Hydrological Information System

Hydrological Information SystemModule - Automatic Weather Station and Automatic Rain GaugeAnish.. Hydro-Informatics ExpertThe World BankExamples that refer to products are intended for illustrative purposes only, and do not imply an endorsement or recommendation of any particular product

IntroductionWhat is Automatic Weather Station?What Data does it provide?How and where that data is useful?Calculation of EvaporationLoss from Lakes and ReservoirsEstimation of EvapotranspirationCrop water requirement estimationWeather forecastingTemperature, pressure humidity variationsModule ContentsNetwork DesignSite SelectionSelection of InstrumentsData loggerIntegration of Other Sensors in AWSTelemetryInstallationSensor SpecificationCostsOperation and Maintenance

Physical LocationSecurityTelemetry WindowPower OptionsAccessibilityOwnership of Land

Site SelectionSite SecurityPreferably at Manned positionsResearch Stations of Agricultural UniversitiesDam and Barrage SitesGovt. Rest Houses, Circuit HousesDistrict / Block HeadquartersPrivate PropertyPolice Stations ?

Site SelectionExamples of Good Sites for AWS

AWS in a Private Property at MadanaSite SelectionExamples of Good Sites for AWS

AWS on top of Bhakra Dam

AWS in WRD Premises, GandhinagarSite SelectionExamples of Good Sites for AWSSite Selection

Site at Brahmani, need to reach by boat, nearest road kilometers awayExamples of Good Sites for AWS

Site SelectionAWS in Anand Agricultural University Campus, Anand

ISRO AWS inside Agricultural research Station in Sampli, GujaratExamples of Good Sites for AWS

Site SelectionAWS at WRD premises near Pune, Maharashtra

Telemetry WindowSite SelectionFor Satellite Telemetry, Direct Line of SiteGood Mobile Coverage for GSM basedAntennae LoS Obstructed by trees

No Problem Here!Power OptionsIs Reliable AC Power available?2-3 Hours a day enough to Recharge batteryFor Solar, is enough Sunlight Available?What should be size of Solar PanelsWhat should be size of Battery?100 AH Battery with 40 Watt Solar Panel recommended for North India64 AH with 24-30 Watt Panels for Tropical Regions (Below 23 degree latitude)In Gujarat, 26 AH Battery with 10 W Panels also usedInternal Battery not an option for AWS

Site SelectionPower Options Himachal RegionSite Selection

40 Watt Solar Panel

100 AH BatteryPower Options GujaratSite Selection

26 AH BatteryWith 10 Watt Solar PanelsSelection of SensorAutomatic Rain GaugeSolar RadiationWind Velocity and DirectionTemperature HumidityAtmospheric PressureEvaporationSelection of InstrumentsAutomatic Rain gaugeTipping Bucket Rain gaugeDual Reed Switch to count Bucket tipsAvailable with or without Syphon

Selection of Instruments

OdishaGujaratMaharashtraSolar RadiationSilicon Photodiode based sensorsCalibration depends on Solar Azimuth angleCheaper optionThermopile based SensorsClass 1 EquipmentExpensive but more reliable option

Selection of Instruments

Silicon Photodiode SensorThermopile based PyrometerWind Velocity and DirectionUltrasonic Sensor with no moving partsMaintenance free but expensive optionOne sensor provides direction and velocitySelection of Instruments

Site in Gandhinagar, GujaratSite in Brahmani, Himachal PradeshWind vane and Cup AnemometerCheaper optionMoving Parts, Needs frequent maintenanceSelection of Instruments

Wind Velocity and DirectionSite in Anand, GujaratTemperature and Humidity SensorResistance based Temperature SensorCapacitive Humidity SensorOften Temperature and Humidity sensors come as single hardware

Selection of InstrumentsAtmospheric PressureSensor based on MEMS Indoor unit

Selection of Instruments

Site in Sampli, GujaratSite in Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Site in Harsar, Himachal PradeshGeneral FeaturesCentral and Most Important part of AWSFunctionsSupplies Power to Sensors,Reads and record dataPass on data to telemetry unit for transmissionHighly configurable based on requirementsSome Models available with inbuilt GSM transmitterSome Data loggers are integral part of Sensor

Data LoggerData Logger SpecificationsSensor Interface8 analogue channels8 digital input/output channels, 2 input for rain gauge impulses, 6 bidirectionalMinimum 1 serial port for digital input SDI-12Input/output interfacesOne for the INSAT radioOne for the addition of GSM radio One Serial Port (RS232) for communication with Laptop or programmingUSB Stick option for Data transfer

Data LoggerData Logger SpecificationsFlash memory minimum 32 mbNon-volatile flash memoryA/D resolution 16 bitIndividual recording intervals for each sensor/parameterMulti-tasking operating system - must log data and transmit at same timeDigital Display for viewing current data and setting valuesPower supply 12V DC, low current drain (quiescent 10.0mA)Monitoring of battery voltage levelinternal battery backup for clock

Data LoggerData Logger SpecificationsSoftwareWindows software for system configuration / communicationEnglish language versionAll required licenses includedDifferent user levels, system of user rights / passwords, access restricted to authorized personnel

Data LoggerData logger - ExamplesData Logger

Nanjing Datalogger with Customized display for Water level and Rain; BhubaneswarData logger - ExamplesData Logger

Komoline Data logger with inbuilt GSM Transmitter, AhmedabadData logger - ExamplesData LoggerData logger as part of Shaft Encoder with internal battery, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat

Installed in 2001, Still working Perfect!Data logger - ExamplesData LoggerJinyang Data logger showing input, output and communication ports, Kapla, Himachal Pradesh

Data logger - ExamplesData LoggerSutron Data Logger with in built Satellite Transmitter

Sutron Data Logger with inbuilt Satellite Transmitter, Display and KeypadIntegration of AWS with other SensorsData Logger is the major deciding factor for feasibility of integrationWith Specifications of Data Logger mentioned above, it is possible to integrate any type of station and large number of sensorsFuture Integration needs should be considered for deciding Data logger SpecificationsIf no need for integration Low end Data loggerIf chance of adding more sensors in future High end Data logger (Expansive option)

IntegrationIntegration ExamplesIntegration

AWS Installed at Nangal Dam (Punjab) along withReservoir Water LevelOutflow Canal Water LevelConnectivity via wires for Dam level and Canal AWireless connectivity with Canal B

Integration ExamplesIntegrationIntegration at Bhuntar on Beas River withRiver Gauge site using bubblerRiver Discharge site using ADCP

Integration Examples

Integration at Anand, Gujarat withSoil Moisture ProbeLeaf Wetness SensorGroundwater Level Sensor

IntegrationIntroductionThe telemetry Device transmits data to central server locationCan provide One-Way or Two Way Communication One Way Push methodTwo Way Push and Pull MethodThe communication medium can be:GSM Towers Satellites INSAT Radio TransmitterVSAT

TelemetryGSM Based TelemetryThe Telemetry device has SIM cardCan transmit via SMS or GPRS internetTelemetry Device can be:TelemetryIntegral part of Data logger

Separate DeviceSatellite Based Telemetry

VSAT based two way communicationTelemetry

INSAT based one way communicationFiner Details of Telemetry are covered in Telemetry Module

MastsMasts should be Sturdy, rust proofInstalled on good concrete foundationShould not vibrate with windInstallation

Solar PanelsInstallation

What is wrong here?Solar Panel in Shadow of TreesSolar PanelsInstallation

Chitkul, Himachal Pradesh

Anand, Gujarat

Solar PanelInstallation

What is major difference in solar Panel Installation?Almost Horizontal in GujaratAlmost Vertical in HimachalWhat should be Right Direction?Solar Panel - DirectionIn Northern Hemisphere, Solar Panel always faces SouthThis maximizes sunlight, specially during winterThe tilt angle w.r.t. ground should be equal to Latitude of LocationHorizontal (0 degree tilt) at Equator30-35 degree for northern statesInstallationConnections and WiresInstallation

Label the Connection wires if feasibleGeneral SpecificationsAmbient Site ConditionHumidity Range 5 to 100%Temperature Range -20 to +60 Degree for plain areas-40 to +40 Degree for Himalayan RegionsAltitude 300 to 3000 meter for Himalayan Regions0 to 1000 meter for other regionsEnclosures Outdoor Antirust and dust-free Protection - NEMA 4 or IP65

SpecificationsEnclosures

SpecificationsGeneral SpecificationsRadiation shield of double wallAll connections and wires should be concealedLightning protection All equipment to be surge protectedFencing Chain link fence with barbed wireAll Accessories, tools, fixtures required for installation and operationSpecificationsGeneral SpecificationsUser Manuals Complete manuals in EnglishOperation and Maintenance manuals Complete Manuals including Wiring DiagramsSystem Block DiagramsPower ConsumptionLow Power consumption with standby optionGPS for time synchronizationPower Supply Enough to last for 6 days of operation without chargingSpecificationsAutomatic Rain gaugeSensor Type Tipping Bucket with reed switchRange 0-500 mm/hBucket Capacity 0.2, 0.5 or 1.0 mmThe size depends on Peak Rainfall Intensity

Specifications

0.2 mm0.5 mm1.0 mmAccuracy (Intensity)2 % or betterOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data loggerRain collector MaterialCorrosion Resistance Metal (Stainless steel/ Aluminum) or UV Stabilized Fiber PlasticEnclosureIP65All openings of the rain gauge shall be covered with a screen to protect against insectsSyphon system to eliminate over accumulation or under accumulation of precipitationcollecting funnel diameter 200mmAbility to service tipping buckets without involving the re-levelling of the gaugeSpecificationsAutomatic Rain gaugeAutomatic Rain gaugeSpecifications

Raingauge with UV Stabilized Fibre Plastic Body

Raingauge with Stainless Steel Body

Leveling MechanismSolar Radiation Sensor Option 1Sensor TypeSilicon PhotovoltaicSpectral Range 400-3000 nmRange0-2000 W/m2Resolution1 W/m2Accuracy 5% Including Temperature CompensationResponse time 10 Sec or betterOutput Interface As specified in Data logger

SpecificationsSolar Radiation Sensor Option 2Sensor Type Pyranometer (CMP 11 or better)ISO Classification ISO Class ISpectral Range 300-3000 nmRange0-2000 W/m2Resolution1 W/m2Accuracy 3% Including Temp CompensationResponse time 10 Sec or betterOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data logger

SpecificationsWind Velocity and Direction Option - 1Sensor TypeUltrasonic sensor (No moving Parts)Range65m/s for speed0360 degrees for directionResolution0.01 m/s for speed0.1 degree for directionAccuracy0.2m/s or 3% for speed+/- 2 degrees for directionOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data logger

SpecificationsWind Velocity and Direction Option - 2Sensor TypeNon Contact encoders with cup anemometer and wind vaneRange0.3 to 65m/s for speed0360 degrees for directionResolution0.01 m/s for speed0.1 degree for directionAccuracy0. 4 m/s for speed+/- 5 degrees for directionOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data logger

SpecificationsTemperature SensorSensor TypeResistance type Temperature SensorRange-40 to60 Degree CResolution 0.1CAccuracy 0.3C or betterOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data logger

SpecificationsHumidity SensorSensor TypeCapacitive/ Solid State Humidity SensorRange5 to 100 %Resolution0.5%Accuracy 3% or betterOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data loggerSpecificationsAtmospheric Pressure SensorSensor TypeTemperature CompensatedRange800-1200 hPaResolution 0.01hPaAccuracy0.5 hPaOutput InterfaceAs specified in Data logger

SpecificationsThank You