Hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron and no neutrons. You sometimes find them in groups of 2.

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Transcript of Hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron and no neutrons. You sometimes find them in groups of 2.

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Hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron and no neutrons. You sometimes find them in groups of 2.

                                                            

                     

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IDROGENO + CARBONIO

• CH

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IDROGENO +OSSIGENO

• OH• R-O-H•Se R è H•Se R è C

H2OCOH alcoolico

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acqua

H-O-H

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ghiaccio acqua

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• L'acqua, nelle cellule, può trovarsi in due forme: acqua ad alta densità e a bassa densità. La forma a bassa densità è quella che nel mondo macroscopico conosciamo, in grandi masse, come ghiaccio. È conoscenza comune che il ghiaccio galleggia sull'acqua, e dunque la sua densità è minore di quella dell'acqua liquida. Nel ghiaccio le molecole si dispongono secondo un reticolo poliedrico, tale da saturare tutti i possibili legami idrogeno, e in questa situazione si allontanano l'una dall'altra e l'affollamento molecolare è minore che non allo stato liquido. All'interno di una cellula l'acqua si trova nelle due situazioni descritte, alta densità intorno agli ioni e ai gruppi polari delle molecole, con cui può formare legami idrogeno, oppure bassa densità, intorno a gruppi apolari per formare sottili e labili gabbie di acqua ordinata in forma per così dire cristallina, sottili strati simili a ghiaccio, detti clatrati, dalla parola greca clatron, o gabbia.

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C

HH

H

H

C

HH

H

O

H

O

H

H

- + - +

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• GLI IDROCOLLOIDI“Il quarto stato dell’acqua”

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• L’idrocolloide è una sostanza che si trova in uno stato colloidale formata da acqua quale fase disperdente e da una fase dispersa (normalmente molecole polisaccaridiche che formano le fibre che trattengono la molecola di acqua).

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Tipi di dispersioni colloidali

Fase dispersa Fase continua Nome Esempio

Liquido Gas Aerosol liquidoNebbia, spray liquidi

Solido Gas Aerosol solidoFumo, particolato, polvere

Gas Liquido SchiumaSchiuma da barba, panna montata

Liquido Liquido EmulsioneLatte, maionese, sangue

Solido Liquido SolPasta dentifricia, Au o AgI colloidali

Gas Solido Schiuma solidaPolistirene o poliuretano espansi, aerogel

Liquido Solido Gel Opale, formaggio

Solido Solido Sospensione solidaPlastiche pigmentate, vetro, leghe metalliche

Dimensione particella

< 10-9 m 10-9 - 10-6 m > 10-6 m

Soluzione omogenea

ColloideSospensione eterogenea

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• “Life is water dancing to the tune of solid”• Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgy, Premio Nobel 1937

per la Medicina

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