Hydrogen for Rail in the US: Prospects and Context · Rail in the USA vs. Europe Europe: 391...
Transcript of Hydrogen for Rail in the US: Prospects and Context · Rail in the USA vs. Europe Europe: 391...
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Hydrogen for Rail in the
US: Prospects and
Context
Hydrail Conference
June 27-28, 2017
Graz, Austria
Raphael Isaac, Dr. Andreas Hoffrichter (MSU), and Athanasios Iraklis (WMG)
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Courtesy Chasingsteel.com
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Rail in the USA vs. Europe
Europe:
391 billion passenger-km (7.6% of total PKM in Europe) were transported by rail in
2013. 29% of these accounted for by high speed rail, a 7-fold increase since 1990.
Electrified network doubled in length between 1975 and 2013 -->
221,000 km or 61% of the network, in 2013
11.9% of freight TKM from rail
US:
0.1% of total PKM in US accounted for by rail!! (And only ~ 10% increase in PKM from
1990.)
32.6% of freight TKM from rail
Total length of tracks has decreased since 1990, with a slight increase since 2010
Source: UIC (2015)
(Source: UIC, 2015)
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Europe
Source: UIC, 2015
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United States
2-3% of track over which passenger rail
operates in the United States is electrified*;
However, passenger rail operational energy
currently split at 47% diesel, 53% electric.
* Author’s research, based on data from Amtrak
Courtesy UIC 2016
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Kansas City Southern
(Kansas City, MO)
US Headquartered Class I (Freight) Railways
Union Pacific Corporation
(Omaha, NE)
Norfolk Southern Corporation
(Norfolk, VA)
CSX Corporation
(Jacksonville, FL)
BNSF Railway
(Fort Worth, TX)
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Courtesy Amtrak.com
Courtesy USDOT
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Locomotives: Exhaust Emissions
Standards (3/2016)
Europe (Valid in 2019)
1 bhp-hr =~ .75 kWh, so US Tier 4:
HC: .187 g/kWh
NOx: 1.73 g/kWh
PM: .04 g/kWh
CO: 2.0 g/kWh
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And then there’s California…
1 bhp-hr =~ .75 kWh, so proposed levels:
HC: 0.0267g/kWh
NOx: 0.2667 g/kWh
PM: <.01333 g/kWh
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Why hybridize?
A hybrid vehicle has a primary power sources and an on-board energy storage device
Primary power source/power-plant
Wayside electrification
Combustion engine
Turbine
Fuel cell
Storage device
Batteries
Flywheels
Supercapacitors
Benefits:
Capture regenerative braking energy
Operate prime mover (especially an engine) in its optimal zone(s)
Opportunity to downsize the prime mover
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Not all routes equally benefit…
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Regenerative Braking Kinetic energy
converted into electrical in traction motors during braking
Electricity either returned to wayside infrastructure or stored on-board
Potential for energy recovery largely dependent on duty cycle
Frequent braking events, e.g., for station stops have high potential
Speed less important
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Case Studies - Dissertation
Commuter-Intercity Blend (Capitol Corridor)
Analogues: NCDOT RGH-CLT (N. Carolina), Blue Water (Michigan)
Heavy Commuter (Caltrain)
Analogues: FrontRunner (Utah), GoTransit (Toronto), MARC (Maryland)
Intermodal Freight Line
Switcher Locomotive Duty Cycle
Courtesy imallaboardflorida.com
Court
esy
tra
inw
eb.o
rg
Author’s collection
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Passenger Rail Initial Study Results
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Thank you./ Danke schön
Questions??