Hydrocarbon Derivatives
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Transcript of Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
-Alcohols-Ethers -Aldehydes-Ketones-Carboxylic Acids-Esters
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
• These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups
• A functional group is a reactive group of atoms (eg. –OH)
• Due to the reactivity of the functional groups, we can determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds
• We also classify compounds based on these groups
• We will now explore six groups of hydrocarbon derivatives
ALCOHOLS
Alcohols
• An organic compound containing the hydroxyl, –OH, functional group
• Have the general formula of R—OH
• The “R” represents the alkyl group
• Example:CH3—CH2—OH
Three classes of Alcohols
• Primary Alcohol (1°) – the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is only bonded to one other carbon
• Secondary Alcohol (2°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms
• Tertiary Alcohol (3°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbon atoms
Naming Rules
1. Locate the longest carbon chain (must contain the carbon attached to the –OH group.) Name the parent alkane
2. Replace the –e at the end of the alkane name with –ol 3. Number the chain so that the –OH group has the lowest
number4. Add a position number before the name of the root to
indicate the position of the –OH group5. Name and number any branches (as you would for
alkanes)6. Put it all together: branches + root
Try it!
• Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary.
CH3—CH2—CH2—OH
One more...
• Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary.
CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—CH3 |
OH
ETHER
Ethers
• An organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom
• Has the general formula of R—O—R`
• R and R` indicate two alkyl groups
• The can be the same or different
• Example:CH3—CH2—O—CH3
How do we get to this?
• You can think of alcohols and ethers as derivatives of water!
H—O—H WaterR—O—H AlcoholR—O—R` Ether
Rules for naming Common Names
1. List the alkyl groups that are attached to the oxygen atom, in order of increasing length.
2. Place the suffix –ether at the end of the name
No numbers are needed to show the location of the oxygen atom!
Try it!
Name these ethers
CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH3
ALDEHYDES
Aldehyde
• Contain a carbonyl functional group C=O
• Has the general formula R-CHO
• Have characteristic scents and tastes• Example – Cinnamon or Formaldehyde
Naming Aldehydes
• The carbonyl group will always be on a terminal carbon, thus there is no need to give a position number
• Simply name the carbon chain; drop the –e from the end and add –al; give the C=O position 1
• Add branches (if any) as you have for all others!
Try Some
HC—CH2—CH2—CH3
CH3—CH2—CH—CH
O||
O||
| CH2—CH3
KETONES
Ketones
• Contain the carbonyl group C=O
• Has an alkyl group on either side of the C=O
• General formula R-CO-R`
Naming Ketones
• Find the longest carbon chain containing C=O
• Number the chain so that C=O has lowest number
• Drop the final –e from the alkane name and add –one
• Name and add branches as you would for alkanes
Try These
CH3—CH2—CH2—C—CH3
CH3—CH—C—CH2—CH2—CH3
| CH3
O||
O||
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Carboxylic Acids
• Contain a carboxyl group —C—OH
• General formula of R—COOH
• Polar molecules• Soluble in water• Have high MP and BP
O||
Naming Carboxylic Acids
• Name the parent alkane; drop the –e at the end of the alkane name and add –oic acid
• Carboxyl group is always given position one (no need to state this!)
• Name any branches as we do for alkanes
Try some
CH3—C—OH
CH3—CH—CH2—C—OH | CH3
O||
O||
ESTERS
Esters
• Derivatives of carboxylic acids
• Contains the functional group —C—O
— • General formula RCOOR`
• Example:CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3
O||
O||
Naming Esters
• Choose the main part of the ester, containing the C=O group. Name this as the parent acid.
• Replace the –oic acid with –oate• Name the second part of the ester as an alkyl
group• Put them together – alkyl group + parent acid
CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3
We would name this methyl propanoate
O||
Parent acid Alkyl Group
Try One
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3
O||