HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIATG HAJAR ASYIQIN BINTI TENGKU IBRAHIM D11A036

NURUL SYUHADA BINTI RIBUAN D11A032

HERLINA BINTI MOHD RAPI D11A010

NIK NUR AFINA BINTI NIK ALWI D11A021

WHAT IS HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA?

What is Hypercholesterolemiathe presence of high levels of cholesterol in

cells and plasma of the circulating blood.It is a form of hyperlipidemia (elevated levels

of lipids in the blood and hyperlipoproteinemia (elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood).

What animal involve?Commonly occurs at lactating cow.

( Saunders)

It also can be occur in dog.

THE CAUSES OF HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA

1. DIET

2. GENETICS

cause of hypercholesterolemia Your diet. - You can decrease your risk of high cholesterol by reducing the

amount of saturated fat and cholesterol in fat that you eat. Your age and sex. -The risk of high cholesterol increases with age for both men and

women. Men are at higher risk than women, but after menopause, women start to catch up to men.

Not enough physical activity. -You can decrease this high-cholesterol risk by getting

some exercise for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Being overweight. -Dropping some pounds and maintaining a healthy weight can

help decrease this risk factor for high cholesterol.

High Cholesterol DietTrans fatty acids food- Fast food, canned soups, frozen meals and

various pudding and peanut butterSaturated Fat Food- Animal-derived foods-  Plant-derived sources

Healthy dietCut down on saturated fats and trans fats.

>10% of your daily calories should come from saturated fat.

Avoid trans fats completely. 2% increase in energy intake from trans fats increases the heart disease by 23%. Choose unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and canola oil, instead.

Eat fatty fish. The American Heart Association recommends people eat at least twice of fatty fish per week.

Eat phytosterols and stanols found in nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and fortified food products, such as orange juice, yogurt, margarine spreads, and salad dressing. Studies show that eating spreads enriched with phytosterols per day reduced total cholesterol by up to 11% and LDL cholesterol by up to 15%.

Eat whole grains - whole wheat bread and pasta, oatmeal, oat bran, and brown rice.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, which are high in fiber and can help lower cholesterol levels. Studies show that plant based diets are associated with decreases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of up to 15%.Limit cholesterol in diet. The highest amounts are found in egg yolks, whole milk products, and organ meats.

Lowering your cholesterol may involve more than diet alone. To get the most benefits, pair your healthy diet with 30 to 60 minutes of daily exercise and toss out your cigarettes if you smoke.

You may also end up needing to take a cholesterol-lowering pill for more rapid results but that doesn't exempt you from making healthier lifestyle choices.

HOW GENETICS CAN CAUSE HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA?

GENETICS CAUSES OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA•Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder due to high concentration of serum LDL cholesterol.

•FH are the result from defects in the hepatic uptake and degradation of LDL via the LDL-receptor pathway.

•It commonly caused by a loss-of –function mutation in :

1. LDL-receptor gene (LDLR)2. APOB3. LDLRAP1, 4. PCSK9

LDL-receptor gene

The LDLR gene provides instructions for making a protein called a low-density lipoprotein receptor.

This type of receptor binds to particles called low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which are the primary carriers of cholesterol in the blood.

The receptor needed to remove low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream,

LDLR Mutation

number of low-density lipoprotein receptors produced

within cells are reduced.

High level of blood cholester

ol

cholesterol deposited abnormally in tissues

such as the skin, tendons, and arteries

HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA

APOB

Five mutations in the APOB gene are known to cause a hypercholesterolemia called familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB).

Each of these mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in a critical region of apolipoprotein B-100.

ABOP mutation

a single protein building block

(amino acid) in a critical region of apolipoprotein B-100 are changed

prevents LDL from

effectively binding to

their receptors on the surface

of cells

fewer LDLare removed from the

blood

cholesterol levels are

much higher than normal

excess cholesterol circulates through the bloodstream, it

is deposited abnormally in

tissues and causeHYPERCHOLESRTR

OLEMIA

LDLRAP1

More than 10 mutations in the LDLRAP1 gene have been shown to cause a form of inherited high cholesterol called autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia.

LDLRAP1 gene mutation

abnormally small, non-functional of

LDLRAP1 protein or prevent cells from making any of this

protein

low-density lipoprotein

receptors are unable to LDL

from the bloodstream effectively

extra LDL remain in the

blood.

extra low-density lipoproteins

remain in the blood

excess cholesterol circulates through the bloodstream, it

is deposited abnormally in

tissues and may cause

HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA

PCSK9

• several PCSK9 mutations can cause an inherited form of high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia).

•These mutations change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the PCSK9 protein.

•Researchers describe the mutations responsible for hypercholesterolemia as "gain-of-function" because they appear to enhance the activity of the PCSK9 protein or give the protein a new, atypical function.

•Researchers speculate that the altered protein may cause these receptors to be broken down more quickly than usual.

•With fewer receptors to remove low-density lipoproteins from the blood, the body with gain-of-function mutations in the PCSK9 gene have very high blood cholesterol levels.

•As the excess cholesterol circulates through the bloodstream, it is deposited abnormally in tissues and cause HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA

Signs of Hypercholesterolemia

SIGNS• Lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea,

abdominal discomfort• Acute pancreatitis, which can cause all the

above signs plus severe abdominal pain• Skin problems, such as hair loss or itching• Central nervous system signs, such as seizures• Inflammation inside one or both eyes that

produces a cloudy appearance• cholesterol deposition in tissues, e.g. corneal

deposits

TREATMENT?

TREATMENT• Control diet ; give less fat diet• Fish oil supplement• Regular monitoring • Drugs: Should be considered ONLY if dietary

therapy, above, is not producing the desired results. The drug are bile acid sequestrants and the HMG-Co-A reductase inhibitors

• Treat all secondary problems resulting from acute or chronic disease (e.g. diabetes, seizures)

• hereditary hypercholesterolemia can be difficult to treat and also should not be used for breeding.

• Most medications that are used in people, such as the statin drugs (Lipitor, Pravachol, Zocor, etc.) are not used in animals because of their tendency to cause cataracts and other side effects.