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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085.

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Preface The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new

textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• connecting knowledge to life activities

• learning to shift from rote methods

• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

• making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences

• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

• making education relevant to the present and future needs.

• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.

• the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, reading, writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all the language textbooks. Along with the inculcation

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of these skills, fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have been integrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they would stop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In order to help learners master these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments and project work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students master the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Textbooks for students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook they help learners’ master skills and competencies and at the same time there is going to be a public examination based on them.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society is extremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in the textbooks.

Prof G . S. MudambadithayaCoordinator

Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation

Karnataka Textbook SocietyBengaluru, Karnataka

NagendrakumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru, Karnataka

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nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V

gdm©Ü`j :

àmo. ~aJyé am_M§Ðßnm, AÜ`j, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V, ~|Jbyé.

gh`moJ :

lr Zaqghæ`m, à~§Y {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé-560085

lr_Vr. ZmJ_{U gr, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

AÜ`j:

S>m°. Zm_Xod. E_. Jm¡S>m, {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, _hmamOm H°$mboO, _¡gyé {díd{dX²`m{Zb`,

_¡gyé-570005

gXñ` :

lr_Vr. gw_m. Eg. Ho$, {df` n[adr[jH$m (qhXr) ~|Jbyé {d^mJ Am`wŠVmb` ~|Jbyé-560 001

S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>, H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24

S>m°. Eg. E. _§OwZmW, ghm`H$ àmo\o$ga Ed§ {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, nm|n¡ H$m°boO, EoH$bm,

_§Jbyé-574141

S>m°. Eg. {d{O, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, dm|Q>rH$moßnb, _¡gyé-570020

lr. Or. E_. _§OwZmW, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar nr.`w. H$m°boO, Jm¡Zrnëbr, lr{Zdmgnwam VmëbwH$m, H$mobma {Obm-563161

lr_Vr. dg§VHw$_mar ~mB©, gh-{e{jH$m (qhXr), Eg. Eg. nr. Eg. hmB©ñHy$b, H$moßnm VmëbwH$m, {MŠH$_Jbyé {Obm - 577126

dmgwXod_y{V©. Eg, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, CX²~yé, _¡gyé VmbyH$,

_¡gyé {Obm - 570026.

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :

S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé

S>m°. JUoe {~. ndma, AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:

lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma H$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :

lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

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AZwH«$_m{UH$mg§. nmR> boIH$ {dYm n¥.g§.1 gmao Ohm± go AÀN>m S>m°. BH$~mb H${dVm 1

2 AH$~ar bmoQ>m AÞnyUm©Z§X d_m© H$hmZr 5

3 én`m ~mobVm h¡& nm§S>o` ~oMZ e_m© CJ« {Z~§Y 21

4 {nN>‹S>m> AmX_r gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm H${dVm 28

5 _hmË_m Jm±Yr gË`H$m_ {dÚmb§H$ma OrdZr 31

Eogm Wm Zonmo{b`Z nyaH$ dmMZ 48

6 AmZ§X Ho$ jU H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l "à^mH$a' {Z~§Y 51

7 OrdZ g§Xoe am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r H${dVm 64

8 AnZm-nam`m O¡Z|Ð H$hmZr 70

n[al_ g\$bVm H$s Hw§$Or h¡ nyaH$ dmMZ 82

9 H$Zm©Q>H$ Hw$bnwamo[hV Ambyé d|H$Q>amd

JwéZmW Omoer OrdZr 83

10 AmAmo Zd{Z_m©U H$a| ~mbH¥$îU e_m© "ZdrZ' H${dVm 96

ñH$mCQ> nyaH$ dmMZ 102

11 gXmMma H$m VmdrO h[ae§H$a nagmB© ì`§½` H$Wm 105

12 EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _Þy ^§S>mar AmË_H$Ï` 118

13 AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ dMZ AŠH$_hmXodr AZwdm{XH$m… Z§{XZr Jw§Sy>amd

dMZ (àmMrZ)

130

g§V H${d a¡Xmg nyaH$ dmMZ 136

14 bmoH$JrV ^JdV eaU CnmÜ`m` {Z~§Y 140

15 g_m ~±Y J`m ZJ|Ð ^Å>mMm`© `mÌm d¥Îmm§V 148

16 gdoao CR>m Vmo Yyn {Ibr Wr& Ako` H${dVm 155

Omo XoIH$a ^r Zhr XoIVo nyaH$ dmMZ 162

17 gÀMm Y_© goR> JmoqdXXmg EH$m§H$s 164

18 EH$ Hw$Îmm Am¡a EH$ _¡Zm hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr {Z~§Y 180

19 Xmoho H$~ra, {~hmar, d¥§X, ahr_ Xmoho (àmMrZ) 191

n[a{eï>-ì`mH$aUm§e, aMZm, N>§X-Ab§H$ma 200

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nmR>-1

gmao Ohm± go AÀN>m.....

- S>m°. BH$~mb

(Ame`: Bg ß`mar gr H${dVm _| H${d Zo AnZo Xoe H$m, AWm©V² ^maV H$m, ~ImZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& A{_Q> Xoeào_ H$m `h EH$ CËH¥$ï> A{^ì`§OZ h¡Ÿ& ñdJ© ^r B©î`m© H$ao Eogm àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© `hm± H$m h¡Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ bmoJ ~hþY_r©` hmoZo na ^r, ~‹S>o

ñZoh Ho$ gmW ahVo h¢Ÿ&)

......

gmao Ohm± go AÀN>m qhXmogVm± h_mam

h_ ~wb~wb| h¢ BgH$s `o Jwb{gVm± h_mamŸ&

Jwa~V _| hm| AJa h_, ahVm h¡ {Xb dVZ _|

g_Pmo dht h_| ^r {Xb hmo Ohm± h_mamŸ&

na~V dmo g~ go D±$Mm, h_gm`m Amg_m± H$m

dmo g§Var h_mam, dmo nmg~m± h_mamŸ&

JmoXr _| IobVr h¢ BgH$s hµOmam| Z{X`m±

JwbeZ h¡ {OZHo$ X_go aeHo$ {OZm± h_mamŸ&

_µOh~ Zht {gImVm Amng _| ~¡a aIZm

qhXr h¢ h_, dVZ h¡ qhXmogVm± h_mamŸ&

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`mX a{IE :

* ^maV H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m _Z_mohH$ h¡&

* {h_mb` nd©V go maV Ho$ {bE AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ à`moOZ h¢&

* "{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm' h_mao Xoe _| {XImB© Xo ahr h¡&

H${d n[aM` : S>m°. BH$~mb (1873-1938)

Bg JrV Ho$ aM{`Vm h¢ CXy© gm{hË` Ho$ gd©loð> H${d

S>m°. BH$~mbŸ& AmnH$m nyam Zm_ _hå_X BH$~mb Zya_hå_X eoI h¡Ÿ&

Amn b§XZ Ho$ H|${~«O {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ H$bm ñZmVH$ Wo Am¡a AmnZo

dht go ñZmVH$moÎma nXdr ^r àmá H$sŸ& {\$a {d{Y nXdr àmá H$a Ho$

~¡[añQ>a ~ZoŸ& O_©Zr Ho$ å`y{ZH$² {díd{dÚmb` go AmnZo nrEM.S>r. H$s

Cnm{Y ^r àmá H$sŸ& AmnH$s Aà{V_ H$mì`-à{V^m Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo

""Aëbm_m'' Cnm{Y go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`mŸ& AmO AmnH$mo Aëbm_m

(_hmZ² n§{S>V) S>m°. BH$~mb Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

Ohm± - OJ, Xw{Z`m; ~wb~wb - gwarbr AmdmOdmbr EH$ {M{‹S>> m;

Jwb{gVm± - ~mJ, dm{Q>H$m, \w$bdmar; Jwa~V - naXoe; dVZ - ñdXoe,

AnZm Xoe; h_gm`m - nS>mogr; g§Var - nhaoXma (Sentry); nmg~m± - Ûmanmb; JwbeZ - \w$bdmar; aíH$ - B©î`m©; {OZm± - OÞV, ñdJ©;

_µOh~ - Y_©; ~¡a - Xwí_Zr; qhXr - ^maVdmgrŸ&

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Aä`mg

I EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. JrV H$s {H$g n§{º$ go AmnH$mo H${d Ho$ Agr_ Xoeào_ H$m

nVm MbVm h¡ ?

2. "na~V dmo g~go D±$Mm' _| "dmo' gd©Zm_ {H$g nd©V Ho$

{bE à`wº$ hþAm h¡ ?

3. "dh nd©V ~hþV D±$Mm h¡'- H$m¡Z go eãX h¢ Omo `h ~VmVo h¢?

4. H$^r naXoe _| hmo, V~ ^r H${d H$m {Xb H$hm± hmoVm h¡ ?

5. _µOh~ Š`m Zht {gImVm ?

II Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma Xr{OE :

1. h_mam Xoe ñdJ© Ho$ {bE B©î`m©-ñWmZ H¡$go ~Zm h¡ ?

2. JrV H$s Xÿgar n§{ŠV H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&

III BZ _| à`wº$ Ab§H$mam| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE :

1. h_ ~wb~wb| h¢ BgH$s

2. `o Jwb{gVm± h_mam

3. dmo g§Var h_mam

4. dmo nmg~m± h_mam

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IV ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :

1. na~V dmo g~ go D±$Mm, h_gm`m Amg_m± H$m

dmo g§Var h_mam, dmo nmg~m± h_mamŸ&

2. _µOh~ Zht {gImVm Amng _| ~¡a aIZm

qhXr h¢ h_, dVZ h¡ qhXmogVm± h_mamŸ&

V n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

nd©V, dVZ, Xþ{Z`m, ZXr

VI Bg H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE :

VII Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. gmao Oh±m go AÀN>m- BgH$s hOmam| Z{X`±m

2. nadV dmo g~go D±$Mm - Amng _| ~¡a aIZm

3. JmoXr _| IobVr h¡ - {h§XmogVm± h_mam

4. _µOh~ Zhr§ {gImVm - h_ gm`m Amg_m± H$m

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

* "_µOh~ Zht {gImVm Amng _| ~¡a aIZm - Bg {dMma

na H$jm _| MMm© H$r{OE &

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nmR>-2

AH$~ar bmoQ>m

- AÞnyUm©ZÝX d_m©

(Ame` : Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo nwamZr Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ MrµO| IarXZo Am¡a g§J«h H$aZo H$m ~‹S>m em¡H$ ahVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r `h nmJbnZ _yI©Vm H$s hX VH$ ^r ~‹T> OmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm± Eogo hr Xmo A§J«oOm| H$s OrVr-OmJVr Vñdra| h¢Ÿ& gmW hr Xmo H$mer {Zdmgr Aghm` nwéfm| H$s X`Zr` qH$Vw hmñ`nyU© {d{MÌ pñW{V`m| H$m {MÌU ^r h¡ Omo

AnZr npËZ`m| go gX¡d S>ao ahVo h¢Ÿ&)

bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo ImZo-nrZo H$s H$_r Zht WrŸ& H$mer Ho$ R>R>oar ~mµOma _| _H$mZ WmŸ& ZrMo H$s XyH$mZm| go EH$ gm¡ énò _m{gH$ Ho$ H$ar~ {H$am`m CVa AmVm WmŸ& H$ÀMo-~ÀMo A^r Wo Zht ; {gµ\©$ Xmo àm{U`m| H$m IM© WmŸ& AÀN>m ImVo Wo, AÀN>m nhZVo WoŸ& na T>mB©-gm¡ énò Vmo EH$ gmW Am±I g|H$Zo Ho$ {bò ^r Z {_bVo WoŸ&

Bg{bE O~ CZH$s nËZr Zo EH$ {XZ `H$m`H$ T>mB©-gm¡ énò H$s _m±J noe H$s V~ CZH$m Or EH$ ~ma µOmoa go gZgZm`m Am¡a {\$a ~¡R> J`mŸ& OmZ n‹S>m {H$ H$moB© ~wb~wbm h¡ Omo {~bmZo Om ahm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s `h Xem XoIH$a CZH$s nËZr Zo H$hm - ""S>[aò _V, Amn XoZo _| Ag_W© hm| Vmo _¢ AnZo ^mB© go _m±J by± !''

bmbm PmD$bmb Bg _rR>r _ma go {Vb{_bm CR>oŸ& CÝhm|Zo qH${MV² amo~ Ho$ gmW H$hm- ""AOr hQ>mo ! T>mB© gm¡ énò Ho$ {bò ^mB© go ^rI _m±JmoJr ? _wPgo bo boZmŸ&''

""bo{H$Z _wPo Bgr qµOXJr _| Mm{hò !''

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""AOr, Bgr gámh _| bo boZm !''

""gámh go AmnH$m VmËn`© gmV {XZ go h¡ `m gmV df© go?''

bmbm PmD$bmb Zo amo~ Ho$ gmW I‹S>o> hmoVo hþE H$hm - ""AmO go gmVd| {XZ _wPgo T>mB©-gm¡ énò bo boZm !''

""_X© H$s EH$ ~mV ?''

""hm± Or, hm±Ÿ& _X© H$s EH$ ~mV !''

bo{H$Z O~ Mma {XZ Á`m|-Ë`m| _| `m| hr ~rV Jò Am¡a én`m| H$m H$moB© à~ÝY Z hmo gH$m, V~ CÝh| {MÝVm hmoZo bJrŸ& àíZ AnZr à{Vð>m H$m Wm, AnZo hr Ka _| AnZr gmI H$m WmŸ& XoZo H$m nŠH$m dmXm H$aHo$ AJa A~ Z Xo gHo$ Vmo AnZo _Z _| dh Š`m gmoMoJr ? CgH$s ZµOam| _| CZH$m Š`m _yë` ah OmòJm ? AnZr dmh-dmhr H$s g¢H$‹S>m| JmWmE± Cgo gwZm MwHo$ WoŸ& A~ Omo EH$ H$m_ n‹S>m Vmo Mmam| ImZo {MÎm hmo ahoŸ& `h nhbr ~ma CgZo _w±h ImobH$a Hw$N> én`m| H$m gdmb {H$`m WmŸ& Bg g_` AJa do Xw_ X~mH$a {ZH$b ^mJVo h¢ Vmo {\$a Cgo Š`m _w±h {XIbm`|Jo ? _X© H$s EH$ ~mV - `h CgH$m {\$H$am CZHo$ H$mZm| _| Jy±O-Jy±O H$a {\$a Jy±O CR>Vm WmŸ&

I¡a, EH$ {XZ Am¡a ~rVmŸ& nm±Md| {XZ K~amH$a CÝhm|Zo n§. {~bdmgr {_l H$mo AnZr {dnXm gwZmB©Ÿ& g§`moJ Hw$N> Eogm {~J‹S>m Wm {H$ {~bdmgr Or r Cg g_` {~ëHw$b Imbr WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ _oao nmg h¢ Vmo Zht ; na _¢ H$ht go _m±J-Om±MH$a bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$ê$±Jm Am¡a AJa {_b Jò Vmo H$b em_ H$mo Vw_go _H$mZ na {_by±JmŸ&

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`hr em_ AmO WrŸ& hâVo H$m ApÝV_ {XZŸ& H$b T>mB©-gm¡ én`m `m Vmo {JZm XoZm h¡ `m gmar hoH$‹S>r go hmW YmoZm h¡Ÿ& `h gM h¡ {H$ H$b én`m Z nmZo na CZH$s ñÌr CÝh| S>m_b \$m±gr Z H$a XoJr - Ho$db µOam-gm h±g XoJrŸ& na dh H¡$gr h±gr hmoJr ! Bg h±gr H$s H$ënZm_mÌ go bmbm PmD$bmb H$s AÝVamË_m _| _amo‹S> n¡Xm hmo OmVr WrŸ&

A^r n§. {~bdmgr {_l ^r Zht AmòŸ& AmO em_ H$mo CZHo$ AmZo H$s ~mV WrŸ& CÝht H$m âmogm WmŸ& `{X Z Amò Vmo ? `m H$ht énò H$m à~ÝY do Z H$a gHo$?

Bgr CYo‹S>>~wZ _| n‹S>>o hþE bmbm PmD$bmb N>V na Q>hb aho WoŸ& Hw$N> ß`mg _mby_ n‹S>rŸ& CÝhm|Zo Zm¡H$a H$mo AmdmµO XrŸ& Zm¡H$a Zht WmŸ& IwX CZH$s nËZr nmZr boH$a AmB©Ÿ&

do nmZr Vmo µOê$a bmBª na {Jbmg bmZm ^yb JB© WtŸ& Ho$db bmoQ>o _| nmZr {bò hþE do àH$Q> hþBªŸ& {\$a bmoQ>m ^r g§`moJ go dh Omo AnZr ~oT>§Jr gyaV Ho$ H$maU bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo gXm go ZmngÝX WmŸ& Wm Vmo Z`m, gmb hr Xmo gmb H$m ~Zm ; na Hw$N> Eogr J‹T>Z Cg bmoQ>o H$s Wr {H$ O¡go CgH$m ~mn S>_ê$, _m± {Mb_Mr ahr hmoŸ&

bmbm PmD$bmb Zo bmoQ>m bo {b`m, do ~mobo Hw$N> ZhtŸ& AnZr nËZr H$m AX~ _mZVo WoŸ& _mZZm hr Mm{hEŸ& Bgr H$mo gä`Vm H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

bmbm PmD$bmb AnZm Jwñgm nrH$a nmZr nrZo bJoŸ& Cg g_` do N>V H$s _w±S>oa Ho$ nmg I‹S>o WoŸ& {OZ ~wOwJm] Zo nmZr nrZo Ho$ gå~ÝY

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_| ò {Z`_ ~Zmò Wo {H$ I‹S>o-I‹S>o nmZr Z {n`mo, gmoVo g_` nmZr Z {n`mo, Xm¡‹S>Zo Ho$ ~mX nmZr Z {n`mo, CÝhm|Zo nVm Zht H$^r `h {Z`_ ^r ~Zm`m Wm `m Zht {H$ N>V H$s _w§S>oa Ho$ nmg I‹S>o hmoH$a nmZr Z {n`moŸ& OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡ Bg _hÎdnyU© {df` na CZ bmoJm| Zo Hw$N> Zht H$hm h¡Ÿ&

Bg{bE bmbm PmD$bmb Zo H$moB© ~wamB© Zht H$s& do N>V H$s _w±S>oa Ho$ nmg I‹S>o hmoH$a nmZr nrZo bJoŸ& na _wpíH$b go Xmo-EH$ Ky±Q> do nr nmò hm|Jo {H$ Z OmZo H¡$go CZH$m hmW {hb CR>m Am¡a bmoQ>m hmW go Ny>Q> J`m !

bmoQ>o Zo Z Xm{hZo XoIm Z ~m±òŸ& dh ZrMo Jbr H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>mŸ& AnZo doJ _| CëH$m H$mo bOmVm hþAm Am±Im| go AmoPb hmo J`mŸ& {H$gr µO_mZo _| Ý`yQ>Z Zm_ Ho$ {H$gr Iwamµ\$mVr Zo n¥Ïdr H$s AmH$f©U-e{ŠV Zm_ H$s EH$ MrµO B©OmX H$s WrŸ& H$hZm Z hmoJm {H$ `h gmar e{ŠV Bg g_` Bg bmoQ>o Ho$ nj _| WrŸ&

bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo H$mQ>mo Vmo ~XZ _| IyZ ZhtŸ& R>R>oar ~mµOma Eogr MbVr hþB© Jbr _|, D±$Mo {V_§Obo go, âo hþE bmoQ>o H$m {JaZm h±gr-Iob Zht h¡Ÿ& `h bmoQ>m Z OmZo {H$g AZ{YH$mar Ho$ Imon‹S>o na H$mer-dmg H$m g§Xoem boH$a nhþ±MoJmŸ&

Hw$N> hþAm ^r Eogm hrŸ& Jbr _| Omoa H$m hëbm CR>mŸ& bmbm PmD$bmb O~ VH$ Xm¡‹S>H$a ZrMo CVao V~ VH$ EH$ ^mar ^r‹S> CZHo$ Am±JZ _| Kwg Am`rŸ&

bmbm PmD$bmb Zo XoIm {H$ Bg ^r‹S> _| àYmZ-nmÌ EH$ A§JaoO h¡ Omo ZI{eI go ^rJm hþAm h¡ Am¡a Omo AnZo EH$ n¡a H$mo hmW go

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99

ghbmVm hþAm Xygao n¡a na ZmM ahm h¡Ÿ& CgrHo$ nmg AnamYr bmoQ>o H$mo r XoIH$a bmbm PmD$bmb Or Zo µ\$m¡aZ Xmo Am¡a Xmo Omo‹S>H$a pñW{V H$mo g_P {b`mŸ& nyam {ddaU Vmo CÝh| nrN>o àmá hþAmŸ&

hþAm Wm h {H$ Jbr _| {JaZo Ho$ nyd© bmoQ>m EH$ XyH$mZ Ho$ gm`~mZ go Q>H$am`mŸ& dhm± Q>H$amH$a Cg XyH$mZna I‹S>o Cg A§JaoµO H$mo CgZo gm§Jmonm§J ñZmZ H$am`m Am¡a {\$a Cgr Ho$ ~yQ> na Om {JamŸ& Ü`mZ XoZo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ {hÝXwñVmZr bmoQ>m r Am{Ia dht {Jam Ohm± {hÝXwñVmZr AmX_r {JaVo h¢Ÿ& Cg A§JaoµO H$mo O~ _mby_ hþAm {H$ bmbm PmD$bmb hr Cg bmoQ>o Ho$ _m{bH$ h¢ V~ CgZo Ho$db EH$ H$m_ {H$`mŸ& AnZo _w±h H$mo CgZo Imob-ImobH$a Iwbm N>mo‹S> {X`mŸ& bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo AmO hr `h _mby_ hþAm {H$ A§JaoOr mfm _| Jm{b`m| H$m Eogm àH$mÊS> H$mof h¡Ÿ&

Bgr g_` n§. {~bdmgr {_l ^r‹S> H$mo MraVo hþE Am±JZ _| AmVo {XImB© n‹S>oŸ& CÝhm|Zo AmVo hr nhbm H$m_ `h {H$`m {H$ Cg A§JaoµO H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am¡a {OVZo AmX_r Am±JZ _| Kwg Am`o Wo g~H$mo {ZH$mb ~mha {H$`mŸ& {\$a EH$ Hw$gu Am±JZ _| aIH$a CÝhm|Zo gmh~ go H$hm - ""AmnHo$ n¡a _| em`X Hw$N> MmoQ> Am JB© h¡Ÿ& Amn Amam_ go Hw$gu na ~¡R> OmB`oŸ&''

gmh~ {~bdmgr Or H$mo YÝ`dmX XoVo hþE ~¡R> JEŸ& Am¡a

bmbm PmD$bmb H$s Amoa Bemam H$aHo$ ~mobo - ""Amn Bg e»g H$mo OmZVo h¢ ?''

""{~bHw$b ZhtŸ& Am¡a _¢ Eogo AmX_r H$mo OmZZm ^r Zht MmhVm Omo {Zarh amh MbVm| na bmoQ>o go dma H$ao !''

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1010

""_oar g_P _| He is a dangerous lunatic (`mZr `h IVaZmH$ nmJb h¡ !)''

""Zht, _oar g_P _| He is a dangerous criminal (Zht `h IVaZmH$ _wµO[a_ h¡ !)''

na_mË_m Zo bmbm PmD$bmb H$s Am±Im| H$mo Bg g_` H$ht XoIZo Ho$ gmW ImZo H$s ^r e{ŠV Xo Xr hmoVr Vmo `h {ZíM` h¡ {H$ A~ VH$ {~bdmgr Or H$mo do AnZr Am±Im| go Im MwHo$ hmoVoŸ& do Hw$N> g_P Zht nmVo Wo {H$ {~bdmgr Or H$mo Bg g_` hmo Š`m J`m h¡ !

gmh~ Zo {~bdmgr Or go nyN>m - ""Vmo A~ Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?''

""nw{bg _| Bg _m_bo H$s [anmoQ>© H$a Xr{OE, {Oggo `h AmX_r µ\$m¡aZ {hamgV _| bo {b`m Om`Ÿ&''

""nw{bg-ñQ>oeZ h¡ H$hm± ?''

""nmg hr h¡, M{bE, _¢ ~VbmD±$ ?''

""M{bEŸ&''

""A^r MbmŸ& AmnH$s BOmµOV hmo Vmo nhbo _¢ Bg bmoQ>o H$mo Bg AmX_r go IarX by±Ÿ& Š`m| Or, ~oMmoJo ? _¢ nMmg én`o VH$ BgHo$ Xm_ Xo gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ&''

bmbm PmD$bmb Vmo Mwn aho ; na gmh~ Zo nyN>m - ""Bg aÔr bmoQ>o H$m Amn nMmg én`o Xm_ Š`m| Xo aho h¢ ?''

""Amn Bg bmoQ>o H$mo aÔr ~VmVo h¢ ? AmíM`© ! _¢ Vmo AmnH$mo EH$ {dk Am¡a gw{e{jV AmX_r g_PVm WmŸ&''

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1111

""Am{Ia ~mV Š`m h¡ ? Hw$N> ~VmBò ^r !''

""OZm~ `h EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ bmoQ>m OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡ ! OmZ Š`m n‹S>Vm h¡, _wPo nyam {dídmg h¡ h dh à{gÜX AH$~ar bmoQ>m h¡, {OgH$s Vbme _| g§gma â Ho$ å`w{µO`_ naoemZ h¢ !''

""`h ~mV ?''

""Or hm± OZm~ ! gmobhdt eVmãXr H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh hþ_m`y± eoaemh go hmaH$a ^mJm Wm Am¡a qgY Ho$ ao{JñVmZ _| _mam-_mam {\$a ahm WmŸ& EH$ Adga na ß`mg go CgH$s OmZ {ZH$b ahr WrŸ& Cg g_` EH$ ~«m÷U Zo Bgr bmoQ>o go nmZr {nbmH$a CgH$s OmZ ~MmB© WrŸ& hþ_m`y± Ho$ ~mX O~ AH$~a {Xëbrída hþAm V~ CgZo Cg ~«m÷U H$m nVm bJmH$a Cggo Bg bmoQ>o H$mo bo {b`m Am¡a BgHo$ ~Xbo _| Cgo Bgr àH$ma Ho$ Xg gmoZo Ho$ bmoQ>o àXmZ {H$òŸ& `h bmoQ>m g_«mQ²> AH$~a H$mo ~hþV ß`mam WmŸ& Bgr go BgH$m Zm_ AH$~ar bmoQ>m n‹S>mŸ& dh ~am~a Bgr go dµOy H$aVm WmŸ& gZ² 57 VH$ BgHo$ emhr KamZo _| hr ahZo H$m nVm h¡Ÿ& na BgHo$ ~mX bmnVm hmo J`mŸ& H$bH$Îmo Ho$ å`w{µO`_ _| BgH$m ßbmñQ>a H$m _mS>b aŠIm hþAm h¡Ÿ& nVm Zht `h bmoQ>m Bg AmX_r Ho$ nmg H¡$go Am`m ? å`w{µO`_dmbm| H$mo nVm Mbo Vmo \¢$gr Xm_ XoH$a IarX bo Om`±Ÿ&''

Bg {ddaU H$mo gwZVo-gwZVo gmh~ H$s Am±Im| na bmo^ Am¡a AmíM`© H$m Eogm à^md n‹S>m {H$ H$m¡‹S>r Ho$ AmH$ma go ~‹T>H$a nH$m¡‹S>r Ho$ AmH$ma H$s hmo JBªŸ& CgZo {~bdmgr Or go nyN>m - ""Vmo Amn Bg bmoQ>o H$mo boH$a Š`m H$[aòJm ?''

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1212

""_wPo nwamZr Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ MrµOm| Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo H$m em¡µH$ h¡Ÿ&''

""_wPo ^r nwamZr Am¡a Eo{Vhm{gH$ MrµOm| Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo H$m em¡µH$

h¡Ÿ& {Og g_` dh bmoQ>m _oao D$na {Jam Cg g_` _¢ `hr H$a ahm

WmŸ& Cg XyH$mZ na go nrVb H$s Hw$N> nwamZr _y{V©`m± IarX ahm WmŸ&''

""Omo Hw$N> hmo, bmoQ>m _¢ hr IarXy±JmŸ&''

""dmh ! Amn H¡$go IarX|Jo ? _¢ IarXy±JmŸ& _oam hH$ h¡Ÿ&''

""hH$ h¡ ?''

""µOê$a hH$ h¡ ! `h ~VmB`o {H$ Cg bmoQ>o Ho$ nmZr go AmnZo

ñZmZ {H$`m `m _¢Zo ?''

""AmnZoŸ&''

""dh AmnHo$ n¡am| na {Jam `m _oao ?''

""AmnHo$Ÿ&''

""A±JyR>m CgZo AmnH$m ^waVm {H$`m `m _oam ?''

""AmnH$mŸ&''

""Bg{bE Cgo IarXZo H$m hH$ _oam h¡ !''

""`h g~ Pmob h¡Ÿ& Xm_ bJmB`o, Omo A{YH$ Xo dh bo Om`Ÿ&''

"" hr ghrŸ& Amn CgH$m nMmg én`m bJm aho Wo, _¢ gm¡ XoVm hÿ±Ÿ&''

""_¢ S>o‹T>-gm¡ XoVm hÿ±Ÿ&''

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1313

""_¢ Xmo-gm¡ XoVm hÿ±Ÿ&''

""AOr, _¢ T>mB©-gm¡ XoVm hÿ±Ÿ&'' `h H$h {~bdmgrOr Zo T>mB©-gm¡

Ho$ ZmoQ> bmbm PmD$bmb Ho$ AmJo \|$H$ {XòŸ&

gmh~ H$mo ^r A~ Vmd Am J`mŸ& CgZo H$hm - ""Amn T>mB©-gm¡

XoVo h¢ Vmo _¢ nm±M-gm¡ XoVm hÿ±Ÿ& A~ M{bò ?''

{~bdmgr Or Aµ\$gmog Ho$ gmW AnZo énò CR>mZo bJoŸ& _mZmo

AnZr AmemAm| H$s bme CR>m aho hm|Ÿ& gmh~ H$s Amoa XoIH$a CÝhm|Zo

H$hm - ""bmoQ>m AmnH$m hþAm, bo OmBò _oao nmg T>mB©-gm¡ go A{YH$

h¡ ZhtŸ&''

`h gwZZm Wm {H$ gmh~ Ho$ Mohao na àgÞVm H$s Hy±$Mr {\$a

J`rŸ& CgZo PnQ>H$a bmoQ>m CR>m {b`m Am¡a ~mobm - ""A~ _¢ h±gVm

hþAm AnZo Xoe bm¡Qy>±JmŸ& _oµOa S>Jbg H$s S>tJ gwZVo-gwZVo _oao H$mZ

nH$ Jò WoŸ&''

""_oOa S>Jbg H$m¡Z h¡ ?''

""_oOa S>Jbg _oao n‹S>mogr h¢Ÿ& nwamZr MrµOmo§ Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo _|

_oar CZH$s Xm¡‹S> ahVr h¡Ÿ& JV df© do {hÝXwñVmZ Amò Wo Am¡a `hm± go

Ohm±Jrar AÊS>m bo Jò WoŸ&''

""Ohm±Jrar AÊS>m ! Ohm±Jrar AÊS>m !!'' _oOa S>Jbg Zo g_P

aŠIm Wm {H$ {hÝXwñVmZ go do hr AÀN>r MrµO bo Om gH$Vo h¢ !''

""na Ohm±Jrar AÊS>m h¡ Š`m ?''

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1414

""Amn OmZVo hm|Jo {H$ EH$ H$~yVa Zo ZyaOhm± go Ohm±Jra H$m ào_

H$am`m WmŸ& Ohm±Jra Ho$ nyN>Zo na {H$ _oam EH$ H$~yVa Vw_Zo H¡$go C‹S>

OmZo {X`m ? ZyaOhm± Zo CgHo$ Xygao H$~yVa H$mo ^r C‹S>mH$a ~Vm`m

Wm {H$ "Eogo !' CgHo$ Bg ^mobonZ na Ohm±Jra gm¡ OmZ go {ZN>mda

hmo J`mŸ& Cgr jU go CgZo AnZo H$mo ZyaOhm± Ho$ hmW H$a {X`mŸ&

H$~yVa H$m EohgmZ dh Zht ^ybmŸ& CgHo$ EH$ AÊS>o H$mo ~‹S>o OVZ go

aI N>mo‹S>mŸ& EH$ {~ëbmoa H$s hm§S>r _| dh CgHo$ gm_Zo gXm Q>±Jm ahVm

WmŸ& ~mX _| dhr AÊS>m Ohm±Jrar AÊS>o Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAmŸ& Cgr

H$mo _oOa S>Jbg Zo nmagmb {X„r _| EH$ _wgb_mZ gÁOZ go VrZ-gm¡

énò _| IarXmŸ&''

""`h ~mV ?''

""hm± ; na A~ do _oao AmJo XÿZ H$s Zht bo gH$VoŸ& _oam AH$~ar

bmoQ>m CZHo$ Ohm±Jrar AÊS>o go ^r EH$ nwíV nwamZm h¡ !''

""Bg [aíVo go Vmo AmnH$m bmoQ>m Cg AÊS>o H$m ~mn hþAmŸ!''

gmh~ Zo bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo nm±M-gm¡ énò XoH$a

AnZr amh brŸ&

bmbm PmD$bmb H$m Moham Bg g_` XoIVo ~ZVm WmŸ& OmZ n‹S>Vm

Wm {H$ _w±h na N>… {XZ H$s ~‹T>r hþB© XmT>r Ho$ EH$-EH$ ~mb _mao àgÞVm

Ho$ bham aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo nyN>m - ""{~bdmgr Or ! Amn _oao {b o T>mB©-gm¡

én`m Ka go boH$a Mbo Wo? na AmnHo$ nmg Vmo Wm Zht !''

""Bg ôX H$mo _oao {gdm` _oam B©ída hr OmZVm h¡Ÿ& Amn Cgrgo

nyN> br{OòŸ& _¢ Zht ~VmD±$JmŸ!''

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1515

""na Amn Mbo H$hm±? A^r _wPo Amngo H$m_ h¡ ; Xmo KÊQ>o VH$ !''

""Xmo KÊQ>o VH$ ?''

""hm± Am¡a Š`m ? A^r _¢ AmnH$s nrR> R>m|H$H$a em~mer Xy±Jm!

EH$ KÊQ>m Bg_| bJoJm ; {\$a Jbo bJmH$a YÝ`dmX Xy±Jm; EH$ KÊQ>m

Bg_| ^r bJ OmòJm!''

""AÀN>m, nhbo AnZo nm±M-gm¡ énò {JZH$a ghoO br{OòŸ&''

én`m AJa AnZm hmo Vmo Cgo ghoOZm EH$ Eogm gwIX Am¡a

gå_mohH$ H$m`© h¡ {H$ _Zwî` Cg g_` ghO _| hr VÝ_`Vm àmá H$a

boVm h¡Ÿ& bmbm PmD$bmb Zo AnZm H$m`© g_má H$aHo$ D$na XoImŸ& na

{~bdmgr Or Bg ~rM AÝVÕm©Z hmo JE WoŸ&

do bå~o S>J _maVo hþE Jbr _| Mbo Om aho WoŸ&

Cg {XZ am{Ì _| {~bdmgr Or H$mo Xoa VH$ ZtX Zht AmB©Ÿ& do

MmXa bnoQ>o MmanmB© na n‹S>o ahoŸ& EH$ ~Oo do CR>oŸ& Yrao go, ~hþV Yrao

go, AnZr gmoB© hþB© nËZr Ho$ Jbo go CÝhm|Zo gmoZo H$s dh {gH$‹S>r {ZH$mbr

{Og_| EH$ Vmbr ~±Yr hþB© WrŸ& {\$a CgHo$ H$_ao _| OmH$a CÝhm|Zo Cg

Vmbr go gÝXyH$ ImobmŸ& Cg_| T>mB©-gm¡ Ho$ ZmoQ> Á`m|-Ho$-Ë`m| aIH$a

CÝhm|Zo ~ÝX H$a {X`mŸ& {\$a X~o nm±d bm¡Q>H$a Vmbr H$mo CÝhm|Zo nyd©dV²

AnZr nËZr Ho$ Jbo _| S>mb {X`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo h±gH$a A±J‹S>mB©

br, A±J‹S>mB© boH$a boQo> aho, Am¡a boQ> H$a _a JòŸ&

Xygao {XZ gw~h AmR> ~Oo VH$ do _ao ahoŸ&

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1616

`mX a{IE :

* ~hþV go bmoJm| H$mo àmMrZ dñVwAm| Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo H$s AmXV ahVr h¡&

* àmMrZ H$mb H$s dñVwE± JV H$mb H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V J{V H$mo Xem©Vr h¢&

* àmMrZ dñVwAm| Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo H$s AmVwaVm _| YmoIo _| Zht n‹S>Zm Mm{hE&

boIH$ n[aM` : hmñ`ag-àYmZ gm{hË` {Z_m©VmAm| _| AJ«Ur lr AÞnyUm©Z§X H$m OÝ_ 1895 _| hþAmŸ& AnZo OrdZ H$m A{YH$m§e ^mJ H$mer _| hr {~Vm`mŸ& Hw$N> H$mb Ho$ {bE AmnZo ~§Yw g§nyUm©Z§X Or Ho$ gmW bIZD$ _| r ahoŸ& H$mer Ho$ {edàgmX Jwá Or Ho$ gmW CÝhm|Zo {díd^«_U {H$`m WmŸ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| {deofH$a H$mer Ho$ n[adoe H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡Ÿ& 1962 _| CZH$m {ZYZ hmo J`mŸ& "_Z_`ya', "_oar hOm_V', "_§Jb_moX', "_JZahþ Mmobm', "_hmH${d MÀMm', "n§. {~bdmgr {_l' CZH$s à_wI nwñVH|$ h¢Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

R>R>oar ~mOma -H$goar; ~aVZ ~mOma, R>R>oam - YmVw nrQ> H$a ~aVZ ~ZmZo dmbm, Am±I g|H$Zm - Xe©Zm| H$m gwI àmá H$aZm, gZgZmZm - Omoa-Omoa go Y‹S>H$Zm, {~bmZm - Zï> hmoZm ; AX¥í` hmoZm, {Vb{_bm CR>Zm - H«$mo{YV hmoZm, amo~ - à^md, gmI - amo~, YmH$ ; Mmam| ImZo {MÎm - g§nyU© hma, Xw_ X~mH$a {ZH$b ^mJZm - MwnHo$ go ^mJ OmZm, {\$H$am- dmŠ`, ~mV; {dnXm - Amn{Îm, H$ï>, hoH$‹S>r - CÔ§S>Vm, hmW

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1717

YmoZm - J§dmZm, ImoZm, S>m_b \$m§gr - C_a H¡$X, Xoe {ZH$mbo H$m X§S>, _amo‹S> - noM, {Mb_ Mr - XoJ Ho$ AmH$ma H$m EH$ ~aVZ {Og_| ^moOZ go nhbo `m ~mX hmW Ymo o OmVo h¢, AX~ - AmXa, {eï>mMma, CëH$m - {JaVm hþAm {gVmam, Iwam\$mVr - eamaVr, B©OmX - emoY, H$mQ>mo Vmo IyZ Zht - AË`{YH$ ^`^rV hmoZm, MbVr hþB© Jbr - bJmVma Ohm± bmoJmo§ H$m AmZm OmZm hmo, ^r‹S>, gm`~mZ - N>mOZ, gm§Jmonm§J - g^r A§J, g§nyU©, àH$mÊS> H$mof - ~hþV {demb eãX §S>ma, JZr_V - g§Vmof H$s ~mV, {Zarh - _w½Y, _mgy_, {hamgV - H¡$X, {dk - OmZH$ma, g_PXma, dOy - Z_mO n‹T>Zo go nhbo hmW - nm±d Am¡a _w±h YmoZo H$m H$m_, \¢$gr Xm_ - ~‹S>r H$s_V, Vmd-AmZm - Jwñgm `m H«$moY AmZm, Pmob - YmoIo H$s ~mV, Hy±$Mr - ~«e ({MÌH$ma H$m) S>tJ - ~‹S>mB©, ~` H$a XoZm - gm¢n XoZm, {~ëbmoa - ñ\${Q>H$, ~hþV hr ñdÀN> erem, XyZ H$s boZm - ~‹T> M‹T> H$a ~mV H$aZm, S>tJ _maZm, A§VYm©Z - Jm`~, ghoOZm - g§ mbZm, {gH$‹S>r - Chain, g§H$br, O§Ora

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. bmbm PmD$bmb H$s Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V H¡$gr Wr ?2. bmbm PmD$bmb H$s nËZr Zo {H$VZo én`o H$s _m±J H$s ?3. bmbm PmD$bmb H$m Or Š`m| gZgZm`m ?4. bmbm PmD$bmb N>V na Š`m| Q>hb aho Wo ?5. Ý`yQ>Z Zo {H$g MrµO H$s B©µOmX H$s Wr ?6. bmoQ>m {H$g na {Jam ?7. bmoQ>m {H$VZo én`m| _| {~H$m ?8. bmbm PmD$bmb Zo {H$go AnZr {dnXm gwZmB© ?

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1818

II. BZHo$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. "OmZ n‹S>m {H$ H$moB© ~wb~wbm h¡ Omo {~bmZo Om ahm h¡' - {H$g H$mo ~wb~wbm H$hm h¡ ?

2. "bmoQ>m Vrd« J{V go ZrMo H$s Amoa Om ahm Wm' - bmoQ>o H$s J{V {H$g go A{YH$ Wr ?

3. bmoQ>o Am¡a qhXwñVmZr AmX_r _| boIH$ Zo Š`m g_mZVm XoIr? CgH$m VmËn`© Š`m h¡ ?

4. bmbm PmD$bmb H$mo {~bdmgr Or na ~hþV Jwñgm Am`m h AmnH$mo {H$g dmŠ` go nVm MbVm h¡ ? ~VmBEŸ&

5. A§JaoO H$mo {H$g ~mV H$m em¡H$ Wm ? {~bdmgr Or Zo CgH$m bm^ H¡$go CR>m`m ?

6. ""Bg ôX H$mo _oao {gdm` _oam B©ída hr OmZVm h¡&'' {~bdmgr Or H$m dh ôX Š`m Wm ?

7. "{~bdmgr Or boQ> H$a _a Jò ; Xygao {XZ gw~h AmR> ~Oo VH$ _ao aho' - boIH$ H$m Š`m Ame` h¡ ? ~VmBEŸ&

III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. nmZr nrZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go {Z`_ ~Zmò h¢ ?2. bmoQ>m IarXZo H$m hH$ {H$go Am¡a Š`m| Wm ?3. Ohm±Jrar AÊS>o Ho$ ~mao _| A§Jo«O Zo Š`m ~Vm`m ?4. bmbm PmD$bmb Zo n§. {~bdmgr H$mo AnZr H$m¡Z-gr {dnXm

gwZm`r ?5. {H$g CYo‹S>~wZ _| bmbm PmD$bmb N>V na Q>hb aho Wo ?

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IV. g§X^© Ho$ gmW ñnï> H$s{OE :

1. "Amn Bg e»g H$mo OmZVo h¢ ?'

2. "na Ohm±Jrar AÊS>m h¡ Š`m ?'

3. "AÀN>m, nhbo AnZo nm±M-gm¡ én`o {JZH$a ghoO

br{OEŸ&'

V. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :

1. bmbm PmD$bmb Bg _rR>r _ma go ........... CR>oŸ&

2. AnZo hr Ka _| AnZr ............ H$m WmŸ&

3. bmoQ>m doJ _| CëH$m H$mo bOmVm hþAm .............. hmo

J`mŸ&

4. `h dh à{gÕ .............. bmoQ>m h¡Ÿ&

5. AnZo H$mo ZyaOhm± Ho$ hmW .............. H$a {X`mŸ&

VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. AH$~ar _m± {Mb_Mr

2. ~mn S>_é ZyaOhm±

3. Ohm±Jra A§J‹S>mB© br

4. {~bdmgr Or Zo bmoQ>m

VII. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

Am±I g|H$Zm, Mmam| ImZo {MÎm, Xw_ X~mH$a ^mJZm, hmW YmoZm,

AmoPb hmo OmZm, H$mQ>mo Vmo IyZ Z hmoZm, dma H$aZmŸ&

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VIII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

H$_, g_W©, gä`, AmH$f©U, AnamYrŸ&

IX. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$a CgH$m Zm_ ~VmBE :

na_mË_m, gm§Jmonm§JŸ&

X. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {H«$`m {deofU nhMm{ZE :

1. AÀN>m ImVo Wo, AÀN>m nhZVo WoŸ&

2. Mma {XZ Á`m| Ë`m| _| `m| hr ~rV JEŸ&

3. A§J«oO Zo AnZo _±wh H$mo Imob - ImobH$a Iwbm N>mo‹S> {X`mŸ&

4. Xm‹T>r Ho$ EH$-EH$ ~mb _mao àgÞVm Ho$ bham aho h¢Ÿ&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma

* lr AÞnyUm©Z§X Or H$s Am¡a H$moB© hmñ` àYmZ H$hm{Z`m°§

n{‹T>E&

* ~ra~b H$s M>VwamB© - H$hm{Z`m± n{‹T>E, Am¡a H$jm _| gwZmBE &

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nmR>-3

én`m ~mobVm h¡ !

- nm§S>o` ~oMZ e_m© "CJ«'

(Ame` : ~oMZ e_m© CJ«Or "én`m ~mobVm h¡' boI Ûmam én`o Ho$ ~r^Ëg ê$n H$mo gm_Zo bmVo h¢Ÿ& n¡gm O~ VH$ _Zwî` H$m Jwbm_ ~ZH$a ahVm h¡, V~ VH$ CgH$m AÀN>m Cn`moJ hmo gHo$JmŸ& én`m ~mobZo bJoJm Vmo AMmVw`© hmo OmEJmŸ& AmO H$s Xw{Z`m _| én`o Ho$ ~b go Omo Hw$N> ^r hmo ahm h¡ CgH$m boIm - OmoIm boIH$ Zo h_mao gm_Zo aIH$a `h g§Xoe {X`m h¡ {H$ n¡go H$m R>rH$ go Cn`moJ

H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&)

_¢ b‹S>H$m| Ho$ b‹S>H$nZ H$m {Ibm¡Zm hÿ±, {_R>mB© hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ OdmZm| H$s OdmZr H$s OmZ hÿ±, _ñVr hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ ~y‹T>m| H$s ~w‹T>m¡Vr H$s bH$‹S>r hÿ±, ghmam hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

_Zwî` _oam Jwbm_ h¡Ÿ& _¢ Cgo hµOma ZmM ZMm gH$Vm hÿ±, ZMm MwH$m hÿ±, ZMm ahm hÿ±Ÿ& Xw{Z`m _wPgo X~Vr h¡Ÿ& _¢ Cgo CbQ> gH$Vm hÿ±, CbQ> MwH$m hÿ±, CbQ> ahm hÿ±Ÿ& àH¥${V _oar ded{V©Zr h¡Ÿ& _¢ Cgo ~ZmVm hÿ±, {~Jm‹S>Vm hÿ±, _mo‹S>Vm hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

Bg {demb {díd _| `{X H$moB© B©ída hmo Vmo _¢ hÿ±, Y_© hmo Vmo _¢ hÿ±, ào_ hmo Vmo _¢ hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ gË` hÿ±, _¢ {ed hÿ±, _¢ gwÝXa hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ gV² hÿ±, _¢ {MV² hÿ±, _¢ AmZÝX hÿ±Ÿ& nabmoH$ _¢ hÿ±, bmoH$ _¢ hÿ±, hf© _¢ hÿ±, j_Vm _¢ hÿ±, __Vm _¢ hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

_oar PZPZmhQ> _| Omo Abm¡{H$H$ _Yw[a_m h¡, dh drUmnm{U H$s drUm _| H$hm±? ^JdmZ² bú_rn{V Ho$ nm±MOÝ` e§I _| H$hm±? H$mo{H$b-

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H$b-H$mH$br _| H$hm±? H$m{_Zr Ho$ H$mo_b H$ÊR> _| H$hm±? _wabrYa H$s _wabr _| H$hm±? S>_ê$dmbo Ho$ S>_ê$ _| H$hm±? dhm± H$hm±? `hm± H$hm± ? _¢ gá ñdam| go D$na Aï>_ ñda hÿ±, na_ _Ywa hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

JrVm Ho$ Jm`H$mo, MÊS>r-gáeVr Ho$ nmR>H$mo, ^mJdV² Ho$ ^ŠVmo, gË`Zmam`U-H$Wm Ho$ ào{_`mo, am_m`U Ho$ AZwam{J`mo, _hm^maV Ho$ _mZZodmbmo-_oam JrV JmAmo, _oam nmR> n‹T>mo, _oao ^ŠV ~Zmo, _oar H$Wm gwZmo, _wPgo AZwamJ H$amoŸ& _wPo _mZmo, _oar eaU _| AmAmoŸ& VmaZ-VaZ _¢ hÿ±, Ydb-haU _¢ hÿ±, _§JbH$aU _¢ hÿ±, nwÊ`mMaU _¢ hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

_wPH$mo Am±I {XImH$a, _wPo Rw>H$amH$a, _wPgo {dÐmoh H$a, H$moB© ~M gH$Vm h¡? - H$moB© ZhtŸ&

µO_tXma _¢ hÿ±, amOm _¢ hÿ±, ~mXemh _¢ hÿ±, ~mXemhm| H$m ~mXemh _¢ hÿ±, _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

b§H$m grVm H$s é{ï>-Vw{ï> go Zht, ~{ëH$ _oar é{ï>-Vw{ï> go Obr Wr; _¢ {d^rfU na àgÞ WmŸ& H$m¡ad Ðm¡nXr Ho$ H$mon go Zht, _oao H$mon go Zï> hþE Wo ; _¢ nm§S>dm| na àgÞ WmŸ& O_©Zr, {~«Q>oZ `m A_o[aH$m H$s MmbmH$s go Zht, _oar YyV©Vm go nam{OV hþAm ; _¢ {~«Q>oZ na àgÞ WmŸ&

R>mHw$aOr ~mobVo Zht, _¢ ~mobVm hÿ± - CZgo ~‹S>m hÿ±Ÿ& R>mHw$aOr MbVo Zht, _¢ MbVm hÿ± - CZgo _oar A{YH$ gmI h¡Ÿ& XodVmAm| _| h AmH$f©U Zht Omo _wP_| h¡Ÿ& B©ída _| dh VoO Zht, dh e{º$ Zht, Omo _wP_| h¡Ÿ& `h `wJ VH©$ H$m h¡; CXmhaU H$m h¡, àË`jdmX H$m h¡, ñd`§à^wVm H$m h¡Ÿ& _¢ àË`j hÿ±, gX²`…\$b H$m XmZr hÿ±, ñd`§à^w hÿ±, AmH$f©H$ hÿ±, B©ída hÿ±, B©ída go ~‹S>m hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

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_wPgo daXmZ boH$a nmn H$amo, Vw_ XodVmAm| go nyOo OmAmoJoŸ&

_wPgo daXmZ boH$a EH$-Xmo Zht, gmV IyZ H$amo, gmµ\$ ~M OmAmoJoŸ&

gm_«mÁ` H$mo gm_«mÁ` go {^‹S>m XmoŸ& _Zwî`Vm H$s ~‹T>r hþB© IoVr H$mo

~oah_r go H$Q>dm S>mbmo-Obm S>mbmoŸ& g§gma H$mo {dYdmAm|, ~ÀMm|,

~y‹T>m| Am¡a Anm{hOm| H$s hm` go â Xmo, ^yH$ån CR>m Xmo, àb` H$a

Xmo-Omo Mmho gmo H$a Xmo, _Ja _wPgo daXmZ boH$aŸ& _¢ gd©e{ŠV_mZ

hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ én`m hÿ±Ÿ&

""gd©Y_m©Z² n[aË`Á` _m_oH§$ eaU§ d«OŸ&''

g~H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _oar hr eaU _| AmAmoŸ&

`mX a{IE :

énò Ho$ A{^àm` _|-

* én`m ~mobVm Vmo AnZr _hmZVm Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVmŸ&

* énò Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` CgH$m Jwbm_ h¡Ÿ&

* én`m AnZo AmnH$mo B©ída H$m XOm© Xo ahm h¡Ÿ&

* énò H$s PZPZmhQ> _| Abm¡{H$H$ _Yw[a_m h¡Ÿ&

* énò go eÌwVm ^mar n‹S> gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&

* énò go daXmZ boH$a nmn H$a|Jo Vmo ^r nyOo OmE±JoŸ&

* énò H$s BÀN>m h¡ {H$ g~ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Cgr H$s eaU _|

OmZm Mm{hEŸ&

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boIH$ n[aM` : nm±S>o` ~oMZ e_m© "CJ«' (1900-1967) H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ {_Om©nwa {Obo Ho$ MwZma Zm_H$ H$ñ~o _| hþAmŸ& AmnHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ d¡ÚZmW nm±S>o` WmŸ& A^mdJ«ñV n[adma _| OÝ_ boZo Ho$ H$maU nmR>embr` {ejm ì`dpñWV ê$n go Zht {_b gH$sŸ& do _Z_m¡Or Am¡a \$ŠH$S> ñd^md Ho$ WoŸ& do A{^Z` H$bm _| ~‹S>o Hw$eb WoŸ& Amn _m¡{bH$ gm{hË` H$s gO©Zm _| AmOrdZ bJo ahoŸ& AmnZo H$mì`, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg Am{X joÌm| _| g_mZ A{YH$ma Ho$ gmW loð> H¥${V`m± àñVwV H$s¨Ÿ& nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r gÀMo nÌH$ma H$m AmXe© àñVwV {H$`mŸ& "M§X hgrZm| Ho$ IVyV' "K§Q>m' "\$mJwZ Ho$ {XZ Mma' Am{X AmnHo$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s "CgH$s _m±' H$hmZr ~‹S>r H$éUmnyU© h¡Ÿ& "_hmË_m B©gm' ZmQ>H$ ~‹S>m {ejmàX h¡Ÿ& ""AnZr I~a' AmnH$s AmË_OrdZr h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

ded{V©Zr - H$m~y _| ahZodmbr ; PZPZmhQ> - P§H$ma ; Abm¡{H$H$ - AX²^wV, {Xì` ; _Yw[a_m - _YwaVm ; drUmnmUr - gañdVr ; _wabrYa - lr H¥$îU ; nm±MOÝ` e§I - {dîUw H$m e§I ; AZwamJ - ào_, ^{ŠV ; M§S>r-gáeVr - XwJm© H$s ^{º$ _| a{MV gmV gm¡ nÚm| H$m g_yh ; ^mJdV- AR>mah nwamUm| _| EH$ ; VmaZ-VaZ- ^dgmJa nma CVmaZodmbm, CÕma H$aZodmbm ; Am±I {XImZm - Jwñgm H$aZm, H«$mo{YV hmoZm ; {dÐmoh - CnÐd, H«$m§{V ; é{ï> - Ag§Vmof; Vw{ï> - g§Vmof ; nhbm _hm`wÕ - O_©Zr Am¡a {~«Q>oZ d A_o[aH$m Ho$ ~rM (1914-1918) ; R>mHw$a - B©ída ; gmI - YmH$, amo~,

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à{Vð>m; ^d-^`-haU - OrdZ Ho$ ^` H$mo Xya H$aZodmbm ; {^‹S>m XoZm - `wÕ H$am XoZm ; YyV©Vm - MmbmH$s ; Ydb - CObm, g\o$X&

Aä`mg


1. én`m b‹S>H$m| Ho$ {bE Š`m h¡ ?

2. én`m ~y‹T>>m| H$m ghmam H¡$go ~Z gH$Vm h¡ ?

3. _Zwî` énò H$m Jwbm_ Š`m| h¡ ?

4. H$m¡Z énò H$s ded{V©Zr h¡ ?

5. gV²>-{MV²>-AmZ§X H$m¡Z h¡ ?

6. énò H$s PZPZmhQ> _| Š`m h¡ ?

7. _wabrYa H$m¡Z h¡ ?

8. b§H$m Š`m| Obr Wr ?

9. ~wao H$m_ H$aZodmbm {H$gH$s H¥$nm go ~MVm h¡ ?

10. énò Ho$ AZwgma g~H$s eaU N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gH$s eaU _|

OmZm Mm{hE?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. énò R>mHw$a Or go ~‹S>m h¡& H¡$go ?

2. énò Bg `wJ Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$h ahm h¡ ?

3. énò go daXmZ boH$a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go ~wao H$m_ H$a

gH$Vo h¢ ?

4. Bg g§gma _| énò Zo {H$Z bmoJm| H$mo ham`m h¡ ?

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III. Mma `m nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. énò H$s PZPZmhQ> H$s VwbZm {H$Z-{H$Z Ho$ gmW H$s J`r h¡ ?

2. én o H$s H¥$nm go AnamY H$aZo na ^r H¡$go ~Mm Om gH$Vm h¡?

3. én`m {H$Z-{H$Z H$mo AnZr eaU _| AmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVm h¡ ? Am¡a Š`m|?

IV. AmR> `m Xg dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :AnZo eãXm| _| énò H$s _hmZVm H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&

V. ^mddmMH$ g§km ê$n {b{IE :b‹S>H$m, {_R>mB©, _mZd, ~y‹T>m, OdmZ

VI. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. _¢ ~y‹T>m| H$s ~w‹T>m¡Vr H$s .......... hÿ±Ÿ&2. ............. _oar ded{V©Zr h¡Ÿ&3. _¢ gá ñdam| Ho$ D$na ............. ñda hÿ±Ÿ&4. R>mHw$aOr go A{YH$ énò H$s ............. h¡Ÿ&5. g~H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _oar hr ............. _| AmAmoŸ&

VII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. _Zwî` _oam {Ibm¡Zm hÿ±Ÿ&2. _¢ b‹S>H$m| Ho$ b‹S>H$nZ H$m H$moB© Zht ~M gH$VmŸ&3. Bg {demb {díd _| e{ŠV_mZ h¡Ÿ&4. _wPo Am±I {XImH$a Jwbm_ h¡Ÿ&5. én`m _¢ B©ída hÿ±Ÿ&

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VIII. b§H$m grVm H$s é{ï>-Vw{ï> go Zht ~pëH$ _oar é{ï>-Vw{ï> go Obr WrŸ& `h {H$g àH$ma H$m dmŠ` h¡ ? BgH$m {díbofU H$s{OEŸ&

IX. àW_ Am¡a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {b{IE :

aIZm, YmoZm, gmoZm nH$‹S>Zm, grZm, grIZm, ZmMZm, H$m±nZm

X. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :

boIH$, Jm`H$, ~y‹T>m, {dYdm

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* "én`m ~mobVm h¡' boI AmOH$b Ho$ n¡gm| Ho$ ^ŠVm| na EH$

gw§Xa ì`§½` h¡Ÿ& Amn H$moB© Cn`wº$ {df` MwZH$a Cg na EH$

ì`§½` boI {b{IEŸ&

O¡go : _mo~mBb ~mobVm h¡Ÿ& [a_moQ> (H§$Q´>mob) ~mobVm h¡

Am{X

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nmR>-4

{nN>‹S>m AmX_r

- gd}ídaX`mb gŠgoZm

(Ame` : dh AmX_r gM_wM hr {nN>‹S>m Wm Š`m|{H$ g~ ~mobVo Vmo dh Mwn

ahVm, g~ MbVo Vmo dh nrN>o ahVm Am¡a O~ g~ noQwAm| H$s Vah ImVo V~ dh

AbJ g~go Xya ~¡R>m Am{hñVm go Wmo‹S>m gm ImVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z O~ gmar Xw{Z`m

WH$mZ go Jhar ZtX _| brZ hmo OmVr V~ dh AHo$bo AmH$me _| Q>H$Q>H$s bJm`o

ahVm Wm AWm©V² {MÝVm_½Z ahVm WmŸ& ha H$m`© _| nrN>o ahZo dmbm `h {nN>‹S>m

AmX_r Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ {bE Jmobr PobZo Ho$ {bE g~go AmJo ahm Am¡a _mam

J`mŸ&)

O~ g~ ~mobVo Wo dh Mwn ahVm Wm, O~ g~ MbVo Wo dh nrN>o hmo OmVm Wm, O~ g~ ImZo na Qy>Q>Vo Wo dh AbJ ~¡R>m Qy>±JVm ahVm Wm, O~ g~ {ZT>mb hmo gmoVo Wo dh eyÝ` _| Q>H$Q>H$s bJm`o ahVm Wm, bo{H$Z O~ Jmobr Mbr V~ g~go nhbo dhr _mam J`mŸ&

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`mX a{IE:

* {nN>‹S>m AmX_r H$mo gXm An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ &

* Cgo AHo$bmnZ _hgyg H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ &

* Cgo AZoH$ H$îQ>m|o H$mo PobZm n‹S>Vm h¡ &

* H$^r h_| nrN>o Zht ahZm Mm{hE &

H${d n[aM` :

gdo©ídaX`mb gŠgoZm à`moJdmXr H${d h¢Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ 15 {gV§~a 1927 H$mo CÎma-àXoe Ho$ ~ñVr eha Ho$ N>moa na ~go, ~hþV hr {nN>‹S>o hþE Jar~ Jm±d "{nH$m¡am' _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ lr {dídoídaX`mb qgh gŠgoZm Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ lr_Vr gm¡^m½`dVr gŠgoZm WmŸ&

Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb` go E_.E.nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> g_` AmH$medmUr _| H$m`©aV aho& Amn {XZ_mZ, namJ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXH$ ^r WoŸ& "Ako`' Ûmam g§nm{XV "Vrgam gáH$' _| BZH$s H${dVmAm| H$mo ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$s _¥Ë`w gZ² 1983 _| hþB©Ÿ& H$mR> H$s K§{Q>`m±, Iy±{Q>`m| na Q>§Jo bmoJ, gmo`m hþAm Ob, ~H$ar, A§Yoao na A§Yoam Am{X BZH$s CëboIZr` aMZmE± h¢ &

gd}ída Ho$ "Iy±{Q>`m| na Q>§Jo bmoJ' H$mì` g§J«h H$mo gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma àmá hþAm h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© : Qy>§JZm - Yrao-Yrao, Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m ImZm; {Z‹T>mb - AeŠV; Q>H$Q>H$s - EH$ {MËV go XoIZm&

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I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE :

1. {nN>‹S>m AmX_r Mwn H$~ ahVm Wm ?2. dh g~Ho$ MbZo na H$hm± ah OmVm Wm ?3. ImZo na H$m¡Z Qy>Q>Vo Wo ?4. dh AbJ ~¡R>m Š`m H$aVm Wm ?5. g~ H¡$go gmoVo Wo ?6. dh H$hm± Q>H$Q>H$s bJm`o ahVm Wm ?7. g~go nhbo H$m¡Z _mam J`m ?8. {nN>‹S>m AmX_r H$~ _mam J`m ?


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III. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ Am¡a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

1. ~mobZm 2. ImZm 3. nH$‹S>Zm 4. MbZm

IV. Bg H${dVm H$m gmam§e {b{IE &

V. Bg H${dVm H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OE&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* {nN>‹S>o AmX_r Ho$ Hw$N> {ZpíMV bjU hmoVo h¢& Bgr àH$ma {nN>‹S>o Xoem| Ho$ ^r Hw$N> bjU hmoVo h¢& Bg Ho$ ~mao _| H$jm

_| MMm© H$s{OE&

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nmR>-5

_hmË_m Jm§Yr

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Z hmoH$a, em§{V H$m CnXoe XoZodmbo amï´>{nVm

_hmË_m Jm§YrOr H$m g§{já n[aM` nmZm Bg nmR> H$m

Ame` h¡Ÿ&)

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Zht, AmpË_H$ h¡....

`h g_` {díd _| `wÕm| Am¡a H«$m§{V`m| H$m ahm h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw h_mao

Xoe H$s KQ>ZmE± CZgo {~bHw$b AbJ Am¡a ñnï> {XImB© XoVr h¢, Š`m|{H$

CZH$s aMZm Xygao hr YamVb na hþB© WrŸ& Bg `wJ _| ^maV Ho$ {df`

_| Ho$db hr AmíM`© H$s ~mV Zht Wr {H$ gmao Xoe Zo Xw{Z`m Ho$ amñVo

go AbJ MbH$a, g~go {^Þ Am¡a D§$Mo ñVa na H$m_ {H$`m, ~pëH$ h

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h_ Cg _hmZ² nwéf Ho$ M_ËH$mar OrdZ na Ñ{ï> Zht S>mbVo, {OgZo

AnZo hmWm| Bg wJ H$mo ~Zm`m WmŸ& hr _hmZ² nwéf _hmË_m Jm§Yr WoŸ&

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CZHo$ H${R>Z H$m`m], g§Kfm], {df_ gmhgm| go n[anyU© XrK© OrdZ _| H$moB© ^r Eogm ñda Zht {ZH$bm, Omo ~ogwam bJoŸ& CZH$s g_ñV {d{dY àd¥{Îm`m| _| AmíM`©OZH$ EH$agVm âr Wr, {Og_| CZHo$ _wI go {ZH$bm hþAm àËòH$ eãX Am¡a CZH$m àËòH$ H$m`© R>rH$ àH$ma go gO OmVm WmŸ& Bg àH$ma {~Zm OmZo hr do nyU© H$bmH$ma ~Z JE Wo, Š`m|{H$ CÝhm|Zo OrZo H$s H$bm H$m Aä`mg {H$`m WmŸ& `h H$bm Xw{Z`m Ho$ OrZo H$s H$bm go gd©Wm {^Þ Wr - {\$a ^r Xw{Z`m CÝh| _mZVr WrŸ&

O¡go-O¡go d¥Õ hmoVo JE, CZH$m eara CZHo$ rVa H$s e{ŠVembr AmË_m H$m dmhZ-_mÌ {XImB© XoZo bJmŸ& CZH$s ~mV gwZVo hþE `m CÝh| XoIVo hþE bmoJ CZHo$ ~mø eara H$mo XoIZm hr ^yb OmVo WoŸ& Bg{bE, ""Ohm± do ~¡R>Vo Wo, dh ñWmZ _pÝXa Ho$ g_mZ n{dÌ ~Z OmVm Wm Am¡a Ohm± do MbVo Wo, dh _mJ© nyOm H$s OJh ~Z OmVm WmŸ&''

ò CX²>Jma h¢, Omo n§{S>V Zohé Zo Jm§YrOr H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CZHo$ à{V ì`ŠV {H$E WoŸ& BZgo h_ Jm§YrOr Ho$ {demb ì`{ŠVËd H$m Hw$N> AZw_mZ bJm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& {\$a ^r h_ CZHo$ BVZo {ZH$Q> h¢ {H$ CZH$s _hmZVm H$mo h_mar Am§I| ñnï> én go Zht XoI nmVtŸ& AmZodmbr nr{‹T>`m± em`X CÝh| Am¡a A{YH$ ñnï> én go XoI gH|$Jr Am¡a {díd{d»`mV d¡km{ZH$ AmBÝñQ>mBZ Ho$ eãXm| _| : ""CÝh| AmíM`© hmoJm {H$ Eogm {dbjU ì`{ŠV gXoh ê$n _| H$^r n¥Ïdr na ahVm WmŸ&''

h_mao Xoe H$mo `h gm¡^m½` àmá h¡ {H$ CgZo EH$ Eogr _hmZ² AmË_m H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, {OgH$s JUZm eVmpãX`m| VH$ g§gma Ho$ loð>V_ _hmnwéfm| _| hmoJrŸ&

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Jm§YrOr H$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ _mohZXmg H$a_M§X Jm§Yr WmŸ& BZHo$ {nVm amOH$moQ> Ho$ XrdmZ WoŸ& gZ² 1869 H$s 2 AŠVy~a H$mo, nmoa~ÝXa Zm_H$ ZJa _| Jm§YrOr H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& Y_©^ré _mVm-{nVm Ho$ AmMma-{dMmam| H$m à^md Jm§YrOr na ^r n‹S>m Am¡a do ~MnZ go hr gË` Ho$ nwOmar ~Z JEŸ&

{nVm Ho$ XohmÝV Ho$ ~mX Jm§YrOr 4 {gVå~a, 1888 B©. H$mo ~¡[añQ>ar H$s narjm Ho$ {bE {dbm`V JEŸ& OmZo go nyd© Jm§YrOr AnZr _mVm go `h à{Vkm H$a JE Wo {H$ do _m§g-_{Xam Am{X g~ ì`gZm| go Xya ah|JoŸ& Bg à{Vkm Zo AmnH$mo ~‹S>m AmpË_H$ ~b {X`mŸ& B§½b¢S> Ho$ CÎmoOH$ dmVmdaU H$m AmH$f©U ^r AmnH$mo AnZr Amoa AmH¥$ï> Zht H$a gH$mŸ& \¡$eZ H$s Amoa Wmo‹S>m-gm PwH$md hþAm Wm, {H$ÝVw _m± H$mo Xr JB© à{Vkm Zo CÝh| {\$a gmXo OrdZ H$s Amoa PwH$m {X`mŸ& B§½b¢S> _| AmnZo "Q>mbñQ>m`' Am¡a "apñH$Z' H$s nwñVH$m| H$m ^r AÜ``Z {H$`m& BZHo$ AÜ``Z VWm JrVm-~mB~b Am{X Ho$ {MÝVZ-_ZZ Zo AmnHo$ Ym{_©H$ ^mdm| H$mo Am¡a ^r Ñ‹T> H$a {X`mŸ&

VrZ gmb H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mX gZ²> 1891 _| Jm§YrOr ~¡[añQ>a ~ZH$a ^maV dmng Am JE Am¡a amOH$moQ> _| dH$mbV ewé H$a XrŸ& `hm± dH$mbV H$a hr aho Wo {H$ nmoa~§Xa H$s EH$ ~‹S>r ì`mnmar g§ñWm "AãXwëbm EÊS> H$ånZr' Ho$ _wH$X_| H$s n¡adr Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo X{jU A\«$sH$m OmZm n‹S>mŸ&

X{jU A\«$sH$m go hr Jm§YrOr H$m dmñV{dH$ OrdZ ewé hmoVm h¡Ÿ& A~ VH$ Omo g§ñH$ma CZHo$ _Z _| Wo, CZH$s narjm H$m g_` Am J`mŸ&

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X{jU A\«$sH$m _| CZ {XZm| ^maVr`m| Ho$ gmW ~‹S>m ~wam ì`dhma

{H$`m OmVm WmŸ& AmnH$m _Z Bg ì`dhma go {dÐmohr hmo CR>mŸ& AXmbV _|

O~ Amn AnZo Ho$g H$s n¡adr H$aZo JE, Vmo OO Zo Amngo nJ‹S>r CVmaZo

H$mo H$hmŸ& AmnZo Bgo AnZm An_mZ g_Pm Am¡a Amn {~Zm nJ‹S>r CVmao

~mha Mbo AmEŸ& `h KQ>Zm AI~mam| _| N>nrŸ& X{jU A\«$sH$m Ho$ g~

^maVr`m| H$m Ü`mZ AmnH$s Amoa qIM J`mŸ& BgHo$ Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX EH$

Am¡a KQ>Zm hmo JB©Ÿ& Amn aobJm‹S>r Ho$ àW_ XO} Ho$ {S>ã~o _| `mÌm H$a

aho WoŸ& EH$ A§J«oO Zo AmH$a AmnH$mo CVmaZm MmhmŸ& AmnZo Cgo {Q>H$Q>

{XIm`mŸ& A§J«oO Zo {Q>H$Q> H$s nadmh {H$E {~Zm CÝh| YHo$bH$a ZrMo CVma

{X`m & dhm± A§J«oOm| Ûmam CZH$m H$B© ~ma An_mZ hþAmŸ& BZ An_mZm| Ho$

~mX Jm§YrOr C{Û½Z ahZo bJoŸ&

AÝV _| AnZo _wd{ŠH$b Ho$ Ho$g H$m \¡$gbm AXmbV H$s ghm`Vm

Ho$ {~Zm H$admH$a Amn X{jU A\«$sH$m Ho$ ^maVr`m| H$m g§JR>Z H$aZo Ho$

H$m_ _| bJ JEŸ& Jm§YrOr MmhVo Wo {H$ do A§J«oOm| Ho$ An_mZnyU© ì`dhma

H$m gm_y{hH$ ê$n go CÎma Xo gH|$Ÿ& Jm§YrOr Zo Cgr CÔoí` go dhm± "ZoQ>mb

BpÊS>`Z H$m§J«og' H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& Bg g§ñWm Ûmam dhm± Ho$ ^maVr`m| Zo

AmË_gå_mZ H$m nmR> grImŸ&

g§JR>Z Ho$ BZ à`ËZm| Zo dhm± Ho$ A§J«oOm| H$mo Jm§YrOr H$m eÌw ~Zm

{X`mŸ& H$B© ~ma CÝhm|Zo Jm§YrOr H$s hË`m Ho$ à`ËZ {H$E {H$ÝVw Jm§YrOr

ha ~ma ~M JEŸ& hË`mam| H$s BZ Moï>mAm| H$m {OH«$ nm{b©`m_|Q> _| ^r

hþAmŸ& {~«Q>oZ Ho$ àYmZ_ÝÌr Zo X{jU A\«$sH$m H$s gaH$ma H$mo hË`m H$s

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Moï>m H$aZodmbm| na _wH$X_m MbmZo H$mo ^r {bIm, {H$ÝVw Jm§YrOr Zo

{H$gr na _wH$X_m MbmZo go BZH$ma H$a {X`mŸ&

A§J«oµOm| Ho$ Xwì`©dhma hmoVo hþE ^r Jm§YrOr Zo A§J«oµOm| Ho$ {déÕ A\«$sH$m Ho$ Am{X_ {Zdmgr "~moAa' bmoJm| Ho$ wÕ _| A§Jo«µOm| H$mo ghm`Vm XrŸ& Km`bm| H$s godm H$m H$m_ AmnZo AnZo hmWm| _| bo {b`mŸ& Bg godm-H$m`© go A§Jo«µO VWm ^maVr` XmoZm| Jm§YrOr H$mo _mZZo bJoŸ&

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½`mah df© X{jU A\«$sH$m _| ahZo Ho$ ~mX Jm§YrOr ^maV bm¡Q>oŸ& ½`mah dfm] _| CÝhm|Zo Xmo d«V {bE Wo ; nhbm `h {H$ ^{dî` _| do ~«÷Mmar ah|Jo, Xygam `h {H$ CZH$m eof OrdZ bmoH$godm _| ì`VrV hmoJmŸ& Jm§YrOr H$m eof gmam OrdZ BZ Xmo d«Vm| H$s gmYZm H$m B{Vhmg h¡Ÿ&

^maV AmVo hr AmnZo JmoIbo H$s gbmh _mZH$a ^maV H$m ^«_U Amaå^ H$a {X`mŸ& dra_Jm_ _| OH$mV Ho$ gå~ÝY _| OZVm ~‹S>r

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Xw…Ir WrŸ& AmnZo CZH$m Xw…I dm`gam` Ho$ gm_Zo aImŸ& dm`gam` Zo BZ {eH$m`Vm| na C{MV Ü`mZ {X`mŸ& Bggo H$m{R>`mdm‹S> VWm ^maV H$s OZVm AmnH$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþB©Ÿ&

df©-â Xoe H$m Xm¡am H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Amn Ah_Xm~mX bm¡Q> AmEŸ& `hm§° AmH$a AmnZo gm~a_Vr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao "gË`mJ«h Aml_' H$s Ztd aIrŸ& {H$ÝVw Xoe Ho$ Xw…Ir {H$gmZm| H$s nwH$ma Zo AmnH$mo M¡Z go Zht ~¡R>Zo {X`mŸ& g~go nhbo {~hma Ho$ MånmaZ {µObo Ho$ {H$gmZm| Zo AmH$a Jm§YrOr go {eH$m`V H$s {H$ dhm± Ho$ A§J«oµO µO_tXma CZ na ~‹S>m AË`mMma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AmnZo ñd § MånmaZ OmH$a Om§M H$s Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$s {eH$m`V| gaH$ma Ho$ gm_Zo aItŸ& nhbo Vmo gaH$ma Zo Ü`mZ Zht {X`m, {H$ÝVw O~ gË`mJ«{h`m| Ho$ OËWo Oobm| _| âZo bJo Vmo gaH$ma H$mo Jm§YrOr Ho$ gwPmd _mZZo n‹S>oŸ& Bg {dO` Zo Jm§YrOr H$m è Xoe-â _| \¡$bm {X`mŸ&

MånmaZ go AmnH$mo Ah_Xm~mX H$s {_bm| Ho$ _m{bH$m| d _µOXyam| H$m PJ‹S>m {Z~Q>mZo Ho$ {bE AmZm n‹S>mŸ& AmnZo {_b-_m{bH$m| H$mo g_PmZo H$m ~hþV à`ËZ {H$`m, {H$ÝVw do Zht _mZoŸ& V~ AmnZo _µOXyam| H$mo h‹S>Vmb H$aZo H$s gbmh XrŸ& h‹S>Vmb H$m AmÝXmobZ Hw$N> _ÝX hmoZo bJm, Vmo AmnZo Cndmg H$s KmofUm H$sŸ& `h AmnHo$ OrdZ H$m nhbm gmd©O{ZH$ Cndmg WmŸ& VrZ {XZ Ho$ Cndmg Ho$ ~mX hr {_b-_m{bH$m| Zo _µOXyam| go g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`mŸ&

gZ² 1914 _| O~ nhbm _hm wÕ Amaå^ hþAm Vmo Jm§YrOr Zo YZ Am¡a OZ go A§J«oµOm| H$s ghm`Vm H$sŸ& Cg g_` AmnH$mo A§J«oµOm| H$s gƒmB© _| {dídmg WmŸ& A§J«oµOm| Zo wÕ _| {dO`r hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^maV H$mo ñdV§ÌVm XoZo H$m dMZ {X`m Wm, qH$Vw wÜX g_má hmoZo na ^maV H$mo ñdVÝÌVm

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Ho$ ñWmZ na X_ZH$mar "am¡bQ> EŠQ>' H$m H$mZyZ |Q> {H$`m J`mŸ& A§J«oµOm| H$s Bg H¥$V¿ZVm na AmnH$mo ~‹S>m Xw…I hþAmŸ& am¡bQ> EŠQ> Ho$ {damoY _| AmnZo Agh`moJ Am¡a gË`mJ«h H$aZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`mŸ& 30 _mM©, gZ²> 1919 go `h AmÝXmobZ ewê$ hmo J`mŸ& gaH$ma Zo {Z…eñÌ OZVm na bm{R> m| Am¡a Jmo{b`m| H$s ~m¡N>ma H$sŸ& A_¥Vga Ho$ O{b`m§dmbm ~mJ _| g¡H$‹S>m| {ZXmo©f Za-Zmar Jmo{b`m| go yZ {XE JEŸ& AmnZo Bg KQ>Zm H$s Om±M Ho$ {bE H$m§J«og H$s Amoa go EH$ H${_Q>r ~ZmB©Ÿ& Jm±d-Jm±d _| «_U {H$`mŸ& Bg [anmoQ>© Zo Xw{Z`m H$s Am§I| Imob Xr&

A_¥Vga H$s H$m§J«og _| AmnZo Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo Agh`moJ H$s `moOZm aIrŸ& Hw$N> _hrZo ~mX H$bH$Îmm _| H$m§J«og H$m {deof A{YdoeZ ~wbm`m J`mŸ& Cg_| Agh`moJ H$m àñVmd ñdrH$ma hmo J`mŸ& g_ñV Xoe H$s OZVm Zo nhbr ~ma Jm§YrOr H$m ZoV¥Ëd _mZ {b`mŸ& Jm§YrOr Zo Xoe H$s ~mJS>moa AnZo hmWm| _| brŸ& ^maV _| AnZo T>§J H$m `h nhbm AmÝXmobZ WmŸ& hµOmam| {e{jV, dH$sb, {dÚmWu, ì`mnmar AnZo H$m_-YÝYo N>mo‹S>H$a Oob H$s `mÌm H$mo V¡ ma hmo JEŸ& Oob| ^a JBªŸ& {H$gmZm| Zo ^r OËWo ~ZmH$a Oob `mÌm ewé H$a XrŸ& {H$ÝVw ~rM _| hr Mm¡ar-Mm¡am H$m H$m§S> hmo J`mŸ& Hw$N> H$ï> nr{‹S>V {H$gmZmo§ Zo {gnm{h`m| H$mo {OÝXm Obm {X`m WmŸ& Bg KQ>Zm go Xw…Ir hmoH$a Jm§YrOr Zo AnZm AmÝXmobZ dmng bo {b`mŸ& Aqhgm CZHo$ AmÝXmobZ H$s nhbr eV© WrŸ& AqhgmË_H$ ar{V go hr do gË` H$m wÕ H$aVo WoŸ&

gË`mJ«h ñW{JV hmo J`m, {H$§Vw Xoe H$mo AnZo Y_© wÕ Ho$ {bE V¡ ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ MbVm ahmŸ& aMZmË_H$ H$m`m] _| AmnZo AnZr gmar e{ŠV bJm Xr, {H$ÝVw gaH$ma H$mo h r gø Zht WmŸ& AmnH$mo N>… gmb H$s gµOm

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Xo Xr JB©Ÿ& AmnHo$ Oob OmZo Ho$ ~mX gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$m Amaå^ hþAmŸ& Xoe-^a _| {hÝXy-_wpñb_ CnÐdm| H$m Xm¡a ewê$ hmo J`mŸ& Oob go Ny>Q>H$a AmnZo BZ X§Jm| H$mo gXm Ho$ {bE em§V H$aZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm BŠH$$sg {XZ Ho$ Cndmg H$s KmofUm H$sŸ& Bg KmofUm Zo XmoZm| Om{V`m| Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$m Ü`mZ gmåàXm{`H$ empÝV H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> {H$`mŸ&

gZ² 1924 _| Amn nhbr ~ma ~obJm§d H$m§J«og Ho$ àYmZ ~ZoŸ& AÜ`j ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX AmnZo {\$a Xoe H$m «_U {H$`mŸ& Bg «_U _| CÝh| `h AZw d hþAm {H$ Xoe Ho$ {bE amOZr{VH$ ñdVÝÌVm go ^r A{YH$ Amdí`H$ H$m © h[aOZm| Ho$ CÕma H$m h¡Ÿ& CÝh| ^r AÝ` dJm] Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma {_bZo Mm{hEŸ& ImXr H$s H$ënZm Zo ^r Bgr Xm¡ao _| _hÎd nH$‹S>mŸ& n[aUm_-ñdê$n AmnZo "h[aOZ g§K' H$s ñWmnZm H$s Am¡a BZ XmoZm| H$m`moª H$m g_mdoe r H$m§J«og Ho$ aMZmË_H$ H$m`m] _| H$a {X`mŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV _Ú{ZfoY, {h§Xr-àMma, {ejm-gwYma Am{X aMZmË_H$ H$m`m] _| ^r AmnZo nW-àXe©H$ H$m H$m_ {H$`mŸ&

gZ²> 1930 _| Jm§YrOr Zo Xygao gË`mJ«h wÕ H$m Amaå^ {H$`mŸ& BgH$m Amaå^ 12 _mM©, gZ²> 1930 Ho$ {XZ gm~a_Vr Aml_ go Xm§S>r Ho$ {bE àñWmZ H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m WmŸ& Z_H$-H$mZyZ Vmo‹S>Zm Bg àñWmZ H$m VmËH$m{bH$ Ü o WmŸ& 6 Aà¡b H$mo Jm§YrOr Zo Xm§S>r nhþ§MH$a ñd § Z_H$ V¡ ma {H$`mŸ& AJbo hr {XZ gaH$ma Zo AmnH$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`mŸ& Jm§YrOr H$s {JaâVmar Zo Am§XmobZ H$s AmJ _| Kr H$m H$m_ {H$`mŸ& hµOmam| gË`mJ«hr Oobm| _| JEŸ& AÝV _| gaH$ma Zo b§XZ _| Jmob_oµO n[afX² ~wbmB©Ÿ& Jm§YrOr ^r Cg_| ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE b§XZ nhþ§MoŸ& Bg n[afX² go Jm§YrOr H$mo ~hþV {Zamem hþB© & do {Zame bm¡Q>o Am¡a bm¡Q>Vo hr 4 OZdar, gZ²> 1932 H$mo {JaâVma H$a {bE JEŸ&

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{OZ {XZm| Amn Oob _| Wo, gaH$ma Zo Xoe H$mo {Z~©b ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ZB© Mmb MbrŸ& h[aOZm| H$mo {hÝXwAm| go AbJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Zo Ymam-g^m _| CZH$mo n¥WH$²> à{V{Z{YËd XoZo H$m {dMma {H$`mŸ& Jm§YrOr Zo Bg {ZíM` Ho$ {damoY _| Oob _| hr Cndmg ewé H$a {X`mŸ& Bg Cndmg Zo gaH$ma H$mo {hbm {X`m Am¡a Cgo AnZm {ZíM` ~XbZm n‹S>mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX 30 Aà¡b, gZ² 1933 H$mo Jm§YrOr Zo AmË_ew{Õ Ho$ {bE BŠH$sg {XZ H$m Cndmg {H$`mŸ& Bg Cndmg _| AmnH$s _¥Ë w BVZr {ZH$Q> Am JB© Wr {H$ Xoe-^a _| emoH$ N>m J`mŸ& {H$ÝVw {H$gr {Xì` e{ŠV Zo CZHo$ OrdZ H$s ajm H$a brŸ& BŠH$sg {XZ H$m h Cndmg r g\$bVmnyd©H$ g_má hþAmŸ&

h[aOZm| H$mo n¥WH$² à{V{Z{YËd XoZo Ho$ {déÕ AZeZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX AmnZo h[aOZm| H$s godm H$m Ñ‹T> g§H$ën {H$`mŸ& 7 Zdå~a, gZ²> 1933 H$mo Amn h[aOZ godm Ho$ {bE YZ-g§J«h H$aZo Ho$ {Z{_Îm Xoe Ho$ Xm¡ao na {ZH$b n‹S>oŸ& Bg Xm¡ao _| AmnH$mo AmemVrV g\$bVm {_br& Hw$N> hr {XZm| _| AmR> bmI én o EH$Ì hmo JEŸ& "h[aOZ godm g§K' ñWm{nV H$aHo$ AmnZo h[aOZm| H$mo godm H$m Ho$ÝÐ ~Zm {X`mŸ&

_hm wÕ Zo AmnH$m Ü`mZ {\$a Xoe H$s amOZr{V H$s Amoa _mo‹S>mŸ& maV H$s OZVm go {~Zm nyN>o ^maV gaH$ma Zo {díd wÕ _| O~ O_©Zr Ho$ {déÕ wÕ H$s KmofUm H$a Xr, Vmo AmnZo gaH$ma Ho$ Bg H$m © H$mo maVr` OZVm

Am¡a OZVm Ho$ MwZo hþE à{V{Z{Y`m| H$m An_mZ g_PmŸ& Bg An_mZ H$m à{VH$ma `hr Wm {H$ H$m§J«og Ho$ _§Ìr Am¡a ì`dñWm{nH$m g^mAm| Ho$ gXñ` AnZo nXm| go BñVr\o$ Xo X|Ÿ&

BñVr\o$ Xo {XE JEŸ& Jm§YrOr Zo {\$a nyU© ñdVÝÌVm H$s _m±J noe H$sŸ& gaH$ma H$s Amoa go Bg _m§J H$m An_mZnyU© CÎma {_bZo Ho$ ~mX

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AmnZo Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo "^maV N>mo‹S>mo' H$m àñVmd aImŸ& 9 AJñV, gZ²> 1942 Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {XZ dh àñVmd nmg hmo J`mŸ& gaH$ma Zo Cgr {XZ g~ ZoVmAm| Ho$ gmW Jm§YrOr H$mo ^r {JaâVma H$a {b`mŸ&

Oob _| AmnH$mo AZoH$ H$ï> ghZo n‹S>oŸ& Oob`mÌm Ho$ àW_ gámh _| hr lr _hmXod XogmB© Ho$ ñdJ©dmg Am¡a Hw$N> _hrZo ~mX H$ñVya~m H$s {dXmB© Zo AmnH$mo Xw…Ir H$a {X`mŸ& AmnH$m ñdmñÏ` ^r ~hþV {Ja J`mŸ& gZ²> 1944 Ho$ _B© _hrZo _| gaH$ma Zo AmnH$mo _wŠV H$a {X`mŸ&

Oob go Ny>Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX AmnZo _wpñb_ brJ Ho$ ZoVm {_. {OÞm go {_bH$a Xoe H$mo A{d^ŠV aIZo H$m `ËZ {H$`m, {H$ÝVw {_. {OÝZm AnZr {OX na A‹S>o ahoŸ&

15 AJñV, 1947 Ho$ {XZ, O~ ^maV Ho$ eham| H$s AÅ>m{bH$mE§ AJ{UV Xrnm| go OJ_Jm ahr Wt, ^maV H$m ^m½` {Z_m©Vm ~§Jmb _| {hÝXy-_wpñb_ Xw…Ir OZm| Ho$ gmW Am§gy ~hm ahm WmŸ&

dhm± go {Xëbr H$s AmJ H$mo ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE Amn dhm± nhþ§MoŸ& à{V{XZ em_ H$mo àmW©Zm-g^m _| empÝV H$m CnXoe XoVo ahoŸ& aŠVnmV emÝV Z hþAm Vmo AmnZo AZeZ d«V bo {b`mŸ& VrZ-Mma {XZ Ho$ AZeZ Zo OmXy H$m H$m_ {H$`mŸ& CnÐd emÝV hmo J`mŸ&

{H$ÝVw Hw$N> Y_m©ÝY {hÝXy `wdH$m| H$m IyZ emÝV Zht hþAm WmŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| `h YmaUm g_m JB© Wr {H$ Jm§YrOr _wgb_mZm| H$m nj boVo h¢Ÿ& do `wdH$ Jm§YrOr Ho$ eÌw hmo JEŸ& CZ_| go EH$ `wdH$ ZmWyam_ JmoS>go Zo 30 OZdar, gZ²> 1948 H$s em_ H$mo N>… ~Oo àmW©Zm-g^m _| OmH$a Jm§YrOr H$mo [admëda H$s Jmo{b`m| H$m {ZemZm ~Zm {X`mŸ& VrZ ~ma "am_', "am_', "am_' H$hZo Ho$ ~mX Jm§YrOr Zo àmU N>mo‹S>

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{XEŸ& Jm§YrOr H$s Xoh A{½Z Ho$ An©U hmo JB©, {H$ÝVw CZH$s AmË_m

AmO ^r ^maV H$m nW-àXe©Z H$a ahr h¡Ÿ&

`mX a{IE :

* Jm§YrOr H$m nyam Zm_ _mohZXmg H$a_M§X Jm§Yr WmŸ& BZHo$

{nVm H$m Zm_ lr H$a_M§X Jm§Yr Wm Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_

nwVbr ~mB© WmŸ&

* 25 _B©, 1915 H$mo AmnZo Ah_Xm~mX _| AnZo Aml_ go

Z_H$-gË`mJ«h N>o‹S>mŸ&

* 30 OZdar, 1948 H$mo Jm§YrOr H$s _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ&

boIH$ n[aM`: {h§Xr Ho$ JÚ boIH$m| _| lr gË`H$m_ {dÚmb§H$ma Or H$m Zm_ AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& gmám{hH$ "Y_©`wJ' H$m CÝhm|Zo dfm] g\$b g§nmXZ {H$`mŸ& do "ZdZrV' Ho$ àYmZ g§nmXH$ ^r aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> CnÝ`mg, àoaUmË_H$ nwñVH|$ Am¡a b{bV {Z~§Y {bIo h¢Ÿ& "gmo_m' CZH$m à{gÕ CnÝ`mg h¡Ÿ& "_mZ{gH$ e{ŠV Ho$ M_ËH$ma', "M[aÌ-{Z_m©U', "g\$bVm Ho$ gyÌ', "g\$b OrdZ' Am{X CZH$s àoaUmË_H$ nwñVH|$ h¢Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V Am¡a A§J«oOr go Hw$N> AÀN>r nwñVH$m| Ho$ AZwdmX ^r {H$E h¢Ÿ&

Bg boI _| amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§YrOr H$s g§{já OrdZr VWm CZHo$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠVËd H$s _m{_©H$ Pm±H$s {XImB© JB© h¡Ÿ&

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eãXmW© :

~ogwam - AW©hrZ, {dbjU - {d{MÌ, Y_©^ré - Y_© H$m nmbZ H$aZodmbm, ì`gZ - ~war AmXV, bV, _wH$Ô_m - Xmdm `m Zm{be, n¡adr - _wH$X²_o _| AnZo nj H$m g_W©Z H$aZm, C{Û½Z - qM{VV, aÔ H$aZm - {ZañV H$aZm, OH$mV-H$a, OËWm - Q>mobr, AZeZ - Cndmg, {Z{_Îm - H$maU, AmemVrV - Amem go nao, AÅ>m{bH$m - ~‹S>m _H$mZ, àmgmX, _hb, AmpË_H$ - AmË_m go g§~§{YV

g§X^© :

Q>mbñQ>m` Om°Z apñH$Z OZab ñ_Q²>g JmoIbo

Q>mbñQ>m` - H$mC§Q> {b`mo {ZH$mobmE{dM Q>mbñQ>m` (Count Leo Nikolayevitch Tolstoy) 1828-1910& ê$g Xoe Ho$ gwà{gÕ boIH$Ÿ& 'War and Peace' (`wÕ Am¡a em§{V), 'The Kingdom of God is Within You' (XodbmoH$ Vwåhmao ^rVa h¡) Am¡a 'The Animal Farm' ({X E{Z_b \$m_©), CZH$s _ehÿa {H$Vm~| h¢Ÿ&

apñH$Z - Om°Z apñH$Z (John Ruskin) (1819-1900)Ÿ& `o A§J«oO WoŸ& AnZo O_mZo Ho$ _hmZ qMVH$Ÿ& CZH$s nwñVH$ "AZ²Qw {Xg bmñQ>' (Unto This Last) H$m Jm§YrOr na ~‹S>m à^md n‹S>m WmŸ&

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4343

ZoQ>mb B§{S>`Z H$m§J«og - Natal (ghr CƒmaU "ZQ>çmb' h¡) Indian

Congress X{jU A\«$sH$m _| 22 _B© 1894 _| Jm§YrOr Zo ñWm{nV {H$`mŸ&

~moAa `wÕ - 11-10-1899 go 31-5-1902

An_mZ OZH$ H$mZyZ - X{jU A\«$sH$m H$s gaH$ma Zo `h H$mZyZ ~Zm`m Wm {H$ AmR> gmb go A{YH$ Am`wdmbm ha ^maVr` gaH$ma _| AnZm n§OrH$aU H$am`o, C§J{b`m| Ho$ {ZemZ bJm`o Am¡a {d{eï> nhMmZ-nÌ aIoŸ&

OZab ñ_Q²>g - (1870-1950) X{jU A{\«$H$m Ho$ goZmn{V Am¡a 1912-24 VH$ àYmZ_§ÌrŸ&

JmoIbo - Jmonmb H¥$îU JmoIbo (1866-1915) {OÝh| Jm§YrOr AnZm amOZr{VH$ Jwé _mZVo WoŸ&

dra_Jm_ - JwOamV Ho$ Ah_Xm~mX {Obo H$m EH$ eha h¡Ÿ&

M§nmaZ Ho$ {H$gmZ - dmñVd _| do Io{Vha _µOXya Wo Omo A§J«oOm| Ho$ Zrb ~mJmZm| _| H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ&

nhbm _hm`wÕ - 1914 go 1918 VH$ O_©Zr, AmpñQ´>`m - h§Joar Am¡a {_Ì amï´>m| ({~«Q>Z, \«$m§g Am¡a ê$g) Ho$ _Ü` hþAm WmŸ&

am¡bQ> EŠQ> (Rowlatt Act) - {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ûmam maVr` ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ H$m X_Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE am¡bQ> H${_{Q> H$s {g\$m[ae - ({OgHo$ AÜ`j {~«{Q>e Ý`m`mYre {gS²>Zr am¡bQ> Wo) na nm[aV H$mZyZ (_mM© 1919 _|)

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Mm¡ar-Mm¡am - CÎma àXoe Ho$ JmoaInwa Ho$ nmg EH$ eha - 19 \$adar

1922 H$mo Hw$N> {H$gmZm| Zo Mm¡ar-Mm¡am _| EH$ nw{bg Mm¡H$s \y±$H$ Xr

{Og_| 23 nw{bg _mao JEŸ&

Xm§S>r-JwOamV - Aa~ gmJa Ho$ g_rn H$m EH$ ZJa

Z_H$-H$mZyZ (Salt Act) - àH¥${V H$s XoZ Z_H$ na gaH$ma Zo H$a

bJm`m WmŸ&

Ymam g^m (Constituent Assembly) - g§{dYmZ aMZm Ho$ {bE

~Zm`r J`r g^mŸ&

Jmob_oO n[afX²> - Round Table Conference - {gV§~a 1931


1. Jm§YrOr H$m nyam Zm_ Š`m Wm ?

2. Jm§YrOr H$m OÝ_ H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm ?

3. Jm§YrOr Zo AnZr _mVm go Š`m àVrkm H$s ?

4. Jm§YrOr Zo B§Jb¢S> _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr nwñVH$m| H$m AÜ``Z

{H$`m?

5. Jm§YrOr H$mo X{jU A\«$sH$m Š`m| OmZm n‹S>m ?

6. "ZoQ>mb BpÊS>`Z H$m§J«og' H$s ñWmnZm {H$gZo H$s ? Am¡a

Š`m| ?

7. "gË`mJ«h' Aml_ H$s Zr§d H$hm± aIr JB© ?

8. AmBÝñQ>mBZ Ho$ AZwgma AmZodmbr nr{‹T>`m| _| {H$g ~mV H$m

AmíM`© hmoJm?

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II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. Jm§YrOr Ho$ n[adma H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&

2. Jm§YrOr Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ g_` H$s n[apñW{V`m| H$m dU©Z

H$s{OEŸ&

3. Jm§YrOr H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mao _| Amn Š`m OmZVo h¢ ?

4. Jm§YrOr Ûmam MbmE J`o Am§XmobZm| _| gË`mJ«h H$m _hËd

g_PmBEŸ&

5. Jm§YrOr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd na àH$me S>m{bEŸ&

6. {H$Z An_mZm| Ho$ ~mX Jm§YrOr C{Û½Z ahZo bJo ?

7. H$m{R>`mdm‹S> VWm ^maV H$s OZVm Jm§YrOr H$s Amoa Š`m|

AmH¥$ï> hþB© ?

8. MånmaZ H$s g_ñ`m Š`m Wr ? Jm±YrOr Zo CgH$m {ZdmaU

{H$g àH$ma {H$`m ?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. 2, AŠQy>~a 1861 B³H$sg {XZ H$m Cndmg d«V

2. 30 Aà¡b 2133 Jm§YrOr H$m OÝ_

3. 12, _mM© 1930 Jm§YrOr H$s _¥Ë`w

4. 30, OZdar 1948 Xm§S>r `mÌm

IV. BZ eãXm| _| go CngJ© nhMmZ H$a {b{IE :

n[anyU©, ~ogwam, gm¡^m½`, Y_©^ré, Agh`moJ, An_mZ, AqhgmŸ

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V. BZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo CZHo$ K{Q>V hmoZo Ho$ H«$_ _| gOmBE :

1. Jm§YrOr Zo Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ N>o‹S>mŸ&

2. Jm§YrOr Zo gm~a_Vr Aml_ go Xm§S>r Ho$ {bE àñWmZ

{H$`mŸ&

3. Jm§YrOr Zo 21 {XZ H$m Cndmg aImŸ&

4. ~obJm§d _| g§nÞ H$m§J«og A{YdoeZ Ho$ AÜ`j ~ZoŸ&

5. Jm§YrOr Zo Z_H$ V¡`ma {H$`mŸ&

6. Jm§YrOr H$m OÝ_Ÿ&

7. nhbm _hm`wÕ {N>‹S>mŸ&

8. ~¡[añQ>a ~Z H$a ^maV bm¡Q> AmòŸ&

9. Jm§YrOr H$s Xohbr _| _¥Ë`wŸ&

10. ~o[añQ>ar H$s narjm Ho$ {bE Jm§YrOr B§½b¢S> JòŸ&

11. ^maV N>mo‹S>mo Am§XmobZŸ&

VI. dmÀ` ~X{bò :

1. do à{V{XZ em_ H$mo àmW©Zmg^m _| em§{V H$m CnXoe XoVo Wo&

2. AqhgmË_H$ ar{V go hr do gË` H$m `wÕ H$aVo Wo&

3. ñ_Q²>g Zo AnZm dMZ nyam Zht {H$`mŸ&

4. A_¥Vga H$s H$m§J«og _| AmnZo Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo Agh`moJ H$s

`moOZm aIrŸ&

5. Bg KQ>Zm go Jm§YrOr XwIr hþEŸ&

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VII. eãXmo§ H$mo {dÀN>oX H$a g_mg H$m Zm_ {b{IE &

à{V{XZ, Oob`mÌm, nW-àXe©Z, _hm`wÜX ñdJ©dmgr

VIII. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãX {b[IE &

Agh`moJ, H¥$Vk, O`, KQ>Zm, gø

IX. BZ eãXm| go àË`` AbJ H$aHo$ {b[IE

CXm… gm_m{OH$ - g_mO + BH$

{bImB©, ~MnZ, Ja_mhQ>, amOZr{VH$

X. AÝ`dMZ ê$n {b[IE &

gË`, eÌw, AmX_r, ~hy, FVw

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

* ^maV Xoe Ho$ _hmnwéfm| Ho$ Abmdm Xygao Xoem| Ho$ _hmnwéfm|

Ho$ ~mao _| Om{ZEŸ&

* Jm±YrOr Ho$ OrdZ _| KQ>r amoMH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo n{‹T>E !

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4848

nyaH$ dmMZ

Eogm Wm Zonmo{b`Z

Zonmo{b`Z

Zonmo{b`Z O~ N>moQ>m b‹S>H$m Wm V^r go dh gË`dmXr Wm& EH$ {XZ dh AnZr ~hZ BbmBµOm Ho$ gmW Am±I{_Mm¡Zr Iob ahm Wm& BbmBµOm {N>nr Wr Am¡a Zonmo{b`Z Cgo Ty±‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE BYa-CYa Xm¡‹S> ahm Wm& AMmZH$ dh EH$ b‹S>H$s go Om Q>H$am m & b‹S>H$s A_ê$X ~oMZo Ho$ {bE bo Om ahr Wr& Zonmo{b`Z Ho$ YŠHo$ go CgH$s Q>moH$ar ZrMo {Ja n‹S>r & H$sM‹S> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ gmao A_éX Iam~ hmo JE & dh amoVr hwB© H$hZo bJr, ""A~ _m± H$mo _¢ Š`m Odm~ Xÿ±Jr?''

BbmBµOm H$hZo bJr, ""Mbmo ^¡`m, h_ `hm± go ^mJ Mb|!''

""Zhr§ ~hZ, h_mao H$maU hr Vmo BgH$s hm{Z hwB© h¡&'' h H$hH$a Zonmo{b`Z Zo Oo~ _| aIo VrZ N>moQ>o {gŠHo$ Cg b‹S>H$s H$mo XoH$a H$hm, ""~hZ, _oao nmg `o VrZ hr {gŠHo h¢, Vw_ BÝh§o bo bmo&''

""BZ VrZ {gŠH$m| go Š`m hmoJm? _oar _m± _wPo ~hwV _maoJr'', b‹S>H$s Zo H$hm&

""AÀN>m, Vmo Vw_ h_mao gmW Ka Mbmo, h_ Vwåh| AnZr _m± go Am¡a n¡go {Xbdm X|Jo&''

Bg na BbmBµOm Zo Zonmo{b`Z go H$hm, ""^¡`m, Bgo Ka bo MbmoJo Vmo _m± ZmamµO hm|Jr&''

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4949

Zonmo{b`Z Zht _mZm& dh Cg b‹S>H$s H$mo AnZo gmW Ka bo

J`m& _m± H$mo KQ>Zm H$s OmZH$mar XoH$a dh ~mobm, ""_m±, Amn _wPo

Omo Oo~-IM© XoVr h¢, Cg_| go Bg b‹S>H$s H$mo n¡go Xo Xr{OE&''

""R>rH$ h¡& _¢ Vwåhmar gÀMmB© go Iwe hy± _Ja `mX aIZm, A~

Vwåh| EH$ _hrZo VH$ Oo~-IM© Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r Zht {_boJm'', _m±

Zo H$hm&

""R>rH$ h¡ _m±!'' Zonmo{b`Z Zo h±gVo hwE H$hm&

_m± Zo Cg b‹S>H$s H$mo Xmo ~‹S>o {gŠHo$ {XE& dh Iwer-Iwer Ka

bm¡Q> JB©& Zonmo{b`Z H$mo YŠH$m XoZo H$s gµOm Vmo {_br na§Vw gË` Ho$

nW na MbZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo `h gµOm ^wJVZo _| AX²^wV AmZ§X Am`m&

dmñVd _| Zonmo{b`Z gÀMmB© Ho$ nW na MbZo dmbm B§gmZ Wm&

~MnZ go hr Cgo IwX na Ñ‹T> {dídmg Wm Am¡a Ñ‹T> BÀN>m epŠV ^r&

EH$ AÝ` KQ>Zm Zonmo{b`Z H$s Ñ‹T> BÀN>m epŠV H$m à_mU XoVr h¡&

EH$ ~ma Zonmo{b`Z Zo EH$ Á`mo{Vfr H$mo AnZm hmW {XIm`m&

Á`mo{Vfr Zo hmW XoIH$a H$hm, Vwåhmao hmW _o§ Vmo ^m½` H$s aoIm hr

Zhr§ h¡&

Zonmo{b`Z Zo nyN>m, `h aoIm H$hm± hmoVr h¡?

Á`mo{Vfr Zo hmW _| m½` H$s aoIm H$m ñWmZ ~Vbm`m& Zonmo{b`Z

Zo Cg ñWmZ na MmHy$ go aoIm ItMr Am¡a H$hm, ""br{OE ~Z JB©

^m½` H$s aoIm!''

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Á`mo{Vfr Zo h±gH$a H$hm, `h aoIm Vmo Vw_Zo ItMr h¡&

Zonmo{b`Z Zo Ñ‹T>Vm go H$hm' ""hm±, Š`m|{H$ _¢ AnZo ^m½` H$m

{Z_m©Vm ñd`§ hy±&''

Eogm Wm Zonmo{b`Z!

{H$gr Zo gM hr H$hm h¡, "hmoZhma {~admZ Ho$ hmoV {MH$Zo nmV'

AWm©V² {dX²dmZ Am¡a _hmZ ì`pŠV Ho$ {d{eï> bjU ~MnZ _| hr {XI

OmVo h¢& do OrdZ^a AnZo AmXem] na A{S>J ahVo h¢&

{ZåZ àíZm| H$m CÎma {bpIE:

1. Zonmo{b`Z H$s ~hZ H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?

2. Zonmo{b`Z {H$ggo Q>H$am J`m?

3. Zonmo{b`Z Am¡a CgH$s ~hZ Ho$ M[aÌ _| Š`m A§Va Wm?

4. _m± Zo Zonmo{b`Z go Š`m H$hm?

5. Á`mo{Vfr Zo Zonmo{b`Z go Š`m H$hm? Zonmo{b`Z Zo Š`m

H$hm?

6. _¢ AnZo m½` H$m {Z_m©Vm ñd`§ hy±& Bg dmŠ` go Zonmo{b`Z

Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m nVm MbVm h¡?

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5151

nmR>-6

AmZ§X Ho$ jU - H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l "à^mH$a'

(Ame` : ""AmZ§X Ho$ jU'' EH$ ^mdZm àYmZ {Z~§Y h¡ & OrdZ _| AmZ§X Ho$

jUm| H$s àm{á H¡$go hmoVr h¡, Bg ~mV H$m {ddoMZ Bg {Z~§Y _| ~‹S>o> öX`J«mhr

T>§J go boIH$ Zo {H$`m h¡ & AmX_r OrdZ ^a AmZ§X H$s Imo‹O _| bJm ahVm

h¡ na H$^r-H$^r `h AmZ§X h_| AZm`mg hr CZ jUm| _| {_b OmVm h¡, O~

{H$grH$s ~mV gwZH$a `m {deof KQ>Zm XoIH$a h_mam _Z nwb{H$V hmo CR>Vm h¡ &

boIH$ Zo {d{^Þ KQ>ZmAm|, H$bmH$mam| Am¡a {d{eï>> ì`{º$`m| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ Hw$N>

Eogo àg§J MwZo h¢ Am¡a CZH$m Eogm gag ^mdmË_H$ dU©Z {H$`m h¡, Omo h_mao

öX` H$mo JwXJwXmH$a h_| OrdZ Ho$ VZmdm| go _w{º$ {XbmVo h¢ &)

E{e`m Ho$ EH$ à{gÕ OrdZ-emór H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ {O§XJr,

g§Kf© go ar hwB© h¡ & EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ ItMVmZ bJr hr ahVr h¡ Am¡a

M¡Z Zht {_b nmVm, Bg{bE OrdZ _| CZ jUm| H$s ~hwV H$s_V h¡,

Omo OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXm X| Am¡a ItMVmZ H$s VoOr H$mo ^wbm X| &

Bg OrdZ-emór Zo bmoJm| H$mo EH$ ~‹S>m {XbMñn _edam {X`m

h¡ {H$ O~ Vw_ AnZo {H$gr {_Ì-XmoñV go ~mV H$aZo ~¡R>mo, Vmo K‹S>r

H$m _w±h Xrdma H$s Vµa\$ H$a Xmo &

O~ CZgo nyN>m J`m {H$ ~mVMrV H$m Am¡a K‹S>r H$m Š`m g§~§Y,

Vmo CÎma {_bm {H$ dh H§$~»V `mX {XbmVr ahVr h¡ {H$ BVZr Xoa hmo

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5252

JB© - BVZr Xoa hmo JB© Am¡a Bg Vah AmZ§X H$m dh jU I§§{S>V hmo OmVm h¡, Omo {_Ì H$s ~mVMrV go {_bVm h¡&

Bgr {dÛmZ Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$ g§ñ_aU ~hwV _µOoXma h¡ & CZHo$ Xoe Ho$ amï´>>n{V Zo AnZo Xoe _| {ejm Ho$ àMma na {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {dXoer {dÛmZ H$mo ~wbm`m & {ZíM` hwAm {H$ amï´>n{V Or Mma ~Oo em_ H$mo CZgo ~mV| H$a| Am¡a Cg ~mVMrV _| `o _hme` ^r CnpñWV ah| Omo K‹S>r H$m _w±h Xrdma H$s Va\$ H$aZo H$m _edam XoVo h¢ & BgH$s gyMZm BÝh| Xr JB© Am¡a BZgo Mma ~Oo AmZo H$s ñdrH¥${V bo br JB© &

R>rH$ Mma ~Oo do {dXoer {dÛmZ amï´>n{V ^dZ nhw±M JE Am¡a amï´>n{V Vmo dh±m Wo hr, na do Vrgao _hme` H$h±m h¢ ? gdm Mma ~Oo JE Am¡a Mm` Am JB© na do Zht AmE & bmo `o ~O JE gm‹T>o Mma Am¡a V~ ^r do bmnVm & amï´>n{V H$m goH«o$Q>ar CZHo$ Ka J`m Vmo nVm Mbm {H$ do Vmo VrZ ~Oo hr amï´>n{V ^dZ Mbo JE Wo &

goH«o$Q>ar O~ CZHo$ Ka go bm¡Q> ahm Wm, Vmoo do ~mOma _| Cgo {_bo & do ~mµOma _| Š`m H$a aho Wo? amï´>n{V ^dZ _| EH$ {dXoer {dÛmZ go gbmh H$aZo Ho$ _wH$m~bo dh H$m¡Z-gm µOê$ar H$m_ Wm, {Ogo do ~mµOma _| H$a aho Wo &

"Or Š`m XoI aho Wo dh±m ~mµOma _|?'

""Or Hw$N> Zht Am¡a {H$`m ^r Hw$N> Zht &''

Z ^m¢MH$ hmoZo H$s µOê$aV h¡ Z {dñ_`- {d_w½Y ! ~mV EH$X_ gmµ\$ h¡ {H$ do ~mµOma _| H$~yVa~mµOr H$m _¡M XoI aho Wo &

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5353

AmnH$m Or Mmho, Vmo Amn ZmH$ ^m¢ {gH$mo‹S> gH$Vo h¢ & CZHo$ Zm_ na Hw$‹T> gH$Vo h¢ & amï´>n{V Zo ^r H$~yVa XoIZo H$s ~mV gwZ H$a, `hr {H$`m Wm, na EH$ ~mV nhbo hr ~Vm Xÿ± AmnH$mo {H$ V~ AmnH$m ^r dhr hmb hmoJm, Omo CZH$m CÎma gwZH$a amï´>n{V H$m hwAm Wm & Vmo gwZ br{OE dh CÎma :

amï´>>n{V Zo AnZo Xoe H$s ^mfm _| O~ CZgo H$hm {H$ Š`m H$~yVam| H$m _¡M XoIZm Bg amï´>>r` H$m_ go µÁ`mXm µOê$ar Wm Vmo do ~mobo, ""`h µOê$ar Am¡a ~oµOê$ar H$m `m ~{‹T>`m-K{Q>`m H$m gdmb Zht h¡, `h Vmo AmZ§X H$m àíZ h¡ & `h H$m_ ~hwV µOê$ar h¡, _¢ `h ~mV _mZVm hy±, na AMmZH$ OrdZ _| AmZ§X H$m JwXJwXmZodmbm Omo jU Am J`m Wm, _¢ ^bm CgH$s Cnojm H¡$go H$a gH$Vm Wm amï´>n{V _hmoX`?''

gwZH$a amï´>n{V H$mo h±gr Am JB© & Amn ^r A~ h±g gH$Vo h¢, na Bg {dÛmZ H$s ~mV go BZH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vo {H$ g§Kfm] Am¡a ItMm-Vm{Z`m| go ^ar K{‹S>`m| _| OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbo jUm| H$m ~hwV _hËd h¡ Am¡a h_ CZH$s Cnojm Zht H$a gH$Vo &

JwéXod adtÐZmW R>mHw$a H$s Mßnb H$s H$sb CI‹S>r hwB© Wr & g_` H$s ~mV, Cg na CZH$m Ü`mZ Zht J`m Am¡a do Cgo hr nhZo hwE EH$ g^m _| ^mfU XoZo Mbo JE & H$sb n¡a _| Mw^Vr ahr Am¡a IyZ [agVm ahm, na CZHo$ ^mfU H$m àdmh ~hVm ahm & do ^mfU XoH$a _§M go CVao, Vmo bmoJm| Zo XoIm {H$ Mßnb _| H$mµ\$s IyZ bJm h¡ &

{H$gr Zo H$hm, ""O~ H$ï>> hmo ahm Wm, Vmo Amn éHo$ Š`m| Zht?''

JwéXod Zo CÎma {X`m, "g~ ~§Yw mfU gwZH$a AmZ§X bo aho Wo Am¡a

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5454

_¢ g~H$mo AmZ§X namogZo H$m AmZ§X bo ahm Wm & Eogo jU _| _¢ Xþ:I H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoVm, Vmo dh jU I§{S>V hmo OmVm &' dhr ~mV {H$ OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZo dmbo Hw$N> jU ^r OrdZ _| _hËdnyU© h¢ &

BZ jUm| H$m H$moB© g_` Zht hmoVm Am¡a BZ jUm| H$mo OÝ_ XoZo H$m H$moB© {Z{üV VarH$m-àH$ma ^r Zht h¡ & g_mbmoMH$àda AmMm`© lr am_M§Ð ewŠb ~hwV J§^ra {dÛmZ Wo Am¡a H${d- gå_obZm| _| AnZr H${dVm ~±mMZo Ho$ ñda _| n‹T>m H$aVo Wo, Cgo JmVo Z Wo, na CZHo$ EH$ {_Ì AnZr H${dVm Iy~ JmH$a n‹T>m H$aVo Wo &

n.am_M§Ð ewŠb

EH$ H${d gå_obZ _| XmoZm| gmW JE & O~ ewŠb Or AnZr H${dVm Ama§^ H$aZo bJo, Vmo CZHo$ {_Ì Omoa go ~mobo, ""A~ Amn Agwa H$s H${dVm gw{ZE&'' Agwa H$m AW© {~Zm gwa H$s r Am¡a Agwa H$m AW© amjg ^r & ~S>r grYr MmoQ> Wr, na ~‹S>>r gYr hwB© MmoQ> Wr & ewŠb Or Cg MmoQ> H$mo gh JE, na O~ do {_Ì H${dVm n‹T>Zo I‹S>o hwE Vmo ewŠb Or

Zo Iy~ OmoaXma ñda _| H$hm, "Amn bmoJ Agwa H$s H${dVm Vmo gwZ hr MwHo$, A~ ggwa H$s H${dVm gw{ZE &'

Agwa H$s Vah ggwa Ho$ ^r Xmo AW© h¢ & nhbm gwag{hV Am¡a Xÿgam ídewa-ggwam, Omo EH$ g§~§Y ^r, EH$ Jmbr ^r & gmar g^m h±gVo - h±gVo bmoQ>-nmoQ> hmo J`r Am¡a Cgr jU Zo g^r Ho$ OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXm {X`m & Bg AmZ§X_` jU H$mo OÝ_ XoZo H$m H$m_ ~w{Õ_ÎmmnyU© T§>J go à`moJ {H$E EH$ eãX Zo hr Vmo {H$`m, na `h H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡ {H$ ~w{Õ_ÎmmnyU© eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go hr Eogo jU H$m OÝ_

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5555

hmo & AZoH$ ~ma ~w{ÕhrZ eãXm| go ^r JwXJwXmZodmbo jU H$m OÝ_ hmoVo XoIm J`m h¡ &

à{gÕ A{^ZoÌr J«og Ho$br OZdar _| _±m ~ZZodmbr h¢ & nÌm| _| `h g_mMma N>nm & EH$ n[adma _| dh g_mMma n‹T>m J`m Am¡a Cg na MMm© hwB©, Vmo Xg df© H$s EH$ b‹S>H$s Zo AnZr _±m go nyN>m, ""_±m, J«og Ho$br H$mo `h H¡$go nVm Mbm {H$ OZdar _| CZH$m ~ƒm hmoZodmbm h¡?''

_±m {M§Vm _| n‹S> JB© {H$ ~ƒr H$mo Š`m Odm~ Xo? na, V^r CgH$s N>moQ>r b‹S>H$s {OgH$s C_« n±mM-N>: gmb H$s Wr, MQ>mI go ~mobr, ""dmh, g~ nÌm| _| `h g_mMma N>nm h¡, Vmo Š`m Ho$br H$mo n‹T>Zm Zht AmVm?''

{H$VZo A~moY ~mob Wo `o, na BÝhm|Zo EH$ Eogo jU H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, {OgZo ~hwV {XZm| VH$ Cg n[adma Ho$ OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXm`m Am¡a Omo AmO ^r h_mao _Z H$mo JwXJwXm XoVm h¡ !

EM. Or. doëg

ì`§½` ~war MrµO h¡, Bg{bE Cgo _whmdao _| ì`§½`-~mU H$hm J`m h¡, na dh ^r h_mao OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXm XoVm h¡ - {~ëHw$b Cgr Vah, O¡go MVwa d¡Ú {df go ^r {M{H$Ëgm H$m H$m_ bo boVm h¡ & {díd{d»`mV boIH$ EM. Or. doëg H$s nwñVH$ "eon Am°\$ qW½g Qw> H$_' n‹T>H$a EH$ K_§S>r A{^ZoÌr Zo CÝh| nÌ {bIm, ""nwñVH$ _wPo ~hwV ng§X AmB©, na

OZm~, `h Vmo ~VmBE {H$ `h AmnZo {H$ggo {bIdmB© Wr?''

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5656

Bgo n‹T>H$a doëg ZmamµO hmo gH$Vo Wo Am¡a Cg {MQ²>R>r H$mo \$m‹S>H$a \|$H$ gH$Vo Wo, na Zht, CÝhmoZo BgH$m CÎma {X`m Am¡a Cg_| {bIm, ""AmnH$mo `h nwñVH$ ng§X AmB©, YÝ`dmX, na `h ~VmBE {H$ `h nwñVH$ AmnH$mo {H$gZo n‹T>H$a gwZmB© Wr?'' _Vb~ h {H$ AmnH$s am` _| _¢ boIH$ Zht hy±, na _oar am` _| Vmo Amn AZn‹T> r h¢ - Bg bm`H$ ^r Zht {H$ H$moB© nwñVH$ ~±mM gH|$ & µOam-gr g{hîUwVm Am¡a gagVm Zo ZmamµOJr Ho$ jU H$mo AnZo {bE, CZHo$ {bE Am¡a g~Ho$ {bE OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbm jU ~Zm {X`m Am¡a K_§S>r H$m {ga r PwH$m {X`m &

_hmZ² boIH$ lr nX²_qgh e_m© Am¡a _hmZ² H${d lr OJÞmWXmg "aËZmH$a' gmW-gmW Om aho Wo & e_m©Or nVbo-N>ahao, VoO-Vam©a Am¡a "aËZmH$a' Or _moQ>o, ^mar-^aH$_ Am¡a aB©g-{_OmµO & Vmo e_m©Or H$s Mmb m| {H$ PnQ>Vo-go Am¡a "aËZmH$a' Or H$s Mmb m| {H$ {hbVo-go {XImB© X| &

D$~H$a e_m©Or Zo H$hm, "aËZmH$a Or, Amn ^r Š`m OZdmgo O¡gr Mmb MbVo h¢ &'

C{MV h¡ {H$ "aËZmH$a' Or `h gwZH$a AnZo _wQ>mno na P|n OmE± Am¡a `h jU CXmgr H$m jU ~Z OmE, na "aËZmH$a' Or P|no Zht, ~mobo, ""_¢ H$moB© S>mH$ haH$mam Vmo hy± Zht {H$ O~ Mby±, ^mJVm hwAm Mby± &'' Bg CÎma Zo Cg CXmgr Am¡a P|n Ho$ jU H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbm jU ~Zm {X`m Am¡a XmoZm| hr _hrZ² ~mbH$m| H$s Vah pIbpIbmH$a h±g n‹S>o> &

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5757

godm J«m_ _| Jm±Yr Or

Jm§YrOr H$mo CZHo$ g~ H$m`©H$Vm© ~mny H$hVo Wo, Am¡a CZHo$ gmW

~mn-O¡gm hr ~oVHëbw\$

ì`dhma H$aVo Wo & ~mVm|-

~mVm| _| EH$ {XZ EH$

H$m`©H$Vm© H$mo _µOmH$ gyPm

Vmo CgZo H$hm, ""~mny,

Amn Jm¡Am| H$s godm Ho$

{bE ~hwV-go H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a EH$ g§ñWm MbmVo h¢, na EH$ àmUr,

Jm` go ^r A{YH$ {Zarh h¡, bmoJ Cgna _Z_mZm AË`mMma H$aVo h¢,

Cgo ImZm ^r R>rH$ go Zht XoVo & dh h¡ JYm ! Š`m Amn Cg ~oMmao

Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Z H$a|Jo ?''

~mny ~mobo, ""Vwåhmar ~mV R>rH$ h¡ & _¢Zo Jm¡Am| H$s godm Ho$ {bE

"Jmo-godH$-g§K' H$s ñWmnZm H$s h¡ & A~ Vw_ JYm-godH$-g§K H$s

ñWmnZm H$a CgHo$ _hm_§Ìr ~Z OmAmo, Vmo ~hwV AÀN>m hmo &'' Jm§YrOr

Ho$ àñVmd na g~ bmoJ pIbpIbmH$a h±g n‹S>oo> Am¡a JYo H$s ~mV Zo

g~Ho$ OrdZ H$mo jU a Ho$ {bE AmZ§X go JwXJwXm {X`m & Or h±m, JYo

H$s ~mV Zo !

AÀN>m, JYm-godH$-g§K H$m _§Ìr ~ZZm Vmo {\$a ^r EH$

gmd©O{ZH$ nX nmZm h¡, na {H$gr H$mo JYm H$hZm Am¡a dh ^r ^ar

g^m _| H¡$gm h¡ ? Or, AmnH$s ^r `hr am` h¡ {H$ `h Kmoa An_mZ

h¡, na EH$ ~ma Bg Kmoa An_mZ _| ^r OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbo jU

H$m OÝ_ hwAm Wm &

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5858

B§½b¢S> Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr {_ñQ>a bm°`S> OmO© EH$ g^m _| AnZo _§{Ì_§S>b Ho$ H$m`m] H$s Vmarµ\$ H$a aho Wo & `h nhbo _hm`wÕ H$mb H$s ~mV h¡ & CZHo$ {damoYr EH$ lmoVm Zo g^m _| I‹So> hmoH$a nyN>m, ""{_ñQ>a bm°`S> OmO©, Amn Vmo em`X dhr h¢, {OZHo$ {nVm JYo H$s Jm‹S>r Mbm`m H$aVo Wo?''

h±gZm A±J«oOm| H$m ñd^md h¡, Vmo bmoJ h±g n‹S>o>, na V^r bm°`S> OmO© Zo H$hm, ""XmoñVmo, `h gdmb ghr h¡ & _oao {nVm dmH$B© JYo H$s Jm‹S>r Mbm`m H$aVo hm|Jo, na dh Jm‹S>r Vmo {~H$ JB© h¡ & hm±, `h JYm A^r VH$ _m¡OyX h¡ &''

Amoh! Hw$N> Z ny{N>E {H$ bmoJ {H$g Vah h±go, {H$g Vah h±go {H$ bm°`S> OmO© Ho$ ~ma-~ma H$hZo na ^r h±gr Ho$ \$ìdmao ~§X Z hwE Am¡a Obgm H$m Obgm bmoQ>-nmoQ> hmo J`m &

AÀN>m, h±gr Am¡a JwXJwXr AmdmO| Vmo Amn H$mµ\$s gwZ MwHo$, A~ EH$ Eogr ~mV gw{ZE {H$ {Og_| Z eãXm| H$s AmdmO h¡, Z h±gr H$s, {\$a ^r dh OrdZ H$s JwXJwXmZodmbo jUm| H$m gdm}Îm_ àVrH$ h¡ &

BQ>br Ho$ à{gÕ Xoe^º$ _o{µOZr CZ {XZm| {Zdm©{gV Wo & EH$ {XZ do A±J«oOr Ho$ à{gÕ boIH$ H$mbm©`b go {_bZo JE & H$mbm©`b Zo ~hwV AmXa go CZH$m A{^Z§XZ Am¡a ñdmJV {H$`m & BgHo$ ~mX do Abmd Ho$ nmg ~¡R> JE MwnMmn H$B© K§Q>o VH$ ~¡R>o aho, H$moB© Hw$N> Zht ~mobm &

O~ _o{µOZr MbZo Ho$ {bE CR>o Vmo H$mbm©`b Zo H$hm, ""AmO H$s emZXma _wbmH$mV go ~hwV AmZ§X {_bm Am¡a BZ jUm| H$s `mX ~hwV {XZm| VH$ OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmVr ahoJr &''

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5959

Š`m AmnH$mo ^r OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbo Eogo jUm| H$m AZw^d

hwAm h¡ ? Am¡a Š`m AmZ§X jU H$mo XoZo H$s H$bm Amn OmZVo h¢ ?

Zht Vmo Aä`mg H$s{OE, Š`m|{H$ Kaoby Am¡a gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo

g_¥Õ ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE `h AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡ &

`mX a{IE :

* OrdZ g§Kf©_` h¡ bo{H$Z CgH$mo AmZ§X_` ~ZmZm AnZo hr

hmWm| _| h¡&

* OrdZ _| JwXJwXmZodmbo jUm| H$m ~hþV _hËd h¡&

* Eogo jUm| H$mo OÝ_ XoZo H$m H$moB© {ZpíMV VarH$m Zht h¡ &

* BgHo$ {bE ~wX²[Y_Îmm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ &

* Kaoby Am¡a gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo g_¥X²Y ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE

AmZ§X - jU H$mo XoZo H$s H$bm H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hE&

boIH$ n[aM` :

à~wÕ nÌH$ma d à^mdembr boIH$ lr H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l Or H$m

OÝ_ gZ² 1906 B©._| ghmaZnwa Ho$ EH$ J±md _| hwAm & AmnZo {dÚmWu

H$mb _| hr AmµOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` ^mJ {b`m Wm Am¡a Oob

`mÌm ^r H$s Wr & ""Z`m OrdZ'', ""kmZmoX`'', ""{dídkmZ'' Am{X

n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXH$ ^r aho & Amn H$s à{gÕ H¥${V`m| _| ""^ybo hwE

Mohao'' (aoIm{MÌ) ""Xrn Obo e§I ~Oo'' (g§ñ_aU) Am¡a ""jU ~mobo

: H$U _wñH$m`o'' ([anmoVm©O) CëboIZr` h¢ &

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eãXmW© :

g§Kf© - `wÕ, b‹S>mB©; JwXJwXmZm - _Z hr _Z Iwer H$m H$mo_b ^md OJmZm, bmnVm - Imo`m hwAm; AÑí`, D$~ - ZragVm, P|nZm - bp‚mV hmoZm; e{_ªXm hmoZm, ~oVH$ëbw\$ - ~o{hMH$, {~Zm {H$gr {eï>mMma Ho$, {Zñg§H$moM; I§{S>V - Qy>Q>m hwAm, ^m¢MH$ - M{H$V, ñV§p^V, K~‹‹S>m`m hwAm; {dñ_`-{d_w½Y - AmíM`© M{H$V, ZmH$-^m¢ {gH$mo‹S>Zm - ng§X Z H$aZm, Cnojm H$aZm; Cnojm - {VañH$ma, Ë`mJ; g_mbmoMH$àda - g_mbmoMZm H$aZo _| loð>, ~±mMZm - b`~Õ ê$n go n‹T>Zm, g{hîUwVm - ghZerbVm, {Zdm©{gV - {H$gr ñWmZ go {ZH$mbm hwAm &

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ àíZm| H$m CÎma Xr{OE :

1. "AmZ§X Ho$ jU' {Z~§Y Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ? 2. Vrgao _hme` H$mo amï>>r` H$m_ go Á`mXm µOê$ar H$m_ Š`m Wm? 3. {H$gH$s Mßnb H$s H$sb CI‹S>r hwB© Wr ? 4. ~hwV J§^ra ñd^md Ho$ {dÛmZ H$m¡Z Wo ?5. nÌm| _| Š`m g_mMma N>nm ?6. B§½b¢S> Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr H$m¡Z Wo ?7. ~mV ~mV na h±gZm {H$gH$m ñd^md h¡ ?8. BQ>br Ho$ à{gÕ Xoe^º$ H$m Š`m Zm_ Wm ?9. AmZ§X Ho$ jU H$mo XoZo H$s H$bm Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢ ?10. Kaoby Am¡a gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE

Š`m Amdí`H$ h¡ ?

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II. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bpIE :

1. E{e`m Ho$ EH$ à{gÕ OrdZ-emór {O§XJr Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hVo h¢?

2. AnZo {_Ì go ~mV H$aVo dº$ K‹S>>r H$m _w±h {H$g Vaµ\$ H$a XoZm Mm{hE?

3. amï´>>n{V Zo {dXoer {dÛmZ H$mo Š`m| ~wbm`m ?4. R>rH$ {H$VZo ~Oo {dXoer {dÛmZ amï´>n{V ^dZ nhw±Mo ? 5. Vrgao _hme` ~mµOma Š`m| J`o Wo ? 6. ewŠb Or AnZr H${dVm Ama§^ H$aZo bJo Vmo CZHo$ {_Ì

µOmoa go Š`m ~mobo ?7. MVwa d¡Ú {df H$m Cn`moJ H¡$go H$aVm h¡ ? 8. Jm§YrOr Zo Jm¡Am| H$s godm Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-go g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$s? 9. Jm§YrOr Zo AnZo H$m`©H$Vm© H$mo {H$g g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo

H$s gbmh Xr ?

III. Mma-n±mM dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bpIE :

1. Vrgao _hme` H$s X¥{ï> _| H$~yVa ~mµOr XoIZm, ~¡R>H$ _| ^mJ boZo go ^r A{YH$ _hËdnyU© Š`m| h¡ ?

2. n¡am| _| H$sb Ho$ Mw^Zo na ^r adtÐZmW Mwn Š`m| Wo ? 3. ewŠb Or Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ì Zo EH$ Xÿgao na Š`m ì §½` {H$`m ? 4. K_§S>r A{^ZoÌr H$m ga doëg Zo H¡$go PwH$m`m ?5. aËZmH$a Or Am¡a e_m© Or Š`m| pIb-pIbmH$a h±g n‹S>o ? 6. bm°`S> OmO© Zo g^m _| CnpñWV bmoJm| H$mo {H$g àH$ma

h±gm`m ?

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IV. AmR>-Xg dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bpIE :

1. OrdZ _| AmZ§X Ho$ jUm| H$s àm{á H¡$go {_bVr h¡ ? Xmo-

VrZ CXmhaU Xr{OE &

V. g§X^© g{hV ì`m»`m H$s{OE :

1. OrdZ H$mo JwXJwXmZodmbo Hw$N> jU ^r OrdZ _| _hËdnyU© h¢ &

2. ""Amn bmoJ Agwa H$s H${dVm Vmo gwZ hr MwHo$, A~ ggwa

H$s H${dVm gw{ZE &''

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {bpIE :

XmoñV, CnpñWV, ng§X, AmXa, {dXoer

VII. qbJ nhMm{ZE :

OrdZ, AmZ§X, H${dVm, amjg, _±m, A{^ZoÌr

VIII. {ZåZ{bpIV eãXm| H$m AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

^m¢MH$, {Zdm©{gV, Cnojm, ~oµOê$ar, _hËdnyU©

IX. {ZåZ{bpIV dmŠ`m| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {bpIE :

1. Omo A{^Z` H$aVr h¡ -

2. Omo H${dVmE± {bIVm h¡ -

3. Omo n‹T>m-{bIm Z hmo -

4. Omo {M{H$Ëgm XoVm h¡ -

5. Omo {dXoe _| ahVm h¡ -

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6363

X. àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {bpIE :

XoIZm -

ItMZm -

n‹T>Zm -

nrZm -

{bIZm -

XII. g_mg nhMmZH$a {bpIE :

amï´>n{V, _±m-~mn, amï´>^mfm, {XZ-amV, amOHw$_ma

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* AnZo OrdZ _| gwZo `m XoIo AmZ§X Ho$ jUm| Ho$ ~mao _|

OmZH$mar Xr{OE &

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6464

nmR> - 7

OrdZ g§Xoe

- am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r

(Ame`: OrdZ g§Xoe H${dVm _| H${d Zo _mZd OrdZ H$mo AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$s àoaUm Xr h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ _mZd Ho$ {bE `h g§gma EH$ narjm-ñWb h¡& XþI gXm CgH$s ~w{Õ H$mo {dH$b H$aVm h¡& {H$ÝVw AmË_~b go gËnwéf ha àíZ H$m hb ghO ê$n go H$aVo h¢& g§gma _| gwI nmZo Ho$ {bE XþI H$mo ghm`H$ ~ZmZm

n‹S>Vm h¡& Xoe Ho$ {bE gXm gËH$m © H$aVo hþE AmJo ~‹T>Zm hmoJm hr OrdZ g§Xoe h¡&)

`h g§gma _Zwî` Ho$ {bE EH$ narjm-ñWb h¡&XþI h¡ àíZ H$R>moa, XoIH$a hmoVr ~w{Õ {dH$b h¡&{H$ÝVw ñdmË_-~b-{dk gËnwéf R>rH$ nhþ±M AQ>H$b go&hb H$aVo h¢ àíZ ghO _| A{dab _oYm-~b go&

OZVm Ho$ {dídmg H$_© _Z Ü`mZ ldU ^mfU _|&dmg H$amo, AmXe© ~Zmo, {dO`r hmo OrdZ-aU _|&A{V Aem§V XþInyU© {de¥§Ib H«$m§{V-CnmgH$ OJ _|&aIZm AnZr AmË_-e{º$ na Ñ‹T> {ZíM` à{VnJ _|&&

OJ H$s {df_ Am§{Y`m| Ho$ Pm|Ho$ gå_wI hmo ghZm&pñWa CÔoí` g_mZ Am¡a {dídmg gÑe Ñ‹T> ahZm&OmJ«V² {ZV ahZm CXmaVm Vwë` Agr_ öX` _|&AÝYH$ma _| em§V MÝÐ-gm, Y«wd-gm {ZíMb ^` _|&&

OJ _| gwI H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE EH$ ghm`H$ XþI h¡&dhr OJmVm h¡ gX²JwU H$mo gX²JwU bmVm gwI h¡&

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~mYm, {d¿Z, {dn{Îm, H${R>ZVm Ohm±-Ohm± gwZ nmZm&

g~Ho$ ~rM {ZS>a hmo OmZm XþI H$mo Jbo bJmZm&&

n¡Xm H$a {Og Xoe Om{V Zo Vw_H$mo nmbm-nmogm&

{H$ò hþE h¡ dh {ZO {hV H$m Vw_go ~‹S>m âmogm&

Cggo hmoZm CF$U àW_ h¡ gËH$V©ì` Vwåhmam&

{\$a Xo gH$Vo hmo dgwYm H$mo eof ñdOrdZ gmam&

`mX a{IE:

* AmË_~b go àËòH$ g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ Ty>±‹T> gH$Vo h¢&

* ~mYm, {dn{Îm, H${R>ZVm Ho$ g_` {ZS>a hmoH$a CZH$m

gm_Zm H$aZm Mm{hE&

* Xoe Ho$ {hV Ho$ AmJo {ZO {hV H$mo ^ybZm Mm{hE&

H${d n[aM`:

am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r Or H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ gwëVmZnwa {Obo Ho$

H$moBarnwa Jm±d _| 4 _mM© 1889 H$mo hþAm Wm& BZHo$ {nVm am_XÎm {ÌnmR>r

^maVr` goZm _| gw~oXma H$m H$m_ H$aVo Wo& ~MnZ go hr am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r

Or _| amï>ào_ Xoe godm Ho$ JwUm| H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

n{WH$, {_bZ, ñdßZ BZHo$ _m¡{bH$ I§S>H$mì` h¡& ñdßZm| Ho$ {MÌ

BZH$m nhbm H$hmZr g§J«h h¡& o qhXr ^mfm Ho$ nyd© N>m`mdmXr wJ Ho$

H${d Wo& H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, OrdZr, g§ñ_aU ~mb gm{hË` na

CÝhmo§Zo H$b_ MbmB© h¡& Eogo _hmZ H${d H$m XohmdmgZ 16 OZdar 1962

H$mo hþAm&

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6666

eãXmW©:

g§gma - {díd, OJV, Xþ{Z`m; ñdmË_-~b - AmË_~b; {dk -

AQ>H$b - ~mYm; ghO - ñdm^m{dH$; _oYm-~wpÜX; aU-`wÕ - O§J,

g_a; nJ - H$X_; {df_ - {dnarV, g§{X½Y; Agr_ - gr_m a{hV;

Jbo bJmZm - ào_ H$aZm; ^amogm - {dídmg, CF$U {H$gr Ho$ à{V

AnZo H$V©ì` H$m nmbZ H$aZm; dgwYm - ^y{_, YaVr; {ZV - {ZË`,

à{V{XZ; eof - ~Mm hþAm


1. narjm-ñWb H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?

2. H$R>moa àíZ H$mo XoIH$a ~w{Õ Š`m hmoVr h¡ ?

3. gËnwéfm| Ho$ {bE {H$gH$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ ?

4. {H$g_| {dO`r hmoZo Ho$ {bE H${d H$hVo h¢ ?

5. à{VnJ _| {H$g na Ñ‹T> {ZíM` aIZm h¡ ?

6. gwI àm[á H$m ghm`H$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

7. gX²JwUm| go Š`m {_bVm h¡ ?


1. gwI H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE Š`m-Š`m H$aZo H$mo H${d H$hVo h¢ ?

2. H${dVm Ho$ A§{V_ n§{º$`m| Ho$ Ûmam H${d Š`m g§Xoe XoVo h¢?

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6767

III. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE

CXm : ñWb - {dH$b1. AQ>H$b 2. ^mfU 3. OJ 4. ghZm 5. öX` 6. nmZm 7. nmogm 8. Vwåhmam

IV. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{º$`m| H$mo ghr eãXm| go nyU© H$s{OE :

1. aIZm AnZr AmË_e{º$ na ..................... _|2. ~mYm, {d¿Z, {dn{Îm ..................... nmZm3. g~Ho$ ~rM {ZS>a hmo ..................... bJmZm4. {\$a Xo gH$Vo hmo ..................... gm

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. H$R>moa �2. R>rH$ �3. ghO �4. {dídmg �5. A§YH$ma �6. {ZS>a �7. {hV �8. H$_© �

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VI. Bg H${dVm _| "Jbo bJmZm' _whmdao H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡ - ào_ H$aZm hmoVm h¡ ZrMo Hw$N> _whmdao Am¡a CZHo$ AW© {X`o JE h¡§ ghr _whmdao Ho$ AW© H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE : _whmdam AW©1. H$_a H$gZm ghm`Vm H$aZm2. Am±I bJZm éH$mdQ> S>mbZm3. hmW ~m±Q>Zm An_mZ H$aZm4. Q>m±J A‹S>mZm V¡`ma ahZm5. ZmH$ H$mQ>Zm ZtX AmZm ^mJ OmZm

VII. H${dVm _| "_hmZVm', "H${R>ZVm' eãX _| "Vm' àË`` {_bm h¡& Eogo "Vm' àË`` go Ow‹S>>o eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :

CXm : gw§Xa + Vm = gw§XaVm

1. + Vm2. + Vm3. + Vm4. + Vm5. + Vm

VIII. Bg H${dVm _| dgwYm eãX H$m à`moJ hþAm {OgH$m AW© Yam, dgw§Yam, AdZr, n¥Ïdr YaVr Am{X n`m©`dmMr eãX hmoVo h¢- ZrMo Hw$N> eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX {X`o JE h¢& ghr n`m©`dmMr eãXmo| Ho$ ZrMo aoIm Ir§{ME Am¡a

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JbV na (Jmobm) bJmBE Am¡a Mm¡Ho$ _| {b{IE :

CXm : g§gma Aíd Xþ{Z` OJV {díd

1. Kmo‹S>m KmoQ>H$, h`, Vwa§J, Va§J

2. A{¾ nmdH$, Ádmbm, A{Zb, AZb

3. A_¥V nr`yf, gwYm, dgwYm, gmo_

4. Am±I ZoÌ, ÑJ, IJ, Mjw

5. H$n‹S>m dó, Ora, Aó, A§~a

6. {H$Zmam VQ>, Vra, Hy$b, Hw$b

IX. Bg H${dVm H$s A§{V_ AmR> n§{º$`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &

X. H${dVm Ho$ àW_ Mma n§{º$`m| H$m ^mdmW© {b{IE &

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* Bg H${dVm H$m erf©H$ OrdZ g§Xoe Ho$ ~Xbo Am¡a Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ gmoMH$a C{MV erf©H$ H$m M`Z H$s{OE &

* ZrMo Hw$N> eãX {X`o JE h¢ CZH$s ghm`Vm go EH$ H${dVm aMZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE&

_mZ _mZ _hmZ emZ OmZ Jmoam Ý`mam ß`mam h_mam gmam j{V _{V CÞ{V J{V gw_{V* OrdZ _yë`m| go g§~§{YV 10 `m 20 JwUm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

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7070

nmR>-8

AnZm-nam`m

- O¡Z|Ð

(Ame`: àñVwV nmR> X²dmam O¡Z|Ð >Or Zo g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ {ZOr OrdZ na àH$me S>mbm h¡ & g¡{ZH$ AnZo amOm AWdm Xoe Ho$ à{V {ZîR>m aIH$a OmZ H$mo hWobr na aIH$a `wÜX {H$`m H$aVo h¢& do AnZo n[adma Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo XoIZm MmhVo h¢, bo{H$Z do ~hþV Xya ahZo Ho$ H$maU CZgo {_b Zht nmVo & Bg H$hmZr

_| h_| EH$ Eogo g¡{ZH$ H$s _ZpñW{V H$m gw§Xa dU©Z {_bVm h¡ &)

V~ H$s ~mV H$hVo h¢, O~ aob Zht Wr Am¡a Kmo‹S>m hr g~go VoO

gdmar Wr&

EH$ _wgm{\$a {gnm{h`mZm nmoemH$ _| g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao H$s EH$

gam` na Kmo‹S>o go CVam & CgZo Kmo‹S>o H$mo WnWnm`m Am¡a AÝXa XmpIb

hwAm& dh ~hwV Xÿa go Am ahm Wm Am¡a Iy~ WH$m hwAm Wm & dh

Mm¡~rg KÊQ>o `hm± ahoJm Am¡a Mbm Om`oJm& Cgo A^r Xÿa _§{Ob V`

H$aZr h¡&

gam` _| nhw±MH$a CgZo Kmo‹S>m gam`dmbo Ho$ hmW _| W_m`m Am¡a

Mmhm, Kmo‹S>o Ho$ ImZo dJ¡ah H$m R>rH$ ~ÝXmo~ñV hmo Om` Am¡a CgHo$

{bE EH$ Amam_Xoh H$_ao H$m \$m¡aZ BÝVOm_ {H$`m Om`& n¡gm {\$H«$

H$aZo H$s MrO Zht h¡, bo{H$Z Cgo Amam_ Mm{h`o&

Kmo‹S>o H$s ì`dñWm H$a Xr JB©& CgHo$ Amam_ Am¡a H$_ao H$s

ì`dñWm H$a Xr JB©& CgZo ImZm Im`m Am¡a nb±J na boQ> J`m&

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ZtX Cgo OëXr Am JB©& Am¡a gnZo _| dh Ka H$s ~mV| XoIZo bJm& ..... CgH$s nËZr Omo nm±M gmb go {dYdm H$s m±{V ah aht h¡, CgHo$ nhw±MZo na H$m_-Ym_ _| ~hwV ì`ñV h¡, ào_-gå^mfU Ho$ {bE V{ZH$ AdH$me Zht {ZH$mb nmVr& dh _mZmo Cggo ~Mr-~Mr H$m_ H$a aht h¡& dh Zht ~VmZm MmhVm {H$ Xmo hOma én`m CgH$s H$_a go ~±Ym h¡--Xmo hOma& dh g_PZm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr Am±Im| Ho$ AmJo H$ënZm Ûmam XoI boZm MmhVm h¡, {H$g àH$ma _oao nrN>o BgZo {XZ H$mQ>o? {dnXm _| Bg ~oMmar H$m gmW XoZo Ho$ g_` dh Am¡a H$ht Š`m| ^Q>H$Vm ahm? ~o-n¡go, ~o-AmX_r, H¡$go h AnZm H$m_ MbmVr ahr hmoJr? Am¡a gm‹T>o Mma ~ag H$m `h H$aZqgh, Amoh! {~Zm {H$gr H$s _XX Ho$ Xþ{Z`m _| H¡$go Am nhw±Mm hmoJm& dh AnZr nËZr H$s gyaV ~ma-~ma XoIZm MmhVm h¡, bo{H$Z dh _m¡H$m Zht bJZo XoVr& `hr H$aZqgh h¡? Aao, `h Vmo ~hwV ~‹S>m hmo J`m& {~ëHw$b AnZr _m± na h¡& hm±, H$aZqgh hr Vmo h¡? Š`m| Or, AmnH$m Zm_ H$aZqgh hr h¡? h_ H$m¡Z h¢, ~VbmBEJm? AnZo ~mn H$mo OmZVo h¢? dh b‹S>mB© na J`m hwAm h¡& _¢ Cgr Ho$ nmg go Am ahm hy±& dh AmnH$mo ~hwV ß`ma H$aVm h¡& `h H$hH$a XmoZm| hmW ~‹T>mH$a CgZo ~oQ>o H$mo AnZr JmoX _| boZm Mmhm&

V^r CgH$s Am±I Iwb JB© Am¡a CgZo XoIm, Ka H$s _§{‹Ob A^r Xÿa n‹S>r h¡ Am¡a dh A^r gam` Ho$ AOZ~r H$_ao _| h¡& CgZo _mWm nm|N>m Am¡a H$_a _| ~±Yr én`m| H$s Ý`m¡br gåhmbr& g_` CgH$mo ^mar bJVm Wm& CgZo ~mVMrV Ho$ {bE gam` dmbo H$mo ~wbm`m Am¡a _mby_ hmoZo na Xþ~mam ^r _mby_ {H$`m {H$ nyao Xmo amoO H$s _§{‹Ob A^r Am¡a h¡& BYa Ho$ hmb-Mmb _mby_ {H$`o Am¡a AnZr \$m¡O H$s ~hwV-gr ~mV|

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7272

~VmB©& CgZo Cg {OÝXJr H$m ñdmX ~Vm`m, Ohm± ha K‹S>r _m¡V H$m A§Xoem ahVm h¡ Am¡a Ohm± go ~mb-~ƒo g¡H$‹S>m| H$mogm| Xÿa h¢ Am¡a jU ~rVVo AZÝV Xÿa hmo gH$Vo h¢& h¡ Vmo dh ñdmX, bo{H$Z ~‹S>m H$‹S>dm ñdmX h¡ & ~Vm`m {H$ _¢Zo AnZo ~ƒo H$mo XoIm VH$ Zht, _oao nrN>o Š`m hwAm Am¡a Š`m Zht! Kadmbr H$mo AHo$bo hr g~ ^wJVZm hwAm hmoJm& _¢ Omo bm¡Q> Am`m hy±, BgH$m Š`m âmogm Wm& jU _| _a ^r gH$Vm Wm& Š`m| ^mB©, Š`m H$hVo hmo?

hm±, gaH$ma &

XoImo, Vw_ ^r `hm± ahVo hmo& Vwåh| S>a Z P§PQ>& AnZm H$m_ h¡, AnZm Ka& Ka go H$mogm| Xÿa Vmo ^Q>H$Vo Zht {\$aVo& Z {H$gr H$s MmH$ar _| hmo& Bg_| Š`m _Om h¡ {H$ Ka H$m H$m_ N>mo‹S>H$a Xÿa Om`± _wbmO_V H$a| Am¡a Cggo Omo n¡go nmd|, CgHo$ ~b bm¡Q>H$a n‹S>mog na Zdm~r R>gH$ O_mò& Š`m| ^mB©, h¡ Z ~mV?

dh nmogo go ^r Am¡a d¡go ^r âm Wm Am¡a ì`èrb hmo gH$Vm Wm& Amem Cgo CR>mE Wr Am¡a gm_Zo ~¡R>o Bg {ZåZd¥{Îm Ord Ho$ gm_Zo Cgo AnZo H$mo ~‹S>m g_PZm Am¡a ~‹S>m {XImZm AÀN>m bJVm Wm& Bg àH$ma AnZo ~‹S>ßnZ go ñdñW hmoH$a dh Bg Ord Ho$ gmW ^mB©Mmam ^r {~Zm IVao Ho$ {XIm gH$Vm Wm& CgZo Oo~ go MdÞr {ZH$mbH$a gam` dmbo H$mo Xr, H$hm, bmo, ~mb-~ƒm| H$mo Obo~r pIbmZm....& Am¡a XoImo, Kmo‹S>m g~oao Ho$ {bE OrZ H$gH$a V¡`ma aho& nMmg H$mog H$s _§{Ob h¡, h_ OëXr Ka nhw±MZm MmhVo h¢&

^{Q>`mao Zo O_rZ H$s Amoa {ga PwH$m`m, H$hm, AÀN>m, gaH$ma&

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7373

em_ hmoZo na Oam BYa-CYa Ky_m, amV ~wbmB© Am¡a ImZm Im-nrH$a gmoZo H$s Moï>m H$aZo bJm& gmoMVm Wm--g~oao hr CR>H$a dh JOaX_ Mb XoJm&

O~ amV gwZgmZ Wr Am¡a dh Jm‹T>r ZtX gmo ahm Wm, V^r EH$ ì`mKmV CnpñWV hwAm& nmg hr H$ht go EH$ ~ƒo Ho$ amoZo H$s AmdmO gwZ n‹S>r& Cg ~ÀMo H$s _m± Cgo ~hwV _ZmVr Wr, na _mZVm Zht Wm& em`X ^yIm hmo `m hR>rbm& H$^r _m± Cgo {P‹S>H$Vr Wr, H$^r nwMH$maVr Wr& bo{H$Z ~ƒm AÀN>r Vah Mwn Zht hmo ahm Wm&

~ÀMo H$s bJmVma amoZo H$s AmdmO Cg gÞmQ>o _| Cgo ~ohX ZmJdma _mby_ hwB©& Omo nËZr go {_bZo H$m gwI-ñdßZ XoI ahm Wm, dh CMQ> J`m& `h ~o_Vb~ H$m H«$ÝXZ, ~oamJ, ~oñda, gÞmQ>o H$mo MraH$a AmVm hwAm CgHo$ H$mZm| _| ~hwV A{à` bJm& nhbo Vmo CgZo Mmhm {H$ dh gh bo Am¡a gmo Om`& na ZtX Ag§^d hmo JB© Wr Am¡a dh amJ éH$Vm Z Wm& AmpIa PëbmH$a Omoa H$s AmdmO go CgZo ^{Q>`mao H$mo ~wbm`m& ^{Q>`mam S>aVm hwAm Am`m Am¡a CgZo nyN>m, `h H¡$gm emoa h¡?

hþOya, EH$ ~ÀMm h¡?

~ÀMm h¡ Vmo ~XeD$a Mwn Š`m| Zht ahVm?

hþOya, ~r_ma hmoJm&

~r_ma h¡, Vmo CgHo$ {bE `h OJh? Š`m| ~r_ma h¡?

^{Q>`mam Mwn&

gmW CgH$s _m± h¡?

hm± hþOya h¡& do H$b dhm± go Mbo OmZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?

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7474

Cggo H$hmo, ~ÀMo H$mo Mwn H$ao, Zht Vmo h_mar ZtX _| Ibb n‹S>Vm h¡& Mbo OmAmo&

Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| ^{Q>`mao Zo bm¡Q>H$a ~Vm`m {H$ ~ÀMo H$s V{~`V Iam~ h¡ ^yIm ^r h¡& _¢Zo S>m±Q>H$a H$h {X`m h¡, Xo{IE, OëXr Mwn hmo Om`oJm&

bo{H$Z ~ÀMo H$m amoZm Omar ahm& ~ÀMm Am¡a CgH$s _m± H$ht nmg hr H$s H$moR>ar _| Wo& `h ^r gwZ n‹S>m {H$ CgH$s _m± Zo ~ÀMo H$mo Xmo-VrZ MnV ^r bJmE h¢, bo{H$Z Bg na ~ÀMo H$m {MëbmZm Hw$N> Am¡a à~b hr hmo J`m h¡&

_a A^mJo$, Vy _wPo Am¡a Š`m-Š`m {XImEJm? --gwZ n‹S>m, _m± Zo Eogm H$hm h¡ Am¡a H$hH$a {ggH$Zo bJr h¡&

{gnmhr Zo {\$a ZtX boZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& na ~ƒo H$m MrIZm Cgr Vah Omar Wm& EH$ ór H$s {ggH$ Am¡a EH$ ~ÀMo H$s MrI {ga na AJa MbVr hr aho, Vmo Š`m M¡Z AmgmZ h¡? Š`m CZH$mo ghZm ghO h¡? gmo {gnmhr H$s ghZe{º$ H$s namH$mï> OëXr Am JB©& {\$a ^{Q>`mao H$mo ~wbm`m, h ~XZgr~ MrIZm Zht N>mo‹S>oJm? Cgo {ZH$mbmo `hm± go!

hþOya Jar~ h¡& Hw$N> K§Q>m| H$s ~mV h¡, g~oam hmoVo dh ^r AnZm amñVm boJr; hþOya H$mo ^r Vear\$ bo OmZm h¡&

Zht-Zht, ~r_mam| Ho$ {bE `h OJh Zht h¡& h_ H$hVo h¢, Cgo A^r H$hmo, {ZH$b Om`& gmoZo Zht XoVm&

hþOya, BVZr amV H$mo H$hm± Om`oJr?

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7575

H$hm± OmòJr? Š`m gmar Xþ{Z`m Voar gam` Ho$ D$na h¡? AñV~b _| aImo, H$ht aImo, Ohm± go emoa h_| {~bHw$b Z Amò& g_Po?

gam` dmbm BgH$mo n¡go dmbm OmZ ZmIwe Zht H$aZm MmhVm Wm& Cgo àm{á H$s H$amar Amem Wr& CgZo ~ƒo H$s _m± Ho$ nmg OmH$a H$hm, ~am~a _| \$m¡O Ho$ EH$ gaXma R>hao h¢& ~ƒo Ho$ amoZo go CZH$s ZtX _| Ib n‹S>Vm h¢& AJa Mwn Zht hmo gH$Vm, Vmo Vw_ `hm± go bo OmAmo&

ór Zo {J‹S>{J‹S>mH$a H$hm, ~ƒo H$s Eogr hmbV _| _¢ Cgo Am¡a H$hm± bo OmD±$? Om‹S>m| Ho$ {XZ h¢, AmYr amV hmo ahr h¡! Hw$N> KÊQ>o R>hamo _m{bH$; V‹S>H$m hmoVo hr _¢ Mbr OmC±Jr&

^{Q>`mao Zo H$hm, Zht, Vw_ A^r Mbr OmAmo, Zht Vmo dh I\$m hm|Jo&

ór Zo H$hm, CZ gaXma Or go hmW Omo‹S>H$a H$hmo-- _¢ Xþ{I`m hÿ±& Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE Am¡a _oha~mZr H$a|& ~ƒo Ho$ ~mn H$m nVm Zht h¡& A~ BgH$mo H$hm± T>Ho$b Xÿ±& nm¡ \$Q>Vo hr Mb Xÿ±Jr&

^{Q>`mao Ho$ _Z _| Z Wm {H$ `h Om`, na gaH$ma H$s I\$Jr H$m Cgo S>a Wm&

CgZo H$hm, mB©, {H$Zmao H$m AñV~b h¡, dh _¢ Vwåh| ~Vmò XoVm hÿ± amV dht H$mQ>mo& Vw_ XoIVr Zht hmo, Bg_| _oar amoOr na IVam AmVm h¡&

Bg na CgZo JmoX go ~ƒo H$mo CR>mH$a Xÿa T>Ho$b {X`m, H$hm, bmo, Bgo bo OmHo$ CZHo$ n¡am| _| S>mb Xmo, dh OyVo go BgH$m T>oa H$a X|& _¢ {\$a Mbr OmD±$Jr&

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7676

BVZm H$hH$a dh XmoZm| hmWm| _| AnZo {ga H$mo boH$a Yraoo-Yrao

amoZo bJr& CYa \$e© na n‹S>m ~ÀMm Omoa go MrI ahm Wm&

gam` dmbm Bg na gh_m-gm ah J`m& CgZo bm¡Q> AmH$a H$hm,

hþOya, Hw$N> KÊQ>m| H$s Am¡a ~mV h¡& Amn Cgo _m\$ H$a X|& dh ~hþV

Xþ{I`m _mby_ hmoVr h¡&

Bg AmX_r H$mo Eogm bJm CgHo$ hþŠ_ H$s AdhobZm hmo ahr h¡&

dh AnZo H$_ao _| Q>hbVm hþAm Omo H$hZm-gwZZm ^{Q>`mao Am¡a ~ÀMo

H$s _m± Ho$ ~rM _| hþAm, g~ gwZ ahm Wm& CgH$mo ~wam _mby_ hmo ahm

Wm {H$ Š`m| dh Bg JÝXr n[apñW{V _| n‹S> J`m, Š`m| Cgo {OX H$aZr

Mm{hE {H$ ~ÀMo H$mo boH$a dh Am¡aV R>rH$ Cgr dº$ H$moR>ar go ~mha

{ZH$b Om`? bo{H$Z O~ ^{Q>`mao Zo CgHo$ gm_Zo AmH$a `h H$hm

{H$ Cgo X`m H$aZr Mm{hE, V~ _mZm| AnZo {déÕ hmoH$a CgZo Omoa

go H$hm, Vw_go BVZm Zht hmoVm Am¡a Vw_ AnZo H$mo _X© g_PVo hmo?

Mbmo hQ>mo! Am¡a Omoa go YaVr H$mo Hw$MbVm hþAm dh Cg Amoa Mbm,

{OYa go ~ÀMo H$s AmdmO Am ahr Wr&

H$moR>ar _| {X`m _{Õ_ Ob ahm Wm Am¡a XmoZm| hmW _| _mWm Wm_o

EH$ Am¡aV ~¡R>r Wr& nmg Z§Jr YaVr na n‹S>m ~ÀMm {Mëbm ahm Wm&

AÝXa H$m¡Z h¡?

AÝXa go H$moB© Zht ~mobm&

{gnmhr Zo Am¡a Omoa go H$hm, h_ H$hVo h¢, AÝXa H$m¡Z h¡? Š`m

Vy ~har h¡?

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7777

ór Oam Omoa go {ggH$Zo bJr Am¡a Mwn ahr&

XoImo, Vw_H$mo Bgr dº$ ~ÀMo H$mo boH$a Mbo OmZm hmoJm& ~ƒm

amoVm h¡, Vmo Mwn Zht aI gH$Vr, Am¡a H$hVo h¢, Vmo _w±h go Odm~

Zht \y$Q>Vm&

ór MwnMmn CR>r, ~ÀMo H$mo CR>m`m Am¡a ~mha AmH$a Cg ì`{º$

Ho$ n¡am| _| ~ÀMo H$mo S>mbH$a CgZo H$hm, _¢ Mbr OmVr hÿ±& Bg ~ƒo

H$mo Vw_ R>moH$a _maH$a Ohm± Mmho \|$H$ Xmo& Am¡a dh MbZo bJr&

dh ì`pŠV, OmZo Š`m|, EH$X_ gH$Vo _| n‹S> J`m& CgZo H$hm,

R>hamo, R>hamo! H$hm± OmVr hmo?

ór Zo H$hm, Ohm± _m¡V {_bo, dht OmVr hÿ±&

ì`pŠV _| EH$X_ n[adV©Z hmoZo bJm& CgZo nyN>m, Vmo ^r Vw_

H$hm± go Am ahr hmo Am¡a {\$a {H$Ya OmVr hmo?

ór Zo H$hm, nm±M ~ag go Bg ~ÀMo H$m ~mn Zht bm¡Q>m& dh

b‹S>mB© na J`m h¡& H$m¡Z OmZo _a J`m hmo! H$m¡Z OmZo, em`X bm¡Q>Vo

hþE _wPoo amñVo _| hr {_b Om`& _¢ Cgr Ho$ nmg Bg ~XZgr~ ~ÀMo

H$mo bo Om ahr hÿ±&

nwéf H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy Am JE& CgZo AnZo ~ÀMo H$mo AnZo

n¡am| na go CR>m {b`m& dh AnZr ór go `h ^r Z H$h gH$m {H$

Vw_Zo _wPo nhMmZm Zht& ~ÀMo H$mo My_m-nwMH$mam, Am¡a S>mob-S>mobH$a

Jm-JmH$a Cgo _ZmZo bJm&

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7878

`mX a{IE:

* O~ `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYm Zht Wr V~ bmoJm| H$mo n¡Xb MbZm Wm `m Vmo Kmo‹S>o O¡go àm{U`m| na gdma H$aZm Wm&

* g¡{ZH$m| H$mo AnZo {ZOr OrdZ na Ü`mZ XoZm g§^d Zht hmoVm&

* g¡{ZH$m| H$mo AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE àmU Ë`mJZo Ho$ {bE gXm V¡`ma ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

* g¡{ZH$ bmoJ AnZo n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo H$^r-H$^ma XoIm H$aVo h¢&

boIH$ n[aM` : O¡Z|Ð Or H$m OÝ_ 2 OZdar 1905 _| AbrJ‹T> Ho$ H$m¡{‹S>`mJ§O Jm±d _| hþAm& CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ AmZ§Xrbmb Wm& hpñVZmnwa Ho$ EH$ JwéHw$b _| CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm-Xrjm hþB©& CZH$s CÀM {ejm H$mer qhXÿ {díd{dÚmb` _| hþB©& Hw$N> g_` Ho$ {bE do bmbm bmOnVam` Ho$ {VbH$ ñHy$b Am\$ nm°{b{Q>Šg _| ^r aho& Or{dH$m H$s Imo‹O _| {Xëbr, H$mobH$Îmm Am{X ñWmZm| na do ^Q>H$Vo aho& 24 {Xg§~a 1988 H$mo CZH$m {ZYZ hmo J`m&

CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - naI, gwZrVm, Ë`mJnÌ, H$ë`mUr, {ddV©, gwIXm, ì`VrV, O`dY©Z (CnÝ`mg) \$m±gr Xmo {M{S>`m±, nmOo~, O`g§{Y (H$hmZr g§J«h) àñVwV àíZ, O‹S> H$s ~mV, nydm}X` Am{X ({Z~§Y g§J«h) BZHo$ Abmdm AmnZo AZoH$ J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX ^r {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ gmW-gmW AZoH$ J«§Wmo H$m g§nmXZ ^r {H$`m h¡&

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7979

eãXmW© :

A§Xoem - ^`; Ame§H$m, _wbmO_V - Zm¡H$ar; godm, JµOaX_ - V‹S>Ho$, ì`mKmV - {dÜZ; ~mYm, ZmJdma - A{à`, Ibb - ~mYm, AñV~b - Kw>‹S>gmb, H$amar - A{YH$ Jhar, I\$m - ZmamµO, nm¡ \$Q>Zm - gw~h hmoZm, \$e© - µO_rZ


1. {gnmhr gam` _| Š`m| Am`m Wm ?2. {gnmhr AnZr Ý`m¡br H$~ gåhmbr?3. gam`dmbo H$mo {gnmhr Zo MdÞr Š`m| Xr?4. {gnmhr H$s Jm‹T>r ZtX _| ì`mKmV Š`m| CnpñWV hþAm?5. gam`dmbm {gnmhr H$mo Š`m| ZmIwe Zht H$aZm MmhVm Wm?6. ~ÀMo H$mo n¡am| _o S>mbH$a ór Zo {gnmhr go Š`m H$hm?7. ór, ~ÀMo H$mo H$hm± bo Om ahr Wr?8. {gnmhr Zo ~ÀMo H$mo Š`m| My_H$a nwMH$mam?


1. {gnmhr Zo gam`dmbo go Š`m-Š`m B§VOm_ H$aZo H$mo H$hm?2. {gnmhr Zo gnZo _| AnZo ~oQ>o go Š`m-Š`m àíZ nyN>m?3. {gnmhr Zo AnZo ~ÀMo Am¡a nËZr Ho$ ~mao _| gam`dmbo go

Š`m H$hm?4. {gnmhr go {dZVr H$aZo Ho$ {bE ór Zo gam`dmbo go Š`m

H$hm?5. ór Am¡a ~ÀMo Ho$ ~mao _| {gnmhr Š`m gmoM ahm Wm?

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8080

III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {gnmhr Zo H¡$gm ñdßZ XoIm?2. ~ÀMo H$s amoZo H$s AmdmµO {gnmhr H$mo H¡$gm bJm?3. {gnmhr Zo gam`dmbo go ~ÀMo Am¡a ór H$mo gam` go {ZH$mbZo

Ho$ {bE Š`m| H$hm?4. {gnmhr H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy Š`m| Am JE Am¡a CgZo ~ÀMo H$mo

H¡$go ß`ma {H$`m?

IV. g§X^© Ho$ gmW ñnï> H$s{OE :

1. _¢Zo AnZo ~ÀMo H$mo XoIm VH$ Zht&2. _¢Zo S>m±Q>H$a H$h {X`m h¡, Xo{IE, OëXr Mwn hmo Om`oJm&3. _a A^mJo, Vy _wPo Am¡a Š`m-Š`m {XImEJm?4. _¢ Cgr Ho$ nmg Bg ~XZgr~ ~ÀMo H$mo bo Om ahr hÿ±&5. R>hamo, R>hamoo! H$hm± OmVr hmo?

V. qbJ nhMm{ZE :

AmdmµO, gÞmQ>m, emoa, ZtX, _m¡V, Am±gy

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

M¡Z, Zgr~, Jar~, Odm~, Xþí_Z, {Zamem

VII. dMZ ~X[bE :

^{Q>`mao, Moï>m, Xþí_Z, AmX_r, Zdm~, H$mo{ee

VIII. AmB© àË`` bJmH$a eãXm| H$s aMZm H$s{OE&

CXm : n‹T> + AmB© = n‹T>mB©

{bI, {nQ>, b‹S>, {XI, CR>, ~¡R>

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8181

IX. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

Kmo‹S>m, ~oQ>m, ór, {gnmhr, amñVm

X. H$moï>H$ go ghr H$maH$ MwZH$a [aº$ ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. na ~ƒo ..... MrIZm Cgr Vah Omar Wm& [H$m, H$s, Ho$, H$mo]2. Hw$N> K§Q>m| ..... ~mV h¡& [H$m, H$s, Ho$, _|o]3. Ka ..... _§{Ob A^r Xÿa n‹S>r h¡& [Ho$, H$mo, H$m, H$s]4. ~ÀMo ..... ~mn H$m nVm Zht h¡& [H$m, H$s, Ho$, Zoo]5. Ka ..... H$mogm| Xÿa Vmo ^Q>H$Vo Zht {\$aVo& [_|, H$m, go, Zo]

XI. BZ eãXm| Ho$ AZoH$mW© {b{IE :

CXm : _Ja

_Ja : 1) _Ja_ÀN>

2) bo{H$Z

H$b, AW©, A§H$, hb,

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* g¡{ZH$m| H$s OrdZr AWdm AmË_H$Wm n{‹T>E&

* g¡{ZH$m| H$mo àXmZ H$aZodmbo nwañH$mam| Ho$ ~mao _| Om{ZE&

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8282

nyaH$ dmMZ

n[al_ g\$bVm H$s Hw§$Or h¡

OrdZ Ho$ {H$gr r joÌ _| g\$bVm Ho$ {bE Ambñ` Am¡a m½`dm{XVm H$m Xm_Z Nw>‹S>mH$a H${R>Z n[al_ H$aZm hr EH$_mÌ _mJ© hmoVm h¡& OrdZ _| gwI àmá H$aZm ha _Zwî` H$s AmH$m§jm hmoVr h¡& bo{H$Z, AbmXrZ H$m {MamJ g~Ho$ hmWm| _| Zht hmoVm {H$ {MamJ aJ‹S>Vo hr gmar _ZmoH$m_ZmE± nyU© hmo OmE±& Ho$db n[al_ hr OrdZ-g§Kf© _| g\$bVm bm gH$Vm h¡& _mZd H$m B{Vhmg gmjr h¡ {H$ AnZo nwéfmW© na ^amogm aIZodmbo bmoJ hr ao{JñVmZm| _| Prb ~Zm gHo$ h¢& YaVr H$s N>mVr MraH$a _Zmodm§{N>V \$b àmá H$a gHo$ h¢& dñVwV: AnZo AXå` gmhg, H$m¡eb Am¡a gƒr bJZ Ho$ ghmao hr n[al_r ì`{º$ OrdZ Ho$ aoVrbo _¡XmZm| H$mo nma H$aVm h¡& H$mo bo H$mo hrao _| ~Xb S>mbZo H$s H$bm OmXÿ go Zht CËnÞ hmo gH$Vr, n[al_ H$aZo dmbo hr {_Q²>Q>r H$mo gmoZm ~Zm S>mbVo h¢& nwéfmWu Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ^r Ag§ d Zht & AnZo n[al_ Ho$ ghmao _Zwî` g\$bVm Ho$ ha {eIa H$m ñne© H$a gH$Vm h¡&

BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bpIE :

1. OrdZ _| g\$bVm àmá H$aZo H$m _mJ© H$m¡Z-gm h¡?2. AnZo nwéfmW© na ^amogm aIZodmbo bmoJ Š`m-Š`m H$a gHo$ h¢?3. n[al_r ì`{º$ OrdZ Ho$ aoVrbo _¡XmZm| H$mo {H$gHo$ ghmao

nma H$aVm h¡?4. n[al_ H$aZodmbo Š`m-Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?

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8383

nmR>-9

H$Zm©Q>H$ Hw$bnwamo{hV Ambyé d|H$Q>amd

- lr JwéZmW Omoer

Ambyé d|H$Q>amd

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OÝ_ Am¡a {ejm - gZ²> 1880 OwbmB© 12 H$mo {dO`mnwam Ho$ {eaíVoXma ^r_am` Am¡a ^mJraWr X§n{V Ho$ `hm± d|H$Q>amd H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& g^r ß`ma go "d|H$ÊUm' Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$maZo bJoŸ& CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm ZdbJw§X _| hþB©Ÿ& H$ÞS> ñHy$b _| BZH$m Zm_ XO© H$am`m J`mŸ& Am¡a Ka na g§ñH¥$V {gIm`r OmVr WrŸ& Bg àH$ma d|H$Q>amd H$ÞS>, g§ñH¥$V, _amR>r, VWm A§J«oOr mfmAm| _| nma§JV hþEŸ& d|H$ÊUm H$mo Am_ g^mAm| _| A{YH$ {XbMñnr hmoZo bJrŸ& ^maV Am¡a qhXy Y_© Ho$ à{V Jm¡ad H$s ^mdZm A§Hw$[aV hmoZo bJrŸ& d|H$Q>amd H$mo ñdXoe Am¡a ñdY_© Ho$ à{V {OVZm Jm¡ad Am¡a A{^_mZ Wm, AnZr _mV¥^mfm H$ÞS> Ho$ à{V ^r CVZm hr ào_ WmŸ&

d|H$Q>amd Or 1897 _| _¡{Q´>H$ narjm _| CÎmrU© hmo J`oŸ& Ka H$m dmVmdaU Ym{_©H$ hmoZo go Cn{ZfX², ^JdX²JrVm, _hm^maV Am{X J«§Wm| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s é{M d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ _Z _| OmJ¥V hmo J`r WrŸ& em§V Ym{_©H$ OrdZ, BgHo$ gmW doXm§V Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ H$maU d|H$Q>amd A§V_w©Ir, EH$m§V {à` ~ZoŸ&

CZ {XZm| nwUo CÀM {ejm H$m H|$Ð WmŸ& ñdV§Ì ^mdZm Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo ào[aV H$aZodmbo \$½`w©gZ H$m°boO _| d|H$Q>amd Zo Xm{Ibm {b`m& H$m°boO H$s gr{‹T>>`m± M‹T>Vo hr ~hþVoao {dÚmWu \$¡eZ{à` hmo OmVo h¢; _Ja d|H$Q>amd Or _| Eogm H$moB© ~Xbmd Zht Am`mŸ& g§Ü`md§XZ, d«V Cndmg Am¡a doe^yfm _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht hþAmŸ& AnZo J§^ra ñd^md Ho$ H$maU d¡Mm[aH$ Ed§ {M§VZerb ì`{ŠV ~Z J`oŸ& H$m°boO Ho$ àmMm`© JmoIbo Or Ho$ ^mfU go à^m{dV hmoH$a gaH$mar A{YH$mar Z ~ZH$a dH$sb ~ZZo H$s R>mZrŸ& AnZo dMZm| Ho$ nmbZ Ho$ {bE ~‹So>

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go~‹S>oH$ï>�ghZH$aZodmboñZoh_`rbmoH$_mÝ`{VbH$OrHo${dMmam|go à^m{dV hþEŸ& CZHo$ gmW hþE àW_ gmjmËH$ma _| hr d|H$Q>amd _| {VbH$ Or Ho$ à{V lÕm Ed§ ^{ŠV C_‹S>> n‹S>rŸ&

d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ H$m°boO _| H$ÞS> {dÚm{W©`m| H$m EH$ H$ÞS> Šb~ ewé {H$`m J`m WmŸ& CgHo$ AYrjH$ (gwn[a§Q>|S§>oQ>) IwX d|H$Q>amd WoŸ& ^mfm Ho$ à{V A{^_mZ CËnÞ H$aZm Bg Šb~ H$m CÔoí` WmŸ& Šb~ Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ à`ËZm| go H$m°boO Ho$ nwñVH$mb` _| H$ÞS> H$s nwñVH|$ bm`r J`tŸ&

1903 B©._| d|H$Q>amd Or Zo ~r.E. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$sŸ& Eb.Eb.~r. n‹TZo Ho$ {bE _w§~B© OmZm n‹S>mŸ& XodYa Zm_H$ {_Ì Zo dhm± J«oÁ`wòQ>g²> Agmo{gòeZ Zm_H$ g§ñWm ñWm{nV H$s {OgHo$ CX²KmQ>Z Ho$ {bE JmoIbo Or Am_§{ÌV WoŸ& ""Xoegodm H$m _mJ© H$m¡Z gm h¡ ?'' `wdH$m| Ho$ Bg àíZ na AmYm[aV ^mfU {X`m J`m {OgH$m Jham Aga d|H$Q>amd na hþAmŸ& Eb.Eb.~r. H$m AÜ``Z g_má H$aHo$ d|H$Q>amd AnZo Jm±d bm¡Q>oŸ& dH$mbV Ho$ {bE YmadmS> hr CÝh| AÀN>m bJmŸ&

{Xì`Xe©Z : narjm g_má hþB©Ÿ& d|H$Q>amd Ambyé _| AnZr Nw>Å>r Ho$ {XZ {~Vm aho WoŸ& AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ CZHo$ Ka CZHo$ KamZo Ho$ Hw$bnwamo{hV Amò Omo "Zdd¥ÝXmdZ' OmZm MmhVo WoŸ& CZHo$ gmW d|H$Q>amd r {ZH$b n‹So Ÿ& Vw§J^Ðm Ho$ àem§V VQ> na ì`mgam` Am¡a AÝ` _mÜd `{V`m| H$s g_m{Y`m± XoIt& {\$a h§nr CËIZZ Ho$ ~mao _| gmar OmZH$mar àmá H$aVo ahoŸ& V^r d|H$Q>amd Or H$mo g_P _| Am`m {H$, {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$s amOYmZr `hr I§S>ha h§nr WrŸ& {dÚmaÊ` H$s Vnmo^y{_, ^wdZoídar H$m nwÊ` VQ>mH$ ..... ò gmao {MÌ CÝh| {dpñ_V gm H$a

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JòŸ& Xygao {XZ d|H$Q>amd IwX ZXr nma H$aHo$ {dénmj _§{Xa JòŸ& ½`mah _§{Ob H$m Jmonwa Amg_mZ H$mo My_Vm gm ZµOa Am`mŸ& {H$VZm _hmZ WmŸ& CÝh| EH$ AX²^wV AZw^d hþAmŸ& AnZo Amn H$mo ^ybH$a A§Xa JòŸ& CÝh| bJm {H$, n§nmZmW VWm n§nm§{~H$m H$s _y{V©`m± àgÞVm go CÝh| XoI ahr h¢Ÿ& gmï>m§J àUm_ {H$`mŸ& ~Jb _| hr ^wdZoídar H$m _§{Xa WmŸ& CÝh| bJm {H$, Cg _y{V© _| àmUm| H$m g§Mma hþAm h¡Ÿ& dh Wm EH$ A^yVnyd© {Xì`Xe©ZŸ& do {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$s àoaH$ e{ŠV Ho$ ê$n _| I‹So {dÚmaÊ` _hmVnñdr H$s mdnyU© _y{V© Ho$ Xe©Z go nwb{H$V hmo CR>oŸ& Bg `mÌm Zo d|H$Q>amd Ho$ OrdZ H$mo Xygam _mo‹S {X`mŸ&

H$ÞS> àm§V VWm H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$s godm -

H$ÞS> mfm H$s A{^d¥{Õ VWm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {hV H$s ajm Ho$ {bE 1890 _| ñWm{nV H$Zm©Q>H$ {dÚmdY©H$ g§K Zo CÎma H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$m\$s OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$s WrŸ& g§K H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE d|H$Q>amdOr Zo H$ÞS> AÜ`mnH$m| go g§nH©$ ~‹Tm`mŸ& g§K Ho$ H$m`m] _| mJ boZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`mŸ& {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n Yrao-Yrao g§K _| àmUm| H$m g§Mma hmoZo bJmŸ& d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ _Z _| {dMma CR>Zo bJo {H$, Omo H$Zm©Q>H$ N>moQ>o ~‹S>o [a`mgVm| _| - _¡gyé, h¡Xam~mX, _Ðmg, ~§~B©, Hy$J© Ho$ àXoem| _| ~±Q> J`m h¡ - CZH$m EH$sH$aU hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& Bg EH$sH$aU Ho$ A^md go hr Am¡a àm§Vm| Ho$ _wH$m~bo H$Zm©Q>H$ nrN>o n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ {dÚmdY©H$ g§K H$s _wIn{ÌH$m Wr "dmJ²^yfU'Ÿ& CgHo$ g§nmXH$Ëd H$m ^ma ^r d|H$Q>amd Or na n‹S>mŸ& 1906 _| do CgHo$ g§nmXH$ ~Z|Ÿ& 1907 Ho$ \$adar Ho$ A§H$ _| d|H$Q>amd Or Zo {bIm, - ""Oamg§Y H$s Xoh Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>mo§ _| O¡go gpå_bZ H$s e{ŠV Wr d¡go h_mar H$ÞS> ^mfr {ZOud

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àXoem| _| AnZo Amn gpå_{bV hmoZo H$s e{ŠV Zht h¡Ÿ& `h {H$gr H$mo Zht ^ybZm Mm{hE {H$ BZ nm±Mm| Qw>H$‹S>m| H$mo {_bmH$a, BZ_| àmU g§Mma H$amZo H$m ^ma H$Zm©Q>{H$`m| na h¡Ÿ&'' `h Ho$db KmofUm hr Zht Wr A{nVw CÝhm|Zo I§{S>V H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo AIÊS> H$Zm©Q>H$ _| n[ad{V©V {H$`mŸ& ^wdZoídar Ho$ lrMaUm| _| nhbm H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`moËgd _Zm`m& Bg Vah ha df© _Zm`o OmZodmbo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`moËgd H$m ew^ma§^ ^r do§H$Q>amd Or Zo hr {H$`mŸ&

_¡gyé, h¡Xam~mX, H$moS>Jw, _Ðmg BË`m{X Ho$ H$ÞS> àXoem| _| H$B© ~ma àdmg H$aHo$ H$Zm©Q>{H$`m| _| ñZoh, ~§YwVm, ^mfm{^_mZ OJmZo H$m à`ËZ d|H$Q>amdOr Zo {H$`mŸ& 1907 OyZ _| H$Zm©Q>H$ {dÚmdY©H$ g§K H$m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ g§nÞ hþAmŸ& CgrHo$ EH$ A§J Ho$ én _| H$ÞS> J«§WH$Vm©Am| H$m àW_ gå_obZ hþAm, {Og_| boIH$, {ejH$ Ed§ {ejm{YH$m[a`m| Zo ^mJ {b`m WmŸ& d|H$Q>amdOr g§K Ho$ gmao H$m_ AZmgŠV `moJr H$s ^m±{V H$aVo aho& `h CZHo$ ñd^md H$s EH$ {deofVm WrŸ& N>… dfm] Ho$ gVV à`ËZ go ^maV aËZ ga E_². {dídoídaæ`m Am{X H$s ghmZw^y{V go 1914 _| EH$ A{Ib ^maVr` H$ÞS> gå_obZ ~|Jbyé _| g§nÞ hþAmŸ& BgHo$ \$bñdê$n H$ÞS> gm{hË` n[afX² H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Omo EH$ ~¥hV² g§ñWm ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ& EH$ Vah go H$ÞS> gm{hË` n[afX H$s ñWmnZm H$m lo` ^r Ambyé Or H$mo hr {_bZm Mm{hEŸ&

AnZo {dMmam| Ho$ àMma Ho$ {bE d|H$Q>amd Or Zo boIZr hmW _| brŸ& H$Zm©Q>H$ nÌ, H$Zm©Q>H$ d¥Îm, H$ÞS> Ho$gar Am{X n{ÌH$mAm| _| boI àH$m{eV H$amZo bJoŸ& "H$ÞS> Ho$gar' d|H$Q>amdOr H$s {à` n{ÌH$m ahrŸ& d|H$Q>amdOr H$mo Eogm bJm {H$, Ho$db J«§WmÜ``Z go H$m_ Zht

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MboJm& BgHo$ {bE {ebmboI, Vm_«nQ Am¡a draJëbw (dram| H$s `mX _| I‹S>m {H$`m J`m {ebmboI) _mpñVH$ëbw (gVr hþB© ñÌr H$s `mX _| I‹S>m {H$`m J`m {ebmboI) àmMrZ {gŠHo$, àmMrZ B_maV|, Am{X H$m AÜ``Z Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ JVd¡^d H$m emoY H$aVo-H$aVo d|H$Q>amd Or Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$moZo H$moZo H$m «_U {H$`mŸ& hOmam| én`o IM© {H$`o, na ~Xbo _| CZH$mo Xg JwZm _yë` H$m AmË_{dídmg {_bm {Oggo do g§Vwï> WoŸ& H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ñdV§Ì g§ñWm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m {dMma d|H$Q>amd Or H$aZo bJoŸ& V^r nyZm Ho$ S>oŠH$Z H$m°boO Ho$ N>mÌm| Zo d|H$Q>amd Or H$mo 3 AJñV 1914 Ho$ {XZ ì`m»`mZ XoZo Ho$ {bE Am_§{ÌV {H$`mŸ& CZH$m A§J«oOr _| {X`m J`m CËgmhnyU© ^mfU öX`ñneu WmŸ& d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ AZwgma OZVm _| ^maVr` amï´>r`Vm CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmXo{eH$ amï´>r`Vm Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& {dÚmaÊ` hr H$Zm©Q>H$Ëd Ho$ _yb àoaH$ e{ŠV h¢Ÿ& CZH$s am` `h Wr {H$, H$Zm©Q>H$Ëd Ho$ A{^_mZ go hr H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE n[al_ H$aZo H$s àoaUm CËnÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Amn bmoJ H$Zm©Q>H$m{^_mZ XodVm H$mo àgÞ H$a br{OEŸ& CgH$s A_aVm H$mo kmZ Ñ{ï> go XoIH$a CgH$m M[aÌ AmÚ§V _ZZ H$a br{OEŸ& d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ CÔoí`mZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ JV d¡^d Ho$ ñ_aU go N>mÌm| _| MoVZm OmJ CR>rŸ& N>mÌm| go g§J«hrV EH$ gm¡ én`m| H$s {Z{Y Ho$ ~b na 1914 _| YmadmS> _| "Eo{Vhm{gH$ _§S>b' H$s ñWmnZm hþB© {OgHo$ àW_ AÜ`j d|H$Q>amdOr WoŸ& bJmVma 12 dfm] Ho$ à`ËZ go 1926 _| H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ nwamVËd {d^mJdmbm| Zo, CÎma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ XohmVm| _| Ky_H$a Eo{Vhm{gH$ gd} {H$`mŸ& "àmMrZ H$Zm©Q>H$' Zm_H$ A§J«oOr-H$ÞS> _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m àH$m{eV H$sŸ& d|H$Q>amd Or Zo "H$Zm©Q>H$ JVd¡^d' Zm_H$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$s Omo H$Zm©Q>{H$`m|

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Ho$ öX` _| {MañWm`r ~ZH$a ahZodmbr aMZm h¡Ÿ& h Ho$db Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwñVH$ hr Zht, B{Vhmg Ho$ Xe©Z go H$Zm©Q>{H$`m| _| ZdOrdZ, ñ\y${V©, M¡VÝ` aZo H$m à`ËZ Bg_| h¡Ÿ& BgZo d|H$Q>amd Or H$m Zm_ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo VH$ nhþ±Mm {X`mŸ& ~|Jbyé Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| Zo EH$ _mZnÌ A{n©V {H$`m {Og_| d|H$Q>amd Or H$mo "JVd¡^d H$m JrVH$ma' H$s Cnm{Y go {d^y{fV {H$`m J`mŸ& H$Zm©Q>H$ JVd¡^d Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ Cnam§V YmadmS> _| ñWm{nV H$Zm©Q>H$ amï´>r` {dÚmb` _| d|H$Q>amd Or Ad¡V{ZH$ AÜ`mnH$ ~Z|Ÿ& YmadmS> {Obm H$m§J«og H${_{Q> Ho$ CnmÜ`j ~ZH$a H$ÞS> n{ÌH$mAm| _| amï´>^{ŠV-àoaH$ boI {bIVo ah|Ÿ&

H$ÞS> H$s godm Ho$ {bE d|H$Q>amd Or Zo N>mÌm| H$mo, `wdH$m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`mŸ& CZHo$ _mJ©Xe©H$ ^r ~Zo & AZoH$ A{dñ_aUr` gy{ŠV`m| go gXm Ho$ {bE H$Zm©Q>H$dm{g`m| H$mo ào[aV {H$`mŸ& O¡go : H$ÞS>ZmSw> h_mam XrdmZImZm h¡, ^maV h_mam Ka h¡Ÿ& ^maV_mVm {dídXodr H$s CËgd_y{V© h¡, H$Zm©Q>H$ Xodr, Xodr ^maVr H$s CËgd _y{V© h¡Ÿ&

amï´>r` H$m`© : amï´>godm Ho$ {bE d|H$Q>amd Or Zo dH$mbV N>mo‹S> XrŸ& CÀM {dMma, gmXm OrdZ AnZm`mŸ& dH$mbV N>mo‹S>Zo na CÝh| AnZm _Zng§X H$m_ H$aZo H$m _m¡H$m {_bZo bJm& _mZ{gH$ AmµOmXr - g~go ~‹S>r AmµOmXr g_PZo bJoŸ& YmadmS> _| EH$ amï´>r` ñHy$b ImobZo Ho$ à`ËZ _| bJ J`oŸ& {_Ìm| H$s ghmZw^y{V, OmZo-_mZo ì`{ŠV`m| go YZ ghm`Vm, Xÿgao Jm±dm| go YZ ghm`Vm Ho$ \$bñdén 26-1-1909 Ho$ {XZ YmadmS> _| H$Zm©Q>H$ ZyVZ {dÚmb` ApñVËd _| Am`m ; d|H$Q>amd H$m à`ËZ g\$b hþAmŸ& N>mÌm| H$mo ñdmdb§~r, AmË_{Z^©a ~ZmZm amï´>r` {ejm

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H$m à_wI CÔoí` WmŸ& Bg{bE Bg ñHy$b Ho$ nmR²>`H«$_ _| bH$‹S>r H$m H$m_, _wÐU, ~wZmB©, {X`mgbmB© ~ZmZm, nopÝgb ~ZmZm Am{X {gImZm ^r g_m{dï> WmŸ& d|H$Q>amd Or Bg ñHy$b Ho$ Jm¡ad g{Md WoŸ& doVZ Zht boVo WoŸ& CZHo$ AZwgma H$_mB© H$s Anojm Xoegodm àYmZ ~mV WrŸ& YmadmS> _| ñdXoer Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$maU dH$mbV N>mo‹S>Zodmbo d|H$Q>amd hr WoŸ& YmadmS> Ho$ {ObmYre H$s "H$mbr gy{M' _| d|H$Q>amdOr H$m Zm_ {bI {X`m J`m WmŸ& H«$m§{VH$mar dra gmdaH$aOr go CZH$m g§nH©$ WmŸ&

1922 Ho$ Zd§~a _| d|H$Q>amd Ho$ g§nmXH$Ëd _| "O` H$Zm©Q>H$' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m àH$m{eV hþB©Ÿ& `h Ho$db EH$ n{ÌH$m Zht ~{ëH$ EH$ {dMmaYmam, EH$ H$ënZm WrŸ& Zd H$Zm©Q>H$ {Z_m©U CgH$m Ü`o` WmŸ&

1930 _| H$ÞS> gm{hË` gå_obZ Ho$ d|H$Q>amd Or AÜ`j MwZo J`oŸ& CÝhmo§Zo AnZo AÜ`jr` ^mfU _| H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE ^mdmË_H$ EH$Vm na Omoa {X`mŸ& OZVm _| amï´>r`Vm OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ {bE "dra H$Zm©Q>H$ aËZJbw' Zm_H$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$sŸ&

bJmVma nMmg df© Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ Cnam§V H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`moËgd Ho$ {XZ d|H$Q>amdOr Ho$ OrdZ H$mo {dlm_ {_bmŸ& YmadmS> Ho$ gmYZHo$ar Ho$ AnZo "JrV^dZ' _| CÝhm|Zo AnZo OrdZ H$m g§Ü`mH$mb {~Vm`mŸ& CZHo$ AWH$ à`mg go H$Þ{S>Jm| H$m Z`m amÁ` {Z_m©U hþAm _Ja CgH$m Zm_ aIm J`m Wm "_¡gyé'Ÿ& Bggo d|H$Q>amdOr H$mo ~ohX Xw…I hþAmŸ& AmO AnZo amÁ` H$m Zm_ H$Zm©Q>H$ XoIVo Vmo do \y$bo Z g_mVoŸ& I§S> H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo Z`m Ed§ nyU© ê$n XoZodmbo d|H$Q>amdOr H$m 25 \$adar 1964 H$mo Xohm§V hþAmŸ&

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amï´>ào_, ñdm{^_mZ, ñd^mfm ào_ H$s AIÊS> Á`mo{V CZHo$ öX` _| ObVr ahrŸ& amï´> VWm gdmªJrU CÞ{V H$m ^ma ^mdr nr‹T>r na gm¢nH$a `h {Xì` {d^y{V na_mË_m Ho$ nmg Mbr JB©&

`mX a{IEŸ:

* AnZr ^mfm Ho$ à{V A{^_mZ hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

* AnZo àm§V H$s àJ{V _| ha EH$ H$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ&

* Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

* Am{W©H$ A^md àJ{V -$ nW H$m amo‹S>m Zht ~Z gH$VmŸ&

* AnZr g§ñH¥${V H$mo Zht ^ybZm Mm{hEŸ&

* AnZr ^mfm, àm§V VWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V AmXa ^md hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

* {d{^Þ I§S>mo _| I§{S>V H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ EH$sH$aU _| d|H$Q>amd Or H$m g§Kf© gXm ñ_aUr` h¡Ÿ&

* ha H$m`© Ho$ {bE {dídmg Am¡a {Zð>m hmoZr Mm{hEŸ&

* gX¡d OZ{hV Ho$ {bE ñdmW© H$m Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

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9292

boIH$ n[aM` : lr JwéZmW Omoer Or H$m OÝ_ YmadmS> {Obo Ho$ H$bKQ>Jr VmëbwH$m Ho$ {ZH$Q> ~JS>Joar J«m_ _| gZ² 15 _mM© 1908 B©._| hþAmŸ& YmadmS> Ho$ {dŠQ>mo[a`m hmB©ñHy$b ({dÚmaÊ` hmB©ñHy$b) go àma§{^H$ {ejm àmá H$sŸ& ~Zmag qhXy {díd{dÚmb` go "emñÌr' Cnm{Y àmá H$sŸ& bmb ~hmXwa emñÌr Am¡a AmMm`© Za|Ð Xod AmnHo$ Jwé aho& 1938 go YmadmS> Ho$ gaH$mar à{ejU _hm{dÚmb` _| qhXr AÜ`mnZ H$m`© _| {ZaV ahoŸ& 1963 _| AdH$me àm{á Ho$ ~mX qhXr _| E_.E. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& YmadmS> H$s OZVm {ejU g{_{V _| qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ {d^mJmÜ`j ahoŸ& eaVM§Ð MQ>Ou Ho$ ~§Jmbr CnÝ`mgm| H$m H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$aHo$, H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZVm H$mo eaVM§Ð Or H$m n[aM` H$amZo H$m gmam lo` JwéZmW Omoer Or H$mo OmVm h¡Ÿ& qhXr-H$ÞS> eãXH$moe, H$ÞS>-H$ÞS>-qhXr eãXH$moe, gw~moY qhXr-H$ÞS> ì`mH$aU Am{X AmnH$s H¥${V`m± qhXr Ho$ N>mÌm| H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$a ahr h¢Ÿ& 31 AJñV 1986 H$mo AmnH$m {ZYZ hþAmŸ&

eãXmW© :

Hw$bnwamo{hV - Hw$b H$m {hV gmoMZodmbm ; EH$sH$aU - EH${ÌV H$aZm, CÞ{V - {dH$mg, àJ{V ; A{dñ_aUr` - H$^r Z ^ybZm ; bm¡-Á`mo{V ; AWH$ - {Za§Va, gVV ; nVZ hmoZm - {JaZm ; Cnam§V - ~mX _| ; A{^YmZ - Zm_ ; OJ_JmZm - M_H$Zm ; nma§JV - Hw$eb, Vk ; {XbMñnr - é{M, A§Hw$[aV hmoZm - CJZm, A§V_w©Ir - ^rVa H$s Amoa àd¥Îm ; ~hþVoao - AZoH$, ~hþV gmao ; d¡Mm[aH$ -

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9393

{dMmaerb ; R>mZZm - {ZíM` H$aZm ; gmjmËH$ma - Am_Zo gm_Zo

hmoZm (B§Q>aì`y); Zdd¥§XmdZ - h§nr Ho$ g_rn pñWV h¡ ; _mÜd`{V

- _ÜdmMm`©Or Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| H$m AZwH$aU H$aZodmbo `moJr, CËIZZ

- IwXmB© ; IÊS>ha - Qy>Q>r hþB© B_maV; gpå_{bV hmoZm - Amng

_| {_bZm ; AZmg{ŠV - Amg{ŠV `m é{M Z hmoZm; AmÚ§V-Am{X

go A§V VH$; Ad¡V{ZH$ - doVZ Ho$ {~Zm; \y$bm Z g_mZm - AË`§V

AmZ§{XV hmoZm; Abm¡{H$H$ {Xì` {d^y{V - Abm¡{H$H$ e{ŠV {Og_| hmo

Eogm ì`{ŠV, gd} (Survey) H$aZm - n`©dojU H$aZm.

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$bnwamo{hV {H$Ýh| H$hm OmVm h¡ ?

2. Ambyé d|H$Q>amd Or H$s A{dñ_aUr` godm H$m¡Z-gr h¡ ?

3. {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` {H$gH$m àVrH$ ahm h¡ ?

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`moËgd H$~ _Zm`m OmVm h¡ ?

5. Ambyé d|H$Q>amd Or H$m OÝ_ H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm ?

6. d|H$Q>amd {H$Z-{H$Z ^mfmAm| _| nma§JV Wo ?

7. d|H$Q>amd Zo CÀM {ejm H$hm± àmá H$s ?

8. d|H$Q>amd H$mo AnZr dH$mbV Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-gm eha ng§X

Am`m ?

9. H$m¡Z-gr `mÌm Ho$ H$maU d|H$Q>amd Ho$ OrdZ _| n[adV©Z

Am`m ?

10. d|H$Q>amd H$s {à` n{ÌH$m H$m¡Z-gr Wr ?

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11. d|H$Q>amd H$s H$m¡Z-gr aMZm H$Zm©Q>H$dm{g`m| Ho$ öX` _|

{MañWm`r ~ZH$a ah J`r h¡ ?

12. d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ AZwgma g~go ~‹S>r AmµOmXr H$m¡Z-gr Wr ?


1. nm[adm[aH$ dmVmdaU H$m d|H$Q>amd na Š`m à^md n‹S>m?

2. \¡$eZ{à` {dÚmWu OrdZ _| d|H$Q>amd Or H$m AmMaU

H¡$gm Wm ?

3. H$ÞS> Šb~ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IEŸ&

4. AnZo {dMmam| Ho$ àMma Ho$ {bE d|H$Q>amd Or H$mo {H$Z-{H$Z

{df`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg hþB© ?

5. H$Zm©Q>H$dm{g`m| H$mo ào[aV H$aZodmbr gy{ŠV`m± H$m¡Z-gr h¢ ?

6. H$Zm©Q>H$ ZyVZ {dÚmb` _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Zgo {df` n‹T>>m o OmVo Wo?


1. d|H$Q>amd Ho$ OrdZ _| Z`m _mo‹S> H¡$go Am`m ?

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ {dÚmdY©H$ g§K H$s àJ{V _| d|H$Q>amd Or Ho$ moJXmZ

Ho$ ~mao _o| {b{IEŸ&

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo {dMmam| Ho$ àMma Ho$ {bE

d|H$Q>amdOr Zo Š`m-Š`m {H$`m ?

4. ZyVZ {dÚmb` H¡$go ApñVËd _| Am`m ?

5. "O` H$Zm©Q>H$' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

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IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. CÞ{V 2. CÎmrU© 3. ñdV§Ì

4. EH$Vm 5. àmMrZ 6. ñ_aU

V. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

AmÚ§V, dm½ yfU, wdZoídar, CX²KmQ>Z, narjm

VI. dMZ ~X{bE :

àíZ, nwñVH|$, {XZ, KamZm, `{V, amOYmZr

VII. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

Ho$gar, CÔoí`, H$maU, ZyVZ

VIII. AW© ^oX Om{ZE Am¡a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

Anojm - Cnojm N>moa - Mmoa

àYmZ - àXmZ WH$ - VH$

\$b - nb MyZm - N>yZm

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ EH$sH$aU _| `moJXmZ XoZodmbo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AÝ`

_hmZ ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OEŸ&

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9696

nmR>-10

AmAmo, Zd {Z_m©U H$a|

- ~mbH¥$îU e_m©, "ZdrZ'

(Ame` : H${d bmoJm| (Xoedm{g`m|) H$mo Am_§ÌU Xo ahm h¡, ~wbm ahm h¡,

{H$ ""AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a|''& dV©_mZ H$s Xw{Z`m go dh Ag§Vwï> h¡Ÿ& Cgo IrO

hmo ahr h¡Ÿ& AmO Ho$ g‹S>o-Jbo g_mO H$mo XoI dh ~oM¡Z hmo CR>m h¡Ÿ& g_mO H$s

Bg J§Xr pñW{V Ho$ {bE dh {H$gr H$mo Xmof Zht XoZm MmhVmŸ& ~g CgH$s CËH$Q>

BÀN>m h¡ {H$ EH$ Zò g_mO H$m {Z_m©U hmo {Og_| EH$ ZB© C_§J hmo, Zò àmUm|

H$m g§Mma hmoŸ& `h dh AHo$bm Vmo Zht H$a gH$VmŸ& Bg{bE h_ g~ H$mo hmW

~§Q>mZo H$m AmˆmZ Xo ahm h¡Ÿ&)

AmAmo, {h` _| âo C_§Jo, AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| ;

AmO CN>mb| ZB© Va§J|, OJ _| ZyVZ àmU â| !

(1)

Bg gm_m{OH$ J{bV- Hw$îR> H$m Üd§g H$a|, {d¿d§g H$a|

AmAmo, Bg A{êmn-nmn H$mo h_ g~ {_b {Zdªe H$a|,

\¡$bo h¢ H$sQ>mUw g‹S>Z Ho$, h_ BZHo$ g~ A§e ha|

OJ _| AmO Zò ôfO H$m h_ g~ Zdb {dYmZ H$a| !

AmAmo, {h` _| â| C_§J|, AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| !

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(2)

_mZdVm H$m `h {damQ²> VZ ny{V-JÝY g§`wŠV hþAm

H$mo‹T>r h¡ `h Za-ZmamÙ, g~ XodËd {dbwá hþAm ;

g‹S>m öX`, _pñVîH$ g‹S> Mbm, A§J-A§J go H$mo‹T> N>wAm

AmAmo, h_ Bg _mZdVm H$mo ZyVZ OrdZ-XmZ H$a| !

AmO CN>mb| ZB© Va§J| OJ _| ZyVZ àmU â| !

(3)

{H$ò Kmd {H$gZo {H$ g‹S>o h¡§ Omo Bg _mZd Ho$ VZ na ?

{H$gHo$ h¢ ò d«U {H$ hþE h¢ A§{H$V _mZd Ho$ _Z na ?

BgH$m Vmo Xm{`Ëd-^ma h¡ Aao h_t g~ OZ-JU na

h_t nmVH$s h¢ ! {H$g-{H$gH$m h_ JwU-Xmof ~ImZ H$a| !

N>mo‹S>mo ò g~ Xmof H$WmE± AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| !

(4)

{Og_| _mZd H$s N>{d Wr dh {MÌmYma ~Zm {h`-^«_

hm`! dhr AmYo` hmo J`m, Omo Wm BH$ AmYma ñd`§ ;

gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Mm¡IQ> hr ~Zr AmXamñnXm na_

AmAmo, Vmo‹S>| `h Mm¡IQ>, h_ Zdb {MÌ {Z_m©U H$a| !

AmAmo, {h` _| â| C_§J|, AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| !

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(5)

AmO _hmZ² H$_©-Am_ÝÌU h_| {_bm h¡ Aå~a go

KZwf-`k H$m AmO {Z_§ÌU Am`m {dO`-ñd`§da go ;

H$aHo$ _wŠV àmU, _Z, VZ, g~, g{X`m| Ho$ Am‹S>§~a go

Mbmo, Mb| h_ {dO`-daU {hV, ZyVZ ea-g§YmZ H$a| !

AmAmo, {h` _| â| C_§J| OJ _| ZyVZ àmU â| !

(6)

ß`mgo, Yw±Ybo _Q>_¡bo-go, ÑJ _| â b| {dO`-N>Q>m

Am¡a J{bV JmVm| _| â b|, {dÚwV²-e{ŠV {ZnQ> {dH$Q>m;

jU _| hr {dbrZ hmoJr `h AÝYH$ma KZKmoa KQ>m

Mbmo, Mb| h_ AX_ CN>mhr, Vw_wb `wÕ H$s VmZ â| !

AmO CN>mb| ZB© Va§J|, AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| !

`mX a{IE :

* O~ g_mO _| ~wamB`m± \¡$b OmVr h¢, V~ ~wamB`m| H$mo Xya

H$a EH$ Zò g_mO H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm

h¡Ÿ&

* ~wamB`m| Ho$ {bE {H$gr Am¡a H$mo Xmof XoZm R>rH$ ZhtŸ&

h_ ñd`§ ^r Vmo {Oå_oXma h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE AÀN>m h¡ {H$ g~

{_b-OwbH$a Zd {Z_m©U _| bJ Om`|Ÿ&

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9999

H${d n[aM` :~mbH¥$îU e_m© "ZdrZ' Or H$m OÝ_ gZ² 1897 B©._| ½dm{b`a

amÁ` Ho$ wOmbnwa Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& Jar~r _| ~mbH$nZ JwOam, Eogr Jar~r {H$ ~oQ>o H$mo EH$ {Jbmg XyY XoZo Ho$ dmñVo _m± H$mo Xygam| Ho$ `hm± AmQ>m nrgZm n‹S>>Vm WmŸ& AnZo ~b AmnZo ~r.E. VH$ n‹T>>mŸ& ZdrZ Or H${d, boIH$, dº$m Am¡a Xoe^ŠV ^r WoŸ& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` g§{dYmZ n[afX Ho$ gXñ` ^r ~Zo WoŸ& gZ² 1960 _| AmnH$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`mŸ& "ZdrZ' AmnH$m H$mì`Zm_ h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s à_wI H¥${V`m± h¢-àmUmn©U, C{_©bm, apí_aoIm, Hw§$Hw$_, Šdmgr - Am{X&

eãXmW© :{h`-öX` ; {Zdªe - {OgH$m d§e Zï> hmo J`m hmo; ^ofO -

Am¡f{Y; Zdb-Z`m; {dbwá - AÑí` ; ~ImZ - Vmar\$, dU©Z; AmYo`-Am{lV; N>Q>m - emo^m; AX_ - à~b; H$mo‹T>r - Hw$ð>r; d«U - Kmd; {MÌmYma - {MÌg§J«h (Eë~_); YZwf-`k - `h `k amOm OZH$ Zo grVm Ho$ ñd`§da Ho$ {bE {H$`m Wm; ÑJ-Am±I; JmVr - MmXa Amo‹T>Zo H$m EH$ {deof T>§J; {ZnQ> - Ho$db; {dH$Q>m - ^`§H$a; CN>mhr - CËgmhr; Vw_wb - KmoaŸ&


1. h_ Zd {Z_m©U {H$g ^md go H$a| ?2. {H$g amoJ H$m {dÜd§g H$aZm h¡ ?3. OJ H$s g‹S>Z H$mo {H$g àH$ma amoH$ gH$Vo h¢ ?4. _mZd Ho$ õX` _| {H$g Vah H$m ^«_ hþAm h¡ ?5. H${d {H$g Mm¡IQ> H$mo Vmo‹S>Zm MmhVm h¡ ?6. _mZd H$mo {H$gH$m Am_§ÌU {_bm h¡ ?

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II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. _mZd {H$Z-{H$Z H$m {eH$ma ~Zm h¡ ?2. _mZd Ho$ VZ-_Z na {H$gZo AmKmV {H$`m h¡ ?3. H${d {H$g ~mV H$m dU©Z Zht H$aZm MmhVm ?4. OJ H$m Zd {Z_m©U {H$g àH$ma H$a| ?5. gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| H$mo {H$g Vah {_Q>mZm Mm{hE ?

III. BZ gm_m{gH$ eãXm| H$m {dJ«h H$aHo$ g_mg H$m Zm_ ~VmBò :

1. JwU Xmof 2. Za-ZmamÙ 3. {dÚwV² e{ŠV

4. J{bV Hw$ð> 5. {MÌmYma 6. n§MdQ>r

IV. ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :

AmO _hmZ H$_© Am_§ÌU h_| {_bm h¡ Aå~a go

YZwf-`k H$m AmO {Z_§ÌU Am`m {dO` ñd`§da go

H$aHo$ _wŠV àmU, _Z-VZ g~ g{X`m| Ho$ AmS>§~a go

Mbmo Mb| h_ {dO` daU {hV-ZyVZ ea-g§YmZ H$a|Ÿ&

AmAmo, {h` _| â| C_§Jo OJ _| ZyVZ àmU â|Ÿ&

V. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

öX`, _pñVîH$, Xmof, A§~a

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VI. [aŠV$ ñWmZm| _| C{MV eãX ^[aE :

1. AmO CN>mb| Zhr Va§J|, OJ _| ZyVZ .......... â| !2. AmAmo Bg ......... H$mo h_ g~ {_b {Zdªe H$a|,3. AmAmo, {h` _| â| .........., AmAmo Zd {Z_m©U H$a| !4. H$aHo$ _wº$ àmU, _Z, VZ, g~ g{X`m| Ho$ .......... go

VII. ghr {_bmZ H$s{OE :

1. ÑJ - JJZ2. ZyVZ - bha3. {h` - Kmo‹S>m4. A§~a - Am±I5. Va§J - dZamO ZdrZ öX`

VIII. BZ dmŠ`m| _| {Z{hV Ab§H$ma nhMmZH$a {b[IE

1. Bg A{êmn - nmn H$mo h_ g~ [§§§§_b {Zdªe H$ao!2. H$mo‹T>r h¡ `h Za - Zmam`mU

`mo½`Vm {VñVma:

* ZdrZ Or H$s AÝ` H${dVmAm| H$mo n[‹T>E &

* g_mO _| hmoZodmbr Hw$ar{V`m| H$mo {_Q>mZo Ho$ g§~§Y _o§ H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE &

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nyaH$ dmMZ

ñH$mCQ>

~oS>oZ nm°dob

AmnZo H$^r AnZo O¡go ~ÀMm| H$mo ImH$s a§J

H$s nmoemH$ nhZo Am¡a Jbo _| ñH$mµ\©$ ~m±Yo Adí`

XoIm hmoJm& BZHo$ Mohao na godm H$m ^md ^r XoIm

hmoJm& AmnZo BZH$mo _obo _| `m {H$gr Ym{_©H$

g_mamoh _| ^r‹S> H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo hwE d ~‹S>o-~y‹T>m|

H$s ghm`Vm H$aVo hwE XoIm hmoJm& Amn OmZVo h¢ {H$

ò H$m¡Z h¢& hm±, ghr nhMmZm AmnZo! ò h¢ ñH$mCQ>! AmBE, AmO h_

ñH$mCQ> Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> Amdí`H$ OmZH$mar àmá H$aVo h¢&

ñH$mCQ> EH$ àH$ma H$s à{ejU `moOZm h¡ {OgHo$ OÝ_XmVm ~oSo>Z

nm°dob Wo& CZH$m OÝ_ 22 \$adar, gZ² 1857 H$mo b§XZ _| hwAm Wm&

O~ do N>moQ>o Wo V^r ~oSo>Z nm°dob Ho$ {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© Wr& do

~MnZ go hr gmh{gH$ H$m`m] _| é{M boVo Wo& Imbr g_` _| do AnZr

_mVmOr H$s Kaoby H$m`m}§ _| ghm`Vm {H$`m H$aVo Wo&

~‹S>o hmoH$a ~oSo>Z nm°dob Zo goZm _| Zm¡H$ar H$a br& gZ² 1876 _|

CÝh| g¡{ZH$ A{YH$mar ~ZmH$a ^maV Ho$ _oaR> eha _| ôOm J`m& ~mX

_| CÝh| A\«$sH$m ôOm J`m, Ohm± CÝh| Owby H$~rbo Ho$ bmoJm| H$m gm_Zm

H$aZm n‹S>m& gZ² 1893 _| CZH$s Qw>H$‹S>r Zo AnZr Hw$ebVm go A\«$sH$m

Ho$ Aem§V joÌm| na H$m~y nm {b`m& A\«$sH$mdmgr CÝh| "Bånmgr' H$hH$a

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nwH$maVo Wo& Bånmgr H$m AW© hmoVm h¡-H$^r Z gmoZo dmbm ~o{‹S>`m&

A\«$sH$s bmoJm| Zo Omgygr H$bm _| nm°dob H$s {ZnwUVm Ho$ H$maU CÝh|

`h Zm_ {X`m Wm&

~oSo>Z nm°dob Zo ñH$mCQ> à{ejU `moOZm H$s ñWmnZm H$s& BgH$m

CX²Xoí` ~mbH$m| H$mo emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ ê$n go ñdñW ~ZmZm Wm&

CZH$m _V Wm {H$ EH$ OmJê$H$ BZgmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ~ƒm| _| gXmMma,

ñdmdb§~Z Am¡a godm^md H$m {dH$mg H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

^maV _| lr_Vr EZr ~og|Q> Ho$ gh`moJ go ñH$mCQ> Xb H$s ñWmnZm

hwB©& ewê$-ewê$ _| Bg Xb _| ~mbH$m| H$mo hr à{ejU {X`m OmVm Wm&

~mX _| ~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ {bE ^r JmBS> Xb ~Zm`m J`m& AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX

7 Zd§~a, gZ² 1950 H$mo ^maV ñH$mCQ> d JmBS> Zm_H$ g§JR>Z ~Zm`m

J`m& Bg g§JR>Z Ho$ AYrZ ~mbH$-~m{bH$mAm| H$mo à{ejU {X`m OmVm

h¡& 5 go 10 df© Ho$ ~mbH$m| H$mo H$~ Am¡a ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo ~wb~wb H$hm

OmVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| {deof àH$ma H$m à{ejU {X`m OmVm h¡& BZH$m

AmXe© dmŠ` h¡- ^agH$ à`ËZ H$amo&

10 Zo 16 df© Ho$ ~mbH$m| H$mo ñH$mCQ> Am¡a ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo JmBS>

à{ejU {X`m OmVm h¢& Bg Xb H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-gXm VËna ahmo&

16 go 25 df© Ho$ wdH$m| H$mo amoda Am¡a wd{V`m| H$mo a|Oa à{ejU {X`m

OmVm h¡& BZH$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-godm H$aVo ahmo&

ñH$mCQ> Am¡a JmBS> Ho$ {bE Hw$N> {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

BZ {Z`_m| _| à_wI h¢-{dœgZr`Vm, dµ\$mXmar, {_ÌVm, AZwemgZ{à`Vm,

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gmhg Am{X& BÝh| CƒV_ H$_©R> ^mdZm go OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZm, gÀMm

Xoe^º$ ~ZZm, Xÿgam| Ho$ à{V gOJVm ~ZmE aIZm d X`m^md aIZm

{gIm`m OmVm h¡& ñH$mCQ> H$mo {ejm Xr OmVr h¡ {H$ dh {g\©$ AnZo Xoe

H$m hr Zht, A{nVw g_mO d {díd H$m r ZmJ[aH$ h¡& Bg{bE Cgo Eogo

H$m © H$aZo Mm{hE {Oggo g~H$s ^bmB© hmo&

h_| AnZo OrdZ _| ñH$mCQ> Am¡a JmBS> go àoaUm J«hU H$aZr

Mm{hE&

{ZåZ àíZm| H$m CÎma {bpIE :

1. ñH$mCQ> Ho$ OÝ_XmVm H$m¡Z Wo?

2. A\«$sH$mdmgr ~oSo>Z nm°dob H$mo Bånmgr H$hH$a Š`m|

nwH$maVo Wo?

3. ^maV _| ñH$mCQ> Xb H$s ñWmnZm {H$gZo H$s?

4. ñH$mCQ> Am¡a JmBS> Ho$ à_wI {Z`_ Š`m h¢?

5. ZrMo {XE JE dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo ghr m JbV bJmBE&

H$. amoda H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-godm H$aVo ahmo&

I. ~wb~wb H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-^agH$ à`ËZ H$amo&

J. JmBS> H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-godm H$aVo ahmo&

K. H$~ H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-^agH$ à`ËZ H$amo&

L. a|Oa H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-gXm VËna ahmo&

M. ñH$mCQ> H$m AmXe© dmŠ` h¡-gXm VËna ahmo&

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nmR>-11

gXmMma H$m VmdrO

- h[ae§H$a nagmB©

(Ame`: `h H$hmZr gd©Ì ì`má ^«ï>mMma na àH$me S>mbVr h¡Ÿ& ^«ï>mMma

Ho$ {eH§$Oo _| ha H$moB© \§$gm h¡Ÿ& em`X hr H$moB© g§ñWm `m ì`{ŠV Bg Ny>V H$s

~r_mar go ~Mo hm|JoŸ& BgHo$ {Z_y©bZ Ho$ {bE AZoH$ `moOZmE± ~ZVr h¢ _Ja

H$mJO _| hr ~§X ah OmVr h¢Ÿ& gXmMma gaH$mar AmXoem| go, ~mha go Wmonm Zht

Om gH$VmŸ& `h CÀMV_ _mZdr` _yë` öX` H$s {Z{Y h¡, Omo öX` go hr {Z…g¥V

hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A^md _| gmar `moOZmE± {ZaW©H$ ~Z OmVr h¢Ÿ& boIH$ Zo gaH$mar

V§Ì, T>m|Jr Y_©Jwé, VWm gaH$mar H$_©Mm[a`m| na H$‹S>r MmoQ> H$s h¡Ÿ&)

EH$ amÁ` _| hëbm _Mm {H$ ^«ï>mMma ~hþV \¡$b J`m h¡Ÿ& amOm Zo EH$ {XZ Xa~m[a`m| go H$hm - àOm ~hþV hëbm _Mm ahr h¡ {H$ g~ OJh ^«ï>mMma \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& h_| Vmo AmO VH$ H$ht Zht XrImŸ& Vw_ bmoJm| H$mo H$ht XrIm hmo Vmo ~VmAmoŸ&''

Xa~m[a`m| Zo H$hm - "O~ hþOya H$mo Zht XrIm Vmo h_| H¡$go XrI gH$Vm h¡?

amOm Zo H$hm - ""Zht, Eogm Zht h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r Omo _wPo Zht XrIVm, dh Vwåh| XrIVm hmoJmŸ& O¡go _wPo ~wao gnZo H$^r Zht XrIVo, na Vwåh| Vmo XrIVo hm|Jo&

Xa~m[a`m| Zo H$hm "Or, XoIVo h¢& na dh gnZm| H$s ~mV h¡&

amOm Zo H$hm - ""{\$a ^r Vw_ bmoJ gmao amÁ` _| Ty>±‹T>H$a XoImo

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{H$ H$ht ^«ï>mMma Vmo Zht h¡Ÿ& AJa H$ht {_b OmE Vmo h_mao XoIZo Ho$ {bE Z_yZm boVo AmZmŸ& h_ ^r Vmo XoI| {H$ H¡$gm hmoVm h¡Ÿ&''

EH$ Xa~mar Zo H$hm - ""hþOya, dh h_| Zht XrIoJmŸ& gwZm h¡, dh ~hþV ~marH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& h_mar Am±I| AmnH$s {damQ>Vm XoIZo H$s BVZr Am{X hmo JB© h¢ {H$ h_| ~marH$ MrµO Zht XrIVrŸ& h_| ^«ï>mMma {XIm ^r Vmo Cg_| h_| AmnH$s hr N>{d {XIoJr Š`m|{H$ h_mar Am±Im| _| Vmo AmnH$s hr gyaV ~gr h¡Ÿ& na AnZo amÁ` _| EH$ Om{V ahVr h¡ {Ogo "{deofk' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg Om{V Ho$ nmg Hw$N> Eogm A§OZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cgo Am±Im| _| Am±OH$a do ~marH$ MrµO r XoI boVo h¢Ÿ& _oam {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ BZ {deofkm| H$mo hr hþOya ^«ï>mMma Ty>±‹T>Zo H$m H$m_ gm¢noŸ&''

amOm Zo "{deofk' Om{V Ho$ nm±M AmX_r ~wbmE Am¡a H$hm - ""gwZm h¡, h_mao amÁ` _| ^«ï>mMma h¡Ÿ& na dh H$hm± h¡, `h nVm Zht MbVmŸ& Vw_ bmoJ CgH$m nVm bJmAmoŸ& AJa {_b OmE Vmo nH$‹S>H$a h_mao nmg bo AmZmŸ& AJa ~hþV hmo Vmo Z_yZo Ho$ {bE Wmo‹S>m-gm bo AmZmŸ&''

{deofkm| Zo Cgr {XZ go N>mZ-~rZ ewé H$a XrŸ&

Xmo _hrZo ~mX do {\$a go Xa~ma _| hm{µOa hþEŸ&

amOm Zo nyN>m - ""{deofkm|, Vwåhmar Om±M nyar hmo JB© ?''

""Or, gaH$maŸ&''

""Š`m Vwåh| ^«ï>mMma {_bm ?''

""Or, ~hþV-gm {_bmŸ&''

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amOm Zo hmW ~‹T>m`m-""bmAmo _wPo ~VmAmoŸ& XoIy± H¡$gm hmoVm h¡Ÿ&''

{deofkm| Zo H$hm - "hþOya, dh hmW H$s nH$‹S> _| Zht AmVmŸ& dh ñWyb Zht, gyú_ h¡, AJmoMa h¡Ÿ& na dh gd©Ì ß`má h¡Ÿ& Cgo XoIm Zht Om gH$Vm, AZw^d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&''

amOm gmoM _| n‹S> JòŸ& ~mobo - {deofkmo, Vw_ H$hVo hmo {H$ dh gyú_ h¡, AJmoMa h¡ Am¡a gd©ì`mnr h¡Ÿ& ò JwU Vmo B©ída Ho$ h¢Ÿ& Vmo Š`m ^«ï>mMma B©ída h¡ ?

{deofkm| Zo H$hm - ""hm±, _hmamO, A~ ^«ï>mMma B©ída hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&

EH$ Xa~mar Zo nyN>m - ""na dh h¡ H$hm± ? H¡$go AZw^d hmoVm h¡?''

{deofkm| Zo Odm~ {X`m- ""dh gd©Ì h¡Ÿ& dh Bg ^dZ _| h¡Ÿ& dh _hmamO Ho$ qghmgZ _| h¡Ÿ&''

""qghmgZ _| h¡Ÿ!'' - H$hH$a amOm gmh~ CN>bH$a Xya I‹S>o hmo JòŸ&

{deofkm| Zo H$hm - "hm±, gaH$ma qghmgZ _| h¡Ÿ& {nN>bo _mh Bg qghmgZ na a§J H$aZo Ho$ {Og {~b H$m ^wJVmZ {H$`m J`m h¡, dh {~b PyR>m h¡Ÿ& dh dmñVd go XwJZo Xm_ H$m h¡Ÿ& AmYm n¡gm ~rM dmbo Im JEŸ& AmnHo$ nyao emgZ _| ^«ï>mMma h¡ Am¡a dh _w»`V… Kyg Ho$ én _| h¡Ÿ&''

{deofkm| H$s ~mV gwZH$a amOm qM{VV hþE Am¡a Xa~m[a`m| Ho$ H$mZ I‹S>>o hþEŸ&

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amOm Zo H$hm - ""`h Vmo ~‹S>r qMVm H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& h_ ^«ï>mMma {~bHw$b {_Q>mZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ& {deofkm| Vw_ ~Vm gH$Vo hmo {H$ `h H¡$go {_Q> gH$Vm h¡ ?''

{deofkm| Zo H$hm - ""hm±, _hmamO, h_Zo CgH$s ^r `moOZm V¡`ma H$s h¡Ÿ& ^«ï>mMma {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE _hmamO H$mo ì`dñWm _| ~hþV n[adV©Z H$aZo hm|JoŸ& EH$ Vmo «ï>mMma Ho$ _m¡Ho$ {_Q>mZo hm|JoŸ& O¡go R>oH$m h¡ Vmo R>oHo$Xma h¡Ÿ& Am¡a R>oHo$Xma h¡ Vmo A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo Kyg h¡Ÿ& R>oH$m {_Q> OmE Vmo CgH$s Kyg {_Q> OmEŸ& Bgr Vah Am¡a ~hþV-gr MrO| h¢Ÿ& {H$Z H$maUm| go AmX_r Kyg boVm h¡, `h ^r {dMmaUr` h¡Ÿ&''

amOm Zo H$hm - ""AÀN>m, Vw_ AnZr nyar `moOZm aI OmAmoŸ& h_ Am¡a h_mam Xa~ma Cg na {dMma H$a|Jo&

{deofk Mbo JEŸ&

amOm Zo Am¡a Xa~m[a`m| Zo ^«ï>mMma {_Q>mZo H$s `moOZm H$mo n‹T>mŸ& Cg na {dMma {H$`mŸ&

{dMma H$aVo {XZ ~rVZo bJo Am¡a amOm H$m ñdmñÏ` {~J‹S>Zo bJmŸ& EH$ {XZ EH$ Xa~mar Zo H$hm - _hmamO, qMVm Ho$ H$maU AmnH$m ñdmñÏ` {~J‹S>Vm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& CZ {deofkm| Zo AmnH$mo P§PQ> _| S>mb {X`mŸ&''

amOm Zo H$hm - ""hm±, _wPo amV H$mo ZtX Zht AmVrŸ&''

Xygam Xa~mar ~mobm - ""Eogr [anmoQ>© H$mo AmJ Ho$ hdmbo H$a XoZm Mm{hE {Oggo _hmamO H$s ZtX _| Ibb n‹S>oŸ&''

amOm Zo H$hm - ""na H$a| Š`m? Vw_ bmoJm| Zo ^r ^«ï>mMma {_Q>mZo

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H$s `moOZm H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Vwåhmam Š`m _V h¡ ? Š`m Cgo H$m_ _| bmZm Mm{hE?''

Xa~m[a`m| Zo H$hm - ""_hmamO, dh moOZm Š`m h¡, EH$ _wgr~V h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma {H$VZo CbQ>-\o$a H$aZo n‹S>|Jo ! {H$VZr naoemZr hmoJr& gmar ì`dñWm CbQ>-nbQ> hmo OmEJrŸ& Omo Mbm Am ahm h¡, Cgo ~XbZo go ZB©-ZB© H${R>ZmB`m± n¡Xm hmo gH$Vr h¢Ÿ& h_| Vmo H$moB© Eogr VaH$s~ Mm{hE {Oggo {~Zm Hw$N> CbQ>-\o$a {H$`o ^«ï>mMma {_Q> OmEŸ&''

amOm gmh~ ~mobo - ""_¢ ^r `hr MmhVm hÿ±Ÿ& na `h hmo H¡$go? h_mao à{nVm_h H$mo Vmo OmXy AmVm Wm ; h_| dh ^r Zht AmVmŸ& Vw_ bmoJ hr H$moB© Cnm` ImoOmoŸ&''

EH$ {XZ Xa~m[a`m| Zo amOm Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ gmYw H$mo noe {H$`m Am¡a H$hm - ""_hmamO, EH$ H§$Xam _| Vnñ`m H$aVo hþE BZ _hmZ gmYH$ H$mo h_ bo AmE h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo gXmMma H$m VmdrµO ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& dh _§Ìm| go {gÕ h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~m±YZo go AmX_r gXmMmar hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&''

gmYw Zo AnZo Pmobo _| go EH$ VmdrµO {ZH$mbH$a amOm H$mo {X`mŸ& amOm Zo Cgo XoImŸ& ~mobo, ""ho gmYw, Bg VmdrO Ho$ {df` _| _wPo {dñVma go ~VmAmoŸ& Bggo AmX_r gXmMmar H¡$go hmo OmVm h¢?''

gmYw Zo g_Pm`m, ""_hmamO, ^«ï>mMma Am¡a gXmMma _Zwî` H$s AmË_m _| hmoVm h¡ ; ~mha go Zht hmoVmŸ& {dYmVm O~ _Zwî` H$mo ~ZmVm h¡ V~ {H$gr H$s AmË_m _| B©_mZ H$s H$b {\$Q> H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a {H$gr H$s AmË_m _| ~oB©_mZr H$sŸ& Bg H$b _| go B©_mZ `m ~oB©_mZr

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Ho$ ñda {ZH$bVo h¢ {OÝh| "AmË_m H$s nwH$ma' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AmË_m H$s nwH$ma Ho$ AZwgma hr AmX_r H$m_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& àíZ `h h¡ {H$ {OZH$s AmË_m go ~oB©_mZr Ho$ ñda {ZH$bVo h¢, CÝh| X~mH$a B©_mZ Ho$ ñda H¡$go {ZH$mbo OmE±? _¢ H$B© dfm] go Bgr Ho$ qMVZ _| bJm hÿ±Ÿ& A^r `h gXmMma H$m VmdrµO ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& {Og AmX_r H$s ^wOm na `h ~±Ym hmoJm dh gXmMmar hmo OmEJmŸ& _¢Zo Hw$Îmo na ^r à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `h VmdrµO Jbo _| ~m±Y XoZo go Hw$Îmm ^r amoQ>r Zht MwamVmŸ& ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Bg VmdrµO _| go gXmMma Ho$ ñda {ZH$bVo h¢Ÿ& O~ {H$gr H$s AmË_m ~oB©_mZr Ho$ ñda {ZH$mbZo bJVr h¡ V~ Bg VmdrµO H$s e{º$ AmË_m H$m Jbm Km|Q> XoVr h¡ Am¡a AmX_r H$mo VmdrµO Ho$ B©_mZ Ho$ ñda gwZmB© n‹S>Vo h¢ & dh BZ ñdam| H$mo AmË_m H$s nwH$ma g_PH$a gXmMma H$s Amoa ào[aV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr Bg VmdrµO H$m JwU h¡, _hmamO !''

Xa~ma _| hbMb _M JB©Ÿ& Xa~mar CR>-CR>H$a VmdrO H$mo XoIZo bJoŸ&

amOm Zo Iwe hmoH$a H$hm - ""_wPo Zht _mby_ Wm {H$ _oao amÁ` _| Eogo M_ËH$mar gmYw ^r h¢Ÿ& _hmË_Z²>, h_ AmnHo$ ~hþV Am^mar h¢Ÿ& AmnZo h_mam g§H$Q> ha {b`mŸ& h_ gd©ì`mnr «ï>mMma go ~hþV naoemZ WoŸ& _Ja h_| bmIm| Zht, H$amo‹S>m| VmdrµO Mm{hEŸ& h_ amÁ` H$s Amoa go VmdrµOm| H$m EH$ H$maImZm Imob XoVo h¢Ÿ& Amn CgHo$ OZab _¡ZoOa ~Z OmE± Am¡a AnZr XoI-aoI _| ~{‹T>`m VmdrµO ~ZdmE±Ÿ&''

EH$ _§Ìr Zo H$hm - ""_hmamO, amÁ` Š`m| Bg P§PQ> _| n‹S>o ? _oam Vmo {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ gmYw ~m~m H$mo R>oH$m Xo {X`m OmEŸ& do AnZr _§S>br go VmdrµO ~ZdmH$a amÁ` H$mo gßbmB© H$a X|JoŸ&''

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amOm H$mo `h gwPmd ngÝX Am`mŸ& gmYw H$mo VmdrµO ~ZmZo H$m R>oH$m Xo {X`m J`mŸ& Cgr g_` CÝh| nm±M H$amo‹S> én`o H$maImZm ImobZo Ho$ {bE noeJr {_b JB©Ÿ&

amÁ` Ho$ AI~mam| _| I~a| N>nt "gXmMma Ho$ VmdrµO H$s ImoO !' "VmdrµO ~ZmZo H$m H$maImZm Iwbm !'

bmIm| VmdrO ~Z JEŸ& gaH$ma Ho$ hþŠ_ go ha gaH$mar H$_©Mmar H$s ^wOm na EH$-EH$ VmdrµO ~m±Y {X`m J`mŸ&

^«ï>mMma H$s g_ñ`m H$m Eogm gab hb {ZH$b AmZo go amOm Am¡a Xa~mar g~ Iwe WoŸ&

EH$ {XZ amOm H$s CËgwH$Vm OmJrŸ& gmoMm - ""XoI| Vmo {H$ `h VmdrO H¡$go H$m_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&''

dh doe ~XbH$a EH$ H$m`m©b` JEŸ& Cg {XZ 2 VmarI WrŸ& EH$ {XZ nhbo hr VZ»dmh {_br WrŸ&

dh EH$ H$_©Mmar Ho$ nmg JE Am¡a H$moB© H$m_ ~VmH$a Cgo nm±M én`o H$m ZmoQ> XoZo bJoŸ&

H$_©Mmar Zo CÝh| S>m±Q>m -""^mJ OmAmo `hm± go ! Kyg boZm nmn h¡ !''

amOm ~hþV Iwe hþEŸ& VmdrO Zo H$_©Mmar H$mo B©_mZXma ~Zm {X`m WmŸ&

Hw$N> {XZ ~mX dh {\$a doe ~XbH$a Cgr H$_©Mmar Ho$ nmg JEŸ& Cg {XZ BH$Vrg VmarI Wr - _hrZo H$m Am{Iar {XZŸ&

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amOm Zo {\$a Cgo nm±M H$m ZmoQ> {XIm`m Am¡a CgZo boH$a Oo~ _|

aI {b`mŸ&

amOm Zo CgH$m hmW nH$‹S> {b`mŸ& ~mobo - _¢ Vwåhmam amOm hÿ±Ÿ&

Š`m Vw_ gXmMma H$m VmdrµO ~m±YH$a Zht AmE ?

""~m±Ym h¡, gaH$ma, `h Xo{IE !''

CgZo AmñVrZ M‹T>mH$a VmdrµO {XIm {X`mŸ&

amOm Ag_§Og _| n‹S> JEŸ& {\$a Eogm H¡$gm hmo J`m !

CÝhm|Zo VmdrµO na H$mZ bJmH$a gwZmŸ& VmdrO _| ñda {ZH$b aho

Wo - ""Aao AmO BH$Vrg h¡Ÿ& AmO Vmo bo boŸ&''

`mX a{IEŸ&

* dV©_mZ _| ^«ï>mMma gd©Ì ì`má h¡Ÿ&

* A§Y{dídmgm| _| \§$gH$a ^«ï>mMma {Z_y©bZ Zht H$a gH$VoŸ&

* àËòH$ ì¶{³V H$mo B©_mZXmar Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

* àm_m{UH$Vm gXmMma H$m àW_ gmonmZ h¡Ÿ&

* amOm go boH$a a§H$ VH$ g^r ^«ï> ~Z Jò Vmo Xoe H$s àJ{V

Hw§${R>V hmo OmòJrŸ&

* nyao AmË_{dídmg Ho$ gmW gXmMma Ho$ _mJ© na H$X_ aIZm

Mm{hEŸ&

* B©_mZXmar H$m ñda hr AmË_m H$s nwH$ma hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

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boIH$ n[aM` : loð> ì`§½` H$hmZrH$ma lr. h[ae§H$a nagmB© Or H$m OÝ_ 1924 _| hþAmŸ& E_.E. hmoZo Ho$ níMmV²> Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ AmnZo AÜ`mnZ H$m`© {H$`mŸ& VXZ§Va gm{hË` g¥OZ _| OwQ> JEŸ& ì`§½` CZH$s boIZ H$bm H$m àmU h¡Ÿ& g^r joÌm| H$s {dg§J{V`m± AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| à{V\${bV hþB© h¡& OrdZ H$m H$moB© ^r Am`m_ n[ahmg go ~M Zht gH$m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s à_wI ì`§½` H$hm{Z`m± - "^mobmam_ H$m Ord', "Mmdb go hram| VH$', "H$Mao _|', "EH$ ~oH$ma Kmd', "g‹S>>H$ ~Z ahr h¡', "nmoñQ>ar EH$Vm', "^mB`mo Am¡a ~{hZm|', "{ZR>ëbo H$s S>m`ar', "EH$ \$[aíVo H$s H$Wm' Am{XŸ&

eãXmW© -

gXmMma - AÀN>m ì`dhma, VmdrµO - `§Ì _§Ì H$m g§nwQ> Omo

A{Zï> go ajm Ho$ {bE YmaU {H$`m OmVm h¡, ^«ï>mMma - [aídVImoar,

KygImoar, CËH$moM; hëbm - emoa, {deofk - {H$gr {df` _| Vk,

OmZZodmbm, A§OZ - H$mOb ({Ogo Am±Im| _| bJmZo go Imo`r hþB© dñVw

H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢), N>mZ~rZ - Ty>±‹T>Zm, Om±M-naI, ImoµO, ñWyb -

_moQ>m, gyú_ - ~hþV _hrZ, AJmoMa - Z {XImB© XoZodmbm, ^wJVmZ

- AXm H$aZm, Kyg-[aídV, H$mZ I‹S>o hmoZm - Mm¡H$Þm hmoZm, _m¡H$m -

Adga, R>oH$m - H$m§Q´>oŠQ>>, Ibb - ~mYm, VaH$s~ - Cnm`, à{nVm_h

- {nVm Ho$ XmXmOr, H§$Xam - Jw\$m, gmYH$ - gmYw, H$b-`§Ì, gwPmd

- gbmh, noeJr - {H$gr dñVw Ho$ _yb H$m dh A§e Omo H$m_ H$aZodmbo

H$mo {X`m OmVm h¡, VZ»dmh - doVZ, AmñVrZ - H$_rO H$m ~mOy>&

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Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IEŸ&

1. amÁ` _| Š`m \¡$b J`m Wm ?

2. Xa~mar {H$go XoIZo Ho$ AmXr Wo ?

3. ~marH$ MrµOm| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr MrO H$m¡Z-gr h¡?

4. ~marH$ MrµOm| H$mo H$m¡Z XoI gH$Vo h¢ ?

5. ^«ï>mMma Ho$ {Z_y©bZ Ho$ {bE Š`m ~Zm`m J`m ?

6. ^«ï>mMma, gXmMma H$hm± hmoVm h¡ ?

7. VmdrµO H¡$gm Wm ?

8. VmdrµO H$hm± V¡¡`ma hmoZo bJo ?

9. VmdrµO {H$ZH$s ^wOmAm| na ~m±Yo J`o ?

10. VmdrµO go amOm H$mo H$m¡Z-gr AmdmµO gwZm`r Xr ?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IEŸ&

1. ^«ï>mMma Ho$ \¡$bZo H$m hëbm gwZH$a amOm Zo Š`m {H$`m ?

2. {deofkm| Zo ^«ï>mMma Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m-Š`m H$hm ?

3. ì`dñWm _| n[adV©Z H¡$go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ?

4. gmYw Zo H$m¡Z-gm Cnm` ~Vm`m ?

5. VmdrµO Ho$ JwU H$m¡Z-go Wo ?

6. VmdrµO H$hm± Am¡a H¡$go ~Zm`m J`m ?

7. VmdrµO ~m§YZo H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hþAm ?

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III. g§X^© Ho$ gmW ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&

1. "hþOya H$mo Zht XrIm Vmo h_| H¡$go XrI gH$Vm h¡ ?'

2. "Cgo XoIm Zht Om gH$Vm, AZw^d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&'

3. "Bg H$b _| go B©_mZ m ~oB©_mZr Ho$ ñda {ZH$bVo h¢, {OÝh|

"AmË_m H$s nwH$ma' H$hVo h¢Ÿ&'

4. "Aao AmO Vmo BH$Vrg h¡Ÿ& AmO Vmo bo boŸ&'

IV. BgH$m {ZamH$aU H¡$go hmoJm ?- gmoMmo Am¡a VmËn`© ~VmAmo-

""AmO BH$Vrg h¡Ÿ& AmO Vmo bo boŸ&''

V. {ZåZ{b{IV CÎmam| _| go ghr CÎma MwZH$a {b{IEŸ&

1. amÁ` _| {H$g ~mV H$m emoa _M J`m ?

(A) ^«ï>mMma (Am) gXmMma (B) AZmMma (B©) AË`mMma

2. {H$gHo$ hëbo Ho$ e_Z Ho$ {bE AmXoe {X`m J`m ?

(A) H$_©Mmar (Am) Xa~mar (B) Zm¡H$a (B©) àOm

3. {deofk bmoJ ~marH$ MrOm| H$mo XoIZo bJmVo h¢ -

(A) H$mOb (Am) gwa_m (B) A§OZ (B©) Mí_m

4. ^«ï>mMma XoI Zht gH$Vo Š`m|qH$, dh h¡Ÿ&

(A) B©ída (Am) ñWyb (B) AJmoMa (B©) JmoMa

5. amÁ` Ho$ emgZ _| \¡$bm ^«ï>mMma Bg ê$n _| h¡Ÿ-

(A) Kyg (Am) nyg (B) Kygm (B©) Jyg

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VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IEŸ&

(1) ^«ï>mMma (2) gyú_ (3) JmoMa (4) B©_mZ

(5) Ag_§Og (6) JwU (7) PyR>

VII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IEŸ&

gnZm Z_yZm AmX_r

{deofk H${R>ZmB© _m¡H$m

^wOm H$maImZ| MrO

n¡go `moOZm I~a|,

Om{V Am±I| naoemZr

VIII. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IEŸ&

amOm AmX_r gmh~

gXmMmar ^«ï>mMmar

IX. ^mddmMH$ g§km ê$n {b{IEŸ&

~wam {damQ>

CËgwH$ gyú_

X. BZ eãXm| _| aoIm§{H$V eãXm§e Š`m h¢ ? ~VmBE :

AJmoMa à{nVm_h ~oB©_mZ

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XI. dmŠ` Ho$ àH$ma ~VmH$a, BZ dmŠ`m| H$m {díbofU H$s{OE :

1. EH$ amÁ` _| hëbm _Mm {H$ ^«ï>mMma ~hþV \¡$b J`m h¡Ÿ&

2. _wPo ~wao gnZo H$^r Zht {XIVo, na Vwåho§ Vmo XrIVo hm|Jo?

3. _oam {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ BZ {deofkm| H$mo hr hþOya ^«ï>mMma Ty>±‹T>Zo

H$m H$m_ gm¢n|Ÿ&

XII. dmÀ` n[adV©Z H$s{OE :

1. {deofkm| Zo Cgr {XZ go N>mZ-~rZ ewé H$a XrŸ&

2. h_ Am¡a h_mam Xa~ma Cg na {dMma H$aoJmŸ&

3. BÝhm|Zo gXmMma H$m VmdrµO ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ&

4. amOm Zo VmdrµO H$mo naImŸ&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma -

* ^«îQ>mMma {Z_y©bZ Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo {dMma ì`ŠV H$s{OEŸ&

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nmR>-12

EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r

- _ÝZy ^§S>mar

_ÝZy ^§S>mar

(Ame`: _ÝZy ^§S>mar Zo AnZo AmË_H$Ï` _| CZ ì`pŠV`m| Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| Ho$$ ~mao _| {cIm h¡ Omo CZHo$$ coIH$s` OrdZ go Ow‹S>o hþE h¢& g§H${cV A§e _| _ÝZy Or Ho$$ {H$emoa OrdZ go Ow‹S>r KQ>ZmAm| Ho$$ gmW CZHo$$ {nVmOr Am¡a CZHo H$m°boO H$s àmÜ`m{nH$m ercm AJ«dmc H$m ì`pŠVËd {deof Vm¡a na C^aH$a Am`m h¡, {OÝhm|Zo AmJo McH$a CZHo$$ coIH$s` ì`pŠVËd Ho$$ {Z_m©U _| _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mB©& copIH$m Zo `hm± ~hþV hr Iy~gyaVr go gmYaU c‹S>H$s Ho$$ AgmYmaU ~ZZo Ho$$ àma§{^H$ n‹S>mdm| H$mo àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& gZ² "46-47' H$s AmOmXr H$s Am±Yr Zo _ÝZy Or H$mo ^r ANy>Vm Zht N>mo‹S>m& N>moQ>o eha H$s `wdm hmoVr c‹S>H$s Zo AmOmXr H$s c‹S>mB© _| {Og Vah ^mJrXmar H$s, Cg_| CgH$m CËgmh, AmoO, g§JR>Z-j_Vm Am¡a {damoY H$aZo H$m VarH$m

`hm± {M{ÌV h¡&)

OÝ_r Vmo _Ü` àXoe Ho$$ ^mZnwam Jm±d _| Wr, co{H$Z _oar `mXm| H$m {gc{gcm ewê$ hmoVm h¡ AO_oa Ho$$ ~«÷nwar _mohëbo Ho$$ Cg Xmo-_§{µOcm _H$mZ go, {OgH$s D$nar _§{µOc _| {nVmOr H$m gm_«mÁ` Wm, Ohm± do {Zhm`V Aì`dpñWV T>§J go \¡$cr-{~Iar nwñVH$m|-n{ÌH$mAm| Am¡a AI~mam| Ho$$ ~rM m Vmo Hw$N> n‹T>Vo ahVo Wo m {\$a "{S>ŠQ>oeZ' XoVo ahVo Wo& ZrMo h_ g~ ^mB©-~{hZm| Ho$$ gmW ahVr Wt h_mar ~on‹T>r-{cIr ì`pŠVËd{dhrZ _m±...gdoao go em_ VH$ h_ g~H$s BÀN>mAm| Am¡a {nVmOr H$s AmkmAm| H$m nmcZ H$aZo Ho$$ {cE gX¡d VËna& AO_oa go

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nhco {nVmOr B§Xm¡a _| Wo Ohm± CZH$s ~‹S>r à{Vð>m Wr, gå_mZ Wm, Zm_ Wm& H$m§J«og Ho$$ gmW-gmW do g_mO-gwYma Ho$$ H$m_m| go ^r Ow‹S>o hþE Wo& {ejm Ho$$ do Ho$dc CnXoe hr Zht XoVo Wo, ~pëH$ CZ {XZm| AmR>-AmR>, Xg-Xg {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo AnZo Ka aIH$a n‹T>m`m h¡ {OZ_| go H$B© Vmo ~mX _| D$±Mo-D$±Mo AmohXm| na nhþ±Mo& `o CZH$s Iwehmcr Ho$$ {XZ Wo Am¡a CZ {XZmo§ CZH$s X[a`m{Xcr Ho$$ MM} ^r H$_ Zht Wo& EH$ Amoa do ~ohX H$mo_c Am¡a g§doXZerc ì`pŠV Wo Vmo Xÿgar Amoa ~ohX H«$moYr Am¡a Ah§dmXr&

na h {nV¥-JmWm _¢ Bg{cE Zht Jm ahr {H$ _wPo CZH$m Jm¡ad-JmZ H$aZm h¡, ~pëH$ _¢ Vmo `h XoIZm MmhVr hÿ± {H$ CZHo$$ ì`pŠVËd H$s H$m¡Z-gr Iy~r Am¡a Im{_`m± _oao ì`pŠVËd Ho$$ VmZo-~mZo _| Jw±Wr hþB© h¢ `m {H$ AZOmZo-AZMmho {H$E CZHo$$ ì`dhma Zo _oao ^rVa {H$Z J«§{W`m| H$mo OÝ_ Xo {X`m& _¢ H$mcr hÿ±& ~MnZ _| Xþ~cr Am¡a _[a`c ^r Wr& Jmoam a§J {nVmOr H$s H$_Omoar Wr gmo ~MnZ _| _wPgo Xmo gmc ~‹S>r, Iy~ Jmoar, ñdñW Am¡a h±g_wI ~{hZ gwercm go ha ~mV _| VwcZm Am¡a {\$a CgH$s àe§gm Zo hr, Š`m _oao ^rVa Eogo Jhao hrZ-^md H$s J«§{W n¡Xm Zht H$a Xr {H$ Zm_, gå_mZ Am¡a à{Vð>m nmZo Ho$$ ~mdOyX AmO VH$ _¢ Cggo C~a Zht nmB©? AmO r n[aM` H$admVo g_` O~ H$moB© Hw$N> {deofVm cJmH$a _oar coIH$s` CncpãY`m| H$m {‹OH«$ H$aZo cJVm h¡ Vmo _¢ g§H$moM go {g_Q> hr Zht OmVr ~pëH$ J‹S>Zo-J‹S>Zo H$mo hmo AmVr hÿ±& em`X AMoVZ H$s {H$gr nV© Ho$$ ZrMo X~r Bgr hrZ-^mdZm Ho$$ McVo _¢ AnZr {H$gr r CncpãY na amogm Zht H$a nmVr...g~ Hw$N> _wPo VwŠH$m hr cJVm h¡& {nVmOr Ho$$ {Og eŠH$s ñd^md na _¢

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H$^r ^ÝZm-^ÝZm OmVr Wr, AmO EH$mEH$ AnZo I§{S>V {dídmgm| H$s ì`Wm Ho$$ ZrMo _wPo CZHo$$ eŠH$s ñd^md H$s PcH$ hr {XImB© XoVr h¡...~hþV "AnZm|' Ho$$ hmWm| {dídmgKmV H$s Jhar ì`Wm go CnOm eH$& hmoe g±^mcZo Ho$$ ~mX go hr {OZ {nVmOr go {H$gr-Z-{H$gr ~mV na h_oem _oar Q>ŠH$a hr McVr ahr, do Vmo Z OmZo {H$VZo ê$nm| _| _wP_| h¢...H$ht Hw§$R>mAm| Ho$$ ê$n _|, H$ht à{V{H«$`m Ho$$ ê$n _| Vmo H$ht à{VÀN>m`m Ho$$ ê$n _|&

{nVm Ho$$ R>rH$ {dnarV Wt h_mar ~on‹T>r-{cIr _m±& YaVr go Hw$N> Á`mXm hr Y¡`© Am¡a ghZepŠV Wr em`X CZ_|& {nVm Or H$s ha Á`mXVr H$mo AnZm àmß` Am¡a ~ƒm| H$s ha C{MV-AZw{MV \$a_mBe Am¡a {‹OX H$mo AnZm \$O© g_PH$a ~‹S>o ghO ^md go ñdrH$ma H$aVr Wr & CÝhm|Zo {‹OXJr a AnZo {cE Hw$N> _m±Jm Zht, Mmhm Zht...Ho$dc {X`m hr {X`m& h_ ^mB©-~{hZm| H$m gmam cJmd (em`X ghmZw^y{V go CnOm) _m± Ho$$ gmW Wm co{H$Z {Zhm`V Aghm` _O~yar _| {cnQ>m CZH$m `h Ë`mJ H$^r _oam AmXe© Zht ~Z gH$m...Z CZH$m Ë`mJ, Z CZH$s g{hîUwVm& I¡a, Omo ^r hmo, A~ `h n¡V¥H$-nwamU `ht g_má H$a AnZo na cm¡Q>Vr hÿ±&

nm±M ^mB©-~{hZm| _| g~go N>moQ>r _¢& g~go ~‹S>r ~{hZ H$s emXr Ho$$ g_` _¢ em`X gmV gmc H$s Wr Am¡a CgH$s EH$ Yw±Ycr-gr `mX hr _oao _Z _| h¡, co{H$Z AnZo go Xmo gmc ~‹S>r ~{hZ gwercm Am¡a _¢Zo Ka Ho$$ ~‹S>o go Am±JZ _| ~MnZ Ho$$ gmao Ioc Ioco gVmo{c`m, c±J‹S>r-Q>m±J, nH$‹S>_-nH$‹S>mB©, H$mcr-Q>rcmo...Vmo H$_am| _| JwS²>S>o-Jw{‹S>`m| Ho$$ ã`mh ^r aMmE, nmg-n‹S>mog H$s gho{c`m| Ho$$ gmW& `m| IocZo H$mo

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h_Zo ^mB`m| Ho$$ gmW {Jëbr-S§>S>m ^r Iocm Am¡a nV§J C‹S>mZo, H$m±M

nrgH$a _m±Om gyVZo H$m H$m_ ^r {H$`m, co{H$Z CZH$s J{V{d{Y`m|

H$m Xm`am Ka Ho$$ ~mha hr A{YH$ ahVm Wm Am¡a h_mar gr_m Wr

Ka& hm±, BVZm ‹Oê$a Wm {H$ Cg µO_mZo _| Ka H$s Xrdma| Ka VH$

hr g_má Zht hmo OmVr Wt ~pëH$ nyao _mohëbo VH$ \¡$cr ahVr Wt

Bg{cE _mohëbo Ho$$ {H$gr ^r Ka _| OmZo na H$moB© nm~§Xr Zht Wr,

~pëH$ Hw$N> Ka Vmo n[adma H$m {hñgm hr Wo& AmO Vmo _wPo ~‹S>r {eÔV

Ho$$ gmW `h _hgyg hmoVm h¡ {H$ AnZr {O§XJr IwX OrZo Ho$ Bg

AmYw{ZH$ X~md Zo _hmZJam| Ho$$ âc¡Q> _| ahZo dmcm| H$mo h_mao Bg

na§namJV "n‹S>mog-H$ëMa' go {dpÀN>ÝZ H$aHo$$ h_| {H$VZm g§Hw${MV,

Aghm` Am¡a Agwa{jV ~Zm {X`m h¡& _oar H$_-go-H$_ EH$ XO©Z

Ama§{^H$ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$$ nmÌ Bgr _mohëbo Ho$$ h¢ Ohm± _¡§Zo AnZr

{H$emoamdñWm JwOma AnZr `wdmdñWm H$m Ama§^ {H$`m Wm& EH$-Xmo H$mo

N>mo‹S>H$a CZ_| go H$moB© ^r nmÌ _oao n[adma H$m Zht h¡& ~g BZH$mo

XoIVo-gwZVo, BZHo$$ ~rM hr _¢ ~‹S>r hþB© Wr co{H$Z BZH$s N>mn _oao _Z

na {H$VZr Jhar Wr, Bg ~mV H$m Ahgmg Vmo _wPo H$hm{Z`m± {cIVo

g_` hþAm& BVZo dfm] Ho$$A§Vamc Zo ^r CZH$s ^md-^§{J_m, ^mfm,

{H$gr H$mo ^r Yw±Ycm Zht {H$`m Wm Am¡a {~Zm {H$gr {deof à`mg

Ho$$ ~‹S>o ghO ^md go do CVaVo Mco JE Wo& Cgr g_` Ho$$ Xm gmh~

AnZo ì`pŠVËd H$s A{^ì`pŠV Ho$$ {cE AZwHy$c n[apñW{V`m± nmVo hr

"_hm^moO' _| BVZo dfm] ~mX H¡$go EH$mEH$ Or{dV hmo CR>o, `h _oao

AnZo {cE ^r AmíM`© H$m {df` Wm... EH$ gwIX AmíM`© H$m&

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Cg g_` VH$ h_mao Ka _| AmE {XZ {d{^ÝZ amOZ¡{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| Ho$$ O_md‹S>o hmoVo Wo Am¡a O_H$a ~hg| hmoVr Wt& ~hg H$aZm {nVmOr H$m {à` eJc Wm& Mm`-nmZr `m ZmíVm XoZo OmVr Vmo {nVmOr _wPo ^r dht ~¡R>Zo H$mo H$hVo& do MmhVo Wo {H$ _¢ ^r dht ~¡Ry>±, gwZy±§ Am¡a OmZy± {H$ Xoe _| Mmam| Amoa Š`m Hw$N> hmo ahm h¡& Xoe _| hmo ^r Vmo {H$VZm Hw$N> ahm Wm& gZ² 42 Ho$$ Am§XmocZ Ho$$ ~mX go Vmo gmam Xoe O¡go Im¡c ahm Wm, co{H$Z {d{^ÝZ amOZ¡{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| H$s Zr{V`m±, CZHo$$ Amngr {damoY `m _VôXm| H$s Vmo _wPo Xÿa-Xÿa VH$ H$moB© g_P Zht Wr& hm±, H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Am¡a Xoe^ŠV ehrXm| Ho$$ amo_mZr AmH$f©U, CZH$s Hw$~m©{Z`m| go Oê$a _Z AmH«$m§V ahVm Wm&

gmo Xgdt H$jm VH$ Amc_ h Wm {H$ {~Zm {H$gr Img g_P Ho$$ Ka _| hmoZo dmcr ~hg| gwZVr Wr Am¡a {~Zm MwZmd {H$E, {~Zm coIH$ H$s Ah{_`V go n[a{MV hþE {H$Vm~| n‹T>Vr Wr& co{H$Z gZ² 45 _| O¡go hr Xgdt nmg H$aHo$$ _¢ "\$ñQ>© Bà' _| AmB©, [h§Xr H$s àmÜ`m{nH$m ercm AJ«dmc go n[aM` hþAm& gm{dÌr Jëg© hmB© ñHy$b...Ohm± _¡§Zo H$H$ham grIm, EH$ gmc nhco hr H$m°boO ~Zm Wm Am¡a do Bgr gmc {Z`wŠV hþB© Wt, CÝhm|Zo ~mH$m`Xm gm{hË` H$s Xþ{Z`m _o§ àdoe H$adm`m& _mÌ n‹T>Zo H$mo, MwZmd H$aHo$$ n‹T>Zo _| ~Xcm...IwX MwZ-MwZH$a {H$Vm~| Xt...n‹T>r hþB© {H$Vm~m| na ~hg| H$s¨ Vmo Xmo gmc ~rVVo-Z-~rVVo gm{hË` H$s Xþ{Z`m eaV²-ào_M§X go ~‹T>H$a O¡Z|Ð, Ako`, ènmc, ^JdVrMaU d_m© VH$ \¡$c JB© Am¡a {\$a Vmo \¡$cVr hr Mcr JB©& Cg g_` O¡Z|Ð Or H$s N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o gac-ghO dmŠ`m| dmcr e¡cr Zo ~hþV AmH¥$îQ> {H$`m Wm& "gwZrVm'; (CnÝ`mg) ~hþV AÀN>m cJm Wm, Ako`

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Or H$m CnÝ`mg "eoIa : EH$ OrdZr' n‹T>m µOê$a na Cg g_` dh _oar g_P Ho$$ gr{_V Xmào _| g_m Zht nm`m Wm& Hw$N> gmcm| ~mX "ZXr Ho$$ Ûrn' n‹T>m Vmo CgZo _Z H$mo Bg H$Xa ~m±Ym {H$ Cgr Pm|H$ _| eoIa H$mo {\$a go n‹T> JB©...Bg ~ma Hw$N> g_P Ho$$ gmW& h em`X _yë`m| Ho$$ _§WZ H$m `wJ Wm...nmn-nwÊ`, Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$, ghr-JcV H$s ~Zr-~ZmB© YmaUmAm| Ho$$ AmJo àíZ{Mh²Z hr Zht cJ aho Wo, CÝh| ÜdñV r {H$`m Om ahm Wm& Bgr g§X^© _| O¡Z|Ð H$m "Ë`mJnÌ', JdVr ~m~y H$m "{MÌmcoIm' n‹T>m Am¡a ercm AJ«dmc Ho$$ gmW c§~r-c§~r ~hg| H$aVo hþE Cg C_« _| {OVZm g_P gH$Vr Wr, g_Pm&

ercm AJ«dmc Zo gm{hË` H$m Xmàm hr Zht ~‹T>m`m Wm ~pëH$ Ka H$s MmaXrdmar Ho$$ ~rM ~¡R>H$a Xoe H$s pñW{V`m| H$mo OmZZo- g_PZo H$m Omo {gc{gcm {nVmOr Zo ewê$ {H$`m Wm, CÝhm|Zo dhm± go ItMH$a Cgo ^r pñW{V`m| H$s g{H«$` ^mJrXmar _| ~Xc {X`m& gZ² 46-47 Ho$$ {XZ...do pñW{V`m±, Cg_| d¡go ^r Ka _| ~¡R>o ahZm g§^d Wm ^cm? à^mV-\o$[a`m±, h‹S>Vmco§, Owcyg, ^mfU ha eha H$m M[aÌ Wm Am¡a nyao X_I_ Am¡a Omoe-Iamoe Ho$$ gmW BZ g~go Ow‹S>Zm ha wdm H$m CÝ_mX& _¢ ^r `wdm Wr Am¡a ercm AJ«dmc H$s Omoercr ~mVm| Zo aJm| _| ~hVo IyZ H$mo cmdo _| ~Xc {X`m Wm& pñW{V `h hþB© {H$ EH$ ~d§S>a eha _o§ _Mm hþAm Wm Am¡a EH$ Ka _|&

è-H$m_Zm ~pëH$ H$hÿ± {H$ è-{cßgm, {nVmOr H$s g~go ~‹S>r Xþ~©cVm Wr Am¡a CZHo$$OrdZ H$s Ywar Wm `h {gX²Ym§V {H$ ì`pŠV H$mo Hw$N> {d{eîQ> ~Z H$a OrZm Mm{hE...Hw$N> Eogo H$m_ H$aZo Mm{hE {H$ g_mO _| CgH$m Zm_ hmo, gå_mZ hmo, à{Vð>m hmo, dM©ñd hmo&

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BgHo$$McVo hr _¢ Xmo-EH$ ~ma CZHo$$ H$mon go ~M JB© Wr& EH$ ~ma H$m°boO go [à§{gnc H$m nÌ Am`m {H$ {nVm Or AmH$a {_c| Am¡a ~VmE± {H$ _oar J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$$ H$maU _oao pIcm\$ AZwemgZmË_H$ H$ma©dmB© Š`m| Z H$s OmE? nÌ n‹T>Vo hr {nVm Or AmJ-~~ycm& h c‹S>H$s _wPo H$ht _w±h {XImZo cm`H$ Zht aIoJr...nVm Zht Š`m-Š`m gwZZm n‹S>oJm dhm± OmH$a! Mma ~ÀMo nhco r n‹T>o, {H$gr Zo o {XZ Zht {XIm`m& Jwñgo go ^ÝZmVo hþE hr do JE Wo& cm¡Q>H$a Š`m H$ha ~anm hmoJm, BgH$m AZw_mZ Wm, gmo _¢ n‹S>mog H$s EH$ {_Ì Ho$$ hm± OmH$a ~¡R> JB©& _m± H$mo H$h {X`m {H$ cm¡Q>H$a ~hþV Hw$N> Jw~ma {ZH$c OmE, V~ ~wcmZm& co{H$Z O~ _m± Zo AmH$a H$hm {H$ do Vmo Iwe hr h¢, Mcr Mc, Vmo {dídmg Zht hþAm& JB© Vmo ghr, co{H$Z S>aVo-S>aVo& gmao H$m°boO H$s c‹S>{H$`m| na BVZm am¡~ h¡ Voam...gmam H$m°boO Vw_ VrZ c‹S>{H$`m| Ho$$ Bemao na Mc ahm h¡? [à§{gnc ~hþV naoemZ Wr Am¡a ~ma-~ma AmJ«h H$a ahr Wr {H$ _¢ VwPo Ka {~R>m cy±, Š`m|{H$ do cmoJ {H$gr Vah S>am-Y_H$mH$a, S>m±Q>-S>nQ>H$a c‹S>{H$`m| H$mo Šbmgm| _| oOVo h¢ Am¡a AJa Vw_ cmoJ EH$ Bemam H$a Xmo {H$ Šbmg N>mo‹S>H$a ~mha Am OmAmo Vmo gmar c‹S>{H$`m± {ZH$cH$a _¡XmZ _| O_m hmoH$a Zmao cJmZo cJVr h¢& Vw_ cmoJm| Ho$$ _mao H$m°boO McmZm _wpíH$c hmo J`m h¡ CZ cmoJm| Ho$$ {cE& H$hm± Vmo OmVo g_` {nVmOr _w±h {XImZo go K~am aho Wo Am¡a H$hm± ~‹S>o Jd© go H$hH$a AmE {H$ `h Vmo nyao Xoe H$s nwH$ma h¡...Bg na H$moB© H¡$go amoH$ cJm gH$Vm h¡ ^cm? ~ohX JX²JX ñda _| {nVmOr `h g~ gwZmVo aho Am¡a _¢ AdmH²$& _wPo Z AnZr Am±Im| na {dídmg hmo ahm Wm, Z AnZo H$mZm| na& na `h hH$sH$V Wr&

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EH$ KQ>Zm Am¡a& AmµOmX [h§X \$m¡O Ho$$ _wH$X_o H$m {gc{gcm Wm&

g^rH$m°boOm|,ñHy$cm|,XþH$mZm|Ho$${cEh‹S>VmcH$mAm•mZWm&Omo-Omo

Zht H$a aho Wo, N>mÌm| H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m g_yh dhm± Om-OmH$a h‹S>Vmc

H$adm ahm Wm& em_ H$mo AO_oa H$m nyam {dÚmWu-dJ© Mm¡n‹S>; (_w»`

~mµOma H$m Mm¡amhm) na BŠH$Q²>R>m hþAm Am¡a {\$a hþB© ^mfU~mOr& Bg

~rM {nVmOr Ho$$ EH$ {Zhm`V X{H$`mZygr {_Ì Zo Ka AmH$a AÀN>r

Vah {nVmOr H$s cy CVmar, Am¡a {nVmOr gmao {XZ ^H$Vo aho, ""~g,

A~ `hr ah J`m h¡ {H$ cmoJ Ka AmH$a Wy-Wy H$aHo$$ Mco OmE±& ~§X

H$amo A~ Bg _ÝZy H$m Ka go ~mha {ZH$cZm&''

Bg g~go ~oI~a _¢ amV hmoZo na Ka cm¡Q>r Vmo {nVmOr Ho$$ EH$

~ohX A§Va§J Am¡a A{^ÝZ {_Ì hr Zht, AO_oa Ho$$ g~go à{V{ð>V

Am¡a gå_m{ZV S>m°. A§~mbmc Or ~¡R>o Wo& _wPo XoIVo hr CÝhm|Zo ~‹S>r

J_©Omoer go ñdmJV {H$`m, AmAmo, AmAmo _ÝZy& _¢ Vmo Mm¡n‹S> na Vwåhmam

^mfU gwZVo hr grYm ^§S>mar Or H$mo ~YmB© XoZo Mcm Am`m& "AmB© E_

[aAcr àmCS> Am°\$ `y'...Š`m Vw_ Ka _| Kwgo ahVo hmo ^§S>mar Or...Ka

go {ZH$cm ^r H$amo& "`y h¡d {_ñS> g_qWJ', Am¡a do YwAm±Yma Vmar\$

H$aZo cJo do ~mocVo Om aho Wo Am¡a {nVmOr Ho$$ Mohao H$m g§Vmof Yrao-

Yrao Jd© _| ~XcVm Om ahm Wm& ^rVa OmZo na _m± Zo Xmonha Ho$$ Jwñgo

dmcr ~mV ~VmB© Vmo _¢Zo amhV H$s gm±g cr&

gZ² 47 Ho$$ _B© _hrZo _| ercm AJ«dmc H$mo H$m°boO dmcm| Zo

Zmo{Q>g W_m {X`m c‹S>{H$`m| H$mo ^‹S>H$mZo Am¡a H$m°boO H$m AZwemgZ

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{~Jm‹S>Zo Ho$$ Amamon _|& Bg ~mV H$mo coH$a hþ‹S>X§J Z _Mo, Bg{cE OwcmB©

_| WS>© Bà H$s ŠbmgoµO ~§X H$aHo$$ h_ Xmo-VrZ N>mÌmAm| H$m àdoe

{Z{fÕ H$a {X`m&

hþ‹S>X§J Vmo ~mha ahH$a ^r BVZm _Mm`m {H$ H$m°{cO dmcm| H$mo

AJñV _| AmpIa WS>© Bà ImocZm n‹S>m& OrV H$s Iwer, na gm_Zo

I‹S>r ~hþV-~hþV ~‹S>r {Ma àVr{jV Iwer Ho$$gm_Zo `h Iwer {~cm

JB©&

eVmãXr H$s g~go ~‹S>r CncpãY...15 AJñV 1947.

`mX a{IEŸ&* àËòH$ ì`{º$ na {H$gr Xÿgao ì`{º$ AWdm ì`{º$`m| H$m

à^md Adí` n‹Sm ahVm h¡&

* _Þy ^§S>mar Or Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd na _w»`V… CZHo$ {nVm H$m Am¡a

àmÜ`m{nH$m erbm AJ«dmb H$m à^md n‹Sm h¡&

* _Þy §S>mar Or Zo AnZo AÜ``Z Ho$ g_` _| amï´>r` Am§XmobZ

_| ^mJ {b`m Wm&

* AmOH$b n‹S>mog H$ëMa H$s H$_r _hgyg hmo ahr h¡&

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boIH$ n[aM` : _Þy ÊS>mar Or qhXr H$s gwà{gÕ H$hmZrH$ma h¢& AmnH$m OÝ_ 3 Aàob 1931 H$mo _Ü`àXoe _| _§Xgm¡a {Obo Ho$ ^mZmnwam Jm±d _| hþAm& BZH$m ~MnZ H$m Zm_ _h|ÐHw$_mar Wm& BZHo$ {nVm gwI g§nÎmam_ ^r OmZo _mZo boIH$ Wo& AmnH$mo boIZ g§ñH$ma {damgV _| {_bm h¡&

AmnH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¡ - EH$ ßboQ> g¡bm~, _¢ hma JB©, VrZ {ZJmhm| H$s EH$ Vñdra, `hr gM h¡, {Ìe§Hw$, Zm`H$ IbZm`H$ {dXÿfH$ (H$hmZr g§J«h) AmnH$m ~§Q>r, _hm^moO, ñdm_r, EH$ B§M _wñH$mZ Am¡a H$bdm, EH$ H$hmZr h r (CnÝ`mg) aOZr, {Z_©bm, ñdm_r Xn©U (nQ>H$WmE±) {~Zm Xrdmam| H$m Ka (ZmQ>H$)&

eãXmW© :

{Zhm`V - AË`{YH$, AmohXm - nX; ñWmZ, X[a`m{Xbr - CXmaVm, Ah§dmXr - K_§S>r, ¾mdeof - IÊS>ha; Qy>Q>o\y$Q>o {hñgo {dñ\$m[aV - ~‹T>>Zm, Am¡a A{YH$ \¡$bZm, hm{e`m - {H$Zmam; Im_r - H$_r, VwŠH$m - {~Zm \$b H$m ~mU, eŠH$s - amH$ aIZodmbm, Á`mXVr-A{YH$Vm, {eX²XV-H$R>moaVm, dOyX - gwKS> - MVwa; Hw$ewb, ZwIm - ZH$b, Ah{_`V - _hÎmm, H$H$ham - H$ go h VH$ Aja; dU©_mbm, ~mH$m`Xm - {Z`{_V ê$n go, ~d§S>a -VynmZ, Ywar - Aj; nW, dM©ñd - H$m§{V H$ha - Am\$V; {dn{Îm, Jw~ma - _Z _| X~m`m hþAm H«$moY X{H$`mZygr - A§Y na§nam H$mo _mZZodmbm, ^{Q> maImZm - aoñVam±; gam`, eJb - _Z ~hbmd

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Aä`mg


1. _Þy ^ÊS>mar Or H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm ?2. _Þy ^ÊS>mar Or Ho$ {nVm H$mo {H$g H$m`© go AO_oa AmZm

n‹S>m ?3. ^ÊS>mar Or ~MnZ _| H¡$gr Wr ?4. _Þy Or H$mo gwIX AmíM`© XoZodmbm {df` H$m¡Z-gm Wm ?5. erbm AJ«dmb H$hm± H$m_ H$a ahr Wr§ ?


1. bo{IH$m Ho$ AO_oa Ho$ Ka H$m n[aM` H$amBE &2. {nVmOr H$m eŠH$s ñd^md _ÞyOr _| H¡$go {XImB© Xo ahm h¡?3. _mVmOr Ho$ H$m¡Z-go JwU _Þy Or Ho$ D$na à^md Zht S>mbo Wo?4. erbm AJ«dmb Zo _Þy Or H$mo gm{hË` H$s Amoa H¡$go AmH¥$ï>

{H$`m ?5. A§~mbmb Or Zo _Þy Or H$s Vmar\$ H¡$go H$s ?

III. Mma nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. bo{IH$m Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ H$m¡Z-go JwU CZ_| g_m J`o h¢ ?

2. erbm AJ«dmb Zo bo{IH$m H$mo {H$g àH$ma à^m{dV {H$`m?3. bo{IH$m Zo amï´>r` Am§XmobZ _| AnZr ^y{_H$m H¡$go {Z^mB©?4. H$m°boO go bm¡Q>H$a {nVm Or Zo _Þy Or H$s Vmar\$ H¡$go H$s Wr?

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IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

gH$mamË_H$, C{MV, gwIX, AmµOmXr, gå_mZ, A§e

V. ~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IEŸ:

~hg, N>mn, bo{IH$m, h‹S>Vmb, AmohXm, H$moe

VI. {dJ«h H$aHo$ g_mg H$m Zm_ {b{IEŸ:

_hmZJa, ^mB©-~hZ, Ë`mJnÌ, amOZr{V, {H$emoamdñWm, Xmonha

VII. {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IEŸ:

{H$emoamdñWm, _hËdmH$m§jm, ñdmJV, AË`§V, _Ýd§Va, {nÌm{O©V

VIII. "AmB©' EH$ àË`` h¡& Bg àË`` go Ow‹S>o Xg eãX {b{IEŸ:

CXm : n‹T> + AmB© = n‹T>>mB©

IX. _whmdam| H$m AW© {bIH$a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

hmW-~±Q>mZm, ~mb-~mb ~MZm, AmJ go IobZm, Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm, Kmo‹S>o ~oMH$a gmoZm, B©X H$m Mm±X hmoZm

X. ^mddmMH$ g§km {b{IE :

ì`pŠV$, AnZm, J§^ra, ~wam, dra, C{MV

`mo½`Vm {dñVma

* ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ _| ^mJ boZodmbr _{hbmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

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nmR>-13

AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ dMZH$ÞS> _yb - AŠH$_hmXodr

AŠH$_hmXodr

(Ame`: H$ÞS> ^mfm H$s loð> _{hbm dMZH$mam| _| AŠH$_hmXodr H$m Zm_ AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡ & CZHo$ àñVwV dMZm| X²dmam B©ída na AZÝ` ^{ŠV VWm km{Z`m| Ho$ gmW ahZo go hmoZodmbo bm^m| H$m _m{_©H$ dU©Z

{_bVm h¡&)

(1)

_waPm`o \y$b _| gwJ§{Y H$m¡Z Ty>±‹T>oJm?~ÀMo _| H$m¡Z ImoQ> XoIoJm?ho Xod! {dídmg H$mo R>og bJZo na{\$a go gX²JwU H$m¡Z naIoJm?ho à^w, Obo na H$m¡Z Z_H$ {N>‹S>Ho$JmgwZmo, ho MÞ_pëbH$mOw©ZZXr nma H$aZo Ho$ ~mX _ëbmh H$mo H$m¡Z nyN>oJm?

(2)

Akm{Z`m| go ñZoh H$aZm_mZmo nËWa go {MZJmar {ZH$mbZm h¡&km{Z`m| H$m g§J H$aZm,_mZmo Xhr _WH$a _mIZ nmZm h¡ho MÞ_pëbH$mOw©Z à^w,Vwåhmao ^ŠVm| H$m g§J H$aZm_mZmo H$ny©a{J[a H$s Á`mo{V H$mo nmZm h¡&

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131131

(3)

^yI bJr Vmo Jm±d _| {^jmÞ h¡,ß`mg bJr Vmo Vmbm~ - Hw$E± h¢,erV go ~MZo OrU© dó h¢,gmoZo Ho$ {bE CO‹S>o _§{Xa h¢,ho MÞ_pëbH$mOw©Z à^w,_oam AmË_-gIm Vy hr h¡&

- AZwdm{XH$m : S>m°. Z§{XZr Jw§Sy>amd

H$d{`Ìr n[aM` : AŠH$_hmXodr H$ÞS> H$s AZÝ` {ed eaUm h¡&

12 dt eVr _| H$ÞS> _| Omo dMZ Am§XmobZ hþAm, Cg_| AŠH$_hmXodr

H$m Zm_ ~gdoída, Aëb_ à w, {gÕam_ O¡go eaUm| Ho$ gmW AmXa go

{b`m OmVm h¡& AŠH$_hmXodr _hmZ ^pŠVZ Ed§ ahñ`dmXr H$d{`Ìr

Wt& MÞ_pëbH$mOw©Z H$mo BÝhm|Zo n{V Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ AnZr

gmYZm H$s& MÞ_pëbH$mOw©Z CZHo$ dMZm| H$m A§{H$V Zm_ h¡& BZHo$

g¡H$‹S>m| dMZ h¢& qhXr _| Omo ñWmZ _ram H$m h¡ dhr ñWmZ H$ÞS> _|

AŠH$_hmXodr H$m h¡&

n[aM` : S>m°. Z§{XZr Jw§Sy>amd qhXr Am¡a H$ÞS> H$s bo{IH$m VWm

AZwdm{XH$m h¢& Amn H$Zm©Q>H$ {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ qhXr {d^mJ _|

àmÜ`m{nH$m aht& AmnZo AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ H$ÞS> dMZm| H$m gw§Xa

AZwdmX {H$`m h¡&

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eãXmW© :

ImoQ>-Xmof, XþJw©U; _ëbmh-Zm{dH$, Ho$dQ>; OrU©dó-\$Q>o H$n‹S>o, CO‹S>o-Qy>Q>o>-\y$Q>o

dMZm| H$m gma :

1. AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ dMZm| _| Zr{V Ed§ dmñV{dH$Vm H$m g§J_ {_bVm h¡& do AnZo dMZm| Ho$ Ûmam {ZaW©H$ OrdZ na àH$me S>mbVo hþE H$hVr h¢ - _Zwî` _waPmE \y$b _| H$^r ^r gwJ§Y H$mo T>±y‹T>Zo H$m à`mg Zht H$aoJm& ~ÀMo _| gÀMmB© h¡ `m ~wamB© h¡, XoIZo H$m à`mg H$moB© Zht H$aoJm& AŠH$_hmXodr H$hVr h¢ {dídmg _| YŠH$m bJZo Ho$ ~mX {\$a go gX²JwU {XImB© XoZo na H$moB© {dídmg Zht H$aoJm& H$moB© nhbo hr XþIr h¡ Am¡a r Cgo XþIr H$aZo H$m H$m¡Z à`mg H$aoJm? ho _oao JdmZ, gwZmo O~ Bg g§gma ê$nr ZXr nma H$aZo na Cg _ëbmh ê$nr ^JdmZ H$mo H$m¡Z `mX H$aoJm AWm©V² g^r nW-àXe©H$ H$mo ^yb Om`|Jo& `hr AmO H$s pñW{V h¡&

2. AŠH$_hmXodr AnZo dMZ _| ~wamB`m| _| ^r AÀN>mB© nmZo H$m Ame` ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¢-Akm{Z`m| go ñZoh H$aZo go ñd`§ H$s d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ CÝh| gwYmaVo-gwYmaVo ñd`§ ~hþV Hw$N> grI OmVo h¡& `hm± nËWa AWm©V² AkmZr, {MZJmar AWm©V² Cgo geŠV ~ZmZm& km{Z`m| H$m g§J H$aZo go h_ gwb^ ê$n go kmZr ~Z OmE±Jo& O¡go Xhr Ho$ _WZo go _mIZ {ZH$b AmVm h¡& AŠH$_hmXodr AnZo à^w H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¢-Vwåhmao

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^º$m| H$m g§J H$aZm H$ny©a-nd©V H$s Á`mo{V H$mo nmZo Ho$ g_mZ h¡& (H$ny©a H$m EH$ Qw>H$‹S>m ObmZo na hr {H$VZr Á`mo{V {_bVr h¡)

3. AŠH$_hmXodr Bg dMZ _| ñd`§ H$mo YÝ` _mZVr hþB© H$hVr h¢ {H$-à^w, AmnHo$ gm_Zo H$moB© ^r Jar~ Zht h¡& BgH$s nw{ï> _| do H$hVr h¢ `{X ^yI bJr Vmo Jm±d _| AÞ XoZodmbo h¢& ß`mg bJVr h¡ Vmo nmZr H$s H$_r Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ BYa-CYa Vmbm~, Hw$E± h¢& Vwåhmar H¥$nm go R>§S> go ~MZo Ho$ {bE \$Q>o dó {_bo h¢& gmoZo Ho$ {bE CO‹S>o _§{Xa h¢& ho à^w! Vwåhmam g§J hr _oao OrdZ H$m gm¡^m½` h¡& AmnHo$ {~Zm _oam H$moB© ApñVËd hr Zht h¡& Vy hr _oam {à` AmË_-gIm h¡&

Aä`mg


1. AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ H$ÞS> dMZm| H$m AZwdmX qhXr _| {H$gZo {H$`m h¡ ?

2. ImoQ> {H$Z_| Zht ahVm ?

3. MÞ_pëbH$mOw©Z à w Ho$ ^º$m| H$m g§J H$aZm {H$go nmZo O¡gm h¡?

4. erV go ~MZo Ho$ {bE Š`m Cnm` h¡ ?

5. à^w _| AmñWm aIZodmbm| H$mo gmoZo Ho$ {bE Š`m gw{dYm h¡?

6. gX²JwUm| H$mo H$~ naIm Zht OmVm ?

7. Akm{Z`m| H$m ñZoh H$aZm {H$gHo$ g_mZ h¡

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II. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. Obo na Z_H$ {N>‹S>H$Zo H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?

2. g§J H$aZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| AŠH$_hmXodr Ho$ Š`m {dMma h¢ ?

III. ^md ñnï> H$s{OE :

Akm{Z`m| go ñZoh H$aZm

_mZmo nËWa go {MZJmar {ZH$mbZm h¡&

km{Z`m| H$m g§J H$aZm,

_mZmo Xhr _WH$a _mIZ nmZm h¡

ho MÞ_{ëbH$mOw©Z à^w,

Vwåhmao ^º$m| H$m g§J H$aZm

_mZmo H$ny©a{J[a H$s Á`mo{V H$mo nmZm h¡&

IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A Am

1. \y$bm| _| _mIZ nmZm

2. ^JdmZ na ß`mg ~wPmZm

3. km{Z`m| H$m gwJ§Y ~gr h¡

4. Xhr _WH$a {dídmg aIZm

5. Vmbm~-Hw$Am| go g§J H$aZm

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V. g^r àH$ma Ho$ \y$bm| _| H$moB©-Z-H$moB© J§Y hmoVr h¡, _Ja g~_| gwJ§Y Zht hmoVr& A~ AnZo AZw^d go H$moB© nm±M gwJ§{YV \y$bm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE &

VI. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :1. \y$b - 6. g§J - 2. {dídmg - 7. {J[a - 3. ZXr - 8. Jm±d - 4. _ëbmh - 9. erV - 5. nËWa - 10. dó -

VII. g§J H$aZo go nhbo Iy~ gmoMZm-g_PZm Mm{hE& Amn {H$g àH$ma Ho$ {_Ì H$m g§J H$aZm MmhVo h¢ ? BgHo$ {bE H$moB© Mma H$maU {b{IE& O¡go-_oam {_Ì AZwemgZ Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$aVm h¡&

1.

2.

3.

4.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* qhXr gm{hË` _| _ram~mB© H$s aMZm n{‹T>E VWm AŠH$_hmXodr H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s{OE &

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nyaH$ dmMZ

g§V H${d a¡Xmg

g§V H${d a¡Xmg H$m OÝ_ H$mer Ho$ nmg Jm±d _| _mK ny{U©_m Ho$ {XZ hþAm Wm& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ Cg {XZ a{ddma Wm Bg{bE ZdOmV {eew H$m Zm_ a{dXmg aIm J`m Omo ~mob-Mmb H$s ^mfm _| "ahXmg' `m "a¡Xmg' hmo J`m& ñdm_r am_mZ§X Ho$ à_wI ~mah {eî`m| _| _hmZ g§V H$~ra Ho$ gmW g§V H${d a¡Xmg H$m Zm_ ^r ~‹S>r lX²Ym Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡&

a¡Xmg EH$ M_©H$ma n[adma _| n¡Xm hþE Wo& ZJa Ho$ ~mha hr g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao CÝhm|Zo EH$ N>moQ>r - gr Hw${Q>`m ~Zm br Wr& `hm± ahH$a do ^JdmZ H$s ^{º$ H$aVo, ^OZ JmVo Am¡a AmOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE OyVo ~ZmVo `m CZH$s _aå_V H$aVo, CZHo$ nmg ^JdmZ H$s EH$ gw§Xa MVw^w©Or _y{V© Wr {Ogo do h_oem AnZo nmg aIVo Wo& EH$ qH$dX§Vr Ho$ AZwgma a¡Xmg Ho$ n‹S>mog _| EH$ n§{S>V Wm, dh ^JdmZ H$s MVw^w©Or _y{V© H$mo àmá H$aZm MmhVm Wm& CgZo a¡Xmg go H$hm, Vw_ h_oem M_‹S>o H$m H$m_ H$aVo hmo& Vw_ go Bg _y{V© H$s godm-nyOm R>rH$ go Zht hmo ahr h¡ Am¡a Z hr hmo gH$Vr h¡& Bg{bE Bgo _wPo Xo Xmo& a¡Xmg ~mobo, n§{S>V, Vw_ Ho$db Zm_ Ho$ n§{S>V hmo& Vw_ ^{º$ ^mdZm go nyOm Zht H$aVo& Bgr{bE `h _y{V© Vwåhmao nmg Zht ah gH$Vr&

a¡Xmg H$s ~mV n§{S>V H$mo ~war bJr& dh ñWmZr` amOm Ho$ nmg J`m Am¡a H$hZo bJm, _hmamO, AmnHo$ amÁ` _| AY_© hmo ahm h¡&

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XopIE, a¡Xmg O¡go bmoJ ^JdmZ H$s nyOm H$a aho h¢& `{X `h MbVm ahm Vmo Amn Ho$ amÁ` na g§H$Q> Am gH$Vm h¡& n§{S>V H$s ~mV gwZH$a amOm Zo a¡Xmg H$mo _y{V© Ho$ gmW Xa~ma _| ~wbm`m Am¡a H$hm, a¡Xmg, Vw_ `h _y{V© Bg n§{S>V H$mo Š`m| Zht Xo XoVo?

amOm H$s ~mV gwZH$a a¡Xmg Zo AnZr _y{V© H$mo g~Ho$ gm_Zo aI {X`m Am¡a H$hm, _hmamO, `{X `h n§{S>V ^JdmZ H$m gÀMm ^º$ h¡ Vmo `h AnZo ^{º$-^md `m V§Ì-_§Ì go _y{V© H$mo AnZo nmg ~wbm bo& a¡Xmg H$s ~mV gwZH$a n§{S>V Zo H$B© _§Ì n‹T>o Am¡a ÔZ JmE na§Vw _y{V© µOam ^r Z {hbr& V~ amOm Zo H$hm, AÀN>m a¡Xmg, A~ Vw_ ~wbmAmo _y{V© H$mo AnZo nmg& a¡Xmg Zo g~Ho$ gm_Zo ^{º$ ^md go ÔZ Jm`m-

""Zah[a M§Mb h¡ _{V _oar, H¡$go ^{º$ H$ê$± _¢ Voar''

O¡go hr a¡Xmg H$m ÔZ nyam hwAm dh _y{V© CN>bH$a a¡Xmg H$s JmoX _| Am {Jar& `h XoIH$a n§{S>V Vmo Xa~ma N>mo‹S>H$a ^mJ J`m& amOm Zo a¡Xmg Ho$ MaU nH$‹S> {bE Am¡a do CZHo$ {eî` ~Z JE&

EH$ ~ma EH$ goR> a¡Xmg Ho$ nmg AnZo OyVo {gbdmZo Ho$ {bE Am`m& dh J§JmñZmZ Ho$ {bE Om ahm Wm& ~mVm| hr ~mVm| _| goR> Zo a¡Xmg go ^r J§JmñZmZ Ho$ {bE MbZo H$mo H$hm Vmo a¡Xmg Zo H$hm, goR>Or, Amn OmBE, h_ Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Vmo h_mam H$m_ hr J§JmñZmZ h¡&

a¡Xmg H$s ~mV| gwZH$a goR> ~mobm, Vwåhmam CX²Yma ^bm H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡? Vw_ Vmo h_oem H$m_ _| hr bJo ahVo hmo, H$^r H$moB© Y_©-H$_© ^r {H$`m H$amo& a¡Xmg Zo AnZr Oo~ go EH$ gwnmar {ZH$mbr

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Am¡a H$hm goR>Or Amn Vmo J§JmñZmZ Ho$ {bE Om hr aho h¢& H¥$n`m Amn _oar `h gwnmar ^r bo OmE± Am¡a J§Jm _¡`m H$mo ^|Q> H$a X|& na§Vw `mX apIE, AJa J§Jm _¡`m hmW \¡$bmH$a _oar gwnmar b| V^r ^|Q> H$s{OE Zht Vmo _oar gwnmar bm¡Q>m bmBE& goR> Zo a¡Xmg go CgH$s gwnmar Vmo bo br na§Vw _Z hr _Z a¡Xmg H$m _µOmH$ ~ZmZo bJm&

Xÿgao {XZ goR> Zo J§JmñZmZ Ho$ {bE àñWmZ {H$`m& J§JmOr H$s nyOm Ho$ ~mX Cgo a¡Xmg H$s gwnmar H$s `mX AmB©& CgZo J§Jm _¡`m go H$hm ho J§Jm _¡`m, Amn hmW \¡$bmE± Vmo _¢ AmnH$mo a¡Xmg H$s gwnmar ^|Q> H$ê$±& V^r EH$ M_ËH$ma hwAm& J§Jm _¡`m Zo hmW \¡$bmH$a a¡Xmg H$s gwnmar ñdrH$ma H$s Am¡a CgHo$ ~Xbo _| EH$ ñdU© H§$H$U {X`m Am¡a H$hm, `h _oao {à` ^ŠV a¡Xmg H$mo Xo XoZm&

`h g~ XoI-gwZH$a goR> AmíM`©M{H$V hmo J`m& dh O~ bm¡Q> ahm Wm V~ CgZo gmoMm {H$ Bg ñdU© H§$H$U H$m a¡Xmg Š`m H$aoJm& `{X _¢ Bgo amOm H$mo ^|Q> H$ê$± Vmo ~hwV-gm YZ nwañH$ma ñdê$n {_b gH$Vm h¡& Bg{bE dh grYm amO^dZ J`m& amOm H$mo ñdU© H§$H$U ^|Q>H$a, nwañH$ma àmá {H$`m Am¡a Ka bm¡Q> Am`m&

amOm Zo dh H§$H$U AnZr amZr H$mo {X`m& amZr Zo H$hm, H§$H$U Vmo A{ÛVr` h¡ na§Vw BgH$m Omo‹S>m hmoZm Mm{hE& amOm Zo goR> H$mo ~wbm`m Am¡a H$hm, EH$ H§$H$U Vmo nhZm Zht Om gH$Vm Bg{bE Eogm hr EH$ H§$H$U Am¡a boH$a AmBE& amOm H$s ~mV gwZH$a goR> Ho$ Vmo hmoe C‹S> JE& dh dhm± go grYm a¡Xmg Ho$ nmg Am`m Am¡a gmar H$hmZr gwZmH$a H$hZo bJm, ^¡`m, A~ Vw_ hr _oar OmZ ~Mm gH$Vo hmo& Vw_ _oao gmW J§Jm KmQ> na Mbmo Am¡a J§Jm _¡`m go d¡gm hr Xÿgam H§$H$U _m±J H$a bmAmo&

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goR> H$s ~mV| gwZH$a a¡Xmg h±go Am¡a {\$a ~mobo, XoImo goR>, H$ht

^r OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡& `{X _Z ewÕ h¡ Am¡a ^{º$ ^md

gÀMm h¡ Vmo _oar Bg H$R>m¡Vr _| ^r J§Jm _¡`m àH$Q> hmo gH$Vr h¢& do

J§Jm _¡`m H$s ñVw{V H$aZo bJo& Hw$N> hr jUm| _| a¡Xmg H$s H$R>m¡Vr _|

J§Jm _¡`m àH$Q> hmo JBª& CÝhm|Zo EH$ Am¡a ñdU© H§$H$U a¡Xmg H$mo {X`m

Am¡a AX¥í` hmo JBª&

`h XoIH$a goR> Zo a¡Xmg Ho$ MaU nH$‹S> {bE Am¡a H$hm, a¡Xmg

_wPo j_m H$aZm& _¢ Vmo AmnH$mo Ho$db EH$ M_©H$ma hr _mZVm Wm

na§Vw Amn Vmo g§V h¢& gÀMo ^º$ h¢& Amn _wP na H¥$nm H$s{OE Am¡a

_oam _mJ©Xe©Z H$s{OE&

a¡Xmg H$s ^{º$ go hr `h H$hmdV àM{bV h¡ _Z M§Jm Vmo

H$R>m¡Vr _| J§Jm& BgH$m AW© h¡, na_mË_m gd©ì`mnr h¡& `{X _Z ewÕ

h¡ Vmo CgHo$ Xe©Z H$ht ^r hmo gH$Vo h¢&


1. a¡Xmg H$m OÝ_ H$hm± Am¡a H$~ hwAm Wm ?

2. CZH$m Zm_ a{dXmg Š`m| aIm J`m ?

3. n§{S>V a¡Xmg go _y{V© Š`m| _m±J ahm Wm ?

4. a¡Xmg Zo goR> H$mo gwnmar XoVo g_` Š`m eV© aIr Wr ?

5. '_Z M§Jm Vmo H$R>m¡Vr _| J§Jm', H$hmdV H$m Š`m

AW© h¡ ?

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140140

nmR>-14

cmoH$JrV

- ^JdVeaU CnmÜ`m`

(Ame`: bmoH$JrVm| H$mo Am_ OZVm H$m g§JrV _mZm OmVm h¡ & ^maV _| bmoH$JrVm| H$m AnZm hr _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ & àñVwV nmR> _| boIH$ Zo ^maV Ho$

H$B© ñWmZm| _o àM{bV bmoH$JrVm| H$m n[aM` h_mao gm_Zo aIm h¡ &)

cmoH$JrV AnZr cmoM, VmeJr Am¡a cmoH${à`Vm _| emñÌmr` g§JrV go {^ÝZ h¢& cmoH$JrV grYo OZVm Ho$$ g§JrV h¢& Ka, Jm±d Am¡a ZJa H$s OZVm Ho$$ JrV h¢ ò& BZHo$$ {cE gmYZm H$s µOê$aV Zht hmoVr& Ë`mohmam| Am¡a {deof Adgam| na ò JmE OmVo h¢& gXm go ò JmE OmVo aho h¢ Am¡a BZHo$$ aMZo dmco ^r A{YH$Va Jm±d Ho$$ cmoJ hr h¢& pñÌ`m| Zo ^r BZH$s aMZm _| {deof ^mJ {c`m h¡& ò JrV ~mOm| H$s _XX Ho$$ {~Zm hr `m gmYmaU T>mocH$, Pm±P, H$aVmc, ~m±gwar Am{X H$s _XX go JmE OmVo h¢&

EH$ g_` Wm O~ emñÌmr` g§JrV Ho$$ gm_Zo BZH$mo ho` g_Pm OmVm Wm& A^r hmc VH$ BZH$s ~‹S>r Cnojm H$s OmVr Wr& na BYa gmYaU OZVm H$s Amoa Omo cmoJm| H$s ZµOa {\$ar h¡ Vmo gm{hË` Am¡a H$cm Ho$$ joÌ _| ^r n[adV©Z hþAm h¡& AZoH$ cmoJm| Zo {d{dY ~mo{c`m| Ho$$ cmoH$-gm{hË` Am¡a cmoH$JrVm| Ho$$ g§J«h na H$_a ~m±Yr h¡ Am¡a Bg àH$ma Ho$$ AZoH$ g§J«h A~ VH$ àH$m{eV ^r hmo JE h¢&

cmoH$JrVm| Ho$$ H$B© àH$ma h¢& BZH$m EH$ àH$ma Vmo ~‹S>m hr AmoOñdr Am¡a gOrd h¡& `h Bg Xoe Ho$$ Am{Xdm{g`m| H$m g§JrV h¡&

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141141

_Ü` àXoe, XH$Z, N>moQ>m ZmJnwa _| Jmo§S>-Im§S>, Amoam±d-_w§S>m, ^rc-

g§Wmc Am{X \¡$co hþE h¢, {OZ_| AmO ^r OrdZ {Z`_m| H$s OH$‹S> _|

~±Y Z gH$m Am¡a {ZÛªÛ chamVm h¡& BZHo$$ JrV Am¡a ZmM A{YH$Va

gmW-gmW Am¡a ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Xcm| _| JmE Am¡a ZmMo OmVo h¢& ~rg-~rg,

Vrg-Vrg AmX{_`m| Am¡a Am¡aVm| Ho$$ Xc EH$ gmW `m EH$-Xÿgao Ho$$

Odm~ _| JmVo h¢, {XemE± Jy±O CR>Vr h¡§& nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$$ AnZo-AnZo

JrV h¢& CZHo$$ AnZo-AnZo {^ÝZ ê$n hmoVo hþE ^r AemñÌr` hmoZo

Ho$$ H$maU CZ_| AnZr EH$ g_mZ ^y{_ h¡& J‹T>dmc, {H$ÝZm¡a, H$m±J‹S>m

Am{X Ho$$ AnZo-AnZo JrV Am¡a CÝh| JmZo H$s AnZr-AnZr {d{Y`m±

h¢& CZH$m AcJ Zm_ hr "nhm‹S>r' n‹S> J`m h¡&

dmñV{dH$ cmoH$JrV Xoe Ho$$ Jm±dm| Am¡a XohmVm| _| h¡& BZH$m

g§~§Y XohmV H$s OZVm go h¡& ~‹S>r OmZ hmoVr h¡ BZ_|& M¡Vm, H$Oar,

~mah_mgm, gmdZ Am{X {_Om©nwa, ~Zmag Am¡a CÎma àXoe Ho$$ AÝ`

nya~r Am¡a {~hma Ho$$ npíM_r {Ocm| _| JmE OmVo h¢& ~mCc Am¡a

^{V`mcr ~§Jmc Ho$$ cmoH$JrV h¢& n§Om~ _| _m{h`m Am{X Bgr

àH$ma Ho$$ h¢& hra-am±Pm, gmohZr-_hrdmc g§~§Yr JrV n§Om~r _| Am¡a

T>mocm-_mê$ Am{X Ho$$ JrV amOñWmZr _| ~‹S>o Mmd go JmE OmVo h¢&

BZ XohmVr JrVm| Ho$$ aM{`Vm H$moar H$ënZm H$mo BVZm _mZ Z

XoH$a AnZo JrVm| Ho$$ {df` amoO_am© Ho$$ ~hVo OrdZ go coVo h¢, {Oggo

do grYo __© H$mo Ny> coVo h¢& CZHo$$ amJ ^r gmYaUV: nrcy, gma§J,

XþJm©, gmdZ, gmoaR> Am{X h¢& H$hadm, {~ahm, Ymo{~`m Am{X XohmV _|

~hþV JmE OmVo h¢ Am¡a ~‹S>r ^r‹S> AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢&

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BZH$s ^mfm Ho$$ g§~§Y _| H$hm Om MwH$m h¡ {H$ ò g^r cmoH$JrV Jm±dm| Am¡a BcmH$m| H$s ~mo{c`m| _| JmE OmVo h¢& Bgr H$maU ò ~‹S>o Amh²bmXH$a Am¡a AmZ§XXm`H$ hmoVo h¢& amJ Vmo BZ JrVm| Ho$$ AmH$f©H$ hmoVo hr h¢, BZH$s g_Pr Om gH$Zo dmcr ^mfm ^r BZH$s g\$cVm H$m H$maU h¡&

^moOnwar _| H$ar~ Vrg-Mmcrg ~agm| go "{~Xo{g`m' H$m àMma hþAm h¡& JmZo dmcm| Ho$$AZoH$ g_yh BÝh| JmVo hþE XohmV _| {\$aVo h¢& CYa Ho$$ {Ocm| _| {deofH$a {~hma _| {~Xo{g`m go ~‹T>H$a Xÿgao JmZo cmoH${à` Zht h¢& BZ JrVm| _| A{YH$Va a{gH${à`m| Am¡a {à`mAm| H$s ~mV ahVr h¡, naXoer ào_r H$s Am¡a BZgo H$éUm Am¡a {dah H$m ag ~agVm h¡&

O§Jc H$s Om{V`m| Am{X Ho$$ ^r Xc-JrV hmoVo h¢ Omo A{YH$Va {~ahm Am{X _| JmE OmVo h¢& nwéf EH$ Amoa Am¡a pñÌ`m± Xÿgar Amoa EH$-Xÿgao Ho$$ Odm~ Ho$$ ê$n _| Xc ~m±YH$a JmVo h¢ Am¡a {XemE± Jw±Om XoVo h¢& na BYa Hw$N> H$mc go Bg àH$ma Ho$$ Xcr` Jm`Z H$m ""õmg hþAm h¡&

EH$ Xÿgao àH$ma Ho$$ ~‹S>o cmoH${à` JmZo Amëhm Ho$$ h¢& ApYH$Va o ~w§XocI§S>r _| JmE OmVo h¢& Ama§^ Vmo BgH$m M§Xoc amOmAm| Ho$$ amOH${d OJ{ZH$ go _mZm OmVm h¡ {OgZo Amëhm-D$Xc H$s draVm H$m AnZo _hmH$mì` _| ~ImZ {H$`m, na {ZíM` hr CgHo$$ N>§X H$mo coH$a OZ~mocr _| CgHo$$ {df` H$mo Xÿgao XohmVr H${d`m| Zo ^r g_`-g_` na AnZo JrVm| _| CVmam Am¡a ò JrV h_mao Jm±dm| _| AmO ^r ~hþV ào_ go JmE OmVo h¢& BÝh| JmZo dmco Jm±d-Jm±d T>mocH$ {cE JmVo {\$aVo h¢& Bgr H$s

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gr_m na CZ JrVm| H$m ^r ñWmZ h¡ {OÝh| ZQ> apñg`m| na Ioc H$aVo hþE JmVo h¢& A{YH$Va `o JÚ-nÚmË_H$ h¢ Am¡a BZHo$$ AnZo ~moc h¢&

AZ§V g§»`m AnZo Xoe _| pñÌ`m| Ho$$ JrVm| H$s h¡& h¢ Vmo `o JrV ^r cmoH$JrV hr, na ApYH$Va BÝh| Am¡aV| hr JmVr h¢& BÝh| {gaOVr ^r A{YH$Va dhr h¢& d¡go ZmMZo dmco `m JmZo dmco _Xm] H$s ^r H$_r Zht h¡ na BZ JrVm| H$m g§~§Y {deofV: pñÌ`m| go h¡& Bg X¥pîQ> go ^maV Bg {Xem _| g^r Xoem| go {^ÝZ h¡ Š`m|{H$ g§gma Ho$$ AÝ` Xoem| _| pñÌ`m| Ho$$ AnZo JrV _Xm] `m OZJrVm| go AcJ Am¡a {^ÝZ Zht h¢, {_co-Owco hr h¢&

Ë`mohmam| na Z{X`m| _| ZhmVo g_` Ho$$, ZhmZo OmVo hþE amh Ho$$, {ddmh Ho$$, _Q>H$mo‹S>, Á`m¡Zma Ho$$, g§~§{Y`m| Ho$$ {cE ào_`wŠV Jmcr Ho$$, OÝ_ Am{X g^r Adgam| Ho$$ AcJ-AcJ JrV h¢, Omo pñÌ`m± JmVr h¢& BZ Adgam| na Hw$N> AmO go hr Zht ~‹S>o àmMrZH$mc go do JmVr ahr h¢& _hmH${d H$m{cXmg Am{X Zo ^r AnZo J«§Wm| _| CZHo$$ JrVm| H$m hdmcm {X`m h¡& gmoha, ~mZr, goham Am{X CZHo$$ AZ§V JmZm| _| go Hw$N> h¢& d¡go Vmo ~mah_mgo nwéfm| Ho$$ gmW Zm[a`m± ^r JmVr h¢&

EH$ {deof ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Zm[a`m| Ho$$ JmZo gmYaUV: AHo$co Zht JmE OmVo, Xc ~m±YH$a JmE OmVo h¢& AZoH$ H§$R> EH$ gmW \y$Q>Vo h¢ `Ú{n A{YH$Va CZ_| _oc Zht hmoVm, {\$a ^r Ë`mohmam| Am¡a ew^ Adgam| na do ~hþV hr co cJVo h¢& Jm±dm| Am¡a ZJam| _| Jm{`H$mE± r hmoVr h¢ Omo {ddmh, OÝ_ Am{X Ho$$ Adgam| na JmZo Ho$$ {cE ~wcm cr OmVr h¢& g^r G$VwAm| _| pñÌ`m± Cëb{gV hmoH$a Xc ~m±YH$a JmVr h¢& na hmocr, ~agmV H$s H$Oar Am{X Vmo CZH$s AnZr MrµO h¡, Omo gwZVo

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hr ~ZVr h¡& nya~ H$s ~mo{c`m| _| ApYH$Va _¡{Wc-H$mo{H$c {dÚmn{V Ho$$ JrV JmE OmVo h¢& na gmao Xoe Ho$$ H$í_ra go H$Ý`mHw$_mar-Ho$ac VH$ Am¡a H$m{R>`mdm‹S>-JwOamV-amOñWmZ go C‹S>rgm-Am§Y« VH$ AnZo-AnZo {dÚmn{V h¢&

pñÌ`m± T>mocH$ H$s _XX go JmVr h¢& A{YH$Va CZHo$$ JmZo Ho$$ gmW ZmM H$m r nwQ> hmoVm h¡& JwOamV H$m EH$ àH$ma H$m Xcr` Jm`Z "Ja~m' h¡ {Ogo {deof {dpY go Koao _| Ky_-Ky_H$a Am¡aV| JmVr h¢& gmW hr cH${‹S>`m± ^r ~OmVr OmVr h¢ Omo ~mOo H$m H$m_ H$aVr h¢& Bg_| ZmM-JmZ gmW McVo h¡§& dñVwV: `h ZmM hr h¡& g^r àm§Vm| _| `h cmoH${à` hmo Mcm h¡& Bgr àH$ma hmocr Ho$$ Adga na ~«O _| a{g`m McVm h¡ {Ogo Xc Ho$$ Xc cmoJ JmVo h¢, pñÌ`m± {deof Vm¡a na&

Jm±d Ho$$ JrVm| Ho$$ dmñVd _| AZ§V àH$ma h¢& OrdZ Ohm± BR>cm-BR>cmH$a chamVm h¡ dhm± ^cm AmZ§X Ho$$ òmoVm| H$s H$_r hmo gH$Vr h¡? CX²Xm_ OrdZ Ho$$ hr dhm± Ho$$ AZ§V g§»`H$ JmZo àVrH$ h¢&

`mX a{IEŸ:

* bmoH$JrV OZVm H$m g§JrV&

* A{YH$Va JrVm| Ho$ H$moB© aM{`Vm H$m Zm_ Zht {_bVm&

* nr‹T>r-Xa-nr‹T>r `h ~hVm Am ahm h¡&

* Xoe Ho$ ha àXoe _| {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ bmoH$JrVm| H$m \¡$bmd h¡&

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boIH$ n[aM` : ^JdV eaU CnmÜ`m` Or H$m OÝ_ B©. 1920 H$mo CËVa àXoe amÁ` Ho$ C{O`manwa {Obo Ho$ ~{b`m _| hþAm BÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V, qhXr gm{hË , B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥${V Ed§ nwamVËd H$m JhZ AÜ``Z {H$ m Wm& BZH$s mfm gm{hpË`H$ I‹S>r ~mobr h¡ & BÝhm|Zo {ddoMZmË_H$ mdwH$Vm nyU©, {MÌmË_H$ ^mfm H$m à`moJ VWm H$ht - H$ht aoIm{MÌ e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡&

BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - {dídgm{hË` H$s énaoIm, H$mbrXmg H$m ^maV, Q>±Q>mAm_, bmbMrZ, J§Jm - JmoXmdar, ~wX²Y d¡^d - Am{X&

BÝhm|Zo ~Zmag qhXÿ {díd{dX²`mb` H$s emoY-n{ÌH$m Am¡a qhXr {dídH$moe g§nmXH$ _§S>b Ho$ gXñ` Wo & {dH«$_ {díd{dX²`mb` Ho$ àmo\o$ga aho Wo & 12 AJñV 1982 H$mo BZH$m Xohm§V hmo J`m&

eãXmW© :bmoM - aMZm _| Img àH$ma H$s Z_Zr`Vm, AÀN>m T>§J, H$mo_bVm,

õmg - Zï>, {gaOZm - g¥[ï> H$aZm, Á`moZma - XmdV, òmoV - _yb, _ybm§e

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¢ ?2. M¡Vm, H$Oar Am{X bmoH$JrV H$hm± JmE OmVo h¢?3. bmoH$JrV H$m _w»` {df` Š`m hmoVm h¡?4. M§Xob amOmAm| Ho$ amOH${d H$m¡Z Wo?5. {dÚmn{V Ho$ JrV A{YH$Va H$hm± JE OmVo h¢?

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1. AmOH$b bmoH$JrVm| H$m g§J«h Š`m| hmo ahm h¡ ?

2. nhm‹S>r bmoH$JrV Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE ?

3. bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ ^mfm Am¡a ^md Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE ?

4. {~Xo{g`m bmoH$JrV H$hm± JmE OmVo h¢? à_wIV: BZ_| {Z{hV

{df` H$m¡Z-gm h¡?

5. bmoH$JrV JmZo Ho$ g§X^m] Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE ?

III. Mma nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. Xoe Ho$ {d{dY àoXem| _| JmE OmZodmbo bmoH$JrVm| H$m

n[aM` Xr{OE &

2. bmoH$JrVm| H$mo Or{dV aIZo _| {ó`m± _hÎma ^y{_H$m {Z^m

ahr h¢& ñnï> H$s{OE&

3. {dÚmn{V Am¡a OJ{ZH$ Ho$ bmoH$JrVm| H$m Š`m g§~§Y h¡ ?

4. AmYw{ZH$ g§X^© _| bmoH$JrVm| H$m Š`m _hËd h¡ ?


1. ~mah_mg, gmdZ - ^moOnwar

2. ~mXb-^{V`mZr - amOñWmZ

3. T>mobm_mé - {_Om©nwa, ~Zmag

4. {~Xo{g`m - ~w§XobIÊS>

5. Amëhm - ~§Jmb

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V. BZ eãXm| Ho$ qbJ nhMm{ZE :

OZVm, Jm±d, T>mobH$, ~m±gwar, {d{Y, OmZ, ^mfm, F$Vw, draVm, ZXr, amh, Xb, _mg, hmb, Xoe

VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

Jm±d, Ë`mohma, ~m±gwar, AZoH$, Am¡aV|, amOm

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

AmH$f©U, à_wI, gmYmaU, àmMrZ, {_bZm, Cnojm

VII. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :

Am¡aV, H${d, boIH$, AHo$bm, `wdH$, {^Imar

IX. {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

{X½JO, gXmMma, nd©Vmdbr, OJÞmW,

{ZîH$nQ>, nwamo{hV, Zm{dH$, ^dZ

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* Hw$N> bmoH$JrVm| H$mo g§J«hrV H$a H$jm _| gwZmBE&

* bmoH$JrVm| Ho$ g_mZ bmoH$ H$Wm ^r àM{bV h¢ & BZHo$ ~mao _|

OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

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nmR>-15

g_m ~±Y J`m

- ZJ|Ð ^Q²>Q>mMm`©

(Ame` : `mÌm go ^yJmob H$m àË`j kmZ {_bVm h¡& bmoJm| Ho$ ahZ-ghZ, àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| H$s gw§XaVm Am{X H$m àË`j AZw^d àmá hmoVm h¡& `h

`mÌm-dU©Z n‹T>o§...)

dh mÌm bJmVma 24-25 K§Q>o H$s Wr& Q´>oZ Ho$ gmW ImZo H$s ~moJr Zht Wr& _oao {_Ì ~mo[ag Q>moH$ar âH$a ^moOZ bmE Wo& CZH$m Ü`mZ Mmam| Amoa ahVm Wm& H$m¡Z _m±gmhmar h¡? H$m¡Z emH$mhmar? {H$gH$mo \$b Mm{hE Am¡a {H$go nZra ng§X h¡& ò g~ ~mV| CÝh| _mby_ Wt& Q´>oZ H$m H§$S>ŠQ>a ^r ~rM-~rM _| Amdí`H$VmZwgma Zt~y, Ja_ Mm` `m H$m°\$s Xo Om`m H$aVm Wm&

_mñH$mo go Q´>oZ MbZo Ho$ ~mX hr go _¢ XoI ahm Wm {H$ XmoZm| Amoa µO_rZ g_Vb h¡& ~MnZ _| aobJm‹S>r X²dmam nydr© ~§Jmb _| Omo Ñí` XoIo Wo, do Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo Câ CR>o& V~ do Ñí` h_| {H$VZr hr {d{MÌ-{d{MÌ mdZmAm| go a XoVo Wo& {H$VZo hr n[a{MV-An[a{MV njr ~§Jmb Ho$ BZ dZm| _| XoIo Om gH$Vo Wo& {\$a Vmo dZ Yrao-Yrao Zï> hmoZo bJo& ~‹S>m hmoH$a O~ ^r Cg amñVo go JwµOaVm hÿ±, ~ma-~ma _Z _| `hr ~mV AmVr h¡ {H$ Bg àH$ma dZ-^y{_ H$mo Zï> H$aHo$ h_Zo Š`m nm`m? {nN>bo ~rg gmb _| g§Wmb naJZm, J`m, hOmar~mJ Ho$ A§Mb _| O§Jbm| H$s ~hþV hm{Z hþB©& dgw§Yam ^r BgH$m à{VemoY bo ahr h¡ - ewîH$>, {Zðw>a hmoH$a & dZ-g§n{Îm H$mo h_Zo Wmo‹S>o go YZ

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Ho$ bmo^ _|, ha gmb H$mQ>-H$mQ> H$a g_má H$a {X`m h¡& A~, O~

{dn{Îm Zo XadmµOo na XñVH$ Xr h¡, V~ h_ Wmo‹S>o-~hþV no‹S> bJm

aho h¢& Bg Vah Š`m g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ hmo gHo$Jm? ê$g, nmob¢S>,

npíM_r O_©Zr _| Q´>oZ go `mÌm H$aVo g_` BVZo gw{Z`mo{OV dZm| Ho$

joÌ XoIH$a Eogr ~mV| _Z _| CR> ahr Wt&

Q´>oZ MbVr JB©& Mmb BgH$s Yr_r h¡& ~rM-~rM _| ñQ>oeZ AmVo

h¢& Q´>oZ éH$Vr h¡, bmoJm| H$m M‹T>Zm-CVaZm XoIVm hÿ±& ñQ>oeZ na H$m°µ\$s,

{~ñHw$Q>, g¢S>{dM Am¡a {gJaoQ> H$s XþH$mZ| h¢& Z Vmo \o$ardmbo h¢, Z h¡

""Mm` Ja_, nmZ ~r‹S>r {gJaoQ>'' H$s gwarbr AmdmµO& `mÌr AnZm

Wmo‹S>m-gm gm_mZ IwX hr CR>mVo h¢& Bg{bE Hw${b`m| H$m O_KQ> r Zht

h¡&

`hm± Jm‹S>r _| Xmo àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡& EH$ Vmo

ñbrqnJH$ma {Og_| JX²XoXma ~|M| hmoVr h¢& amV _| H§$~b Am¡a EH$

MmXa Xr OmVr h¡& nyar H$ma _| H§$S>ŠQ>a hmoVm h¡ Omo ~rM-~rM _|

Mm`, H$m°µ\$s `m Zt~y nmZr ~ZmH$a XoVm h¡& gmYmaU loUr _| h_mao

Xoe H$s Vah hr, JX²Xo a{hV H$mR> H$s ~|Mo hmoVr h¢&

aobdo bmBZ Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa _¡XmZ, dZ, J«m_ \¡$bo Wo& Jm±dm| _|

bH$‹S>r Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Ka, Mmam| Amoa \$b-gpãO`m| Ho$ ~mJ& Kam| Ho$

nmg Jm`, Kmo‹S>o, _wJu Am{X Ky_ aho Wo& {ga na gµ\o$X H$n‹S>m ~m±Yo

Am¡a JmCZ nhZo ñdñW ê$gr `wd{V`m± Ka Ho$ H$m_H$mO H$aVr {XImB©

Xo ahr Wt& Q´>oZ H$mo XoIH$a do ^r h_mao Xoe Ho$ Jm±dm| H$s b‹S>{H$`m| H$s

Vha éH$ H$a I‹S>r hmo OmVt&

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~hþV {dñV¥V Xoe h¡ ê$g& Bg Xoe _| Ky_Zm-{\$aZm YaVr Ho$ gm{ÞÜ` _| ahH$a hr {H$`m OmE, V^r CgHo$ J«må` OrdZ, H¥${f, dZ-g§nXm Am¡a OZ-gmYmaU H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& qH$Vw A^r Vmo Q´>oZ H$s {I‹S>H$s go hr XoIH$a g§Vmof H$aZm n‹S>m&

nwamZo {XZm| Ho$ ê$gr gm{hË` _| h_Zo Bg Xoe H$m {ddaU n‹T>m h¡& Bggo nVm bJVm h¡ {H$ dhm± na ^r OZVm H$s XþX©em h_mao Xoe go H$_ Z Wr& Bg gXr _| ê$g H$mo Xmo _hm`wÕm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& {\$a ^r CgZo {nN>br XþX©em Am¡a _hm`wÕm| go hþE {dZme H$mo Ymo-nm|N>H$a {~ëHw$b gmµ\$ H$a {X`m h¡&

ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao nhm‹S> H$mo Ny>Vr hþB© aobdo bmBZ Xÿa VH$ OmVr h¡& ZXr Ho$ D$na EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m nwb h¡& Cgna aob Am¡a _moQ>a JwµOaZo H$s ì`dñWm h¡& Q´>oZ go ZXr Ho$ ~rM ZhmVo bmoJm| H$s ^r‹S> XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& J_u H$s Bg Xmonhar _| hµOmam| bmoJ Ob _| V¡a aho h¢& Hw$N> bmoJ N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Zmdm| _| _N>br nH$‹S>Zo H$m H$m±Q>m {bE ~¡R>o h¢& _moQ>a~moQ>| VoµOr go Xm¡‹S> ahr h¢& ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao go H$sd ñQ>oeZ bJ^J S>o‹T> _rb Xÿa h¡& eha Ho$ _H$mZ Am{X nwb go hr ZµOa AmZo bJVo h¢& ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MZo na XoIm {H$ ~mo[ag Ho$ ~hþV go [aíVoXma h_mam ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnpñWV h¢&

h_ Ka nhþ±Mo& amV H$s ~¡R>H$ O_r& ~mo[ag H$s ^mZOr Zo JrV gwZm`m& AË`§V _Ywa H§$R>, _mohH$ gm¢X`© Am¡a Xoe Ho$ bmoH$-g§JrV H$s {_R>mg& `yamonr`Z g§JrV go h_mao g§JrV H$m Omo ^oX h¡, Cg g_` dh H$VB© Zht _mby_ hmo ahm Wm& g_mZVm hr A{YH$ àVrV hmo ahr Wr& AZwamoY H$aZo na CgZo EH$ JrV Am¡a gwZm`m& Yrao-Yrao h_ bmoJ ^r Vmbr XoZo bJo, g_m ~±Y J`m&

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`mX a{IEŸ:

* ~hþ_yë` dZ g§n{Îm H$s ajm H$aZo go _Zwî` Am¡a Ord g§Hw$b Ho$ {bE AZoH$ bm^ hmoVo h¢&

* ê$g ~hþV {dñV¥V Xoe h¡&* ê$g Ho$ aobdo ñQ>oeZ na \o$ardmbo Zht hmoVo h¢&* _hm`wÕm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo na ^r ê$g _| AgmYmaU àJ{V

XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡&* g§JrV g~ bmoJm| H$mo AnZr Amoa AmH$f©U H$aVm h¡&

boIH$ n[aM` : ZJ|Ð ^Q²>Q>mMm © H$m OÝ_ A{d^º$ ~§Jmb Ho$ _¡_Z qgh {Obo _| 1910 H$mo hþAm& do _ybV… {MÌH$ma h¢& do {Xëbr Ho$ "emaXm CH$sb ñHy$b Am°µ\$ AmQ²>g©' _| AÜ`mnH$ aho& ~mX _| maV gaH$ma Ho$ {ejm _§Ìmb` _| Am¡a gyMZm Ed§ àgmaU _§Ìmb` _| H$m ©aV aho& AmnZo yamon Ho$ H$B© Xoem| H$m «_U {H$`m Wm& Bg mÌm H$m d¥Îmm§V n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV hþAm& "g_m ~±Y J`m' Bg `mÌm-d¥Îmm§V H$m A§e h¡&

eãXmW© :

JX²XoXma-ê$B© go ~Zm hþAm _moQ>m {~ñVa, H$mR>-bH$‹S>r, H$m±Q>m-_N>br nH$‹S>Zo H$s PwH$s hþB© ZmoH$Xma H±${Q> m, H$VB©-H$^r ^r; H$^r, g_m~±YZm-g§JrV Am{X H$m BVZm CÎm_Vm go hmoZm {H$ bmoJ ñVãY hmo Om |, dgw§Yam-y[_, à{VemoY-~Xbm

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Aä`mg


1. boIH$ Ho$ {_Ì H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?2. boIH$ Ho$ _Z _| ~ma-~ma H$m¡Z-gr ~mV AmVr h¡ ?3. ê$gr `wd{V`m± H¡$go {XImB© Xo ahr Wt ?4. boIH$ H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñQ>oeZ na H$m¡Z Am`o Wo ?5. Ka _| JrV H$m¡Z gwZm`m ?


1. Q´>oZ _| ~mo[ag H$m ì`dhma H¡$gm Wm ?2. ñQ>oeZ _| Amdí`H$ dñVwAm| Ho$ IarXZo Ho$ {bE H¡$gr ì`dñWm

Wr ?3. nwamZo ê$gr gm{hË` _| boIH$ Zo Š`m n‹T>m Wm ?4. _hm`wÕm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo na ^r ê$g H$s àJ{V H¡$gr h¡?5. H$sd eha Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Zo Š`m H$hm h¡?


1. boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma dgw§Yam h_go à{VemoY bo ahr h¡& Š`m| Am¡a H¡$go ?

2. boIH$ Zo J«må` OrdZ H$m dU©Z H¡$go {H$`m h¡ ?3. aob Am¡a H§$S>ŠQ>a Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Zo Š`m H$hm h¡ ?4. ZXr Ho$ nwb go H$m¡Z-go Ñí` ZµOa AmVo h¢ ?5. g_m ~±Y OmZo Ho$ Adga H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

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1. H$m¡Z emH$mhmar h¡? - EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m nwb h¡&

2. dgw§Yam ^r BgH$m - H$m¡Z _m±gmhmar h¡?

3. ZXr Ho$ D$na - JrV gwZm`m&

4. dhm± na ^r OZVm H$s XþX©em - à{VemoY bo ahr h¡&

5. ~mo[ag H$s ^mZOr Zo - h_mao Xoe go H$_ Z Wr&

V. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

XoIZm, dZ, {dn{Îm, Yrao-Yrao, amñVm

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

Wmo‹S>m, ng§X, Ja_, {nN>bm

VII. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo {X`o hþE H$moð>H$ go C{MV

eãX boH$a [aº$ ñWmZ ^[aE:

1. `h H$_am h¡& (CgH$s/CgH$m)

2. _H$mZ _| VrZ H$_ao h¢& (_oao/_oar)

3. ~mJ _| Am_ Ho$ no‹S> h¢& (h_mao/h_mar)

4. amohZ {nVm em§V ñdm^md Ho$ h¢ (H$m/Ho$)

5. dh H$b Ka J`m Wm& (Vwåhmam/Vwåhmao)

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VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma "H$mo' H$m à`moJ H$a {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {\$a go {b{IE :

CXm: Cfm qhXr n‹T>Vr h¡& - Cfm H$mo qhXr n‹T>Zr Mm{hE&

1. a_oe Vmbm~ _| V¡aVm h¡& - 2. arQ>m JmZm JmVr h¡& - 3. h_ g_` na ñHy$b OmVo h¢& - 4. dh ~‹S>m| H$m AmXa H$aVm h¡& -

IX. aoIm§{H$V eãX ì`mH$aU H$s Ñ[ï> go Š`m h¡?

1. ^maV _| H$B© Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWmZ h¢&2. h_ ^maV Xoe Ho$ {Zdmgr h¢&3. Bg {dÚmb` _| ~hþV N>mÌ h¢&4. _OXÿa bmoJ n[al_ go n¡go H$_mVo h¢&5. CVZm ImAmo {OVZm Amdí`H$ hmo&

X. dmÀ` ~X{bE :

1. {eH$mar {eH$ma H$aVm h¡& 2. _¢Zo nÌ {bIm

3. ~mdMu Zo AmO Ira nH$mB©& 4. [haZ Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡&

`moJ`Vm {dñVma :

* H$mH$m H$mbobH$a, amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Am¡a Ako` Or Ho$

`mÌm-dU©Z n{‹T>E &

* AmnHo$ OrdZ _| {H$E JE n`©Q>Z H$m dU©Z H$s{OE &

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nmR>-16

gdoao CR>m Vmo Yyn {Ibr WrŸ&

- g{ÀMXmZÝX hramZ§X dmËñ`m`Z "Ako`'

(Ame` : H${d gdoao CR>m Vmo àH¥${V Ho$ gwhmdZo Ñí` XoI dh AmZ§X {d^moa hmo J`mŸ& hëH$s - gr Yyn, {M{S>`m| H$s gwarbr AmdmO har-har Kmg, e§Inwînr go {~IaVr hþB© ídoV M_H$, ~hVm hþAm erVb ndZ, AmZ§X go {WaH$Vr bha|, D$na \¡$bm hþAm Agr_ AmH$me - g~ Cgo _moh boVo h¢, g~ Cgo ~hþV ^mVo h¢Ÿ& dh gmoMVm `{X _mZd Ho$ OrdZ _| ^r ò g~ hmo Vmo OrdZ {H$VZm _Ywa hmoŸ& Bg{bE dh BZ g~go CYma _m±JVm h¡ - Yyn go Ja_r (ñZoh), {M{S>`m go {_R>mg, h[a`mbr go VmOJr, e§Inwînr go COmg, hdm go IwbmnZ Am¡a bham| go CëbmgŸ& BZ g~ Zo CgH$s _m±J H$mo nyam {H$`mŸ& CgZo bo {b`mŸ& bo{H$Z O~ CgH$s ~mar Hw$N> XoZo H$s AmB© Vmo dh H$VamVm h¡Ÿ& _mZd boZm OmZVm h¡, XoZm CgH$s àH¥${V

ZhtŸ&)

gdoao CR>m Vmo Yyn {IbH$a N>m J`r WrAm¡a EH$ {M{‹S>`m A^r-A^r Jm J`r WrŸ&_¡§Zo Yyn go H$hm … _wPo Wmo‹S>r Ja_mB© XmoJr CYma ?{M{‹S>`m go H$hm … WmoS>r {_R>mg CYma XmoJr ?_¢Zo Kmg H$s nÎmr go nyN>m … V{ZH$ h[a`mbr XmoJr -{VZHo$ H$s ZmoH$ - â ?e§Inwînr go nyN>m … COmg XmoJr - {H$aU H$s AmoH$-â ?_¢Zo hdm go _m±Jm … Wmo‹S>m IwbmnZ - ~g EH$ àídmg ;bha go … EH$ amo_ H$s {ghaZ - â CëbmgŸ&_¢Zo AmH$me go _m±Jr

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Am±I H$s PnH$s-â Agr_Vm - CYmaŸ&g~go CYma _m±Jm, g~Zo {X`mŸ&`m| _¢ {O`m Am¡a OrVm hÿ±Š`m|{H$ `hr g~ Vmo h¡ OrdZ -Ja_mB©, {_R>mg, h[a`mbr, COmbm,JÝYdmhr _wŠV IwbmnZ, bmoM, Cëbmg, bh[ab àdmh,Am¡a ~moY ^ì` {Zì`m©g {Zñgr_ H$m…ò g~ CYma nmò hþE Ðì`Ÿ&amV Ho$ AHo$bo AÝYH$ma _|gnZo go OmJm {Og_|EH$ AZXoIo Aê$n Zo nwH$ma H$a _wPgo nyN>m… Š`m|Or,Vwåhmao Bg OrdZ Ho$BVZo Vw_ YZr hmo,Vmo _wPo Wmo‹S>>m ß`ma XmoJo CYma, {Ogo _¢gm¡JwZo gyX Ho$ gmW bm¡Q>mD$Jm±Am¡a dh ^r gm¡-gm¡ ~ma {JZ Ho$O~-O~ _¢ AmD±$Jm ?_¢Zo H$hm… ß`ma ? CYma ?ñda AMH$Mm`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ _oaoAZw^d go nao Wm Eogm ì`dhmaŸ&Cg AZXoIo Aê$n Zo H$hm … hm±,Š`m|{H$ ò hr g~ MrµO| Vmo ß`ma h¢ -`h AHo$bmnZ, `h AHw$bmhQ>, `h Ag_§Og, AMH$MmhQ>,AmV© AZw^d,

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`h ImoO, `h Û¡V, `h Aghm` {dah ì`Wm,`h A§YH$ma _| OJH$a ghgm nhMmZZm {H$Omo _oam h¡ dhr __oVa h¡ -`h g~ Vwåhmao nmg h¡Vmo Wmo‹S>m _wPo Xo Xo - CYma - Bg EH$ ~ma -_wPo Omo Ma_ Amdí`H$Vm h¡Ÿ&CgZo `h H$hm,na amV Ho$ Kwn A§Yoao _|_¢ gh_m hþAm Mwn ahm ; A^r VH$ _m¡Z hÿ± …AZXoIo Aê$n H$moCYma XoVo _¢ S>aVm hÿ± …Š`m OmZo `h `mMH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

`mX a{IE :* g~oao {M{‹S>>`m Ho$ MhH$Zo _| {_R>mg hmoVr h¡Ÿ&* Kmg H$s h[a`mbr _Z H$mo ^mVr h¡Ÿ&* hdm _| IwbmnZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&* AmH$me _| Agr_Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&* Bg H${dVm _| EH$ _Zwî` Yyn, {M{‹S>`m, Kmg, e§Inwînr,

hdm, bha, AmH$me-BZ g~go CZHo$ Anyd© JwUm| H$mo CYma boZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ&

* gnZo _| Cgr AmX_r go EH$ AZXoIo Aê$n Zo ß`ma _m±JmŸ&* AZXoIo Aê$n H$mo {~Zm OmZo _Zwî` Hw$N> XoZm Zht MmhVmŸ&

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H${d n[aM` … g{ÀMXmZ§X hramZ§X dmËñ`m`Z 'Ako ' H$m OÝ_ 7 _mM© 1911 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ Xod[a`m {Obo Ho$ à{gÕ ~m¡Õ ñWb H$g`m Ho$ nmg hþAm WmŸ& _¡{Q>H$ VH$ H$s {ejm Ka na hþB©Ÿ& _Ðmg go B§Q>a_r{S>EQ> Am¡a ~r.Eg gr. H$aHo$ H«$m§{VH$mar g§JR>Z _| em{_b hmo JEŸ& ~_ ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ r {H$`m, nH$‹S>>o r JEŸ& ~mX _| AmµOmX {hÝX \$m¡O _| em{_b hþEŸ&""g¡{ZH$''""{demb ^maV'' ""àVrH$'' ""dmH$'' ""{XZ_mZ'' ""Zd^maV Q>mBåg'' n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXH$ ahoŸ& gm{hË` AH$mX_r Am¡a maVr` kmZnrR> nwañH$mam| go gå_m{ZV WoŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë w 1987 B©. _| hþB©Ÿ&

aMZmE± : gXmZram ^mJ 1, 2 H${dVmE±; N>mo‹S>>m hþAm amñVm Am¡a bm¡Q>Vr nJS>§{S> m± (g§nyU©) H$hm{Z`m±; "eoIa EH$ OrdZr ^mJ 1, 2; "ZXr Ho$ Ûrn; ""AnZo AnZo AOZ~r' CnÝ`mg; "Aao `m`mda ahoJm mX', g§ñ_aU, mÌm d¥Îmm§V, AmbmoMZm-J«§W, Vmam gáH$, Xygam gáH$, Vrgam gáH$ Am{X g§nm{XV H$mì` g§H$bZŸ&

eãXmW© …V{ZH$ - µOam gm, Wmo‹S>>m, AmoH$-^a - Wmo‹S>>m gm Aml`, A§Owwbr

^a, {M{‹S>`m = njr, ZmoH$$ - nVbm AJ« ^mJ, àídmg - gm§g, e§Inwînr - EH$ àH$ma H$m \y$b, {ghaZ - H§$nZ, PnH$s - Aën{ZÐm, D±$KZr, J§Ydmhr - gwJ§Y bo OmZodmbm,dm`w Agr_ - AZ§V, Anma, bmoM - H$mo_bVm, bMH$, {Zì`m©g - A§VhrZ, {OgH$m H$moB© {dñVma Z hmo, ~moY - kmZ, g§Vmof, {Zñgr_ - Anma, {OgH$s gr_m Z hmo Aê$n - ê$n a{hV, gyX - ã`mO, bm^, AHw$bmhQ> - ~oM¡Zr, K~amhQ>, Ag_§Og - Xw{dYm, AmV© - nr{S>V, Xw…{IV, __oVa - _wPgo {^Þ, Kwn - Jham, Jm‹T>, gh_m - S>am, `mMH$ - _m±JZodmbm

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Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE …

1. H${d Zo gw~h CR>Vo hr Š`m XoIm ?2. H${d Zo {M{‹S>>`m go Š`m _m±Jm ?3. H${d Zo {H$ggo h[a`mbr _m±Jr ?4. H${d Zo e§Inwînr go {H$VZm àH$me _m±Jm ?5. AmH$me H$s Iy~r Š`m h¡ ?6. hdm Zo H${d H$mo Š`m {X`m ?7. AZXoIo Aê$n Zo H${d go Š`m CYma _m±Jm ?8. Aê$n Ho$ AZwgma "Omo _oam h¡' dhr Š`m h¡ ?9. amV Ho$ Kwn A§Yoao _| H${d H$m Š`m hmb Wm ?10. H${d CYma XoZo go Š`m| S>aVm h¡?


1. {H$g Ho$ gnZo _| AZXoIo Aê$n Am`m Wm? Am¡a CgZo H${d go ß`ma H¡$go _m±Jm ?

2. AZXoIo Aê$n Zo ß`ma H$mo H¡$go dmng bm¡Q>mZo H$s ~mV H$hr?

III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma nm±M-N>… dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1. gdoao CR>Vo hr H${d Zo {H$Z-{H$Z go, Š`m-Š`m CYma

_m±Jm?

2. H${d {H$Z Ðì`m| Ho$ AmYma go OrVm Wm ?

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3. gnZo _| AZXoIo Aê$n Zo H${d go Š`m _m±Jm ?

4. AZXoIo Aê$n Zo ß`ma H$m AW© H¡$go ~Vm`m ?

IV. g§X^© g{hV ì`m»`m H$s{OE …

1. _¢Zo Yyn go H$hm … _wPo Wmo‹S>r Ja_mB© XmoJr CYma ?

{M{S>`m go H$hm … Wmo‹S>r {_R>mg CYma XmoJr ?

2. g~go CYma _m±Jm, g~Zo {X`mŸ&

`m| _¢ {O`m Am¡a OrVm hÿ±

Š`m|{H$ `hr g~ Vmo h¡ OrdZ -

3. BVZo Vw_ YZr hmo,

Vmo _wPo Wmo‹S>>m ß`ma XmoJo CYma, {Ogo _¢

gm¡JwZo gyX Ho$ gmW bm¡Q>mD±$JmŸ&

4. AZXoIo Aê$n H$mo

CYma XoVo _¢ S>aVm h±ÿ ;

Š`m OmZo `h `mMH$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?

5. ""_mZd H$s namonH$ma-^mdZm' na EH$ boI {b{IE &

V. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE …

Am±I, AmH$me, Kmg, hdm, {M{‹S>>`m, ß`ma

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VII. [aŠV ñWmZ H$mo C{MV eãX go ^[aE:

1. _¢Zo Kmg H$s nÎmr go nyN>m: V{ZH$ XmoJo

2. Vmo _wPo Wmo‹S>m XmoJo CYma

3. gm¡JwZo Ho$ gmW bm¡Q>mD±$Jm

4. Omo _oam h¡ dhr h¡

5. Š`m OmZo `h H$m¡Z h¡?

VIII. md ñnï> H$s{OE:

g~go CYma _m±Jm, g~Zo {X`m &

`m| _¢ {O`m Am¡a OrVm hÿ±

Š`m|{H$ `hr g~ Vmo h¡ OrdZ -

Ja_mB© {_R>mg, h[a`mbr, COmbm

J§Ydmhr, _wŠV IwbmnZ, bmoM, Cëbmg bh[ab àdmh Am¡a ~moY ^ì` {Zì`m©g {Zñgr_ H$m: ho g~ CYma nm`o hwE Ðì` &

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* g{ÀMXmZ§X hramZ§X dmËñ`m`Z "Ako`' Or H$s Hw$N> Am¡a H${dVmE± n{‹T>EŸ&

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nyaH$ dmMZOmo XoIH$a ^r Zht XoIVo

- hoboZ Ho$ba

hoboZ Ho$ba

H$^r-H$^r _¢ AnZo {_Ìm| H$s narjm boVr hÿ±, `h naIZo Ho$ {bE {H$ dh Š`m XoIVo h¢& hmb hr _| _oar EH$ {à` {_Ì O§Jb H$s g¡a H$aZo Ho$ ~mX dm{ng bm¡Q>t& _¢Zo CZgo nyN>m, ""AmnZo Š`m-Š`m XoIm?''

""Hw$N> Img Vmo Zht,'' CZH$m Odm~ Wm& _wPo ~hþV AMaO Zht hþAm Š`m|{H$ _¢ A~ Bg Vah Ho$ CÎmam| H$s AmXr hmo MwH$s hÿ±& _oam {dídmg h¡ {H$ {OZ bmoJm| H$s Am±I| hmoVr h¢, do ~hþV H$_ XoIVo h¢&

Š`m `h g§^d h¡ {H$ ^bm H$moB© O§Jb _| K§Q>m ^a ¿my_o Am¡a {\$a ^r H$moB© {deof MrµO Z XoIo? _wPo {Ogo Hw$N> ^r {XImB© Zht XoVm-g¡H$‹S>m| amoMH$ MrµO| {_bVr h¢, {OÝh| _¢ Ny>H$a nhMmZ boVr hÿ±& _¢ ^moO-nÌ Ho$ no‹S> H$s {MH$Zr N>mb Am¡a Mr‹S> H$s IwaXar N>mb H$mo ñne© go nhMmZ boVr hÿ±& dg§V Ho$ Xm¡amZ _¢ Q>h{Z`m| _| Z`r H${b`m± ImoOVr hÿ±& _wPo \y$bm| H$s n§Iw{‹S>`m| H$s _I_br gVh Ny>Zo Am¡a CZH$s ¿mw_mdXma ~ZmdQ> _hgyg H$aZo _| Anma AmZ§X {_bVm h¡& Bg Xm¡amZ _wPo àH¥${V Ho$ OmXÿ H$m Hw$N> Ahgmg hmoVm h¡& H$^r, O~ _¢ IweZgr~ hmoVr hÿ±, Vmo Q>hZr na hmW aIVo hr {H$gr {M{‹S>`m Ho$ _Ywa ñda H$mZm| _| Jy±OZo bJVo h¢& AnZr A±Jw{b`m| Ho$ ~rM PaZo Ho$ nmZr H$mo ~hVo hþE _hgyg H$a _¢ AmZ§{XV hmo CR>Vr hÿ±& _wPo Mr‹S> H$s \¡$br n{Îm`m± `m Kmg H$m _¡XmZ {H$gr ^r _h±Jo H$mbrZ go A{YH$$ {à` h¡& ~XbVo hþE _m¡g_ H$m g_m± _oao OrdZ _| EH$ Z`m a§J Am¡a Iw{e`m± ^a OmVm h¡&

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H$^r-H$^r _oam {Xb BZ g~ MrµOm| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE _Mb CR>Vm h¡& AJa _wPo BZ MrµOm| H$mo {gµ\©$ Ny>Zo a go BVZr Iwer {_bVr h¡, Vmo CZH$s gw§XaVm XoIH$a Vmo _oam _Z _w½Y hr hmo OmEJm& na§Vw, {OZ bmoJm| H$s Am±I| h¢, do gM_wM ~hþV H$_ XoIVo h¢& Bg Xþ{Z`m Ho$ AbJ-AbJ gw§Xa a§J CZH$s g§doXZm H$mo Zht Ny>Vo& _Zwî` AnZr j_VmAm| H$s H$^r H$Xa Zht H$aVm& dh h_oem Cg MrO H$s Amg bJmE ahVm h¡ Omo CgHo$ nmg Zht h¡&

`h {H$VZo XþI H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ X¥pîQ> Ho$ Amerdm©X H$mo bmoJ EH$ gmYmaU-gr MrO g_PVo h¢, O~{H$ Bg {Z`m_V go {O§XJr H$mo Iw{e`m| Ho$ B§ÐYZwfr a§Jm| go ham-^am {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&


1. "{OZ bmoJm| Ho$ nmg Am±I| h¢, do gM_wM ~hþV H$_ XoIVo h¢' hoboZ Ho$ba H$mo Eogm Š`m| bJVm Wm?

2. "àH¥${V H$m OmXÿ' {H$go H$hm J`m h¡? 3. "Hw$N> Img Vmo Zht' hoboZ H$s {_Ì Zo h Odm~ {H$g _m¡Ho$

na {X`m Am¡a `h gwZH$a hoboZ H$mo AmíM`© Š`m| hþAm?4. hoboZ Ho$ba àH¥${V H$s {H$Z MrµOm| H$mo Ny>H$a Am¡a gwZH$a

nhMmZ boVr Wt? nmR> n‹T>H$a BgH$m CÎma {bImo&5. "O~{H$ Bg {Z`m_V go qOXJr H$mo Iw{e`m| Ho$ BÝÐYZwfr

a§Jm| go ham-^am {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&' Vwåhmar ZµOa _| BgH$m Š`m AW© hmo gH$Vm h¡?

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nmR>-17

gÀMm Y_©

- goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg

(Ame` : Bg EH$m§H$s _| goR> JmoqdXXmg Or Zo Y_© H$s g_ñ`m H$mo CR>m`m h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ` ê$n go h_ bmoJ Y_© H$m Omo AW© g_PVo h¢, dh goR> Or H$s Ñ{ï> go ghr Zht h¡Ÿ& Y_© H$m ImZ-nmZ `m Nw>AmNy>V go {deof g§~§Y Zht h¡Ÿ& goR>Or Zo {XIm`m h¡ {H$ gÀMm Y_© dhr h¡ {Oggo g_mO Ho$ A{YH$ go A{YH$ ì`{ŠV`m| H$m ^bm hmoŸ& Y_© {H$Ýht {ZpíMV {Z`_m| _| ~±YH$a Zht ah gH$VmŸ& g_` Ho$ gmW gmW Y_© H$m ñdê$n ^r ~XbVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r AgË` go ^r Y_© H$s ajm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _Zwî`Ëd g^r Y_m] go ~‹S>m h¡&

boIH$ H$s Ñ{ï> _| gÀMm Y_© dhr h¡ Omo g_mO _| _Zwî`Ëd H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm hmo)

nmÌ

nwéfmoÎm_ : {Xëbr {Zdmgr EH$ _hmamï´>r ~«m÷UA{hë`m : nwéfmoÎm_ H$s nËZrg§^mOr : {edmOr H$m nwÌ{XbmdaIm± : Am¡a§JOo~ H$s Iw{\$`m O_mV H$m EH$ gaXmaah_mZ~oJ : {XbmdaIm± H$m _mVhV

nhbm Ñí`

ñWmZ : {Xëbr _| nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ _H$mZ H$m EH$ H$_amg_` : _Ü`m•Ho${ZH$Q>

(H$_am, EH$ N>moQ>o-go _H$mZ Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o - go H$_ao gÑe {XIm`r XoVm h¡Ÿ& H$_ao _| nwéfmoÎm_ ~oM¡Zr go BYa-CYa Q>hb ahm h¡Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_

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H$s AdñWm bJ^J gmR> df© H$s h¡Ÿ& dh Johþ±E a§J Am¡a gmYmaU eara H$m _Zwî` h¡Ÿ& {ga Ho$ ~mb _amR>r T>§J Ho$ h¢, AWm©V²> nrN>o Mm¡‹S>r {eIm h¡, CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o ~mb Am¡a CgHo$ Mmam| Vaµ\$ Ho$ ~mb _§yS>o hþEŸ&

_wI na ~‹S>r-~‹S>r _y±N>| h¢Ÿ& gmao ~mb VrZ-Mm¡WmB© go A{YH$ gµ\o$X h¢Ÿ& dh bmb a§J H$m aoe_r CnaZm Amo‹T>o hþE h¡Ÿ& Cgr a§J H$m aoe_r Pmobm nhZo h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {ga na ídoV MÝXZ H$m {ÌnwÊS> bJm hþAm h¡ Am¡a djñWb na _moQ>m `kmondrV {XIm`r XoVm h¡Ÿ& A{hë`m H$m àdoeŸ& A{hë`m H$ar~ 55 df© H$s Johþ±E a§J Am¡a ñWyb eara H$s ñÌr h¡Ÿ& ~mb ~hþV-go gµ\o$X hmo J o h¢Ÿ& dh _amR>o T>§J H$s bmb MmaImZo H$s gm‹S>r Am¡a d¡gr hr Mmobr nhZo hþE h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> gmoZo Ho$ Am yfU ^r nhZo hþE h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - A^r ^r,..... A^r ^r dh hmb h¡, H$moB© {ZU© Zht hmo gH$m?

nwéfmoÎm_ - (I‹S>o hmoH$a) A{hë`m, àíZ H$moB© gmYmaU àíZ h¡?

A{hë`m - (~¡R>H$a) H$_ go H$_ Vw_ gÑe gË`dmXr ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE Vmo Eogo àíZm| go AgmYmaUVm Zht hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& O~ _Zwî` gË` H$m Aml` N>mo‹S> {_Ï`m H$m Amgam boVm h¡, V^r Vah-Vah Ho$ àíZ CR> I‹S>o hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

nwéfmoÎm_ - (~¡R>H$a Amü © go) gË` H$m Aml` N>mo‹S>H$a {_Ï`m H$m Amgam! _¢ gË` H$m Aml` N>mo‹S>H$a {_Ï`m H$m Amgam bo ahm hÿ± ?

A{hë`m - Am¡a Š`m H$a aho hmo ? g§ mOr H$mo {edmOr Vwåhmao

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nmg aI J o h¢ ; Š`m `h gM Zht h¡ ? Omo b‹S>H$m Vwåhmao nmg ahVm h¡ dh Vwåhmam ^mZOm h¡, `h H$hZm gM ~mobZm h¡ ?

nwéfmoÎm_ - g§ mOr H$mo g§ mOr Z H$hH$a AnZm ^mZOm H$hZm, {edmOr _oao nmg g§ mOr H$mo Zht aI J o h¢, `h H$hZm gmYmaU gM ~mobZo go H$ht ~‹S>m gË` h¡Ÿ&

A{hë`m - Vwåhmar gË`-{à`Vm A{YH$m§e {Xëbr _| à{gÕ h¡ Bgr Ho$ H$maU `dZ VH$ Vwåhmam AmXa H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

nwéfmoÎm_ - A{hë`m, h_mao emñÌm| _| gË` Am¡a AgË` H$s ì`m»`m ~‹S>r ~marH$s go H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& AZoH$ ~ma gË` Ho$ ñWmZ na {_Ï`m-^mfU gË` go ^r ~‹S>r dñVw hmoVm h¡Ÿ& OrdZ _| Y_© go ~‹S>r H$moB© MrO Zht, Y_© H$s ajm {X AgË` go hmoVr h¡ Vmo AgË` gË` go ~‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

A{hë`m - Y_© H$s ajm ! A~ Vmo Vw_Zo Am¡a ~‹S>r ~mV H$h Xr ! g§ mOr H$mo AnZm mZOm ~ZmZo go Vw_ Y_© H$s ajm H$a gH$moJo ? {XbmdaIm± H$h J`m h¡ {H$ dh Cgo Vwåhmam ^mZOm V~ _mZoJm O~ Vw_ CgHo$ gmW ~¡R>H$a EH$ Wmbr _| ^moOZ H$amoJo ! ~«m÷U hmoH$a A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW ^moOZ H$aZo go Y_©-ajm hmo gHo$Jr ?

nwéfmoÎm_ - (CR>H$a {\$a Q>hbVo hþE) A{hë`m hr..... hr àíZ _wPo ì`{WV {H$ o hþE h¡Ÿ& OrdZ a _¢Zo {Og àH$ma Y_© H$m nmbZ {H$`m h¡, Cgo Vw_go A{YH$ Am¡a H$moB© Zht OmZVm..... Zht, Zht, JdmZ Vw_go r A{YH$ OmZVo h¢Ÿ& ({\$a ~¡R>H$a) _¢Zo gmao ~«m÷U-H$_© {Z`_nyd©H$ {H$ o h¢Ÿ& em¡M, ~«m÷U H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr Ho$ hmW H$m Nw>Am Ob VH$ J«hU Zht {H$`m, dhr .... _¢ Mm¡WonZ _| A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a, EH$

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hr Wmbr _| H¡$go ImD±$Jm, `h àíZ _wPo ì`{WV ..... AË`{YH$ ì`{WV

{H$ o hþE h¡ & ({\$a Q>hbVo hþE) JdmZ Bg Mm¡WonZ _| Š`m _oar narjm

boZm MmhVo hmo? EH$ A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW moOZ H$am _wPo «ï> H$aZm MmhVo

hmo?

A{hë`m - `{X Vw_Zo A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW ^moOZ {H$`m Vmo Vwåht

.... Vwåht «ï> Z hmoJo, gmam Hw$Qw>å~ hr «ï> hmo Om oJmŸ& Xmo-Xmo H$Ý`mE±

{ddmh `mo½` hmo J`r h¢, {H$gr ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>å~ _| CZH$m {ddmh Z hmo

gHo$JmŸ& nwÌ H$m {ddmh hmo MwH$m h¡ Vmo Š`m hþAm ? CgH$s gÝVmZ VH$

«ï> hmo Om oJr, CgH$m Z `kmondrV hmoJm Am¡a Z ~«m÷U _| {ddmh-

g§ñH$maŸ&

nwéfmoÎm_ - (A{hë`m Ho$ {ZH$Q> ~¡R>H$a CgH$s Amoa XoIVo hþE)

V~.... Š`m H$ê±$ ?

A{hë`m - _¢Zo Vmo H$hm, OÝ_ ^a {OgHo$ Aml` _| aho hmo, Cg

gË` H$mo Z N>mo‹S>moŸ& Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ gÑe ~mXemh Ho$ amÁ` _|, CgH$s

amOYmZr _| ahVo hþE {hÝXy Am¡a ~«m÷U hmoVo hþE ^r, Vw_ `h g\$b

OrdZ Cgr gË` Ho$ Aml` Ho$ H$maU {~Vm gHo$ hmo, Y_© H$s Q>o‹T>r-_o‹T>r

ì`m»`mAm| _| n‹S>H$a AnZm OrdZ ^a H$m grYm _mJ© N>mo‹S> AnZo Am¡a

AnZo Hw$Qw>å~ H$mo Zï> _V H$amoŸ&

nwéfmoÎm_ - Vmo _¢ `h H$h Xy± {H$ `h b‹S>H$m {edmOr H$m nwÌ

g§ mOr h¢, _oam ^mZOm ZhtŸ& {_R>mB© H$s Q>moH$ar _| {N>nH$a {Xëbr go

^mJVo g_` {edmOr Cgo _oao nmg N>mo‹S> J o h¢Ÿ&

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A{hë`m - n[aUm_ Omo Hw$N> hmo ! Vw_ gXm H$hVo Zht aho hmo {H$ gË` ~mobZo Ho$ gå_wI n[aUm_ H$s Amoa _Zwî` H$mo Ñ{ï> hr Zht S>mbZr Mm{hEŸ&

(nwéfmoÎm_ {ga ZrMm H$a {dMma_¾ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> Xoa {ZñVãYVmŸ&)

nwéfmoÎm_ - (EH$mEH$ {ga CR>mH$a) Zht, Zht.... Zht, Zht..... `h H$^r Zht hmo gH$Vm, `h H$^r Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& `h... `h {dídmgKmV hmoJm...... Eogm ......... Eogm nmVH$, {Oggo ~‹S>m nmVH$ gå^d hr ZhtŸ& `h... `h eaUmJV H$m ~{bXmZ hmoJm, Eogm.... Eogm XwîH$_© {Oggo ~‹S>>m XwîH$_© hmo hr Zht gH$VmŸ&

A{hë`m - na Xygar Amoa Vw_ gË` H$mo {Vbm§O{b Xo aho hmo.... A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW ^moOZ H$a Y_©- «ï> hmoZo H$m àíZ Vwåhmao gå_wI h¡ Am¡a ñd § Ho$ «ï> hmoZo H$m hr Zht, na gmao Hw$Qw>å~ Ho$ Zï> hmo OmZo H$m....&

nwéfmoÎm_ - (CR>H$a Q>hbVo hþE) Amoh ! Amoh...AmohŸ&

bKw `d{ZH$mXygam Ñí`

ñWmZ - {Xëbr H$s EH$ Jbrg_` - _Ü`m• Ho$ {ZH$Q>

(V§J Jbr Ho$ Hw$N> _H$mZ {XIm`r n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& {XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ I‹S>o h¢Ÿ& XmoZm| AYo‹S> AdñWm Am¡a Johþ±E a§J Ho$ D±$Mo nyao ì`{ŠV h¢Ÿ& {XbmdaIm± H$s Xm‹T>r ^r h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| Cg g_` H$s g¡{ZH$ daXr nhZo hþE h¢Ÿ!)

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{XbmdaIm± - ({dMmaVo hþE) n§{S>V nwéfmoÎm_amd PyR> ~mob|Jo, Eogm... Eogm `H$sZ Vmo Zht hmoVmŸ&

ah_mZ~oJ - OZm~, V_m_ Xohbr _| Eogm H$m¡Z hmoJm, Omo CÝh| OmZVm hmo Am¡a `h _mZVm hmo {H$ do H$^r ^r PyR> ~mob gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

{XbmdaIm± - (Cgr àH$ma {dMmaVo hþE) bo{H$Z ah_mZ~oJ `h b‹S>H$m XŠIZr {~aoh_Z {XIVm ZhtŸ&

ah_mZ~oJ - {g\©$ gyaV go `h H$h gH$Zm {H$ H$m¡Z {~aoh_Z h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z Zht, `h Vmo ~‹S>r _wpíH$b ~mV h¡Ÿ&

(Hw$N> Xoa {ZñVãYVmŸ& {XbmdaIm± Jå^raVm go gmoMVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& ah_mZ~oJ CgH$s Va\$ XoIVm h¡Ÿ&)

ah_mZ~oJ - (Hw$N> Xoa ~mX) {\$a AmnZo Vmo npÊS>V H$s ~mV na hr `H$sZ H$aHo$ _m_bo H$mo Zht N>mo‹S> {X`m, AmnZo Vmo Cgo ~hþV ~‹S>m g~yV XoZo Ho$ {bE H$hm h¡Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_amd H$s ~mV hr H$m\$s h¡, {\$a AJa dh Cg b‹S>Ho$ Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a ImZm Im boVm h¡, V~ Vmo eH$ H$s Jw§OmBe hr Zht ah OmVrŸ&

{XbmdaIm± - ({ga CR>mH$a) hm±, H$moB© {~aoh_Z {H$gr ZrM H$m¡_ Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a Wmo‹S>o hr Im gH$Vm h¡ ?

ah_mZ~oJ - Am¡a XŠIZr {~aoh_Z _amR>m Ho$ gmW, Mmho OmZ {ZH$b Om` Vmo ^r Z Im oJmŸ&

{XbmdaIm± - nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ _m{ZÝX {~aoh_Z Vmo H$^r ZhtŸ&

ah_mZ~oJ - H$^r Zht, H$^r ZhtŸ&

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{XbmdaIm± - (D$na H$s Va\$ XoIH$a) Vmo Xmonha Vmo hmo hr ahm h¡Ÿ& nyOm-nmR> Ho$ ~mX CgZo Xmonha H$mo hr ImZo Ho$ dŠV ~wbm`m WmŸ&

ah_mZ~oJ - hm±, dŠV hmo ahm h¡, M{bE, M{bEŸ&

(Xm|Zm| H$m àñWmZ)bKw `d{ZH$mVrgam Ñí`

ñWmZ - nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ _H$mZ H$m EH$ H$_am

g_`-_Ü`m•

(nwéfmoÎm_ Am¡a A{hë`m ~¡R>o h¢Ÿ& A{hë`m H$m _wI àgÞVm go {Ib- gm J`m h¡, nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ _wI na d¡gr hr C{Û¾Vm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - (D$na H$s Amoa XoIH$a) YÝ`dmX.... AJ{UV ~ma YÝ`dmX h¡ ^JdmZ H$mo {H$ AÝV _| gË` H$s CgZo {dO` H$a XrŸ& (nwéfmoÎm_ H$s Amoa XoIH$a) {XZ ^a H$m ybm-^Q>H$m `{X amV H$mo Ka bm¡Q> Am o Vmo dh ybm Zht H$hbmVmŸ& CÛoJ Ho$ H$maU Vw_Zo EH$ ~ma {_Ï`m Adí` ~mob {X`m, na Xoa... ~hþV Xoa Zht hþB©, A^r ^r g_` h¡Ÿ& {XbmdaIm± Ho$ AmZo Ho$ nhbo VH$ g_` h¡Ÿ& A~ Cggo gmar ~mV| gM-gM H$h XoZo na {_Ï`m ^mfU Ho$ nmn go Vw_ _wº$ hmo OmAmoJoŸ& OÝ_ ^a {Og gË` H$m Aml` aIm h¡, Cgr H$s eaU _| ahZo go H$moB© Amn{Îm ^r Zht Am oJrŸ&

(nwéfmoÎm_ H$moB© CÎma Zht XoVmŸ& A{hë`m CgH$s Amoa XoIVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> Xoa {Z…ñVãYVmŸ&)

A{hë`m - (Hw$N> Xoa ~mX, nwéfmoÎm_ H$s Amoa XoIVo hþE) XoIm...

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XoIm Zht, EH$... Ho$db EH$ ~ma gË` H$m Amgam N>mo‹S>Vo hr H¡$gr... H¡$gr _hmZ² {dn{Îm Am`rŸ& EH$ {_Ï`m H$mo gË` {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ à`ËZ _| {H$VZr {_Ï`m ~mV| H$hZr n‹S>Vr h¢Ÿ& Vw_ gÑe gË`dmXr go AnZo H$WZ H$s nw{ï> Ho$ {bE à_mU _m±Jm J`m, Eogm d¡gm à_mU Zht, ^ §H$a à_mUŸ& Vwåhmam _amR>m Ho$ gmW, A~«m÷U Ho$ gmW, EH$ Wmb _| ^moOZ H$aZm ! Amoh ! `h... `h H$^r gå^d Wm ?

(nwéfmoÎm_ {\$a Hw$N> Zht ~mobVmŸ& na Ñ{ï> CR>m A{hë`m H$s Amoa XoIZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& A{hë`m MwnMmn CgH$s Amoa XoIVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> Xoa {Z…ñVãYVmŸ&)

A{hë`m - (Hw$N> Xoa ~mX) OÝ_ ^a H$m gmam nyOZ-AM©Z g_má hmo OmVm! OÝ_ ^a Ho$ gmao {Z`_-d«V §J hmo OmVo !

(nwéfmoÎm_ Hw$N> Zht ~mobVm, na MwnMmn CR>H$a Q>hbZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& A{hë`m Hw$N> Xoa VH$ ~¡R>o-~¡R>o CgH$s Va\$ XoIVr ahVr h¡ Am¡a {\$a CR>H$a Cgr Ho$ gmW Q>hbZo bJVr h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - (Q>hbVo hþE) Am¡a ..... Am¡a {\$a `h g~ {H$gr AnZo Ho$ {bE Zht, Xygao Ho$ {bEŸ&

(nwéfmoÎm_ Mwn-Mmn I‹S>o hmoH$a A{hë`m H$s Amoa XoIZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& A{hë`m ^r I‹S>r hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - hm±, Š`m ... Š`m à`moOZ h¡ h_| {edmOr go Am¡a CgHo$ nwÌ g§ mOr go ? Xygao Ho$ {bE h_ Š`m| AnZm BhbmoH$ Am¡a nabmoH$ {~Jm‹S>|, ñd § Zï> hm| Am¡a AnZo Hw$b H$mo Zï> H$a| ? (Hw$N> éH$H$a) gmoMmo, .... Oam gmoMmo Vmo, H$ht Am¡a§JOo~ H$mo nVm bJ Om`

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Vmo Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ gÑe ~mXemh Š`m H$ao Vwåhmao Am¡a h_mao gmao Hw$Qw>å~ H$m ?

(nwéfmoÎm_ {\$a ^r Hw$N> Z H$h Q>hbZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& A{hë`m ^r CgHo$ gmW Q>hbVr h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - (Hw$N> Xoa ~mX) R>rH$...R>rH$ g_` na ^JdmZ Zo Vwåh| gw~w{Õ Xr, gmam hmb gM_wM H$h XoZo go AÀN>m {ZU© hmo hr Zht gH$Vm WmŸ& nabmoH$ ~Mm, Š`m|{H$ _amR>m Ho$ gmW ImZo go Omo Y_© OmVm dh Y_© ~M J`mŸ& BhbmoH$ ~Mm, Š`m|{H$ amÁ`-^` Zht ah Om oJmŸ& BVZm... BVZm hr Zht, g§ mOr H$mo nmVo hr... Vwåhmao O[a o nmVo hr Am¡a§JOo~ {H$VZm ..... {H$VZm Iwe hmoJm Vw_ na ! .... H$Xm{MV² .... H$Xm{MV² Vw_ _Zg~Xma hmo OmAmo& Vw_ Z ^r hþE AWm©V²> Vw_Zo `{X _Zg~Xmar AñdrH¥$V ^r H$a Xr, Vmo ....._Zg~Xma hmo gH$Vm h¡ h_mam b‹S>H$m ..... Cgr gË` H$s eaU Ho$ H$maU, {OgH$m OrdZ.... hm± OrdZ ^a Vw_Zo Aml` aIm h¡Ÿ&

(ZonÏ` _| ""npÊS>V Or !'' eãX hmoVm h¡Ÿ&)

A{hë`m - (OëXr go) bmo, bmo H$Xm{MV² {XbmdaIm± Am J`mŸ& A~... A~ g~ ~mVMrV ñnï> ê$n go H$a bmo Cggo.... (erK«Vm go àñWmZŸ&)

nwéfmoÎm_ - ({OgHo$ _wI H$m a§J hr {XbmdaIm± H$s AmdmO gwZ Am¡a hr hmo J`m h¡, Jbm gm\$ H$aVo hþE {I‹S>H$s Ho$ nmg Om _wI ~mha {ZH$mb, ZrMo XoIVo hþE) Am hm hmŸ& {XbmdaIm± gmh~ ! AmBE, Am OmBEŸ&

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({XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ H$m àdoe)

nwéfmoÎm_ - AmBE, AmBE, _¢ nyOm go CR> Amn hr bmoJm| H$m amñVm XoI ahm Wm, ~¡{R>EŸ&

{XbmdaIm± - ({~N>mdZ na ~¡R>Vo hþE) Amn r Vmo ~¡{R>E, npÊS>V OrŸ&

({XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ {~N>mdZ na ~¡R> OmVo h¢Ÿ)

nwéfmoÎm_ - nyOm Ho$ nümV² ^moOZ VH$ _¢ {H$gr dñÌ Am{X H$m ñne© Zht H$aVmŸ& nhbo AmnH$mo P§PQ> go _wŠV H$a Xy±Ÿ&

{XbmdaIm± - (Hw$N> gh_Vo hþE) AmnHo$ _wAm{\$H$ _wA{ÁOO e»g Ho$ {bE Omo g~yV _¢Zo _m±Jm CgH$s H$moB© Oê$aV Vmo Zht h¡, AmnH$s ~mV hr g~yV hmoZr Mm{hE, bo{H$Z....bo{H$Z Amn OmZVo h¢ {H$ `h gmao {g`mgr _m_bmV....

nwéfmoÎm_ - Zht.... Zht Amn H$moB© g§H$moM Z H$s{OEŸ& AnZo H$V©ì` H$m nmbZ H$aZm Y_© hr h¡Ÿ& _¢... _¢ ^r AmnH$mo nyU© ê$n go gÝVwï> H$a Xy±JmŸ& ({Og XadmOo go A{hë`m J`r h¡ Cgr go OmVm h¡Ÿ&)

ah_mZ~oJ - OZm~, A~ ^r eH$ H$s H$moB© Jw§OmBe ~mH$s h¡ ?

{XbmdaIm± - dh Im o Vmo Cg bm¢S>o Ho$ gmW nhbo _oao gm_Zo !

ah_mZ~oJ - na ImZo Ho$ ~mX ?

{XbmdaIm± - hm±, ImZo Ho$ ~mX Vmo eH$ H$s H$moB© Jw§OmBe hr Zht ahZr Mm{hEŸ&

({XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ CËH$ÊR>m go {Og XadmOo go nwéfmoÎm_ J`m h¡, Cg XadmOo H$s Amoa XoIVo h¢Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_ H$m EH$ hmW _| nagr

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hþB© Wmbr Am¡a Xygao hmW _| H$be {b o hþE àdoeŸ& Wmbr _| ^mV, Xmb BË`m{X nago hþE h¢Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_ H$s gmar C{Û¾Vm Zï> hmo, CgH$m _wI àgÞVm go M_H$ ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o g§ mOr AmVm h¡Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_ {~Zm {~N>mdZ H$s y{_ na Wmbr aIVm h¡, Cgr Ho$ {ZH$Q> Ob H$m H$beŸ& Wmbr Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa nwéfmoÎm_ Am¡a g§ mOt ~¡R> OmVo h¢Ÿ& nwéfmoÎm_ ^moOZ H$m Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m A§e {ZH$mb O_rZ na aI, Wmbr Ho$ Mmam| Amoa Ob {N>‹S>H$Vm h¡Ÿ&)

(A~ nwéfmoÎm_ Am¡a g§ mOr XmoZm| Wmbr _| ImZm Amaå^ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&)

nwéfmoÎm_ - (ImVo-ImVo) H${hE, Im± gmh~, A~ ^r AmnH$mo {dœmg hþAm `m Zht {H$ {dZm`H$ _oam ^mZOm h¡ ?

({XbmdaIm± H$m _wI e_© go PwH$ OmVm h¡Ÿ& ah_mZ~oJ H$^r {XbmdaIm± H$s Va\$ XoIVm h¡ Am¡a H$^r nwéfmoÎm_ H$s AmoaŸ&)

`d{ZH$m

`mX a{IE :

* ^maV EH$ ~hþ Y_r© Xoe h¡Ÿ&

* ha Y_© H$m AnZm AnZm {d{eï> AmMaU hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

* bo{H$Z AmMaU hr Y_© Zht h¡Ÿ&

* gÀMm Y_© dhr h¡ Omo Amngr ào_ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVm hmoŸ Am¡a

{H$gr H$mo hm{Z Zht nhþ±MmVm hmoŸ&

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boIH$ n[aM` : goR> Jmo{dÝXXmg H$m OÝ_ 16 AŠVy~a 1896 _| O~bnwa (_Ü`àXoe) _| hþAm WmŸ& amï´>^mfm {h§Xr Ho$ àMma Am¡a àgma Ho$ {bE Amn {Za§Va H$m`© H$aVo ahoŸ& {h§Xr Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| AmnH$m ñWmZ AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ& AmnZo bJ^J H$B© ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s h¢Ÿ& AmnZo AZoH$ EH$m§H$s ^r {bIo h¢Ÿ& AmnHo$ ZmQ>H$m| Ed§ EH$m§{H$`m| H$s H$WmdñVw nm¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| go g§~§{YV ahr h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s Hw$N> aMZmE± o h¢ : EH$mXer, H$V©ì`, godmnW Am¡a gmV aí_r Am{XŸ& 18 OyZ 1974 H$mo AmnH$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`mŸ&

eãXmW© :

CnaZm - Amo‹T>Zo H$m dñÌ, Pmobm - T>rbm Hw$Vm©, Amgam - Aml`, ghmam, `dZ - _wgb_mZ, ì`{WV - XwIr, Mm¡WmnZ - d¥X²YmdñWm, gÑe - O¡gm, g_mZ, {dídmgKmV - YmoIm, {OgZo h_ na {dídmg {H$`m, h_ CgHo$ gmW YmoIm H$a|, Vmo dhr {dídmgKmV h¡, nmVH$ - nmn, OZm~ - lr_mZ, {~aoh_Z - ~«mh²_U, eH$ - g§Xoh, Jw§OmBe - g§^mdZm, ñWmZ, H$m¡_ - Om{V, CX²doJ - ì`mHw$bVm, ~oM¡Zr, à`moOZ - CX²Xoí`, BhbmoH$ - Bg g§gma H$m OrdZ, nabmoH$ - _aZo Ho$ ~mXdmbm OrdZ, AYo‹S> AdñWm - 50 go boH$a 60 gmb VH$ H$s AdñWm, C{X²d¾Vm - qMVm, Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoZm - {XIZm, `d{ZH$m - naXm, _mVhV - AYrZ, `kmondrV - OZoD$, {Vbm§Obr XoZm - N>moS> XoZm, Ë`mJ XoZm, {g`mgr - amOH$maU g§~§Yr, _m_bmV - {df`, {~N>mdZ - {~N>mZo H$m dñÌ, ^mZOm - ~hZ H$m ~oQ>m, _wAm{\$H$

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- O¡gm, _wA{ÁOO - AmXaUr`, BÁOVdmbm, e»g - ì`{ŠV, bm¢S>m - bS>H$m, {ÌnwÊS> - ^ñ_ H$s VrZ Am‹S>r aoImAm| H$m {VbH$ Omo e¡d bmoJ bbmQ> na bJmVo h¢Ÿ& _Zg~Xma - goZmn{V&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IEŸ :

1. nwéfmoÎm_ H$m Ka H$hm± Wm ?2. A{hë`m H$s C_« Š`m Wr ?3. A{hë`m Ho$ AZwgma {H$gHo$ gmW ^moOZ H$aZo go Y_©^«ï> hmo

Om`oJm?4. {XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ H$mo nwéfmoÎm_ H$hm± {~R>mVo h¢ ?5. nwéfmoÎm_ Am¡a g§^mOr ImZo Ho$ {bE {H$g Vah ~¡R>Vo h¢ ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ H$m¡Z h¢ ?2. {dZm`H$ H$m¡Z Wm Am¡a CgH$m nwéfmoÎm_ go Š`m g§~§Y Wm?3. {XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ XoIZo _| H¡$go Wo ?4. nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ A~«mh²_U Ho$ gmW moOZ H$aZo go Š`m n[aUm_

hmoVm?5. nwéfmoÎm_ ^moOZ H$s V¡`m[a`m± H¡$go H$aVo h¢ ?


1. nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ M[aÌ na àH$me S>m{bEŸ&2. nwéfmoÎm_ H$mo {dZm`H$ Ho$ gmW Š`m| ^moOZ H$aZm nS>m ?

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3. nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ gm_Zo H$m¡Z-gm AgmYmaU àíZ h¡ ?

4. {Xëbr H$s EH$ Jbr _| {XbmdaIm± Am¡a ah_mZ~oJ nwéfmoÎm_

Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m ~mVMrV H$aVo h¢ ?

5. boIH$ H$s am` _| gÀMm Y_© Š`m h¡ ?

IV. g§X^© Ho$ gmW ñnï> H$s{OEŸ :

1. ""Vwåhmar gË` {à`Vm A{YH$m§e {Xëbr _| à{gX²Y h¡Ÿ&''

2. ""nyOm Ho$ níMmV²> ^moOZ VH$ _¢ {H$gr dñÌ Am{X H$m ñne©

Zht H$aVmŸ&''

3. ""OZm~, A~ ^r eH$ H$s H$moB© Jw§OmBe ~mH$s h¡ ?''

4. ""nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ _m{ZÝX {~aoh_Z Vmo H$^r Zht''Ÿ&

V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aEŸ :

1. nwéfmoÎm_ H$s nËZr ............. h¡Ÿ&

2. OrdZ _| ............. go ~‹S>r H$moB© MrµO ZhtŸ&

3. A{hë`m H$hVr h¡ {H$ OÝ_ ^a Ho$ gmao ............. ^§J

hmo OmVoŸ&

4. {XbmdaIm± H$mo AmíM`© hmoVm h¡ {H$ H$moB© .............

{H$gr ZrM H$m¡_ Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a Wmo‹S>o hr Im gH$Vm h¡ ?

5. {XZ ^a H$m ^ybm-^Q>H$m `{X amV H$mo Ka bm¡Q> AmE Vmo

dh ............. Zht H$hbmVmŸ&

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VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IEŸ :

A ~

1. nwéfmoÎm_ ^mZOm

2. ~mXemh _mVhV

3. {Xëbr go ^mJZodmbm ~«mh²_U

4. {dZm`H$ Am¡a§JOo~

5. ah_mZ~oJ goZmZm`H$

{edmOr

VII. ~hþ dMZ én {b{IE :

(1) g_ñ`m (2) nËZr (3) gm‹S>r

(4) bS>H$m (5) Q>moH$ar

VIII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IEŸ :

(1) nrNo (2) g\o$X (3) gË`

(4) _wpíH$b (5) g\$b

IX. ór qbJ én {b{IE :

(1) boIH$ (2) n§{S>V (3) nwÌ

(4) n{V (5) ~mXemh

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X. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

(1) _H$mZ (2) IoV (3) Hw$Qw>å~

(4) gXm (5)dŠV

XI. BZ eãXm| H$m {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

(1) nwéfmoÎm_ (2) `kmondrV (3) BË`m{X

XII. BZ gm_m{gH$ eãXm| H$m {dJ«h H$aHo$ g_mg H$m Zm_ ~VmBE :

(1) nwéfmoÎm_ (2) {Ìnw§S (3) Y_©ajm

(4) eaUmJV (5) nyOZ-AM©Z (6) gw~w{Õ

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

* Bg EH$m§H$s H$m A{^Z` H$s{OE &

* {dîUwà^mH$a Or H$s AÝ` EH$m§{H$`m| H$mo n{‹T>E &

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nmR>-18

EH$ Hw$Îmm Am¡a EH$ _¡Zm

- hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr

(Ame`: H$dtÐ adtÐ Or AnZo Aml_ _| ahZodmbo ì`pŠV Ho$ Abmdm Aml_ Am¡a CgHo$ nmg ahZodmbo no‹S>-nm¡Yo, new-n[j`m| H$mo ^r g§doXZerb Ñ{ï>H$moU go XoIm H$aVo Wo & BgH$m CXmhaU hOmaràgmX² X²{ddoXr Or Zo h_|

Bg nmR> X²dmam n[aM` H$am`m h¡ &)

adtÐZmW R>mHw$a

AmO go H$B© df© nhco JwéXod Ho$ _Z _| Am`m {H$ em§{V{ZH$oVZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a H$ht AÝ`Ì OmE±& ñdmñÏ` ~hþV AÀN>m Zht Wm& em`X Bg{cE, `m nVm Zht Š`m|, do lr{ZH$oVZ H$o$ nwamZo {V_§{µOco _H$mZ _| Hw$N> {XZ ah|& em`X _m¡O _| AmH$a hr CÝhm|Zo h {ZU©` {H$`m hmo& do g~go D$na H$o$ Vëbo _| ahZo cJo& CZ {XZm| D$na VH$ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {cE cmoho H$s MŠH$aXma gr{‹T>`m± Wt, Am¡a d¥Õ Am¡a jrUdnw adtÐZmW Ho$$ {cE Cg na M‹T> gH$Zm Ag§^d Wm& {\$a ^r ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go CÝh| dhm± co Om`m Om gH$m&

CZ {XZm| Nw>Q²>{Q>>`m± Wt& Aml_ Ho$$ A{YH$m§e cmoJ ~mha Mco JE Wo& EH$ {XZ h_Zo gn[adma CZHo$$ "Xe©Z' H$s R>mZr& "Xe©Z' H$mo _¢ Omo hm± {deof ê$n go Xe©Zr` ~ZmH$a {cI ahm hÿ±, CgH$m H$maU h h¡ {H$ JwéXod Ho$$ nmg O~ H$^r _¢ OmVm Wm Vmo àm`: do `h H$hH$a _wgH$am XoVo Wo {H$ "Xe©ZmWu h¢ Š`m?' ewê$-ewê$ _| _¢ CZgo Eogr

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181181

~m±½cm _o§ ~mV H$aVm Wm, Omo dñVwV: qhXr-_whmdam| H$m AZwdmX hþAm H$aVr Wr& {H$gr ~mha Ho$$ A{V{W H$mo O~ _¢ CZHo$$ nmg co OmVm Wm Vmo H$hm H$aVm Wm, "EH$ Ð cmoH$ AmnZma Xe©Zoa OÝ` Eogo N>oZ&' h ~mV qhXr _| {OVZr àM{cV h¡, CVZr ~m±½cm _| Zht& Bg{cE JwéXod Oam _wgH$am XoVo Wo& ~mX _| _wPo _mcy_ hþAm {H$ _oar `h ^mfm ~hþV A{YH$ nwñVH$s` h¡ Am¡a JwéXod Zo Cg "Xe©Z' eãX H$mo nH$‹S> {c`m Wm& Bg{cE O~ H$^r _¢ Ag_` _| nhþ±M OmVm Wm Vmo do h±gH$a nyN>Vo Wo "Xe©ZmWu coH$a AmE hmo Š`m?' hm± h XþI Ho$$ gmW H$h XoZm MmhVm hÿ± {H$ AnZo Xoe Ho$$ Xe©Zm{W©`m| _| {H$VZo hr BVZo àJë^ hmoVo Wo {H$ g_`-Ag_`, ñWmZ-AñWmZ, AdñWm-AZdñWm H$s EH$X_ nadm Zht H$aVo Wo Am¡a amoH$Vo ahZo na ^r Am hr OmVo Wo& Eogo "Xe©Zm{W©`m|' go JwéXod Hw$N> ^rV-^rV go ahVo Wo& AñVw, _¢ ~mc-~ÀMm| Ho$$ gmW EH$ {XZ lr{ZHo$VZ Om nhþ±Mm& H$B© {XZm| go CÝh| XoIm Zht Wm&

JwéXod dhm± ~‹S>o AmZ§X _| Wo& AHo$co ahVo Wo& r‹S>-^m‹S> CVZr Zht hmoVr Wr, {OVZr em§{V{ZHo$VZ _|& O~ h_ cmoJ D$na JE Vmo JwéXod ~mha EH$ Hw$gu na MwnMmn ~¡R>o AñVJm_r gy`© H$s Amoa Ü`mZ-pñV{_V Z`Zm| go XoI aho Wo& h_ cmoJm| H$mo XoIH$a _wgH$amE, ~ÀMm| go Oam N>o‹S>-N>m‹S> H$s, Hw$ec-àíZ nyN>o Am¡a {\$a Mwn hmo aho& R>rH$ Cgr g_` CZH$m Hw$ËVm Yrao-Yrao D$na Am`m Am¡a CZHo$$ n¡am| Ho$$ nmg I‹S>m hmoH$a ny±N> {hcmZo cJm& JwéXod Zo CgH$s nrR> na hmW \o$am& dh Am±I| _y±XH$a AnZo amo_-amo_ go Cg ñZoh-ag H$m AZw^d H$aZo cJm& JwéXod Zo h_ cmoJm| H$s Amoa XoIH$a H$hm, ""XoIm Vw_Zo, h Am JE& H¡$go BÝh| _mcy_ hþAm {H$ _¢ hm± hÿ±, AmíM`© h¡! Am¡a XoImo, {H$VZr n[aV¥{á BZHo$$ Mohao na {XImB© Xo ahr h¡&''

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h_ cmoJ Cg Hw$Îmo Ho$$ AmZ§X H$mo XoIZo cJo& {H$gr Zo Cgo amh Zht {XImB© Wr, Z Cgo h ~Vm`m Wm {H$ CgHo$$ ñZoh-XmVm hm± go Xmo _rc Xÿa h¢ Am¡a {\$a ^r dh nhþ±M J`m& Bgr Hw$Îmo H$mo cú` H$aHo$$ CÝhm|Zo "Amamo½`' _| Bg ^md H$s EH$ H${dVm {cIr Wr "à{V{XZ àmV:H$mc `h ŠV Hw$Îmm ñVãY hmoH$a AmgZ Ho$$ nmg V~ VH$ ~¡R>m ahVm h¡, O~ VH$ AnZo hmWm| Ho$$ ñne© go _¢ BgH$m g§J Zht ñdrH$ma H$aVm& BVZr-gr ñdrH¥${V nmH$a hr CgHo$$ A§J-A§J _| AmZ§X H$m àdmh ~h CR>Vm h¡& Bg dmŠ`hrZ àm{UcmoH$ _| {g\©$$ hr EH$ Ord AÀN>m-~wam g~H$mo ^oXH$a g§nyU© _Zwî` H$mo XoI gH$m h¡, Cg AmZ§X H$mo XoI gH$m h¡, {Ogo àmU {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡, {Og_| Ah¡VwH$ ào_ T>mc {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$s MoVZm Agr_ M¡VÝ` cmoH$ _| amh {XIm gH$Vr h¡& O~ _¢ Bg _yH$ öX` H$m àmUnU AmË_{ZdoXZ XoIVm hÿ±, {Og_| dh AnZr XrZVm ~VmVm ahVm h¡, V~ _¢ `h gmoM hr Zht nmVm {H$ CgZo AnZo ghO ~moY go _mZd ñdê$n _| H$m¡Z-gm _yë` Am{dîH$ma {H$`m h¡, BgH$s ^mfmhrZ X¥pîQ> H$s H$éU ì`mHw$cVm Omo Hw$N> g_PVr h¡, Cgo g_Pm Zht nmVr Am¡a _wPo Bg g¥pîQ> _| _Zwî` H$m gÀMm n[aM` g_Pm XoVr h¡&' Bg àH$ma H${d H$s __©^oXr X¥pîQ> Zo Bg mfmhrZ àmUr H$s H$éU X¥pîQ> Ho$$ rVa Cg {demc _mZd-gË` H$mo XoIm h¡, Omo _Zwî`, _Zwî` Ho$$ A§Xa ^r Zht XoI nmVm&

_¢ O~ h H${dVm n‹T>Vm hÿ± V~ _oao gm_Zo lr{ZHo$VZ Ho$$ {VVëbo na H$s dh KQ>Zm àË`j-gr hmo OmVr h¡& dh Am±I _y±XH$a An[agr{_V AmZ§X, dh "_yH$ öX` H$m àmUnU AmË_{ZdoXZ' _y{V©_mZ hmo OmVm h¡& Cg {XZ _oao {cE dh EH$ N>moQ>r-gr KQ>Zm Wr, AmO dh {díd

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H$s AZoH$ _{h_memcr KQ>ZmAm| H$s loUr _| ~¡R> JB© h¡& EH$ AmíM`© H$s ~mV Am¡a Bg àg§J _o§ CëboI H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& O~ JwéXod H$m {MVm^ñ_ H$cH$Îmo (H$mocH$mVm) go Aml_ _| cm`m J`m, Cg g_` ^r Z OmZo {H$g ghO ~moY Ho$$ ~c na dh Hw$Îmm Aml_ Ho$$ Ûma VH$ Am`m Am¡a {MVm^ñ_ Ho$$ gmW AÝ`mÝ` Aml_dm{g`m| Ho$$ gmW em§V J§^ra md go CÎmam`U VH$ J`m& AmMm`© {j{V_mohZ goZ g~Ho$$ AmJo Wo& CÝhm|Zo _wPo ~Vm`m {H$ dh {MVm^ñ_ Ho$$ H$ce Ho$$ nmg Wmo‹S>r Xoa MwnMmn ~¡R>m ^r ahm&

Hw$N> Am¡a nhco H$s KQ>Zm mX Am ahr h¡& CZ {XZm| em§{V{ZHo$VZ _| Z`m hr Am`m Wm& JwéXod go A^r CVZm Y¥îQ> Zht hmo nm`m Wm& JwéXod CZ {XZm| gw~h AnZo ~JrMo _| Q>hcZo Ho$$ {cE {ZH$cm H$aVo Wo& _¢ EH$ {XZ CZHo$$ gmW hmo J`m Wm& _oao gmW EH$ Am¡a nwamZo AÜ`mnH$ Wo Am¡a ghr ~mV Vmo `h h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo hr _wPo ^r AnZo gmW co {c`m Wm& JwéXod EH$-EH$ \y$c-nÎmo H$mo Ü`mZ go XoIVo hþE AnZo ~JrMo _| Q>hc aho Wo Am¡a CŠV AÜ`mnH$ _hme` go ~mV| H$aVo Om aho Wo& _¢ MwnMmn gwZVm Om ahm Wm& JwéXod Zo ~mVMrV Ho$$ {gc{gco _| EH$ ~ma H$hm, "AÀN>m gmh~, Aml_ Ho$$ H$m¡E Š`m hmo JE? CZH$s AmdmO gwZmB© hr Zht XoVr?' Z Vmo _oao gmWr CZ AÜ`mnH$ _hme` H$mo `h I~a Wr Am¡a Z _wPo hr& ~mX _| _¢Zo cú` {H$`m {H$ gM_wM H$B© {XZm| go Aml_ _| H$m¡E Zht XrI aho h¢& _¢Zo V~ VH$ H$m¡Am| H$mo gd©ì`mnH$ njr hr g_P aIm Wm& AMmZH$ Cg {XZ _mcy_ hþAm {H$ `o ^co AmX_r ^r H$^r-H$^r àdmg H$mo Mco OmVo h¢ `m Mco OmZo H$mo ~mÜ` hmoVo h¢& EH$ coIH$ Zo H$m¡Am| H$s

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AmYw{ZH$ gm{hpË`H$m| go Cn_m Xr h¡, Š`m|{H$ BZH$m _moQ>mo h¡ "{_g{M\²$ \$ma {_g{M\²$ goH$' (eamaV Ho$$ {cE hr eamaV)& Vmo Š`m H$m¡Am| H$m àdmg ^r {H$gr eamaV Ho$$ CÔoí` go hr Wm? àm`: EH$ gámh Ho$$ ~mX ~hþV H$m¡E {XImB© {XE&

EH$ Xÿgar ~ma _¢ gdoao JwéXod Ho$$ nmg CnpñWV Wm& Cg g_` EH$ c±J‹S>r _¡Zm \w$XH$ ahr Wr& JwéXod Zo H$hm, ""XoIVo hmo, `h `yW^«îQ> h¡& amoO \w$XH$Vr h¡, R>rH$ `ht AmH$a& _wPo BgH$s Mmc _| EH$ H$éU-^md {XImB© XoVm h¡&'' JwéXod Zo AJa H$h Z {X`m hmoVm Vmo _wPo CgH$m H$éU-^md EH$X_ Zht XrIVm& _oam AZw_mZ Wm {H$ _¡Zm H$éU ^md {XImZodmcm njr h¡ hr Zht& dh Xÿgam| na AZwH§$nm hr {XIm`m H$aVr h¡& VrZ-Mma df© go _¢ EH$ ZE _H$mZ _| ahZo cJm hÿ±& _H$mZ Ho$$ {Z_m©VmAm| Zo Xrdmam| _| Mmam| Amoa EH$-EH$ gyamI N>mo‹S> aIr h¡& `h H$moB© AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ IVao H$m g_mYmZ hmoJm& gmo, EH$ _¡Zm-X§n{Îm {Z`{_V ^md go à{Vdf© `hm± J¥hñWr O_m`m H$aVo h¢, {VZHo$$ Am¡a MrW‹S>m| H$m A§~ma cJm XoVo h¢& ^co_mZg Jmo~a Ho$$ Qw>H$‹S>o VH$ co AmZm Zht ^ycVo& h¡amZ hmoH$a h_ gyamIm| _| B©Q>| ^a XoVo h¢, na§Vw do Imcr ~Mr OJh H$m ^r Cn`moJ H$a coVo h¢& n{V-nËZr O~ H$moB© EH$ {VZH$m coH$a gyamI _| aIVo h¢ Vmo CZHo$$ ^md XoIZo cm`H$ hmoVo h¢& nËZr Xodr H$m Vmo Š`m H$hZm! EH$ {VZH$m co AmB© Vmo {\$a EH$ n¡a na I‹S>r hmoH$a Oam n§Im| H$mo \$Q>H$ma {X`m, Mm|M H$mo AnZo hr nam| go gm\$ H$a {c`m Am¡a ZmZm àH$ma H$s _Ywa Am¡a {dO`moX²Kmofr dmUr _| JmZ ewê$ H$a {X`m& h_ cmoJm| H$s Vmo CÝh| H$moB© nadm hr Zht ahVr& AMmZH$ Bgr g_` AJa n{V XodVm ^r

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H$moB© H$mJO H$m `m Jmo~a H$m Qw>H$‹S>m coH$a CnpñWV hþE V~ Vmo Š`m H$hZm! XmoZm| Ho$$ZmM-JmZ Am¡a AmZ§X-Z¥Ë` go gmam _H$mZ _wI[aV hmo CR>Vm h¡& BgHo$$ ~mX hr nËZr Xodr µOam h_ cmoJm| H$s Amoa _wIm{V~ hmoH$a cmnadmhr-^ar AXm go Hw$N> ~moc XoVr h¢& n{V XodVm ^r _mZmo _wgH$amH$a h_mar Amoa XoIVo, Hw$N> [a_mH©$ H$aVo Am¡a _w±h \o$a coVo h¢& n{j`m| H$s ^mfm Vmo _¢ Zht OmZVm;$ na _oam {ZpíMV {dídmg h¡ {H$ CZ_| Hw$N> Bg Vah H$s ~mV| hmo Om`m H$aVr h¢:

nËZr-`o cmoJ `hm± H¡$go Am JE Or?

n{V-C±h ~oMmao Am JE h¢, Vmo ah OmZo Xmo& Š`m H$a c|Jo!

nËZr-co{H$Z {\$a ^r BZH$mo BVZm Vmo I`mc hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ `h h_mam àmBdoQ> Ka h¡&

n{V-AmX_r Omo h¢, BVZr AH$c H$hm±?

nËZr-OmZo ^r Xmo&

n{V-Am¡a Š`m!

gmo, Bg àH$ma H$s _¡Zm H$^r H$éU hmo gH$Vr h¡, h _oam {dídmg hr Zht Wm& JwéXod H$s ~mV na _¢Zo Ü`mZ go XoIm Vmo _mcy_ hþAm {H$ gM_wM hr CgHo$$ _wI na EH$ H$éU ^md h¡& em`X `h {dYwa n{V Wm, Omo {nN>cr ñd §da-g^m Ho$$ wÕ _| AmhV Am¡a namñV hmo J`m Wm& `m {dYdm nËZr h¡, Omo {nN>co {~‹S>mc Ho$$ AmH«$_U Ho$$ g_` n{V H$mo ImoH$a wÕ _| B©fV² MmoQ> ImH$a EH$m§V {dhma H$a ahr h¡& hm`, Š`m| BgH$s Eogr Xem h¡! em`X Bgr _¡Zm H$mo cú` H$aHo$$ JwéXod Zo ~mX _o§ EH$ H${dVm {cIr Wr, {OgHo$$ Hw$N> A§e H$m gma Bg àH$ma h¡:

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""Cg _¡Zm H$mo Š`m hmo J`m h¡, `hr gmoMVm hÿ±& Š`m| dh Xc go AcJ hmoH$a AHo$cr ahVr h¡? nhco {XZ XoIm Wm go_a Ho$$ no‹S> Ho$$ ZrMo _oao ~JrMo _o§& OmZ n‹S>m O¡go EH$ n¡a go c±J‹S>m ahr hmo& BgHo$$ ~mX Cgo amµoO gdoao XoIVm hÿ±-g§JrhrZ hmoH$a H$s‹S>m| H$m {eH$ma H$aVr {\$aVr h¡& M‹T> OmVr h¡ ~am_Xo _|& ZmM-ZmMH$a MhcH$X_r {H$`m H$aVr h¡, _wPgo µOam ^r Zht S>aVr& Š`m| h¡ Eogr Xem BgH$s? g_mO Ho$$ {H$g X§S> na Cgo {Zdm©gZ {_cm h¡, Xc Ho$$ {H$g A{dMma na h¡? Hw$N> hr Xÿar na Am¡a _¡ZmE± ~H$-PH$ H$a ahr h¢, Kmg na CN>c-Hy$X ahr h¢, C‹S>Vr {\$aVr h¢ {earfd¥j H$s emImAm| na& Bg ~oMmar H$mo Eogm Hw$N> ^r em¡H$ Zht h¡& BgHo$$ OrdZ _| H$hm± Jm±R> n‹S>r h¡, `hr gmoM ahm hÿ±& gdoao H$s Yyn _| _mZmo ghO _Z go Amhma MwJVr hþB© P‹S>o hþE nÎmm| na Hy$XVr {\$aVr h¡ gmam {XZ& {H$gr Ho$ D$na BgH$m Hw$N> A{^`moJ h¡, `h ~mV {~cHw$c Zht OmZ n‹S>Vr& BgH$s Mmc _| d¡am½` H$m Jd© ^r Vmo Zht h¡, Xmo AmJ-gr OcVr Am±I| ^r Vmo Zht {XIVt&'' BË`m{X&

O~ _¢ Bg H${dVm H$mo n‹T>Vm hÿ± Vmo Cg _¡Zm H$s H$éU _y{V© AË`§V gm\$ hmoH$a gm_Zo Am OmVr h¡& H¡$go _¢Zo Cgo XoIH$a ^r Zht XoIm Am¡a {H$g àH$ma H${d H$s Am±I| Cg {~Mmar Ho$$ __©ñWc VH$ nhþ±M JB©, gmoMVm hÿ± Vmo h¡amZ hmo ahVm hÿ±& EH$ {XZ dh _¡Zm C‹S> JB©& gm`§H$mc H${d Zo Cgo Zht XoIm& O~ dh AHo$co Om`m H$aVr h¡ Cg S>mc Ho$$ H$moZo _|, O~ PtJwa A§YH$ma _| PZH$maVm ahVm h¡, O~ hdm _| ~m±g Ho$$ nÎmo PaPamVo ahVo h¢, no‹S>m| H$s \$m±H$ go nwH$mam H$aVm h¡ ZtX Vmo‹S>Zo dmcm g§Ü`mVmam! {H$VZm H$éU h¡ CgH$m Jm`~ hmo OmZm!

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`mX a{IEŸ&

* new-n{j`m| H$s Mmb g_PZo Ho$ {bE gyú_ _Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

* adtÐ Or gyú_ Ð{ï> go new-n{j`m| H$s Mmb naIVo Wo&* new-njr ^r bmoJm| H$s ^m±{V g_`-g_` na AnZo ^md

A{^ì`º$ H$a gH$Vo h¢&

boIH$ n[aM` : hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Or H$m OÝ_ 19 AJñV 1907 _| CÎma àXoe amÁ` Ho$ ~{b`m {Obo Ho$ AmaV Xÿ~o H$m N>nam Zm_H$ J«m_ _| hþAm Wm& CÝhm|Zo CÀM {ejm H$mer qhXÿ {díd{dÚmb` go àmá H$s& BgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo em§{V{ZHo$VZ, H$mer qhXÿ {díd{dÚmb` Ed§ n§Om~ {díd{dÚmb` _| AÜ`mnZ-H$m © {H$`m& 1979 _| CZH$m Xohm§V hmo J`m&

AemoH$ Ho$ \y$b, Hw$Q>O, H$ënbVm, ~mU^Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm, nwZZ©dm, qhXr gm{hË` H$m CX² d Am¡a {dH$mg, qhXr gm{hË` H$s y{_H$m, H$~ra-CZH$s à{gÕ H¥${V`m± h¢& CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma Ed§ nX²_ yfU Ab§H$aU go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m&

eãXmW© :AñVJm_r-Sy>~Vm hþAm, n[aV¥{á-nyar Vah g§Vmof àmá H$aZm, Amamo½`

- ~m±½bm mfm H$s EH$ n{ÌH$m, àmUnU-OmZ H$s ~mOr, __© oXr - A{V XþIX; {Xb H$mo bJZo dmbm, {VVëbo-Vrgar _§{Ob, CÎmam`U-em§{V{ZHo$VZ _| CÎma {Xem H$s Amoa adtÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa H$m EH$ {Zdmg ñWmZ, Y¥ï>-bÁOm a{hV, A{^`moJ-Amamon, yW «ï>-g_yh m Pw§S> go {ZH$bm m {ZH$mbm hþAm, àJë^-CËH¥$ï> ~w{Õdmbm, rV-^`J«ñV, _`-g{hV; g_oV, Vëbm-(_H$mZ H$m) _§{Ob, dnw-Xoh Ah¡V¥H$-AH$maU; {~Zm H$moB© H$maU, B©fV² - Am§{eH$;

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Hw$N> {Zdm©gZ- ~{hîH$ma; {ZH$mbm, \$m±H$-IÊS>; ^mJ, _wIm{V~-g§~moYZ H$aZodmbm, {~‹S>mb-{~ëbr, ^bo_mZg-gÁOZ, A§~ma-T>oa

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. JwéXod Zo Hw$Îmo Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm ?2. adtÐ Or Zo em§{V{ZHo$VZ N>mo‹S>H$a H$hm± ahZo H$m {ZU©`

{b`m Wm ?3. H$m¡Am| Ho$ ~mao _| adtÐ Or Zo H$m¡Z-go àíZ nyN>o ?4. _¡Zm Ho$ ~mao _| adtÐ Or Zo Š`m H$hm Wm ?5. _¡Zm X§n{V ZmM-JmZ Š`m| H$aVo Wo ?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. adtÐ Or Zo lr{ZHo$VZ _| ahZo H$m {ZU©` Š`m| {b`m Wm ?2. Hw$Îmo H$mo XoIH$a adtÐ Or H$m ì`dhma H¡$gm Wm ?3. H$mobH$mVm Ho$ Aml_ _| Hw$Îmo Zo H¡$gm ~Vm©d {H$`m Wm ?4. _¡Zm Ho$ ~mao _| adtÐ Or Zo Š`m H$hm ?5. adtÐ Or H$s H${dVm (_¡Zm Ho$ ~mao _|) n‹T>H$a boIH$ Zo

H¡$gm ^md ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ ?III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. Xe©Z eãX Am¡a Xem©ZmWu Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ H$m Š`m A{^àm` h¡ ?

2. Hw$Îmo Ho$ ~mao _| {bIr hþB© H${dVm n‹T>H$a {Z~§YH$ma Zo Š`m AZw^d {H$`m h¡ ?

3. adtÐ Or H$m¡Am| Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>Zo na boIH$ Zo Š`m gmoMm?

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4. _¡Zm Ho$ ~mao _| adtÐ Or Ho$ {dMma Am¡a boIH$ Ho$ {dMmam| _| Š`m A§Va Wm ?

IV. {H$gZo H$hm? Am¡a {H$ggo H$hm?

1. Xe©ZmWu boH$a Am`o hmo Š`m ?2. XoIm Vw_Zo, `h Am JE&3. amoµO \w$XH$Vr h¡, R>rH$ `ht AmH$a&4. AmX_r Omo h¡, BVZr AH$b H$hm± ?

V. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :Xe©ZmWu, adtÐ, A{YH$m§e, AÝ`mÝ`, _hme`, BË`m{X

VI. H$moð>H$ _| {XE JE CngJm] H$mo Omo‹S>H$a ZE eãX ~ZmBE:

[Am, {d, g§, AZw, à, A, gw, Hw$][CXm : hma - Amhma, {dhma, g§hma, àhma]kmZ, XmZ, em§{V, nwÌ, ^d, ^md, ar{V, ê$n, ~§Y,gma, H$me, T>§J, emoYZ, H$aU, Y_©, eof, l_, ghO, Mma

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :H${R>Z, gdmb, Jwé, AnZm, J§^ra, CÞ{Vgwà{gÕ, n§{S>V, AZw^d, jV

VIII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :àíZ, _mZd, Jwé, ny±N>, ñdrH¥${V, ~JrMo,

àmUr, AmX_r, loUr, Zm[a`m±, dYwE±

IX. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` n[adV©Z H$s{OE :

1. adtÐ Or Zo Bg ^md H$s EH$ H${dVm {bIr Wr& (dV©_mZ H$mb _| ~X{bE)

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2. Hw$N> Am¡a nhbo H$s KQ>Zm `mX Am ahr h¡&

(^yVH$mb _| ~X{bE)

3. Hw$Îmm Yrao-Yrao D$na Am`m & (^{dî`V² H$mb _| ~X{bE)

4. `h H$moB© AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ IVao H$m g_mYmZ hmoJm&

(dV©_mZ H$mb _| ~X{bE)

X. "BH$' àË`` Omo{‹S>E :

CXm : {dkmZ + BH$ = d¡km{ZH$

Zr{V, ^yJmob, nj, Xoh, n[adma, Hw$Qw>§~, df©, _mg, {XZ, AW©

XI. {dJ«h H$a g_mg nhMm{ZE :

à{V{XZ, n{V-nËZr, em§{V{ZHo$VZ, {MVm^ñ_,

ñd`§da-g^m, EH$m§V

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Ho$ Hw$N> AÝ` __©ñneu {Z~§Y O¡go

AemoH$ Ho$ \y$b Am¡a ZmIyZ Š`m| ~‹T>Vm h¡ n{‹T>E&

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191191

nmR>>-19

Xmoho

(Ame`: AZoH$ g§V H${d`m| Zo Xmohm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡ & Xmoho XoIZo _| N>moQ>o bJZo na ^r dmñVd _| {dñV¥V, JhZ AW© Am¡a ^md aIVo h¡ & BZ_| ^pŠV Zr{V,

OrdZ_yë` - Am{X {df` h_| {_bVo h¢ &)

Á`m| {Vb _m±hr Vob h¡, Á`m| MH$_H$ _| Am{JŸ&

Voam gmB© VwÁP _|, Om{J gH|$ Vmo Om{JŸ&&

{O{Z Ty>±T>m {V{Z nmB`m±, Jhao nmZr n¡{R>Ÿ&

hm¡ ~m¡ar Sy>~Z ‹S>ar, ahr {H$Zmao ~¡{R>Ÿ&&

gmYw Eogm Mm{hE, O¡gm gyn gw^m`Ÿ&

gma gma H$mo J{h ah¡, WmoWm XoB© CS>m`Ÿ&& - H$~ra

Omo ahr_ _Z hmW h¡, Vmo VZ H$hþ {~Z Om{hŸ&

Ob _| Omo N>m`m nao, H$m`m ^rO{V ZmqhŸ&&

Omo Jar~ gmo {hV H$a¡, Y{Z ahr_ do bmoJŸ&

H$hm± gwXm_m ~mnwamo, H¥$îU {_VmB© OmoJŸ&&

Omo ahr_ CÎm_ àH¥${V, H$m H$[a gH$V Hw$g§JŸ&

M§XZ {df ì`mnV Zht, {bnQ>o ahV ^wO§JŸ&& - ahr_

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On_mbm, N>mn¡ {VbH$, ga¡ Z EH$m¡ H$m_wŸ&

_Z H$m§M¡ ZmM¡ d¥Wm, gm§M¡ am§M¡ am_Ÿ&&

~‹S>o Z hÿO¡ JwZZ {~Zw, {~éX ~‹S>mB© nmBŸ&

H$hV YVyao gm¡ H$ZHw$, JhZm¡ JT>`m¡ Z OmBŸ&&

Bhr Amg AQ>Š`m¡ ahVw, A{b Jwbm~ Ho$ _ybŸ&

ˆ¡h¡ \o$[a dg§V G$Vw, BZ ‹S>maZ do \y$bŸ&& - {~hmar

OnV EH$ h[aZm_ Vo, nmVH$ H$mo{Q> {~bm`Ÿ&

EH${h H${ZH$m Am{J Vo, Kmg T>oa O[a Om`Ÿ&&

Z¡Zm XoV ~Vm` g~, {h` H$mo hoV AhoVŸ&

O¡go-{Z_©b Amagr, ^br ~war H$h XoVŸ&&

_Ywa dMZ Vo OmV {_Q>, CÎm_ OZ A{^_mZŸ&

V{ZH$ grV Ob gmo {_Q>¡, O¡go-XyY Cµ\$mZŸ&& - d¥§X

`mX a{IE :

* àË`oH$ eara _| ^JdmZ {Zdmg H$aVm h¡ &

* n[al_ H$m \$b _rR>m hmoVm h¡ &

* AmS>§~a hrZ, CÎm_ ñd^md, Xÿgam| Ho$ g§H$Q> _| ghmZw^y{V, _rR>o dMZ - Am{X JwUmm| go h_| n[anyU© hmoZm Mm{hE &

* ì`pŠV H$s Am±I§o õX` Ho$ ^md H$mo ñnï> H$aVr h¢&

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(A) H$~ra Ho$ Xmoho :

H$~raXmg

H${d n[aM` : H$~raXmg H$m OÝ_ H$mer _| hþAmŸ& do am_mZ§X Ho$ {eî` WoŸ& {ZJw©UmonmgH$ H${d, g_mO gwYmaH$ WoŸ& "gmIr', "g~X' Am¡a "a_¡Zr' BZH$s H¥${V`m± h¢Ÿ& `o VrZm| "~rOH$' Zm_H$ J«§W _| g§J«hrV h¢Ÿ& H$~ra H$s Zr{VnaH$ aMZmE± ~hþV bmoH${à` hþB© h¢Ÿ& _Jha _| BZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo J`rŸ& AnZr gab ^mfm Am¡a grYo-gmXo {dMmam| Ho$ H$maU H$~ra bmoH${à` hþEŸ&

nhbm Xmohm : eãXmW© : gmB©-^JdmZ, _m{h-_|, MH$_H$-dh nËW>a {OgH$mo aJ‹S>Zo go AmJ {ZH$bVr h¡, VwÁP _|-VwP _|

H$~raXmg H$hVo h¢ - {Og àH$ma {Vb _| Vob hmoVm h¡, Am¡a MH$_H$ nËWa _| AmJ hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma Vwåhmam ^JdmZ Vw__| hr ~gm hþAm h¡, Cgo OJm gH$mo, Vmo OJm bmoŸ&Xÿgam Xmohm : eãXmW© - ~m¡ar-nJbr, n¡R>Zm-Sy>~Zm

Jhao nmZr _| JmoVm bJmH$a {OgZo Ty>±T>m CgrZo nm`mŸ& _moVr Ty>±T>Zodmbo g_wÐ Ho$ Vb VH$ nhþ±MH$a hr _moVr bmVo h¢ Cgr Vah na_mË_m ê$nr _moVr H$mo nmZo Ho$ {bE ^JdX²> ào_ ê$nr gmJa _| Sw>~H$s bJmZr Mm{hEŸ& Sy>~Zo Ho$ S>a go {H$Zmao ~¡R>Zo go _moVr àmá Zht hmoVoŸ&Vrgam Xmohm: eãXmW© - gyn - AZmO nN>mo‹S>>Zo H$m gmYZ, WmoWm - {Zñgma dñVwŸ&

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H$~raXmg H$m H$hZm h¡ - gmYw H$m ñd^md gyn O¡gm hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& {Og àH$ma gyn gma dñVw H$mo WmoWo go AbJ H$aVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma gmYw H$mo Mm{hE {H$ Ho$db gma H$mo J«hU H$ao, Am¡a Agma H$mo N>mo‹S> XoŸ&

(Am) ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho :

ahr_

H${d n[aM` : ahr_ H$m nyam Zm_ Wm, AãXwa©hr_ ImZImZmŸ& BZH$m OÝ_ 1610 _| hþAmŸ& `o g§ñH¥$V, Aa~r, µ\$magr VWm {h§Xr Ho$ __©k {dÛmZ WoŸ& ^JdmZ H¥$îU _| BZH$s {º$ A{YH$ WrŸ& ñd^md go gab Am¡a X`mbw WoŸ& g§dV² 1682 _| ñdJ© {gYmaoŸ&

ahr_ Zo {h§Xr _| - ahr_ gVgB©, ~ad¡ Zm{`H$m ^oX, amg n§MmÜ`m`r, l¥§Jma gmoaR>m, _XZmï>H$ Zm_ H$s aMZmE± H$s h¢&

nhbm Xmohm : eãXmW© - VZ-eara, ^rOZm - ^rJZm

ahr_ H$hVo h¢ - `{X _Z na {Z`§ÌU hmo, Vmo eara ^r {Z`§ÌU _| ahoJmŸ& Š`m|{H$ Xoh Vmo _Z H$m AZwgaU H$aVr h¡Ÿ& nmZr na N>m`m n‹S>Zo go Š`m eara H$^r ^rJVm h¡ ?

Xÿgam Xmohm : eãXmW© - {_VmB© - {_ÌVm, OmoJ - `moJ, g§~§Y

Omo Jar~ bmoJm| H$m {hV H$aVo h¢, gM_wM do hr YZr hmoVo h¢Ÿ& gwXm_m Vmo Jar~ WoŸ& naÝVw H¥$îU go CgZo {_ÌVm {Z^mB©Ÿ& do XmoZm| ñZoh Ho$ `mo½` WoŸ&

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Vrgam Xmohm : eãXmW© - àH¥${V-ñd^md, ^wO§J-gn©

Omo ì`{ŠV CÎm_ ñd^mddmbm hmoVm h¡, CgHo$ ~war g§JV _| ~¡R>Zo go Hw$N> hm{Z Zht hmoVrŸ& M§XZ Ho$ noS> H$mo gm§n Ho$ bnoQ>Zo go ^r CgH$mo {df à^m{dV Zht H$a nmVmŸ&

(B) {~hmar Ho$ Xmoho :

{~hmar

H${d n[aM` : {~hmarbmb H$m OÝ_ ½dm{b`a Ho$ JmoqdXnwa Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& OÝ_ {V{W 1660 _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& {~hmar H$s JUZm ar{VH$mb Ho$ loð> H${d`m| _| H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& "gVgB©' Zo BZH$m Zm_ A_a H$a {X`mŸ& ào_, gm¢X © Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ A{V[aŠV {~hmar Zo ^{ŠV Am¡a Zr{V Ho$ Xmoho ^r {bIo h¢Ÿ& Wmo‹S>o _| ~hþV Hw$N> H$hH$a "JmJa _| gmJa' ^a {X`mŸ&

gVgB© _| d«O^mfm H$s _YwaVm Am¡a gagVm XoIVo hr ~ZVr h¡Ÿ&

nhbm Xmohm : eãXmW© : On-_§Ìñ_aU, N>mn¡-{MpÝhV H$aZm, ga¡-{gÕ hmoZm, H$m§M¡-H$ÀMm, H$m±M H$m, gm±M¡-gÀMmŸ&

H${d Am‹S>§~anyU© ^{ŠV H$m I§S>Z H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ {H$gr _§Ì {deof H$s _mbm boH$a ñ_aU H$aZo VWm _ñVH$ Ed§ eara Ho$ AÝ` A§Jm| na {VbH$ N>mno bJmZo go Vmo H$^r H$m_ {gÕ Zht hmo nmVmŸ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ^ŠV H$m _Z H$ÀMm VWm M§Mb hmoVm h¡Ÿ& am_ Vmo Ho$db AÀN>o öX` _| {Zdmg H$aVo h¢, H$ÀMm _Z Vmo H$m±M h¡ Omo H$^r ^r Qy>Q> gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

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Xÿgam Xmohm : eãXmW© : hÿO¡ - hmo gH$Vm, {~éX-`e, H$ZH$-YVyam, gmoZm, gwdU©

H${d `hm± na `h H$hZm MmhVm h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ {H$gr Zm_ go Zht, JwU Am¡a H$m`m] go nhMmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `{X {H$gr ^r dñVw H$s Agr_ àe§gm H$a| Vmo Am¡a `{X Cg_| CZ JwUm| H$m A^md hmo Vmo - dh ~‹S>r Zht hmo gH$Vr Š`m|{H$ O¡go YVyao H$mo H$ZH$ ^r H$hVo h¢ na§Vw Cggo H$moB© Am^yfU Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$VmŸ&

Vrgam Xmohm : eãXmW© : A{b-^«_a, AQ>H$Zm - éH$Zm

H${d H$s C{º$ h¡ {H$ {dnarV g_` AmZo na gÀMo {à` OZ AnZo Aml` ñWb H$mo EH$X_ Zht N>mo‹S>VoŸ& do AÀN>o g_` Ho$ bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ B§VµOma _| CgHo$ gmW hr ahVo h¢Ÿ& Xw{X©Z H$mo XoIH$a Jwbm~ H$m ào_r ^m¢am nwîn-a{hV Jwbm~ Ho$ nm¡Yo H$s O‹S> _| AQ>H$m ahVm h¡ {H$ nwZ… dg§VF$Vw AmEJr Am¡a BZ ‹S>mbm| _| nyd©dV² a§JrZ nwîn Am¡a nÎmo {Ib|JoŸg&

(B©) d¥ÝX Ho$ Xmoho :

d¥§X

H${d n[aM` : d¥ÝX H$m OÝ_ gZ²> 1700 _| OmoYnwa amÁ` Ho$ _o‹S>Vm Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& BZH$s aMZmAm| _| gy{ŠV`m| H$s à_wIVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ Zr{V g§~ÝYr Xmoho ~hþV hr bmoH${à` hmo MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ Xmoho ^mdnyU© Ed§ öX`J«mhr hmoVo h¢Ÿ& d¥ÝX H$s H¥${V`m| _| "d¥ÝX gVgB©' Ab§H$ma gVgB©, ^md n§M{eIm l¥§Jma {ejm, énH$ dM{ZH$m, gË` ñdén Am{X à_wI h¢Ÿ& 1780 _| d¥ÝX ñdJ©dmgr hþEŸ&

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nhbm Xmohm : eãXmW© : H${ZH$m-{MZJmar, OaZm-ObZm, {~bm` - Xya hmoVo h¢Ÿ& OnV-On H$aZo go, T>oa-amer

d¥ÝX H${d H$hVo h¢ - JdmZ Ho$ Zm_ _mÌ H$m On H$aZo go H$mo{Q> H$ï> Xya hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE AmJ H$s EH$ {MZJmar Ho$ n‹S>Zo go Kmg H$m T>oa Ob OmVm h¡Ÿ&

Xÿgam Xmohm : eãXmW© : Amagr - AmB©Zm, Z¡Zm - Am±I

H${d H$hVo h¢ - ì`{ŠV H$s Am±Io XoIZo na öX` H$s g~ mdZmE± ñnï> b{jV hmoVr h¢Ÿ&

Vrgam Xmohm : eãXmW© : Cµ\$mZ - C~bZm, {_Q>Zm - Zme hmoZm

_rR>r dmUr go H«$moY em§V hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go {H$ C~bVo XyY na erVb Ob H$s N>tQ>o n‹S>Zo go Cµ\$mZ H$_ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZmo§ Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE -

1. H$~ra Ho$ AZwgma ^JdmZ H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ H$hm± hmoVm h¡Ÿ?2. BgHo$ {bE H${d Zo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr Cn_mE± Xr h¡ ?3. H${d Ho$ AZwgma _ZMmhr dñVw nmZo Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m H$aZm

Mm{hE ?4. g_wÐ H$mo aËZmH$a H$hVo h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ Jhao nmZr _| JmoVm

bJmH$a Ty>±T>Zo go Š`m {_bVm h¡ ?5. Sy>~Zo go S>aH$a {H$Zmao ~¡R>§o Vmo Š`m hmoJm ?6. gmYw H¡$gm hmoZm Mm{hE ? H${d Zo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr Cn_m

XoH$a Bg ~mV H$mo ñnï> {H$`m h¡ ?

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7. eara na {Z`§ÌU aIZm hmo, Vmo h_| Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE ?

8. ahr_ Ho$ AZwgma H$m`m H$m¡Z h¡ ? Am¡a N>m`m H$m¡Z h¡ ?

9. gÀMm YZr H$m¡Z h¡ ? H$m¡Z-gm CXmhaU XoH$a ahr_ Zo Bg

~mV H$mo g_Pm`m h¡ ?

10. ~wao bmoJm| Ho$ gmW ahZo na ^r _Zwî` AÀN>m ah gH$Vm h¡&

Bg ~mV H$mo ahr_ Zo H¡$go g_Pm`m h¡ ?

11. {~hmar On_mbm, {VbH$ Am{X H$mo ~oH$ma Š`m| g_PVo h¢?

12. gÀMr ^{ŠV H${d Ho$ AZwgma {H$g_| h¢ ?

13. ~S>ßnZ AÀN>o Zm_ `m {~éX go Zht hmoVm `h ~mV H${d

Zo H¡$go g_Pm`r h¡ ?

14. ^«_a Jwbm~ Ho$ _yb _| hr Š`m| éH$m ahVm h¡Ÿ?

15. ^«_a Ho$ Bg ì`dhma go h_| Š`m grI {_bVr h¡ ?

16. _mZd Ho$ nmn {H$g àH$ma Zme hmo gH$Vo h¢ ? Bg ~mV

H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE H${d Zo H$m¡Z-gm CXmhaU {X`m h¡ ?

17. d¥§X Zo "Am±I' Am¡a "AmB©Zm' H$s VwbZm Š`m| H$s h¡Ÿ?

18. _rR>o dMZ go Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? Bg ~mV H$mo g_PmZo Ho$

{bE H${d Zo H$m¡Z-gm CXmhaU {X`m h¡?

II. Xmohm| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. gmYw ......................................

...................................... XoB© C‹S>m`

2. Omo Jar~ ..................................

...................................... {_VmB© OmoJ

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3. _Ywa dMZ .................................. ..................................... XyY C\$mZ&

III. Xmohm| Ho$ ^mdmW© {b{IE :

1. {O{Z Xÿ±T>m {V{Z nmB`m±, Jhao nmZr n¡{R> & hm¡ ~m¡ar hÿ~Z S>ar, ahr {H$Zmao ~¡{R> &2. Omo ahr_ CÎm_ àH¥${V, H$m H$[a gH$V Hw$g§J & M§XZ {df ì`mnV Zht, {bnQ>o ahV ^wO§J &

IV. Ab§H$ma nhMm{ZE :

1. _Z H$m§M¡ ZmM¡ d¥Wm, gm§M¡ am§M¡ am_ &2. V{ZH$ g{V Ob gmo {_Q>¡, O¡go XÿY C\$mZ &

V. Xmohm| Ho$ bjU go BZ Xmohm| H$s VwbZm H$s{OE :

1. Omo Jar~ gmo {hV H$a¡, Y{Z ahr_ do bmoJŸ&

H$hm± gwXm_m ~mnwamo, H¥$îU {_VmB© OmoJŸ&&

2. On_mbm N>mn¡ {VbH$, ga¡ Z EH$m¡ H$m_w & _Z H$m§M¡ ZmM¡ d¥Wm, gm§M¡ am§M¡ am_ &

VI. BZ Xmohm| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

* BZ H${d`m| Ho$ Am¡a Hw$N> Xmohm| H$mo n{‹T>E &* VwbgrXmg Or go a{MV Xmohm| H$mo g§J«hrV H$s{OE &

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CngJ©

Omo eãXm§e Am¡a {H$gr eãXm| Ho$ AmJo Ow‹S>H$a CZHo$ AW© _| n[adV©Z bm XoVo h¢, CZ eãXm§em| H$mo CngJ© H$hVo h¢&

O¡go : hma eãX go nhbo Am, {d, g§, à, à{V - Am{X CngJ© Ow‹S>H$a Amhma, {dhma, g§hma, àhma, à{Vhma - eãX ~ZVo h¢&

g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ Hw$N> CngJ© :

A, AZ², A{V, A{Y, AZw, An, Ad, Am, CV², Xþa², {Z, {Za², nam, à{V, {d, g_² (g§), g, gw, ñd - Am{X

BZ CngJm] go ~ZZodmbo eãXm| Ho$ {bE CXmhaU :

AkmZ, AZ§V, AË`{YH$, A{YH$ma, AZwH«$_m§H$, AnhaU, AdJwU, AmJ_Z, CËWmZ, CnJ«h, XþK©Q>Zm, {Z~§Y, {Z_©b, namH«$_, à{V{H«$`m, {dkmZ, gå_obZ, g§H$ën, gOrd, gwJ§Y, ñdV§Ì

qhXr ^mfm Ho$ Hw$N> CngJ© :

A, AY, AZ, CZ, Am¡, H$/Hw$, {V, Xþ, {Z, na, ^a, Mm¡ - Am{X&


AYyV, AYpIbm, AZhmoZr, CZMmg, Am¡JwZ, H$nyV, Hw$Mmb, {VH$moZm, Xþ~bm, {ZS>a, naXogr, ^anoQ>, Mm¡JwZm

{dXoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ Hw$N> CngJ© :

ga, Ab, g~, {S>ßQ>r, hoS>, ~mhg, EoZ, J¡a, H$_, Xa, Iwe, Zm, ~, ~m, ha, ~o - Am{X


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gaH$ma, Ab{dXm, g~-B§ñnoŠQ>a, {S>ßQ>r-H$boŠQ>a, hoS>_mñQ>a, dmBg-Mm§gbma, EoZdŠV, J¡a-hm{Oa, H$_Omoa, XaAgb, Iwe{H$ñ_V, ZmH$m_, ~J¡a, ~mdOyX, haEH$, ~oamoOJmar

àË``

do eãXm§e Omo YmVw `m _yb eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| Ow‹S>H$a CZHo$ AW© _| {deofVm `m n[adV©Z bmVo h¢, CÝh| àË`` H$hVo h¢&

O¡go : Mmb + AmH$ = MmbmH$, {dkmZ + BH$ = d¡km{ZH$

àË`` Ho$ Xmo àH$ma hmoVo h¢& do h¢ -

1. H¥$V àË`` 2. VX²{YV àË``

1. H¥$V àË`` : ~o àË`` Omo {H«$`m Ho$ YmVw ê$nm| Ho$ A§V _| Ow‹S>H$a g§km AWdm {deofU eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢, CÝh| H¥$V àË`` H$hVo h¢&

O¡go : K~amhQ> {bImdQ>

2. VX²{YV àË`` : Omo àË`` {H«$`m H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a g§km, gd©Zm_, {deofU `m Aì`` Ho$ A§V _| Ow‹S>H$a ZE eãXm| H$s aMZm H$aVo h¢, CÝh| VX²{YV àË`` H$hVo h¢& O¡go -

CnO + AmD$ = CnOmD$

_rR>m + Amg = {_R>mg

AnZm + nZ = AnZmnZ

EH$ + Vm = EH$Vm

{MÌ + H$ma = {MÌH$ma

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dmŠ` ^oX

dmŠ` : gmW©H$ eãXm| H$m dh g_yh, Omo ì`dpñWV hmo Am¡a H$moB© AW© XoVm hmo, dmŠ` H$hbmVm h¡&

dmŠ`m| H$m dJr©H$aU _w»`V: Xmo Ñ{ï>`m| go hmoVm h¡ - 1. aMZm `m ñdê$n H$s Ñ[ï> go Am¡a 2. AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go &

aMZm H$s X¥[ï> go dJr©H$aU

aMZm Ho AZwgma dmŠ` Ho$ VrZ àH$ma h¢ -

1. gab m gmYmaU dmŠ`, 2. {_l dmŠ` Am¡oa 3. g§ wŠV dmŠ`&

gab dmŠ`

{Og dmŠ` _| EH$ {H«$`m hmoVr h¡ Am¡a EH$ H$Vm© hmoVm h¡, Cgo gmYmaU `m gab dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& Bg_| EH$ CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo` ahVo h¢& O¡go - {~Obr M_H$Vr h¡, nmZr ~agm& BZ dmŠ`m| _| EH$-EH$ CÔoí`, AWm©V² H$Vm© Am¡a {dYo`, AWm©V² {H«`m h¡& AV…, `o gmYmaU `m gab dmŠ` h¢&

{_l dmŠ`

{Og dmŠ` _| EH$ gmYmaU dmŠ` Ho$ A{V[aŠV CgHo$ AYrZ H$moB© Xÿgam A§JdmŠ` hmo, Cgo {_l dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& O¡go - dh H$m¡Z-gm _Zwî` h¡, {OgZo _hmàVmnr amOm moO H$m Zm_ Z gwZm hmo& {_l dmŠ` Ho$ _w»` CÔoí` Am¡a _w»` {dYo` go Omo dmŠ` ~ZVm

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h¡, Cgo _w»` CndmŠ` Am¡a Xÿgao dmŠ`m| H$mo Am{lV CndmŠ` H$hVo h¢& nhbo H$mo _w»` dmŠ` Am¡a Xÿgao H$mo ghm`H$ dmŠ` r H$hVo h¢& ghm`H$ dmŠ` AnZo _| nyU© `m gmW©H$ Zht hmoVo, na _w»` dmŠ` Ho$ gmW AmZo na CZH$m AW© {ZH$bVm h¡& D$na Omo CXmhaU {X`m J`m h¡, Cg_| dh H$m¡Z-gm _Zwî` h¡ _w»` dmŠ` h¡ Am¡a eof ghm`H$ dmŠ`; Š`m|{H$ dh _w»` dmŠ` na Am{lV h¡&

g§`wº$ dmŠ`

{Og dmŠ` _| gmYmaU AWdm {_l dmŠ`m| H$m _ob g§`moOH$ Ad`dm| Ûmam hmoVm h¡, Cgo g§`wº$ dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& g§`wŠV dmŠ` Cg dmŠ` g_yh H$mo H$hVo h¡§, {Og_| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gab dmŠ` AWdm dmŠ` {_l dmŠ` Aì``m| Ûmam g§`wŠV hm|& Bg àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` bå~o Am¡a Amng _| CbPo hmoVo h¢& O¡go - _¢ amoQ>r ImH$a boQ>m {H$ noQ> _| XX© hmoZo bJm, Am¡a XX© BVZm ~‹T>m {H$ Vwa§V S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbmZm n‹S>m& Bg bå~o dmŠ` _| g§`moOH$ Am¡a h¡, {OgHo$ Ûmam Xmo {_l dmŠ`m| H$mo {_bmH$a g§`wº$ dmŠ` ~Zm`m J`m& Bgr n«H$ma _¢ Am`m Am¡a dh J`m Bg dmŠ` _| Xmo gab dmŠ`m| H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm g§`moOH$ Am¡a h¡& hm± h `mX aIZo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ g§`wº$ dmŠ`m| _| n«ËòH$ dmŠ` AnZr ñdV§Ì gÎmm ~Zmò aIVm h¡, dh EH$-Xÿgao na Am{lV Zht hmoVm, Ho$db g§`moOH$ Aì`` CZ ñdV§Ì dmŠ`m| H$mo {_bmVo h¢& BZ _w»` Am¡a ñdV§Ì dmŠ`m| H$mo ì`mH$aU _| g_mZm{YH$aU CndmŠ` ^r H$hVo h¢&

AW© H$s Ñ[ï> go dJuH$aU

AW© Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` Ho$ AmR> ôX h¢ - (1) {d{YdmMH$, (2)

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{ZfoYdmMH$, (3) AmkmdmMH$, (4) àldmMH$, (5) {dñ_`dmMH$, (6) g§XohdmMH$, (7) BÀN>mdmMH$, Am¡a (8) g§Ho$VdmMH$&

1. {d{YdmMH$ dmŠ` (Affirmative Sentence) - {Oggo {H$gr ~mV Ho$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo& O¡go -

gab dmŠ` - h_ Im MwHo$& {_l dmŠ` - _¢ ImZm Im MwH$m, V~ dh Am`m& g§`wº$ dmŠ` - _¢Zo ImZm Im`m Am¡a _oar ^yI {_Q> J`r&2. {ZfoYdmMH$ dmŠ` (Negative Sentence) - {Oggo

{H$gr ~mV Ho$ Z hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo & O¡go - gab dmŠ` - h_Zo ImZm Zht Im`m& {_l dmŠ` - _¢Zo ImZm Zht Im`m, Bg{bE _¢Zo \$b Zht

Im`m& g§`wº$ dmŠ` - _¢Zo moOZ Zht {H$`m Am¡a Bg{bE _oar yI

Zht {_Q>r&3. AmkmdmMH$ dmŠ` (Imperative Sentence) - {Oggo

{H$gr Vah H$s Amkm H$m ~moY hmo& O¡go -

Vw_ ImAmo& Vw_ n‹T>mo&

4. àíZ dmMH$ dmŠ` (Interrogative Sentence) - {Oggo {Oggo {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ àü {H$E OmZo H$m ~moY hmo& O¡go -

Š`m Vw_ Im aho hmo? Vwåhmam Zm_ Š`m h¡?

5. {dñ_` dmMH$ dmŠ` (Exclamatory Sentence) - {Oggo Amü`©, Xþ…I `m gwI H$m ~moY hmo& O¡go -

Amoh ! _oam {ga \$Q>m Om ahm h¡&

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6. gÝXohdmMH$ dmŠ` - {Oggo {H$gr ~mV H$m g§Xoh àH$Q> hmo& O¡go - CgZo Im {b`m hmoJm& _¢Zo H$hm hmoJm&

7. BÀN>mdmMH$ dmŠ` - {Oggo {H$gr àH$ma H$s BÀN>m `m ew^H$m_Zm H$m ~moY hmo& O¡go -

Vw_ AnZo H$m`© _o§ g\$b ahmo&

9. g§Ho$VdmMH$ dmŠ` - Ohm± EH$ Xÿgao H$s gå^mdZm na {Z^©a hmo& O¡go -

nmZr Z ~agVm Vmo YmZ gyI OmVm& `{X Vw_ ImAmo Vmo _¢ ^r ImD±$ &

dmŠ` H$m ê$nm§Va

{H$gr dmŠ` H$mo Xÿgao àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ` _|, {~Zm AW© ~Xbo, n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo dmŠ`n[adV©Z H$hVo h¢& h_ {H$gr ^r dmŠ` H$mo {^Þ - {^Þ dmŠ`-àH$mam| _| n[ad{V©V H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a CZHo$ _yb AW© _| V{ZH$ {dH$ma Zht Am`oJm& h_ Mmh| Vmo EH$ gab dmŠ` H$mo [_l `m g§`wº$ dmŠ` _| ~Xb gH$Vo h¢&

gab dmŠ` - ha Vah Ho$ g§H$Q>m| go {Kam ahZo na r dh {Zame Zht hþAm&

g§`wº$ dmŠ` - g§H$Q>m| Zo Cgo ha Vah go Koam, qH$Vw dh {Zame Zht hþAm&

[¨_l dmŠ` - `Ú{n dh ha Vah Ho$ g§H$Q>m| go {Kam Wm, VWm{n [Zame Zht hþAm&

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dmŠ`n[adV©Z H$aVo g_` EH$ ~mV Img Vm¡a go Ü`mZ _| aIZr Mm{hE {H$ dmŠ` H$m _yb AW© {H$gr ^r hmbV _| {dH¥$V Z hmo& `hm± Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU XoH$a {df` H$mo ñnï> {H$`m OmVm h¡&

(H$) gab dmŠ` go {_l dmŠ`

gab dmŠ` - CgZo AnZo {_Ì H$m nwñVH$mb` IarXm&

{_Ì dmŠ` - CgZo Cg nwñVH$mb` H$mo IarXm, Omo CgHo$ {_Ì H$m Wm&

gab dmŠ` - AÀN>o b‹S>Ho$ n[al_r hmoVo h¢&

{_l dmŠ` - Omo b‹S>Ho$ AÀN>o hmoVo h¢, do n[al_r hmoVo h¢&

gab dmŠ` - bmoH$ {à` H${d H$m gå_mZ g^r H$aVo h¢&

{_l dmŠ` - Omo H${d bmoH$[à` hmoVm h¡, CgH$m gå_mZ g^r H$aVo h¢&

(I) gab dmŠ` go g§`wº$ dmŠ`

gab dmŠ` - AñdñW ahZo Ho$ H$maU dh narjm _| g\$b Z hmo gH$m&

g§`wº$ dmŠ` - dh AñdñW Wm Am¡a Bgr{bE narjm _| g\$b Z hmo gH$m&

gab dmŠ` - gy`m}X` hmoZo na Hw$hmgm OmVm ahm&

g§`wº$ dmŠ` - gy`m}X` hþAm Am¡a Hw$hmgm OmVm ahm&

gab dmŠ` - Jar~ H$mo byQ>Zo Ho$ A{V[aº$ CgZo CgH$s hË`m ^r H$a Xr&

g§`wº$ dmŠ` - CgZo Z Ho$db Jar~ H$mo byQ>m, ~pëH$ CgH$s hË`m ^r H$a Xr&

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(J) {_l dmŠ` go gab dmŠ`

{_Ì dmŠ` - CgZo H$hm {H$ _¡ {ZXm}f h±ÿ&

gab dmŠ` - CgZo AnZo H$mo {ZXm}f Kmo{fV {H$`m&

{_l dmŠ` - _wPo ~VmAmo {H$ Vwåhmam OÝ_ H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm Wm&

gab dmŠ` - Vw_ _wPo AnZo OÝ_ H$m g_` Am¡a ñWmZ ~VmAmo&

{_l dmŠ` - Omo N>mÌ n[al_ H$a|Jo, CÝh| g\$bVm Adí` {_boJr&

gab dmŠ` - n[al_r N>mÌ Adí` g\$b hm|Jo&

(K) H$V©¥dmMH$ go H$_©dmMH$ dmŠ`

H$V©¥dmMH$ dmŠ` - b‹S>H$m amoQ>r ImVm h¡&

H$_©dmMH$ dmŠ` - b‹S>Ho$ go amoQ>r ImB© OmVr h¡&

H$V©¥dmMH$ dmŠ` - Vw_ ì`mH$aU n‹T>mVo hmo&

H$_©dmMH$ dmŠ` - Vw_g| ì`mH$aU n‹T>m`m OmVm h¡&

H$V©¥dmMH$ dmŠ` - _mohZ JrV JmVm h¡&

H$_©dmMH$ dmŠ` - _mohZ go JrV Jm`m OmVm h¡&

(L) {d{YdmMH$ go {ZfoYdmMH$ dmŠ`

{d{YdmMH$ dmŠ` - dh _wPgo ~‹S>m h¡&

{ZfoYdmMH$ - _¢ Cggo ~‹S>m Zht h±ÿ &

{d{YdmMH$ dmŠ` - AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE haEH$ ^maVr` AnZr OmZ XoJm&

{ZfoYdmMH$ dmŠ` - AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z ^maVr` AnZr OmZ Z XoJm?

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208208

dmŠ`{dJ«h Ho$ Xmo àH$ma

gm_mÝ`V : dmŠ`{díbofU Xmo Vah go hmoVm h¡& dmŠ` Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$mo `m Vmo Vm{bH$m ~ZmH$a, CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo` Ho$ AYrZ aIH$a {XIm`m OmVm h¡ `m Ho$db CndmŠ`m| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$a CZHo$ nmañn[aH$ gå~§Y ~Vm`o OmVo h¢& gm_mÝ`V:, gab dmŠ`m| H$m {díbofU nhbo T>§J go Am¡a àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ`m| H$m {díbofU nhbo T>§J go Am¡a AÝ` àH$ma Ho$ dmŠ`m| H$m {díbofU Xÿgao T>§J go hmoVm h¡&

gab dmŠ` H$m {díbofU

Bg_| dmŠ` H$m CÔoí`, CÔoí` H$m {dñVma, {dYo` Am¡a CgH$m {dñVma ~Vm`o OmVo h¢& `{X {dYo` gH$_©H$ h¡, Vmo CgH$m H$_© Am¡a CgH$m {dñVma ^r {XImZm n‹S>Vm h¡& {ZåZm§{H$V Vm{bH$m _| EH$ gmYmaU dmŠ` H$m {dJ«h {XIm`m J`m h¡ -

gab dmŠ` - maV Ho$ amîQ>´>n{V amO|Ð n«gmX AmO amï´>Y_©{df`H$ ^mfU H$a|Jo&

CÔoí`{dYo`

{dYo` H$m {dñVma

CÔoí`H$Vm©

CÔoí` H$m{dñVma

{H«$`m H$_© H$_© H$m {dñVma{H«$`m H$m nyaH$ `m

AÝ` {dñVma

amO|Ð àgmX ^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V H$a|Jo ^mfU amï´>Y_©{df`H$ AmO

CXmhaU Ho$ {bE `hm± Am¡a Xmo dmŠ`mo H$m {dJ«h {H$`m OmVm h¡-

1. _mohZ H$m ^mB© _oar nwñVH$ Yrao - Yrao n‹T>Vm h¡ &

2. _moohZ H$m ~‹S>m ^mB© gmohZ _hm^maV H$s H$WmE± n‹T>Vm h¡ &

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209209

CÔoí`{dYo`

{dYo` H$m {dñVma

CÔoí`(H$Vm©)

CÔoí` H$m{dñVma

{H«$`m H$_© H$_© H$m {dñVma{H«$`m H$m nyaH$ `m

AÝ` {dñVma

1. ^mB©2. gmohZ

_mohZ H$m_mohZ H$m~‹S>m ^mB©

n‹T>Vm h¡n‹T>Vm h¡¡

nwñVH$H$WmE±

_oar _hm^maV Yrao-Yrao

`hm± `mX aIZm Mm{hE {H$ gab dmŠ` _| EH$ CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo` H$m hmoZm ~hþV Oê$ar h¡& `o CÔoí` Am¡a {dYo` AnZo {dñVma Ho$ gmW ^r ah gH$Vo h¢&

CÔoí` H$m {dñVma

CÔoí` H$m {dñVma {^Þ-{^Þ ê$nm| Ho$ {deofUm| go {H$`m OmVm h¡& Hw$N> CXmhaU Bg àH$ma h¢ -

{deofU - gwerb ~mbH$ ~¡R>m h¡&

gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU - dh ~mbH$ ~¡R>m h¡&

gå~§YH$maH$ - _m± H$m b‹S>H$m H$hm± J`m?

dmŠ`m§e - àH$¥{V H$s JmoX _| IobVm ~mbH$ ~‹S>m _mohH$ h¡&

{dYo` H$m {dñVma

{dYo` H$m {dñVma {ZåZ{b{IV pñW{V`m| _| hmoVm h¡ -

H$maH$ go - Vra go _mam&

{H«$`m{deofU go - OëXr-OëXr MbVm h¡&

dmŠ`m§e - am_ nm±M ~Oo Ho$ ~mX hr Ka nhþ±MVm h¡&‹

nyd©H$m{bH$ {H«$`m go - dh h±gH$a {dXm hþAm&

{H«$`mÚmoVH$ go - _moQa nm|-nm| H$aVr hþB© {ZH$b J`r&

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210210

{_l dmŠ` H$m {díbofU

{Og dmŠ` aMZm _| EH$ go A{YH$ gab dmŠ` hm| Am¡a CZ_| EH$ àYmZ hmo Am¡a eof CgHo$ Am{lV hmo§, Cgo {_l dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& Eogo dmŠ`m| H$m Amaå^ {H$, Vm{H$, {Oggo, Omo, {OVZm, Á`m|hr, Á`m|-Á`m|, My±{H$, Š`m|{H$, `{X, `Ú{n, O~, Ohm± BË`mm{X go hmoVm h¡&

Am{lV CndmŠ` (Subordinate Clause) VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ -

1. g§km-CndmŠ`, 2. {deofU-CndmŠ`, 3. {H«`m{deofU-CndmŠ`&

ZrMo {_l dmŠ` H$m EH$ CXmhaU {dJ«hg{hV {X`m OmVm h¡ -

{_l dmŠ` - Omo ì`{º$ _hmZ² hmo MwHo$ h¢, CZHo$ OrdZ H$s {XZM`m© Am¡a ahZ-ghZ go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ CZH$m OrdZ gmXJr go ì`VrV hmoVm Wm&

`h±m {ZåZ{b{IV CndmŠ` (Clause) h¢ -

(H$) CZHo$ OrdZ H$s {XZM`m© VWm ahZ-ghZ go nVm MbVm h¡ - _w»` CndmŠ` (Principal Clause)

(I) Omo ì`{ŠV _hmZ² hmo MwHo$ h¢ - {deofU CndmŠ`&

("H$' _| à`wº$ CZHo$ gd©Zm_ H$s {deofVm ~VbmVm h¡&)

(J) {H$ CZH$m OrdZ gmXJr go ì`VrV hmoVm Wm - g§km-CndmŠ`&

("H$' _| à`wº$ nVm g§km H$m g_mZm{YH$aU h¡&)

g§`wº$ dmŠ` H$m {dJ«h

{Og dmŠ` _| gmYmaU AWdm {_l dmŠ`m| H$m _ob g§`moOH$ Aì`` Ûmam hmoVm h¡, Cgo g§`wº$ dmŠ` (Compound Sentence) H$hVo h¡§& EH$-Xmo CXmhaU Bg àH$ma h¢ -

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dmŠ` 1. amV hþB© Am¡a Vmao {ZH$bo&

Bg_| Xmo gab dmŠ`m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& BZ XmoZm| H$mo g§`wº$ H$aZodmbm g§`moOH$ Aì`` "Am¡a' h¡& nhbm dmŠ` - amV hþB© _w»` dmŠ` h¡ Am¡a Xÿgam dmŠ` Cggo g§~Õ h¡& `{X "Am¡a' H$mo hQ>m {X`m Om`, Vmo XmoZm| dmŠ` AnZo _| nyU© ñdV§Ì hmo Om`|Jo& XmoZm| dmŠ`m| H$m {dJ«h gab dmŠ` Ho$ {dJ«h Ho$ AZwgma H$aZm Mm{hE&

dmŠ` 2. Vw_Zo Bg ~ma A{YH$ n[al_ {H$`m h¡, Bg{bE g\$bVm H$s A{YH$ Amem h¡&

na§Vw _Zwî` Ho$ ^m½` H$m {ZU©` B©ída Ho$ AYrZ h¡&

(H$) Vw_Zo Bg ~ma A{YH$ n[al_ {H$`m h¡ - _w»` dmŠ`&

(I) Bg{bE g\$bVm H$s A{YH$ Amem h¡ - "H$' H$m g_mZm{YH$aU dmŠ`&

(J) na§Vw _Zwî` Ho$ ^m½` H$m {ZU©` B©ída Ho$ AYrZ h¡ - H$ H$m g_mZm{YH$aU dmŠ`&

g§`moOH$ - Bg{bE, na§Vw&

`hm± VrZ gab dmŠ`m| H$m ì`dhma hþAm h¡, {OÝh| g§`wº$ H$aZodmbo Xmo g§`moOH$ Aì`` h¢ - Bg{bE Am¡a na§Vw & BZHo$ {~Zm Cº$ dmŠ`m| H$m g§~§Y Qy>Q> Om`oJm&

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212212

_whmdao

_whmdao- gm_mÝ` AW© H$m ~moY Z H$amH$a {deof AWdm {dbjU AW© H$m ~moY H$amZo dmbo nX~ÝY H$mo _whmdam H$hVo h¢&

AW© Am¡a à`moJ

ZrMo Hw$N> ~hþ-àM{bV _whmdao, CZH$m AW© Am¡a dmŠ` _| à`moJ [X`m Om ahm h¡

1. lrJUoe H$aZm (Amaå^ H$aZm)- _¢Zo AmO Bg H$m`© H$m lrJUoe {H$`m h¡&

2. A§J-A§J T>rbm hmoZm (~hwV WH$Zm)-gmam {XZ n[al_ H$aZo go _oam A§J-A§J T>rbm hmo J`m h¡&

3. A§J-A§J \y$bo Z g_mZm (~hwV àgÝZ hmoZm)- n[ajm _| CÎmrU© hmoZo H$m g_mMma gwZH$a CgH$m A§J-A§J \y$bo Z g_m`m&

4. A§Jma CJbZm (Obr-H$Q>r gwZmZm, H«$moY _| H$R>moa dMZ H$hZm)- Omo Hw$N> H$hZm h¡ empÝV go H$hmo& A§Jma CJbZo go H$moB© bm^ Zht

5. A§JyR>m {XImZm (gm\$ B§H$ma H$a XoZm)- _wPo$ Vmo A~ Vwåhmar ghm`Vm H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>r h¡ Am¡a Vw_ A^r go A§JyR>m {XImZo bJo hmo&

bmoH$mopŠV`m±

bmoH$mopŠV Xmo eãXmo§-bmoH$ Am¡a CpŠV go ~Zm h¡ & BgH$m AW© h¡ bmoJm| _| à{gÕ CpŠV& bmoH$mopŠV H$m AmYma H$moB© H$hmZr `m KQ>Zm hmoVr h¡&

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213213

bmoH$mopŠV Am¡a _whmdam| _| AÝVa bmoH$mopŠV Am¡a _whmdam| _| à_wI AÝVa `h h¡ {H$ bmoH$mopŠV nyU©

dmŠ` hmoVr h¡ & Cg_| EH$ {dMma, ^md `m gË` H$s nyU© Am{^ì`pŠV hmoVr h¡& _whmdam EH$ dmŠ`m§e hmoVm h¡& dh AnZo Amn _| nyU© Zht hmoVm & dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$aVo g_` dh Cgr H$m A{^ÝZ A§J ~Z OmVm h¡ {H$ÝVw bmoH$mopŠV nyU© dmŠ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dmŠ` go AbJ -WbJ ahVr h¡ &

bmoH$mopŠV`m±-AW© Am¡a dmŠ` à`moJ1. AYOb JJar N>bH$V OmE (AmoN>m AmX_r ~hþV K_§S>

H$aVm h¡)- a_oe Zo eha _| OmH$a Mma Aja n‹T> {bE Vmo AYH$Mao kmZ H$m amo~ O_mVm {\$aVm h¡& gM h¡ AYOb JJar N>bH$V OmE&

2. AHo$bm MZm ^m‹S> Zht \$mo‹S> gH$Vm (AHo$bm ì`{º$ Hw$N> ^r Zht H$a gH$Vm)- `{X EH$ AmX_r B©_mZXma h¡ Vmo dh ~oB©_mZr IË_ Zht H$a gH$Vm& H$^r AHo$bm MZm m‹S> Zht \$mo‹S> gH$Vm&

3. AÝYm Š`m Mmho Xmo Am±I| (A^rï> dñVw àmá H$aZm)- _wPo nwñVH$ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr& grVm ~mobr, _oao nmg EH$ nwñVH$ n‹S>r h¡, bmoJo& _¢Zo H$hm-AÝYm Š`m Mmho Xmo Am±I|&

4. AÝYm| _| H$mZm amOm (A{e{jVm| _| H$_ n‹T>o-{bIo H$m gå_mZ nmZm)- AZn‹T> J±dmam| _| Ho$db {edgmJa Zo AmR>dt VH$ {ejm nmB© h¡& g~ CgH$mo {dÛmZ g_PVo h¢& R>rH$ h¡ ^mB©, AÝYm| _| H$mZm amOm&

{Z~ÝY-aMZm

{Z~ÝY Ho$ H$boda H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡-1. {df`-àdoe AWdm ^y{_H$m, 2. _Ü` ^mJ VWm 3. AÝV AWdm Cng§hma&

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(1) {df` àdoe AWdm ^y{_H$m- {Z~ÝY H$m Ama§^ H$B© àH$ma go

{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& dh gOrd Ed§ AmH$f©H$ hmoZm Mm{hE& A§J«oOr _| EH$

gy{º$ h¡-A well began is half done AWm©V² "C{MV àmaå^ AmYr g\$bVm

h¡&' `{X Amaå^ AÀN>m h¡ Vmo BgH$m à^md nmR>H$ Am¡a narjH$ na AÀN>m

n‹S>Vm h¡& H$B© bmoJ BgH$m Amaå^ {H$gr gypŠV go H$aVo h¢& Amaå^ _| {df`

H$m _hËd ^r ñnï> {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {H$gr {df` na gm_mÝ` MMm© Ûmam

^r Bgo Amaå^ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

2. _Ü` ^mJ - `h ^mJ _w»` {df` go gå~Õ VWm {dñV¥¥V hmoVm h¡& Bg_| {df` Ho$ g^r njm| H$mo àñVwV H$aZm hmoVm h¡& {Zînj, gÝVw{bV Ed§ VÏ`mYm[aV ~mV hr {bIZr Mm{hE, H$moB© ^r JbV gyMZm Zht XoZr Mm{hE& AZmdí`H$ {dñVma Am¡a Amd¥{Îm go ~MZm Mm{hE& {df`mÝVa Am¡a Agå~Õ H$WZ go r Xÿa ahZm Mm{hE& {df` H$mo gwgå~Õ Ed§ ì`dpñWV ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZm Cn`moJr hmoVm h¡& `hm± g^r H$moUm| go {df` H$m ñnï>rH$aU Am¡a nj-{dnj H$m gÝVw{bV {dH$mg Ano{jV hmoVm h¡&

3. Cng§hma Am¡a AÝV - Bg ^mJ _| AË`{YH gmdYmZr go H$m_

{b`m OmZm Mm{hE& Cng§hma {OVZm AmH$f©H$, gw§Xa Am¡a g§{já hmoJm,

{Z~ÝY CVZm hr A{YH$ à^mdembr hmoJm& AVEd Bg ^mJ H$mo ^r ^y{_H$m

H$s ^m±{V {d{^Þ {d{Y`m| Ûmam gOrd ~ZmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

AnZr gå_{V `m {ZîH$f© XoH$a,{Z~ÝY H$m gmam§e {bIH$a, {df` Ho$

à{VnmXZ _| {H$gr Ho$ {dMma CX²Y¥V H$aHo$ `m H$moB© H$WZ {bIH$a AWdm

{df` H$m _hËd ~VbmVo hþE {Z~ÝY Ho$ AÝV H$mo AmH$f©H$, öX`J«mhr Ed§

à^mdembr ~Zm`m OmZm Mm{hE& `mX a{IE AÝV ^bm gmo ^bm&

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215215

{Z~ÝY Ho$ àH$ma - ñWybV: {Z~ÝY Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ -

1. {ddaUmË_H$, 2. dU©ZmË_H$, 3. {dMmamË_H$ Am¡a 4. ^mdmË_H$&

1. {ddaUmË_H$ - Eogo {Z~ÝYmo§ _o§ KQ>ZmAm|,H$WmAm|, `mÌmAm|, g§ñ_aUm| Am[X H$m {ddaU àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡& BgHo$ {bE àgmX e¡br {deof Cn`moJr h¡&

2. dU©ZmË_H$- Eogo {Z~ÝYm§o _o§ ZJa, Ñí`, dñVwAm|, G$VwAm|, Am{X H$m {MÌU ahVm h¡& BZ_| {Z~§YH$ma H$mo H$ënZm, {dMma Am¡a AZw^y{V H$m Aml` boZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

3. {dMmamË_H$ - Bg n«H$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {Z~ÝYH$ma H$mo {df` Ho$ nj Am¡a {dnj _|, CgHo$ hm{Z Am¡a bm^ Ho$ {df` _| {dMma àñVwV H$aZo hmoVo h¢& {dkmZ Ho$ bm^ Am¡a hm{Z`m±, Mb{MÌm| H$m g_mO na à^md Am{X {df`m| na {bIo OmZo dmbo {Z~ÝY Bgr H$mo{Q> _| AmVo h¢&

4. ^mdmË_H$ {Z~ÝY - Bg àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝYmo§ _o§ ^mdm| H$s n«YmZVm hmoVr h¡& BZ_| {dMma Am¡a H$ënZm H$m ñWmZ Jm¡U h¡& Eogo {Z~ÝYm| _| - "_Z Ho$ hmao hma h¡, _Z Ho$ OrVo OrV;' " hmoB h¡ gmoB©, Omo am_ a{M amIm' Am{X AmVo h¢&

`hm± CXmhaUmW© Hw$N> {Z~§Ym| H$mo {X`m Om ahm h¡-

1. AmXe© {dÚmWu

"{dÚmWu eãX H$s aMZm Xmo eãXm| - "{dÚm' Am¡a "AWu' go hþB© h¡& BgH$m AW© h¡ {dÚm H$s BÀN>m aIZo dmbm& `m| Vmo ì`{º$ gmam OrdZ hr Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> grIVm ahVm h¡& CgH$m AÜ``Z gmar Am`w MbVm ahVm h¡, naÝVw ~më`H$mb hr {dÚmÜ``Z H$m _hÎmdnyU© g_` h¡& Bg AdñWm _| {dÚmWu g§gma H$s g^r {MÝVmAm| go _wº$ hmo {dÚmÜ``Z _| nyam g_` ì`VrV H$a gH$Vm h¡& BgHo$ níMmV² Cg na OrdZ H$m gmam

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216216

~moP Am n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a dh AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE n`m©á g_` Zht {ZH$mb nmVm& Bg{bE Omo {dÚmWu Bg H$mb _| R>rH$ n«H$ma go AÜ``Z H$aVo h¡, do Xÿgam| go AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¡ Am¡a gmam Ord gwI go ì`VrV H$aZo _| g\$b hmoVo h¡&

AmXe© {dÚmWu n[al_r, AZwemgZ{à`, gË`{ZîR>, namonH$mar Am¡a gƒ[aV hmoVm h¡& dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ n[al_ H$m ~hþV _hËd h¡& Bg g§gma _| {OVZo ^r _hmZ² ì`{º$ hþE h¢, CÝhm|Zo n[al_ Ho$ ~b na hr _hmZVm àmá H$s h¡& Ambgr {dÚmWu {ejm àmá H$a hr Zht gH$Vm&

Ho$db nwñVH$m| Ho$ AÜ``Z _| bJo ahZm hr n`m©á Zht& AnZo eara, _Z Am¡a ~w{Õ g^r H$m {dH$mg H$aZm AmXe© {dÚmWu AnZm bú` _mZVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ g~Ho$ g_w{MV {dH$mg go hr ì`{º$ H$m gånyU© {dH$mg gå^d h¡& é½U eara dmbm ì`{º$ ^br-^m±{V {ejm n«má H$a hr Zht nmVm& ñdñW eara _| hr ñdñW _Z H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡& AV: AmXe© {dÚmWu Ho$db nwñVH$m| H$mo aQ>Zo _| hr gmam g_` ì`VrV Zht H$aVm, ~pëH$ AnZo eara H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIVm h¡& {dÚmWu Ho$ bjU Bg àH$ma ~VmE JE h¡§&

""H$mH$ Moï>m dH$moÜ`mZ_² ídm{ZÐm, g§`_r, l_r&

Aënmhmar, J¥h Ë`mJr, {dÚm{W©Z: gábúU_²&&

n[al_r Am¡a AÜ``Zerb {dÚmWu gXm AZwemgZ _| ahVm h¡& Cgo AZwemgZ H$m _hËd kmV hmoVm h¡& {dÚmWu OrdZ _| Vmo AZwemgZ H$m _hËd Am¡a r A{YH$ h¡& h Vmo mdr OrdZ H$s V¡`mar H$m H$mb h¡& h V¡`mar V^r gå^d h¡ O~ {dÚmWu AZwemgZ _| ahoJm; AnZm H$m`© g_` na H$aoJm; IobZo Ho$ g_` IoboJm, n‹T>Zo Ho$ g_` na n‹T>>oJm& AmXe© {dÚmWu H$m ì`dhma gXm íbmKZr` ahVm h¡& _mVm-{nVm Am¡a Jwê$OZm| H$m C{MV

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217217

AmXa H$aZm dh AnZm H$V©ì` g_PVm h¡& ~‹S>m| H$m AmXa H$aZm Am¡a N>moQ>m| Ho$ gmW ào_ H$m ì`dhma H$aZm CgH$m ñd^md ~Z OmVm h¡& gXm gË` ~mobZm AmXe© {dÚmWu AnZm Y_© g_PVm h¡& bmo^ _| n‹S>H$a m ` Ho$ H$maU dh H$^r ^r PyR> Zht ~mobVm & Cg_| AÀN>o M[aÌ H$s g^r ~mVo§ hmoVr h¢& dh Xoe Ho$ {hV H$mo gdm}n[a aIVm h¡& _hmZ² nwéfm| Ho$ OrdZ go àoaUm boH$a OZgodm Ho$ {bE AnZo Amn H$mo bJm XoZo _| Cgo hf© H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡&

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N>ÝX Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢- (H$) d{U©H$ Am¡a (I) _m{ÌH$& d{U©H$

N>ÝXm| _| dUmoª (Ajam|) Ho$ {deof H«$_ `m `moOZm H$m _hËd hmoVm

h¡, na _m{ÌH$ N>ÝXm| _| _mÌmAm| H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡& gd¡`m, _m{bZr

{eI[aUr, _ÝXmH«$m§Vm, BÝÐdO«m, CnoÝÐdO«m VWm X¥V{db§{~V h¡ d{U©H$

N>ÝX Am¡a Xmohm, amobm, gmoaR>m, ~ad¡, Mm¡nmB©, N>ßn` VWm Hw$ÊS>{b`m

_m{ÌH$ N>ÝX&

bKw Am¡a Jwé-N>ÝXm| _| õñd H$mo 'bKw' Am¡a XrK© H$mo 'Jwé'

H$hVo h¢& ò XmoZm| dU© Ho$ ôX h¢& XrKm©ja H$mo 'Jwé' H$hVo h¢, {OgH$m

{Mh²Z "@' BgHo$ {dnarV, õñd Aja H$mo 'bKw' H$hVo h¡& {OgH$m

{Mh²Z "&' h¢&

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bKw-Jwé JUZm Ho$ {Z`_

1. A, B, C, F$ (õñd ñda) `m `wº$ ì`§OZ bKw _mZo

OmVo h¢ &

2. MÝÐ{~ÝXþ dmbo õñd ñda `m BZgo `wº$ ì`§OZ bKw hmoVo h¡;

O¡go-'hw±' (&) &

3. Am, B©, D$, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡, BË`m{X XrK© ñda Am¡a BZgo `wº$

ì`§OZ Jwé hmoVo h¢; O¡go- H$mH$m, XrXr (@)

4. {Og dU© na AZwñdma hmo dh Jwé hmoVm h¡; O¡go "g§gma' _|

"g§' Jwé h¡&

5. {dgJ©`wº$ dU© ^r Jwé hmoJm h¡; O¡go -Xþ:I (@) &

6. g§`wº$ dU© Ho$ nyd© H$m bKwdU© Jwé hmoVm h¡; O¡go-"Y_©' _| "Y'

Jwé h¡&

7. hbÝV Ho$ nyd© H$m bKwdU© ^r Jwé hmoVm h¡; O¡go-"gV²' _| "g'

Jwé h¡&

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N>ÝXm| H$m n[aM`

1. Xmohm- (1) `h AY©g_ Om{V H$m _m{ÌH$ N>ÝX h¡ & (2) BgHo$ nhbo VWm Vrgao MaUm| _| 13-13 _mÌmE±& (3) `{V ({dam_) àËòH$ MaU Ho$ AÝV _| hmoVr h¡ & (4) Xÿgao VWm Mm¡Wo MaUm| _| VwH$ hmoVr h¡& (5) BÝht MaUm| (Xÿgao VWm Mm¡Wo) Ho$ AÝV _| bKw (AWm©V² õ²ñd Aja ) hmoVm h¡; O¡go :

_mo g_ XrZ Z XrZ{hV, Vwåh g_mZ aKw~ra &

Ag {~Mm[a aKwd§e_{Z, hahw {df_ ^d^ra&&

2. gmoaR>m - (1) Xmoho Ho$ g_mZ gmoaR>m ^r AY©g_ Om{V H$m _m{ÌH$ N>ÝX h¡ & (2) `h Xmoho H$m R>rH$ CbQ>m hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE BgHo$ nhbo VWm Vrgao MaUm| _| 11-11 _mÌmE± hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Xÿgao VWm Mm¡Wo MaUm| _| 13-13 _mÌmE± & (3) VwH$ nhbo VWm Vrgao MaUm| _| hmoVr h¡; O¡go:

jU _| hmo` H$_mb, Jwñgm Eogm H$s{OE &

hmo` Q>_mQ>a bmb, Om_wZ-gm _wI‹S>m VwaV &&

3. amobm- (1) `h g_ Om{V H$m _m{ÌH$ N>ÝX h¡& (2) BgHo$ àËòH$ MaU _| 24 _mÌE± hmoVr h¡ & (3) BgHo$ àËòH$ MaU _| 11 VWm 23 _mÌmAm| na `{V hmoVr h¡& (4) àËòH$ MaU Ho$ A§V _| Xmo Jwé (XrK©) `m Xmo bKw (õñd) dU© hmoVo h¡§ & (5) Xmo-Xmo MaUm| _| VwH$ hmoVr h¡; O¡go :

ho A~Zr, ZdZrV-Mmoa {MVMmoa h_mao&

amIo H$Vhy± Xþam` ~Vmdhw àmZ-{n`mao &&

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4. Mm¡nmB©- (1) `h g_ Om{V H$m _m{ÌH$ N>ÝX h¡& (2) Bg_§o Mma MaU hmoVo h¡§ & (3) BgHo$ àËòH$ MaU _| 16 _mÌmE± hmoVr h¢ & (4) Bg_| nhbo VWm Xÿgao Am¡a Vrgao VWm Mm¡Wo MaUm| _| VwH$ hmoVr h¡& (5) àËòH$ MaU Ho$ AÝV _| `{V hmoVr h¡; O¡go :

Oo Z {_Ì XþI hmoqh XþImar &

{VZqh {~bmoH$V nmVH$ ^mar &&

{ZO XþI {J[ag_ aO H$[a OmZm&

{_ÌH$ XþI aO _oé g_mZm &&

5. Hw$ÊS>{b`m- (1) `h _m{ÌH$ {df_ N>ÝX h¡ & (2) Bg_|, N>ßn` H$s Vah, N>h MaU hmoVo h¡§ Am¡a àËòH$ MaU _| 24 _mÌmE± hmoVr h¢ & (3) BgH$m Ama§^ {Og eãX _o§ hmoVm h¡ Cgr go `h g_má ^r hmoVm h¡ na `h {Z`_ A~ Qy>Q> ahm h¡ & (4) `h Xmoho Am¡a amobo Ho$ _ob go ~ZVm h¡ & (5) Xmoho H$m Mm¡Wm MaU amobo Ho$ àW_ MaU _| ahVm h¡; O¡go :

bmR>r _m± JwU ~hwV h¡§, gXm ampIE g§J&

Jham ZX-Zmbm nao, Vhm± ~MmdV A§J &&

Vhm± ~MdV A§J, PnQ> Hw$ŠHw$a H$m¢ _ma¡&

Xþg_Z XmdmJra {VZhw H$h± _ñVH$ \$ma¡ &&

H$h {J[aYa H${dam`, gwZhw ho doX Ho$ nmR>r &

g~ h{W`maqh N>m±{‹S> hmW _m± amIm¡ bmR>r &&

6. gd¡`m - (1) h g_ Om{V H$m d{U©H$ N>ÝX h¡ & (2) Bg_o§, àËòH$ MaU _| 22 go 26 Aja VH$ ahVo h¢ & Bgr H$maU gd¡`m H$B© àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡: O¡go-gw§X[a, _{Xam,_ÎmJ`ÝX Am{X _ÎmJ`ÝX gd¡ò

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Ho$ àËòH$ MaU _| 23 dU© hmoVo h¢ & gmV ^JU Am¡a Xmo Jwé àËòH$ MaU _| hmoVo h¡; O¡go :

_mZwf hm± Vmo dhr H${d Mm|M ~gm¡§ {gQ>r b§XZ Ho$ Ho${h Ûmao &

Omo new hm¡ Vmo ~Zm¢ ~wbS>m¡J {\$am¡§ {ZV H$ma _| ny±N> {ZH$mao && 7. H${dËd- (1) `h g_ Om{V H$m EH$ d{U©H$ N>ÝX h¢& (2) Bg_| 8 MaU VWm 32 dU© hmoVo h| & (3) 16-25 dUm] na `m 8-8-8-7 dUmoª na `{V hmoVr h¡ & ApÝV_ dU© H$m Jwé hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& (5) Bg_| VwH$ Mmam| MaUm| _| hmoVr h¡; O¡go &

am~Z-gm| amOamoJ ~m‹T>V {damQ> Ca,

{XZ-{XZ {~H$b gH$b gwI am±H$ gmo &

ZmZm CnMma H$m[a hmao gwa {gÕ _w{Z,

hmoV Z {~gmoH$ AmoV nmd¡ Z _ZmH$ gmo &

am_ H$s aOm` V| agm`{Z g_ra gwZw,

CV{a n`mo{Y nma gmo{Y ga ~m±H$ gmo &

OmVwYmZ ~wQ> nwQ>nmH$ b§H$ OmVê$n,

aVZ OVZ Om[a {H$`mo h¡ _¥Jm±H$ gmo&&

8. ÑV{dbpå~V - (1) h g_ Om{V H$m d{U©H$ N>ÝX h¡ & (2) BgHo$ àËòH$ MaU _| 12 dU© hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Bg_| H«$_e: EH$ ZJU, Xmo ^JU Am¡a EH$ aJU ahVo h¡; O¡go :

{Xdg H$m AdgmZ g_rn Wm ,

JJZ Wm Hw$N> bmo{hV hmo Mbm &

Vé{eIm na Wr A~ amOVr

H$_m{bZr-\w$b-dëb^ H$s à^m &

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9. h[aJr{VH$m- (1) `h g_ Om{V H$m _m{ÌH$ N>ÝX h¡& (2) BgHo$ àË`oH$ MaU _| 28 _mÌmE± hmoVr h¡§ & (3) Bg_| 24-24 `m 26-12 _mÌmAm| na `{V hmoVr h¡ & (4) MaU Ho$ AÝV _| EH$ bKw VWm EH$ Jwa dU© hmoVo h¡; O¡go :

XþI-emoH$ O~ Omo Am n‹S>o gmo Y¡`©nyd©H$ g~ ghmo&

hmoJr g\$bVm Š`m| Zht, H$Îm©ì`-nW na X¥‹T> ahmo &

{Q>ßnUr - 'h[aJr{VH$m' íãX H$mo Mma ~ma JmH$a nT>Zo go hr Bg N>ÝX H$m CXmhaU Bg àH$ma ~Z OmVm h¡ :

h[aJr{VH$m h[aJr{VH$m h[aJr{VH$m h[aJr{VH$m

Ab§H$ma

'Ab§H$ma' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ Am^yfU `m JhZm& Am^yfUm| go eara H$s emo^m ~‹T> OmVr h¡ & Bgr àH$ma, Ab§H$ma go H$mì`ê$nr eara gOm`m OmVm& h¡ & Am^yfU gmoZo, Mm±Xr Am{X go ~ZVo h¡ Am¡a Ab§H$ma dUm] `m eãXm| go, Š`m|{H$ eãX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr AW© `m ^md àH$Q> hmoVm h¡&

eãX Am¡a AW© A{^Þ h¡& {\$a ^r, g§Hw${MV AW© _| eãX Am¡a AW© H$mo {^Þ-{^Þ _mZm OmVm h¡& Bg X¥{ï>> go, Ab§H$a Ho$ _w»`V: Xmo ^oX hmoVo h¡ :

(1) eãXmb§H$ma Am¡a (2) AWm©b§H$ma &

eãXmb§H$ma _| eãXJV Ab§H$ma hmoVm h¡, AWm©V² eãXm| Ho$ H«$_ `m b` na hr Ab§H$ma {Z^©a ahVm h¡ & Bg{bE eãXmb§H$ma _| eãX H$s àYmZVm ahVr h¡ &

AWm©b§H$ma _| eãXJV AW©b§H$ma hmoVm h¡& AWm©V² Ab§H$ma AW© na {Z^©a ahVm h¡ & Bg{bE AWm©b§H$ma _| eãX Ho$ AW© H$s àYmZVm ahVr h¡ &

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A~, h_ {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ Ab§H$mam| na {dMma H$a| &

eãXmb§H$ma1. AZwàmg- AZwàmg H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ g_mZ dUm] (Ajam| H$m

XþhamZm m ~ma-~ma AmZm & Bggo H$mì` _| g§JrV_`Vm H$s g¥{ï>> hmoVr h¡ &

(H$) Om{h AZm{X, AZÝV, AIÊS>, AN>oX, AôX ~Zmd¡ & `hm± "A' H$m AZwàmg h¡ & "A' H$m nm±M ~ma AmZm EH$ Üd{Z

àH$Q> H$aVm h¡- (I) KhaV KÊQ>m Yw{Z Y_H$V Ym¢gm H$[a gmH$m&(J) H§$H$Z qH${H${Z Zynwa ~mOmqh 2. _H$- _H$ _| EH$ hr AmH$madmbm eãX (ñda-ì`§OZ- g_

wXm`) H$_-go-H$_ Xmo ~ma AmVm h¡, na {^Þ-{^Þ AWm] _o§ & EH$-Xmo CXmhaU b| &

(H$) H${~am gmoB nra h¡, Oo OmZo na nra & Oo na nra Z OmZB©, gmo H$m{\$a ~onra &&Bg gmIr _| "nra' Mma ~ma Am`m h¡, na {^Þ-{^Þ AWm] _|-

n¡Jå~a', "Xþ:I' Am¡a "{ZX©`' Ho$ AW© _| &(I) H$ZH$ H$ZH$ V| gm¡ JwZr _mXH$Vm A{YH$mB & C{h Imò ~m¡amV Za, B{h nmò ~m¡amB && `hm± "H$ZH$' H$ à`moJ Xmo ~ma hwAm h¡, na {^Þ-{^Þ Xmo AWm]

_|-'YVyam' Am¡a 'gmoZm' Ho$ AW© _| &3. íbof- íbof _| EH$ eãX EH$ hr ~ma AmVm h¡, na {^Þ-{^Þ

Xmo AWm] _|; O¡go:nm{Z Jò Z D$~a¡, _moVr _mZwg MyZ &`hm± 'nm{Z' Ho$ VrZ AW© h¡-MyZo Ho$ nj _| Ob, _moVr Ho$ nj _|

H$mpÝV Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ nj _| à{Vð>m& Bg{bE `hm± 'íbof Ab§H$ma' h¡ &

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4. dH«$mopŠV - dH«$mo{º$ H$m AW© h¡ 'dH«$ C{º$', AWm©V² H$moB© ~mV Vmo‹S>-_amo‹S>H$a `m Kw_m-{\$amH$a H$hZm& Bg{bE dH«$mopŠV Ab§H$ma _| H$hZodmbo Am¡a gwZZodmbo EH$ hr eãX H$m {^Þ-{^Þ AW© AnZo VmËn`© go àH$Q> H$aVo h¡& EH$-Xmo CXmhaU b|

H$mo Vw_ ? h¢ KZí`m_ h_, Vmo ~agm¡ {H$V Om` &

Z{h _Z_mohZ h¢ {nò, Š`m| nH$aV V~ nm±` &&

amYm H¥$îUm go nyN>Vr h¡-Vw_ H$m¡Z hmo ? H¦$îUm H$m CÎma h¡-_¢ KZí`m_ hy± & dH«$mopŠV Ab§H$ma {ZnwU h¢ & Bg{bE do "KZí`m_' H$m AW© "H¥$îU' g_PH$a ^r H¦$îU go ZmamO hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {M‹T>> àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE "KZí`m_' H$m AW© "H$mbm ~mXb' H$aVo hwE H$hVr h¡-V~ Vmo AmnH$mo H$ht Am¡a ~agZm Mm{hE `h CÎma gwZH$a H¦$îU H$hVo h¡-Zht, _¢ _Z_mohZ hy± & amYm {\$a OmZH$a ^r "_Z_mohZ' H$m EH$ Xÿgam AW©-_Z _mohZodmbm-H$aVr hwB© dH«$mo{º$ _| H$hVr h¡-`{X Amn _Z_mohZ h¡ Vmo AmnH$mo Mm{hE _Z _mohZm$, nm±d n‹S>H$a {H$gr H$mo _ZmZm-\w$gbmZm Zht& Bg àH$ma, `hm± dH«$mo{º$ Ab§H$ma Ûmam CÎm_ loUr Ho$ l¥§Jmaag H$s g¦{ï> H$s J`r h¡ &

5. bmQ>mZwàmg- bmQ>mZwàmg _| {H$gr eãX `m dmŠÌ§S> H$s Amd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡, AWm©V² Cgo Xþham`m OmVm h¡, na nhbo eãX H$m AW© gm_mÝ` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Xÿgao H$m {deofVm go wº$ & Eogm hmoVm h¡ VmËn`© `m AÝd` _| ôX Ho$ H$maU; O¡go :

n§H$O Vmo n§H$O, _¥Jm§H$ ^r h¡ _¥Jm§H$ ar ß`mar &

`hm± nhbo "n§H$O' H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡ "H$_b' Am¡a Xÿgao "n§H$O' H$m {deofVmhrZ 'H$_b' Omo H$sM‹S> O¡gr J§Xr dñVw go CáÞ hmoVm h¡ &

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AWm©b§H$ma

1. Cn_m- Cn_m H$m AW© hmoVm h¡-Xmo Ag_mZ dñVwAm| H$s VwbZm H$a Cg_| Hw$N> gmå` {XImZm &

{Og dñVw H$s VwbZm H$s OmVr h¡ Cgo 'Cn_o`' H$hVo h¢ Am¡a {Og dñVw go VwbZm H$s OmVr h¡ Cgo 'Cn_mZ' & Cn_m _| Cn_o` VWm Cn_mZ H$s VwbZm H$s OmVr h¡& Cn_m _| gmX¥í`dmMH$ eãX (gmå` H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX-"gm', "g_mZ', "Vah') H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ & Cn_m H$m EH$ Z_yZm XoIo :

H$WZr _rR>r Im±‹S>-gr, H$aZr {df H$s bmo`-H$~ra_Ywa dMZ Im±‹S> Ho$ g_mZ h¡ & _Ywa dMZ Am¡a Im±‹S> _| Hw$N> gmå`

h¡, Š`m|{H$ o XmoZm| _rR>o hmoVo h¡& hm± "gr' (g_mZ) go àH$Q> hmo OmVm h¡& Bg{bE "Im±‹S>-gr' _o Cn_mb§H$ma h¡ &

2. CËàojm- CËnojm _|, Cn_m Ho$ g_mZ hr, Xmo Ag_mZ dñVwAm| H$s VwbZm H$s OmVr h¡ Am¡a CZ_| gmå` {XIm`m OmVm h¡, na gmå` H$s _mÌm A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Agmåµ` H$s _mÌm ~hwV H$_& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CËàojm _| gmX¥í`dmMH$ eãX (_mZmo, O¡go, Eogo) H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go :

gmohV Amo‹T>o nrV nQ>, ñ`m_ gbmoZo JmV &

_Zm¢ Zrb_Zr g¡b na, AmVn nµa`mo à^mV &&-{~hmar

H¥$îU Ho$ H$mbo eara H$s VwbZm Zrb_{U nd©V go H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a nrbo H$n‹S>o H$s VwbZm àmV: H$mbrZ gy`© H$s {H$aUm| go & `hm± Xmo Ag_mZ dñVwAm| H$s VwbZm H$aHo$ CZ_| gmå` {XIm`m J`m h¡& {H$ÝVw BZ dñVwAm| Ho$ ~rM Agmå` ~Zm hr hwAm h¡ Omo '_Zm¡' go A{^ì`§{OV

hmo ahm h¡ &

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3. ê$nH$ - Cn_m Am¡a CËàojm Ho$ g_mZ hr, énH$ _| ^r Xmo Ag_mZ dñVwAm| H$s VwbZm H$s OmVr h¡& Bg{bE ê$nH$ _| ^r Cn_o` Am¡a Cn_mZ H$m ahZm Amdí`H$ h¡, na Bg_| Cn_o` Am¡a Cn_mZ Ho$ ~rM H$moB© Agmå` `m {^ÌVm ahVr hr Zht & Xmo Ag_mZ dñVwE± AnZm `m {^ÞVm N>mo‹S>H$a `hm± {~bHw$b EH$ hmo OmVr h¡§ & ê$nH$ _| gmX¥í`dmMH$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ Zht hmoVm& ê$nH$ H$ënZm H$s Ma_ gr_m h¡& BgH$m AW© `h h¡ {H$ H${d H$ënZm H$s ghm`Vm go EH$ Zò gË` Am¡a gm¢X`© H$s ImoO H$aVm h¡ & dh {N>no hwE {MaÝVZ gË` ({^ÞVm _| EoŠ` H$m ^md) Ho$ Xe©Z H$aVm Am¡a H$amVm ^r h¡& Bg àH$ma, ê$nH$ CÎm_ H$mo{Q> H$m Ab§H$ma h¡ &

4. àVrn- àVrn H$m AW© h¡ "CbQ>m'& Bg{bE àVrn Ab§H$ma _| à{gÕ Cn_mZ H$mo Cn_o` ~Zm {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cn_o` H$mo Cn_mZ & gm_mÝ`V`m _wI H$s Cn_m Mm±X go Xr OmVr h¡, na `{X ñd`§ Mm±X H$s Cn_m _wI go Xr OmE, Vmo dh àVrn Ab§H$ma hmo OmEJm; O¡go :

Vwd àVmn g_ gy`© h¡, Og-g_ gmohV M§X &

`hm± gy`© H$mo àVmn Ho$ g_mZ Am¡a è H$mo Mm±X Ho$ g_mZ _mZm J`m h¡ & Bg{bE `hm± àVrn Ab§H$ma h¡ &

5. Anh²Z¥{V- Anh²Z¥{V H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ "{N>nmZm'& Bg{bE Bg Ab§H$ma _| gË` H$mo (AWm©V² Cn_o` H$mo) {N>nmH$a Cg gË` H$mo (AWm©V² Cn_mZ H$mo) à_wIVm Xr OmVr h¡; O¡go :

Zqh nbmg Ho$ nwhwn ò h¡ ò OaV A±Jma&

ò ObVo A§Jma h¡; nbmg Ho$ nwî` Zqh & hm± nbmg H$mo {N>nmH$a

A§Jma H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© h¡, Bg{bE Anö{V Ab§H$ma h¡ &

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6. AZÝd`- AZÝd` _| Cn_o` Am¡a Cn_mZ EH$ hr hmoVo h¡,

{^Þ-{^Þ Zht; O¡go :

(H$) gw§Xa ZÝX{H$emoa go gwÝXa ZÝX{H$emoa&

(I) Vwd g_mZ EH$ Vm|hr _mYd &

7. {d^mdZm- {d^mdZm H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ {d{eï> ^mdZm `m

H$ënZm & Bg{bE Bg_| {~Zm H$maU Ho$ hr H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡;

O¡go :

{~Zw nX Mb¡ gwZ¡ {~Zw H$mZm &

8. {deofmopŠV - {deofmopŠV H$s CpŠV (H$WZ) _| EH$ {deofVm

ahVr h¡ Am¡a dh {deofVm h¡ H$maU Ho$ ahVo hwE H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm Z

hmoZm& `h {d^mdZm H$m CbQ>m hmoVm h¡' O¡go:

_yaI õX` Z MoV, Omo Jwé {_bmqh {da§{M g_&

9. {damoYm^mg- {damoYm^mg _| dmñV{dH$ [damoY Z ahVo hwE r

{damoY H$m Am^mg àH$Q> {H$`m OmVm h¡; O¡go:

Á`m|-Á`m| ~y‹S>¡ ñ`m_ a±J, Ë`m|-Ë`m| C‚db hmo` &

H$mbo a§J _| Sy>~H$a CObm hmoZm-BZ XmoZm| _| {damoY _mby_

n‹S>Vm h¡, na `h {damoY `hm± dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡& Š`m| ? Bg{bE {H$

"ñ`m_ a±J' H$m AW© h¡ H¥$îU-ào_' Am¡a "CÁOdb hmo`' H$m AW© h¡

"{Z_©b hmoZm' & dmñV{dH$ AW© g_P boZo na {damoY Vwa§V Xÿa hmo

OmVm h¡&

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9. A{Ve`mopŠV - Ohm± Cn_o` H$m dU©Z gr_m go A{YH$ ~‹T>m

- M‹T>mH$a {H$`m OmVm h¡ dhm± A{Ve`mopŠV Ab§H$ma hmoVm h¢ &

CXmhaU:

1. hZw_mZ H$s ny§N> _|, bJZ Z nmB© AmJ &

b§H$m {gJar O[a JB©, JE {ZgmMa ^mJ &&

`hm± hZw_mZ H$s ny±N> _| AmJ bJZo (H$maU) go nhbo hr b§H$m H$m

ObZm Am¡a amjgm| H$m ^mJ OmZm (H$m`©) d{U©V h¡§ & H$maU go nhbo

H$m`© hmoZm A{Ve`mopŠV h¡&

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