugar Cane Research Institute, Sugar Ministry, Cuba

***Tropical Agriculture Fundamental Research Institute, Agriculture Ministry, Cuba

Key words: Sugarcane, seed viability, germination

ABSTRACT

I A low intensity X-ray technique was assayed for visualization of sugarcane botanical seeds inside flower coverings. The technique allowed the efficiency of crosses with good, medium or bad germination to be assessed and also viability losses in stored seed to be determined.

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LEAF ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS SELECTION CRITERIA FOR HIGH- SUCROSE SUGARCANE VARIETIES

K.R. Perumal i Karnataka State Federation of Co-op Sugar Factories Ltd, Bangalore, India

Key words: Sugarcane, leaf anatomy, selection criteria *

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

ABSTRACT

Earlier studies showed that-there was a wide variation in sucrose content among the commercially-grown varieties. Leaf anatomical characters in general, and leaf vein fre- quency (LVF) and interveinal width (IVW) in particular, in sugarcane and other crops were shown to have a significant association with photosynthetic rate and .transloca- tion. In the present study, it was observed that LVF and IVW, which were associated with sucrose content, showed wide variation among the varieties and stability across loca- tions and years. In view of the wide variation and stability, these two characters could be considered as selection criteria in breeding high-sucrose varieties.

SOMACLONAL VARIATION OF PLANTS DERIVED FROM CALLUS OF CHRONIC IRRADIATED SUGARCANE PLANTS

S. Nagatomi

Radiation Breeding Station, Japan

Key words: Callus, irradiation, genetic variation

ABSTRACT

The variation of callus regenerators was generally limited and favoured the improve- ment of one or more defects in important cultivars. Chronic irradiation combined with tissue culture performed well to broaden genetic variation of yield characteristics. Gamma irradiation increased mutation frequency of the regenerators and extended variation to the extreme in both negative and positive directions. Mutation breeding using tissue culture is an effective means to obtain non chimeric mutants and to shorten the time required for breeding.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUGARCANE MOTH BORERS AND THEIR PARASITES IN THAILAND

W. Suasa-ard and K. Charernsom

National Biological Control Research Centre (NBCRC), Bangkok, Thailand

Key words: Population dynamics, sugarcane moth borers, parasites, Suphanburi, " Thailand '

ABSTRACT

The population dynamics of sugarcane moth borers, especially Chilo infuscatellusSnellen, Chilo sacchariphagus (Boier) and Sesamia inferens (Walker) and their parasites were determined under field conditions at Suphanburi, Thailand. The investiguations includ- ed studies of populations of sugarcane moth borers and their associated parasites. It was revealed that populations of sugarcane moth borers were present in sugarcane fields

ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

throughout the year. Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti and Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) were the most important parasites and played an obvious role in the regulation of sugarcane moth borer populations.

INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL TERMITES IN SUGARCANE FIELDS

M.A. Pizano*, N. Macedo*, 0. Alonso** and J.C.S. Rodrigues***

* IAA/Planalsucar, Araras, SP, Brazil * * Da Barra Mill, Barra Bonita, SP, Brazil * * * SBo Jose Mill, Macatuba, SP, Brazil

Key words: Sugarcane, termites, Heteroterrnes sp, Cornitermes sp, Procornitermes

sp, insecticide controlled-release granules

ABSTRACT

Two field trials are reported from Brazil. Terbufos controlled-realese granules (CRG) at 4 kg ai/ha at both sites appeared to give the best protection from termite damage, be- ing almost as effective as the standard organochlorine treatments (SOT). Terbufos CRG at 4 kg ai/ha at both sites and carbosulfan CRG at 4 kg ai/ha at one site significantly (P < 0.05) increased the yield of plant cane, whereas yield from the SOT at both sites was not significantly (P < 0.05) different to the untreated control, although organochlo- rine was the most efficient in controlling the target pest. Insecticide treatment effects at both sites on yields of first ratoon cane were not significant.

I INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY - A CHANGING SCENARIO I I I J.K. Gehlawat

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, lndia

Key words: lndian cane sugar, by-products

ABSTRACT

The current production of about 9.2 million tons of sugar in lndia is the highest in the world. This is a creditable achievement by the existing sugar mills, which are a typical mix of old and new plants with limited influence of modern concepts in sugarcane processing. The modernisation of lndia sugar mills offers challenging prospects. The Indian sugar industry must conserve energy, modernise and diversify to become eco- nomically strong. All by-products must be used optimally. Attempts must be made to use bagasse for paper production and large integrated sugar complexes should be set up with facilities for the co-generation of power. The contemporary international situa- tion, with likely competition from sugars derived from starch, also appears to favour the establishment of integrated agro-complexes.

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

SUGARCANE PRODUCTION COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE MASS BALANCE OF A WHITE AND/OR RAW SUGAR PRODUCTION PROCESS

G. Castillo

lngenio del Cauca, Cali, Colombia

Key words: Computerisation, sugar manufacture

ABSTRACT

A computer program was developed which can calculate the mass balance at every stage of the sugar production process, producing data on solids and sucrose contents, mass and volumetric flows at the different stages, and simultaneously it can produce a block diagram of the complete process. The program has the flexibility to be applica- ble to either white direct sugar or raw sugar processes.

SUPEREXTRACTION ROLLERS - AN ECONOMICAL INNOVATION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF SHORT CANE TANDEM MILL PERFORMANCE

M. Dedini S/A Metalurgica, Brazil

Key words: Mil l extraction, milling, increased extraction, innovation, mill performance

ABSTRACT

The development stages of superextraction rollers, an economical innovation for improving juice extraction, is reported. The simple and low cost equipment comprises two low power cast rollersfixed at the mid-height of the Donelly chute in the first unit of a milling plant. Its main function is to extract, before the first roller mill, a significant proportion of the sucrose from shredded cane, using the juice extracted from the second mill for imbibi- tion. Results from tests carried out since 1983 have revealed a significant gain in extrac- tion for a plant with four units, in addition to a reasonable in capacity. The low cost and again in extraction assure an excellent return on the investment.

MULTITASKING CONDENSERS WITH MIST COOLING

A. Chitale and M. Anad Pune, India

Key words: Mist cooling, multitasking condenser, sugar factory

ABSTRACT

1 A mist cooling system (MCS) to cool condenser water to about wet bulb temperature

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

is in use in over 30 sugar factories in India and Malaysia. MCS + Multitasking AT (MT AT) condensers are in use in more than six sugar factories, two in power generation units (condensing type turbo generation), three in the chemical industry, and one for export to West Germany. MCS alone results in water and power saving up to 25%. MCS + MT AT results in a power saving of more than 50% compared to conventional sys- tems. Higher vacuum improves plant capacity, reduces steam consumption and reduces inversion and colour formation MCS + MT AT is ideal for new and old sugar factories or for co-generation power systems requiring ultra vacuum.

COMPUTERISED OPERABILITY STUDIES OF EVAPORATORS IN SUGAR FACTORIES

H. Ferabi and W.A. Mellowes

The University of the West Indies, Trinidat, W.I.

Key words: Hazard analysis, sugar factory, evaporators

ABSTRACT

When an industry operates smoothly and safely, everybody, including management, the supervisors and the workforce, is content and happy. Today hazard analysis methods can be employed to discover hazards and recommend the means to eliminate them. These include techniques such as Operability Studies Tables, Fault Trees and Fault Sym- ptom Matrices. A case study of the safe operation of evaporators in a sugar factory is considered here. First the method of operation of the evaporators is explained and then the Operability Studies performed are described. The resulting output constitutes Oper- ability Studies Tables. These deal with Deviations, Causes, Consequences and Actions (to correct or modify), and also Fault Trees and Fault Symptoms Matrices.

I THE UTlLlSATlON OF SUGARCANE AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES I I 1 P. Friedman and A. Aguilar I I 1 lnstituto Cubano de lnvestigaciones Azucareras, La Habana, Cuba

Key words: Sugarcane agricultural residues, animal feed, bagasse

ABSTRACT I 1 About 16 Mt of sugarcane agricultural residues (SCAR), composed of green leaves and green stalk (sugar cane tops) and dry leaves, are produced during each harvest in Cuba. About half is left in the field and one quarter (4-5 Mt) is concentrated in more than 850 dry cane cleaning stations, a unique situation in the worldwide cane sugar indus- tries. In this study the following Cuban experiences in the use of SCAR as an animal feed are described: fresh, chopped and mixed with molasses-urea; chopped and predigested; made into silage along with filter press cake and urea; and chopped, dried and baled. The experience in the utilisation of SCAR as a fuel for bagasse-burning boilers are also described.

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

BAGASSE INDUSTRIALISATION AND ITS VALUATION AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PRODUCTION OF DERIVATIVES

M.H. Munilla, G.V. Luna and I.R. Pousa

Cuban Research Institute on Sugarcane By-products (ICIDCA), Cuba

Key words: Bagasse, pulp, paper

ABSTRACT

A general overview of the present use of bagasse is given and the potential for its use in the production of existing and new derivaties is explored. The importance of the in- dustrial use of bagasse for cane sugar producing countries to diversify their sugar in- dustries and improve their economies, is pointed out. An evaluation of bagasse when used as a raw material for different selected products is carried out, indicating that some of the pulp and paper products are likely to be the most profitable.

THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF SUGAR BY-PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES IN INDIA

N.K. Sawhney

National Cooperative Development Corporation, New Delhi, lndia

Key words: By-products, sugarcane, lndia

ABSTRACT

Many countries have realised the importance of diversification throught the profitable use all of the by-products of the sugar industry. There is confidence that the profit centre will shift from manufacture of sugar to the manufacture of value-added by-products. India, which is the world's largest ~roducer of sugar, with as many as 386 sugar facto- ries, is perhaps a world leader in the establishment of industries based on the by-products of the sugar industry. Many more such industries are being established and soon bagasse, molasses, press cake, cane trash, cane green tops and effluents will be used complete- ly for producing value-added products. Distilleries are generating methane gas (ener- gy) by bio-degradation of distillery effluents (vinasse). Details of the existing industries based on the by-products of the sugar industry are explained, as well as those proposed to be installed in the near future. The encouragement given by the Government of lndia for setting up such industries is mentioned.

CANE SEPARATION: AN OPTION FOR INDUSTRIAL-SCALE DIVERSIFICATION OF CONVENTIONAL SUGARCANE PROCESSlNG

C.C. Bourzutschky

Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische ~usarnmenarbeit (GTZ), Federal Republic of Germany

ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Key words: Sugarcane, pith, rind, beverage, charcoal

ABSTRACT

A cane separator able to process 60 000 t cane/annum has been complemented with down-stream equipment to process the two products derived from the separation of the cane stalk, i.e, pith and rind. Extraction by a twin screw press, mechanical (centrifugal separator) and/or chemical (liming/sulphitation) purification, falling film evaporation, 1 1 and direct sugar production are the process steps. Products are cane juice beverage, table/industrial syrup and non-centrifugal sugar. Charcoal, the only non-food product, will be made by a pyrolitic process using the rind and extracted pith.

THE EFFECT OF FOUR GENERA OF BACTERIA UPON FLOCCULATION AND REPRODUCTION OF SACCHAROMYCES CARLSBERGENSIS (IZ 1904)

R.Y.S. Rosales, F.D. Angelis, A.C. Tannuri, A.V. Viotti, M.J. Mazza, M.C. De A.P. Ribeiro, I.L. Cibin, D.C. Campos and V.A. Batista

Key words: Bacterial contamination, fermentation

ABSTRACT I I Bacillus sp, Leuconostoc sp, Lactobacillus sp and Enterobacter sp cause the normal strains of S. carlsbergensis (IZ 1904), to flocculate and undergo alteration when cultured in com- bination with each of the four genera. The effects are greatest due to Bacillus sp, which I I reduce the number of yeast cells by 64% and budding by 86%. Enterobacter sp cause reductions of the same parameters, by 70% and 68% respectively. The viability of the daughter cells was not affected significantly by any of the associations. Fermentation was impaired to the greatest extent by Enterobacter sp (a reduction of 15% compared I I with the control). By altering the pH the numbers of flocs in the cultures contaminated by Bacillus sp were reduced by 66% and in those contaminated with Enterobacter by I 1

ANAEROBIC BlODlGESTlON OF WASTEWATERS: A WAY TO SOLVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND TO OBTAIN A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

A.G. Salerno and A.C. de Castro

Zanini S/A Equip. Pesados, Sertdozinho-SP-Brazil I I Key words: Anaerobic biodigestion, energy, Brazil

ABSTRACT I I Although there is a great effort to increase national oil production, problems still exist. As long as oil is still imported, difficulties will arise due to probable oil cost increases in the international market. There is a lack of resources, and Brazil has a high internal

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

inflation rate. In addition to such difficulties, there is an increase of heavy fuel and diesel consumption; there is a big demand for electrical energy but installed capacity is limited; there will probably be a drop in oil reserves; the costs of producing oil from shale are high, as are those of nuclear energy; and the quality of the small amount of existing coal is poor. All of these factors indicate an urgent need to search for alter- native energy sources, which could help to meet the energy needs of the nation. The aim of this work is to illustrate the potential that exists in available biomass, which can be biodegraded using anaerobic biodigestion, and used to generate energy and recon-

stitute the environmental conditions.

FAREWELL BANQUET

We have at last come to the conclusion of all the formal occasions and technical ses- sions which have made up this Congress. Now we are here for our traditional farewell

I banquet. There have been nine enioyable days for all of us present here a feature of all twenty

!I ISSCT Congreses. Maybe some of you do not know, but last August, the Society complet-

ed sixty-five years of existence since its creation at a Congress which took place in 1924 in Hawaii. We Brazilians who have been your hosts and responsible for organizing this event are really glad to see that you have enjoyed yourselves and we have a feeling that you have adapted readily to living in a big city like Sdo Paulo with all of its advantages and disadvantages. To our delegates and companions who have come from far away to visit Brazil or Sdo Paulo, we hope sincerely that when the t ~ m e comes to leave, you will have been pleased to be here, and we also hope that the program organized by our ladies fulfilled your

expectations. To those of you who went on a few tours and technical visits, as part of this Congress, we hope the trips helped you to understand our "way of life" and have shown you some of the good things that Brazil can offer. On behalf of STAB, the organizing commission of the 20th ISSCT Congress, and the Brazilian people, I would like to tell you, Ladies and Gentlemen, that we have done our best to check every detail of the program so that all of you could leave our country happily and well-informed technically, after attending this Congress. I would qlso like to apologise for anything that may have gone awry. If this did hap- pen, please be assured that it was due to circumstances beyond our control. I would also like, at this opportunity to congratulate the delegates and the people of Thailand for being chosen to host the 21st ISSCT Congress in 1992. To all of you, our wish is to meet again, if not before, then in Thailand in 1992. In any event we will see each other soon.

Thank you, muito obrigado. i /I I 1 Luiz Ernesto Correia Maranhdo.

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