Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up
Transcript of Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up
![Page 1: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean‐upRecent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities Afforded by Surfactant, Polymer, and Colloid Science
Paschalis Alexandridis & Marina TsianouDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering
University at Buffalo (UB) ‐ The State University of New York (SUNY)Buffalo, NY 14260‐4200, USA
[email protected]://www.cbe.buffalo.edu/alexandridis
![Page 2: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline• Recent developments in petroleum extraction• Challenges with exploration & transportation• Opportunities afforded by colloids & interfaces• Drilling muds• Hydraulic fracturing fluids & proppants• Enhanced oil recovery: chemical flooding• Flow assurance• Dispersants for oil spills• Concluding remarks
![Page 3: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Developments:“Saudi America”
(!?)
www.api.org/hydraulicfracturing
![Page 4: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturing has produced more than 600 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 7 billion barrels of oil.The U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) reports that over 750 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas and 24 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources currently exist in discovered shale plays.
Shale oil & gas production in the US
www.api.org/hydraulicfracturing
![Page 5: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Shale oil & gas production in the US
www.api.org/hydraulicfracturing
![Page 6: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Shale oil & gas impact to US economy
www.api.org/hydraulicfracturing
![Page 7: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Challenges:Crude oil rail transportation
Workers comb through the debris after a train derailed causing explosions of railway cars carrying crude oil Tuesday, July 9, 2013 in Lac‐Megantic, Que.
Cleanup begins after crude oil spills Into James River in train derailment (Apr 30, 2014)
http://www.wset.com/story/25397260/cleanup‐begins‐after‐crude‐oil‐spills‐into‐james‐river‐in‐train‐derailment
![Page 8: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Deepwater Horizon accident
The Deepwater Horizon rig was drilling a deep exploratory well, 18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level, in approximately 5,100 feet (1,600 m) of water. en.wikipedia.org
20 April 2010
![Page 9: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Deepwater Horizon oil spillThe US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3)
![Page 10: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Application of dispersants
Altogether, 1.84 million US gallons (7,000 m3) of dispersants were used; of this 771,000 US gallons (2,920 m3) were released at the wellhead)
![Page 11: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Shale oil & gas and water resources
According to driller Chesapeake Energy, an initial drilling operation itself may consume from 6,000 to 600,000 US gallons of fracking fluids, but over its lifetime an average well may require up to an additional 5 million gallons of water for full operation and possible restimulation frac jobs
![Page 12: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Colloids and interfaces abound…Colloid: A system in which finely divided particles, which are approximately 1 to 1000 nanometeres in size, are dispersed within a continuous medium in a manner that prevents them from being filtered easily or settled rapidly.
Interface: A surface forming a common boundary between adjacent regions, bodies, substances, or phases.
Surfactants and polymers: modulate formation and stability of colloids and interfaces.
![Page 13: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Drilling mudThe fluid, water, oil or gas based, that is used to establish well control, transport cuttings to the surface, provides fluid loss control, lubricates the string and cools the bottom hole assembly.
http://www.ppdm.org/wiki/index.php/Well_Operations_Reference_guide
![Page 14: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Drilling mud: Functions• Circulates drilled cuttings from the bottom of the hole to the surface where they can be mechanically separated from the drilling fluid and analyzed• Controls formation pressures to eliminate the risk of well flow and/or blowout• Stabilizes the wellbore while evaluating the formations drilled for potential production• Prevents or minimizes formation damage• Prevents loss of circulation to the drilled strata• Prevents or minimizes well‐bore collapse or “sloughing”• Lubricates the drill string and bit• Allows analysis of the borehole through logging techniques, analysis of recovered cuttings and formation fluids entrapped in the drilling fluid
An effective drilling fluid can minimize drilling costs by reducing the number of days required on a wellbore, and ensuring wellbore stability while drilling.
http://www.canadianenergyservices.com/operations_drilling_fluids.html
![Page 15: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Drilling mud: IngredientsWeighing agents: control formation fluid pressure; most common is barite.
Clay: provide viscosity and create a filter cake on the borehole to control fluid loss.
Polymers: reduce filtration, stabilize clays, flocculate drilled solids, and increase cuttings‐carrying capacity.
Thinners: reduce resistance to flow and stifle gel development.
Surfactants: serve as emulsifiers, foamers and defoamers, wetting agents, lubricators and corrosion inhibitors.
Inorganic chemicals: increase mud pH, remove hardness, increase density,…
Bridging materials: build up a filter cake on the fractured borehole.
Specialized chemicals: oxygen scavengers, biocides, corrosion inhibitors...
Oilfield Review, April 1994.
![Page 16: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturingHydraulic fracturing is the creation of fractures in the rock formations in the earth using pressurized fluid generally for the purpose of extracting natural gas.
![Page 17: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
George P. Mitchell, a pioneer in hydraulic fracturing dies at 94
(July 2013)
![Page 18: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturing: Need for fluids
A modern hydraulic treatment in the Marcellus Shale play. In this example, multiple wells have been drilled from the same side and are being “fracked” simultaneously. Image from the Kansas Geological Society website.
![Page 19: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fracturing fluid: Ingredientswww.api.org/hydraulicfracturin
g
![Page 20: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturing: ProppantsA proppant is a solid material, typically treated sand or man‐made ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment.
http://info.drillinginfo.com/proppant‐the‐greatest‐oilfield‐innovation/
![Page 21: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
![Page 22: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Enhanced oil recovery: Chemical EORPolymer flooding where the injection‐water is made more viscous in order to push the crude from the injection well to the producing well. This type of EOR is mostly used with crude that have a higher viscosity. A water‐soluble polymer such as partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is usually added.
Surfactant flooding where a “soap” is pushed through the reservoir to get remaining oil droplets out of the pores by reducing the surface tension of the droplets. This creates a micro‐emulsion which increases the mobility of the crude. The soap can be the surfactant or created as petroleum soap by alkali. The chemical cocktail is stabilized by polymer hence the name Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flooding.
Surfactant Polymer (SP) flooding is where no alkali is used. This is applicable in reservoirs with more saline formation water. Alkali and saline water produces scale and will clog up the producing wells.
Low Salinity flooding where a reservoir with higher salinity formation water is flooded by fresh water. The fresh water releases the clay bound oil droplets in the reservoir. http://www.azuren‐eor.com/eor/chemical‐eor/
![Page 23: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
(Alkali) Surfactant Polymer flooding
www.shell.com/chemicals/enordet
![Page 24: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Design of surfactants for EOR
• Formulation challenges:• Stability at high T, P and in presence of Mn+• Flowability ‐ solutions and phases are low viscosity• Packing parameter P~1 with flexible interfaces and aq. solubility• Strong interaction with both aqueous and oleic phases• Avoid loss by adsorption, degradation and chromatogr. effects• Formulation characteristics:• Surfactant tail: hydrophobic (CnH2n+1 n>12), branched / polydisperse
(disorder, flexibility) • Surfactant head: charged, stable to Mn+ (include PO and / or EO groups)• Usually require mixtures of surfactants and a co‐solvent
Surfactant: Lowers the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water from 30 – 40 mN/m (dyne/cm) to values of <0.001 mN/m. At this extremely low IFT, microemulsions tend to form which are thermodynamically stable. Low viscosity micro‐emulsions are required to minimize surfactant losses within the reservoir and the selection of surfactants is critical to facilitate this.
![Page 25: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Surfactants for EOR: Microemulsions
http://chem.chem.kumamoto‐u.ac.jp/~polymers/eng/research/bme.html
DOI: 10.1039/B904990H (Paper) Soft Matter,2009, 5, 4006‐4014
Typical quaternary diagrams water/oil/CiEj/temperature: (a) phase prism and (b) fish‐cut showing the different Winsor regions and the corresponding number of phases.
![Page 26: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Flow assurance
http://petrowiki.org/Flow_assurance_for_offshore_and_subsea_facilities
Flow assurance focuses on the whole engineering and production life cycle from the reservoir through refining, to ensure with high confidence that the reservoir fluids can be moved from the reservoir to the refinery smoothly and without interruption.
![Page 27: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Flow assurance considerationsPressure support consideration
It is necessary for sufficient pressure to be available to transport the hydrocarbons at the required flow rates from the reservoir to the processing unit. Matters that require consideration in this regard include:
Pressure loss in flowlinesSeparator pressure setpointPressure loss in wellsArtificial lift method selectionRemote multiphase boostingDrag reductionSlugging in horizontal wellsGas lift system stabilityInteraction with reservoir
performance
Component and system design consideration
Components and systems should be designed and operated to ensure that flowrate targets are achieved and that flow is continuous. Issues to be taken into account include:
Hydrate formationWax depositionAsphaltenesSand and solids transportCorrosionErosionScale depositionInteraction of slugging and pipe
fittingsInteraction of slugging and risersRelief and blow‐downPiggingLiquid inventory managementWell shut‐in pressure
Multiphase flow considerations
For multiphase flowlines, it is necessary for the process to be able to handle the fluid delivery, and consideration should be given to a number of issues including
Interaction with facilities performanceSlugging (steady state)Slugging (transient)Slug‐catcher designSevere slugging preventionEffect of flow rate changeTemperature loss predictionPiping layoutRemote multiphase meteringGas and dense phase exportOil and condensate exportSeparator performance
http://petrowiki.org/Flow_assurance_for_offshore_and_subsea_facilities
![Page 28: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Flow assurance additives
http://www.bakerhughes.com/capabilities/shale‐oil‐processing
![Page 29: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Oil spills: Need for dispersion
• 70% Earth’s surface is water• Large quantity of oil drilling and transportation at sea
• ~700 million gallons oil per year spilled into water• ~50% ‐ Land runoff and waste disposal– 8% ‐ Offshore drilling, production operations, spills or leaks from ships or tankers
– 20% ‐ Routine maintenance of ships– 13% ‐ Hydrocarbon air pollution from onshore– 8% ‐ Natural seepage from ocean floor
Oil Spills: Impact on the Ocean. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc‐Po/Oil‐Spills‐Impact‐on‐the‐Ocean.html (accessed April 1).
![Page 30: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Oil properties vary with time following an oil spill
• Evaporation– Volatile components and
dissolved gasses– Increases oil viscosity
• Emulsification– Oil‐in‐water– Water‐in‐oil
• Undesirable
• Sedimentation– Heavy components/Solids
• Spreading – Increases surface area
• BiodegradationOil Weathering Process. http://pureenergy312.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/oil‐weathering‐process/ (accessed March 30).
Weathering of spilled oil
![Page 31: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Oil spill countermeasures • Mechanical
• Buoyant booms• Skimmers
• In situ Burning• Limited by water content >20‐30%
• Chemical• Dispersants
• Biological• Hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria
Oil Spill Dispersants: More Harm Than Good? http://oilspillclass.webs.com/applicationtechniques.htm (accessed March 26).
![Page 32: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dispersants• Definition
• Chemical agent that reduces the interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids, promoting droplet formation
• Purpose• Remove surface oil slicks transferring tiny droplets into the water
column• Dilution reduces local oil concentration/toxicity
• Why use dispersants vs. other means?– Can be used in variety of locations – Cover a large area in little time– Cost benefit– Net environmental benefit
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects., Oil Spill Dispersants Efficacy and Effects. National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2005; pp. 1 online resource (xviii, 377 p.). http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11283.
![Page 33: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dispersant mechanism
• Mixing energy may be requiredLewis, A.; Darling, P. Oil Spill Dispersants. http://documents.plant.wur.nl/imares/dispersants/08sintef.pdf.
![Page 34: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dispersant ingredients1. Surface Active Agent
(Surfactants)• Amphiphilic Molecules• Usually solids or very viscous liquids
• Multiple surfactants used in dispersant
2. Solvent• Reduced viscosity of surfactant
• Water, oil, or hydroxyl based
3. Additives• Various functionalities
• Improve dissolution into oil• Increase biodegradation• Prolongs self‐life/stability
Ecover: Sustainable Cleaning Products. http://www.sustain‐ed.org/pages/materials/ecover_detail.htm (accessed April 1).
![Page 35: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
COREXIT® EC9500A• Manufacturer: Nalco Holding Company
– 48% nonionic surfactants• ethoxylated sorbitan mono‐ and trioleates
and sorbitan monooleate
– 35% ionic surfactants• sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
– Solvent: Mixture food‐grade aliphatic hydrocarbons
• n‐alkanes ranging from nonane to hexadecane
– Additives• Demulsifiers
– Used for Deepwater Horizon Gulf SpillOrientation of surfactants at oil‐water interface in dispersed oil droplets. Surfactant A is sorbitan monooleate (HLB ≈ 4.3); surfactant B is ethoxylated (E20) sorbitan monooleate (HLB ≈ 15).
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects., Oil Spill Dispersants Efficacy and Effects. National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2005; pp. 1 online resource (xviii, 377 p.). http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11283.
![Page 36: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
When to use dispersants?• Within the window of opportunity (usually 1‐2 days)
• Sea and weather conditions preclude the use of any mechanical recovery or burning
• Natural dispersion is not sufficiently rapid
• When oil is moving toward sensitive shoreline to minimize environmental impact
• When birds are abundant in a spill area and there is potential for extensive contact with the surface oil before it can be recovered
ExxonMobil Research, a. E. C. Exxonmobil Oil Spill Dispersant Guidelines; 2008.
![Page 37: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
When NOT to use dispersants?
• In shallow water (less than 10 feet) with poor circulation, such as protected bays and harbors
• Near intakes for desalination or potable drinking water plants
• Over active fish spawning areas, either wild or fish farms
• Directly over shallow coral
• On oil that has solidified or reached extremely high viscosity
ExxonMobil Research, a. E. C. Exxonmobil Oil Spill Dispersant Guidelines; 2008.
![Page 38: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dispersants
Advantages
• Reduced environmental impact
• Effective in harsh water conditions
• Accelerate biodegradation• Cost benefit • Prevent coalescence• Minimize oil waste• Reduce “stickiness” of oil
Disadvantages
• Small window of opportunity for application
• Potentially toxic• Application equipment required• Limits other response methods• May increase sedimentation• Lose effectiveness with time• Most limited to salt water• Must be pre‐approved
ExxonMobil Research, a. E. C. Exxonmobil Oil Spill Dispersant Guidelines; 2008.
Lessard, R. R.; Demarco, G., The Significance of Oil Spill Dispersants. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 2000, 6 (1), 59‐68.
![Page 39: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Oil‐in‐water emulsions for oil spills• Oil properties
• oil chemistry, interfacial tension, density, and viscosity
• Hydrodynamics• braking wave frequency, intensity of mixing of each wave, and submergence depth
• Mixing Energy
• γow‐ oil‐water interfacial tension • Aow ‐ total oil‐water interfacial surface area
Emix=γowAow
• Continuous phase: Sea Water– Temperature– Salinity– Water Turbidity
• Dispersed phase: Crude oil– Composition– State of weathering
• Dispersants– Unique for each oil spill
• Oil type• Weather• Body of water type
![Page 40: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Emulsion stability• Flocculation
– Flaking
• Creaming– One phase settles on
top of the other
• Coalescence– Two droplets merge
into one
• Disproportionation or Ostwald Ripening– Diffusion through
continuous phase
Keramisch; Vleugels Porous Materials and Coatings. http://www.mtm.kuleuven.be/Onderzoek/Ceramics/Porous (accessed March 27).
![Page 41: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Oil‐mineral interactions• Common Minerals
• Calcite, bentonite, quartz, kaolinite, and montmorillonite
• Mineral Properties• Hydrophobic minerals
• interact with oil in water‐continuous phase
• Strong interactions with oil regardless of viscosity
• Hydrophilic minerals• form structures in oil‐continuous phase
• Interact better with low viscosity oils
Omotoso, O. E.; Munoz, V. A.; Mikula, R. J., Mechanisms of Crude Oil‐Mineral Interactions. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 2002, 8 (1), 45‐54.
• Mineral Size• Size ↓ , Stability ↑, Interfacial
energy ↑
• Mineral concentration• Critical sediment concentration:
enough particles to form monolayer around all particles
• Mineral shape• Determines aggregate
formation solid, droplet, flake
![Page 42: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Oil‐mineral aggregates (OMA)
• Mixing Energy/Water Turbidity• Break oil into droplets• Stir up sediments and suspend them in water
• Energy ↑, Droplet Size ↓ Stability ↑
• Helps oil‐particle interaction
0 s 5 s
10 s 120 s
Omotoso, O. E.; Munoz, V. A.; Mikula, R. J., Mechanisms of Crude Oil‐Mineral Interactions. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 2002, 8 (1), 45‐54.
Particle size as a function of total agitation time. Agitation time corresponds to total mixing energy added to the system.
![Page 43: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
OMA application to oil spills• OMA less sticky than oil itself
• Do not adhere to the shoreline or re‐coalesce like regular oil, allowing for faster natural removal from the shore
• Increase the total surface area of oil, provides more contact area to microorganisms, enhancing biodegradation
• Aggregates usually denser than oil itself, promoting oil incorporation into the water column
• Surf Washing• affected sediment is relocated to the surf zone where wave action is increased, enhancing oil droplet formation, and then oil‐mineral interaction
![Page 44: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Surfactants, Polymers & Colloids
self/directedassembly
solvents
surfactantspolymers particles
Drilling mudsHydraulic fracturing fluidsEnhanced oil recoveryFlow assurance additivesDispersants for oil spills
![Page 45: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
C‐MEDSConsortium for the Molecular
Engineering of Dispersant Systems C‐MEDS Mission
• To develop fundamental science that can be translated to applications in oil spill remediation. (GOMRI Theme IV)
• Adoption of technology developments to the portfolio of industrial and spill‐response practice.
• Workforce development. To provide opportunities for students to develop fruitful scientific careers, for researchers to do work of impact and relevance.
• To conduct education and outreach activities that will be of service to the community in SE Louisiana, the Gulf Coast, and to the nation.
![Page 46: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Project co-funding by the European Union within the 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 312139 is gratefully acknowledged
www.killspill.eu
Kill•Spill - Integrated Biotechnological Solutions for Combating Marine Oil Spills
![Page 47: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Thank you!
![Page 48: Hydrocarbon Extraction and Oil Spill Clean up](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012616/619e66b003fb4c128b5bf9ac/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)