Hydraulic Fracturing Fracture’s Mechanics · “seleÇÃo de poÇos de petrÓleo para a...

May 8th 2014

Hydraulic Fracturing Fracture’s Mechanics

Miguel Medinas Nº67474

May 8th 2014 Miguel Medinas Nº67474

Reservoir’s Type

- Conventional

- Non Conventional

•Shale Gas

•Coalbed Methane (CBM)

•Tight Sands

•Heavy Oil

1.Reservoir’s Type


- Non Conventional

•Shale Gas

-Low porosity and permeability;

-Well stratified

-High reservoir´s volume



- Non Conventional

•Coalbed Methane (CBM)


-Coal’s High specific Area leads

to great CH4 storage


- Non Conventional

•Tight Sands


-Permeabilty lower than 0,1mD

-Absence of conectivity

-geological uncertainty


- Non Conventional

•Heavy Oil


-API between 10º and 22,3º

-High viscosity


Horizontal Drilling • Causes

2. Directional well

• Consequences


3. Well’s Stimulation

Well’s Stimulation

•Matrix Acidification

•Acid Fracturing

•Hydraulic Fracturing


•Acid Fracturing

•Matrix Acidification

Higher conductivity , due to the formation of residual

channels associated with a non-homogeneous acid’s

diffusion



•Hydraulic Fracturing

•History

•Hydraulic fracturing operation

•Fracture’s Fluid (proppant)

•Fracture’s Mechanics

•Ambiental Integration and problems



•History

Evolution of Hydraulic Fracturing

1st Stage :

1947 Rudimentary technique of

stimulation

1950’s : First Mathematical Models

1960’s : Advances in equipments, fluids

and monitoring processes

1970’s: Tight gas e massive fracs

1990’s: New scenarios for the aplication

of the technique: plays with high

permeability and introduction to

“fracpacking”



• Hydraulic Fracturing Operation

• Rock’s rupture by negative stresses

• Fluid pumped to 8.000 psi is enough to

prefurate until 914,4 meters distance

•Under pressure, the fractures nearest

the well can measure between 3,175 mm

and 6,35 mm





Enormous water consumption ; 50% recycled !




Enormous water consumption ; 50% recycled !

Logistic’s managment is essential!


• Proppant



• Fracture’s Mechanics


-Anisotropic

-Non homogeneous




Resistence Viscosity


• Fracture’s Mechanics(Fluid Propagation)


-Lagrangian aproach:

•Fracture Volume

•Fluids Loss

FEM 2D Vs 3D (for spatial variation)

*Variation in time domain by FDM


• Fracture’s Mechanics(Fluid Flow)


Fluid Flow analysis

(Darcy’s Law)

*Quasi-static conditions

*Quasi-incompressible Fluids

Forchheimer’s equation

turbulence coefficient


• Fracture’s Mechanics(Resistence)





*In global coordinates

Optimization At least 2,88 minutes discretization!


4. Ambiental concerns

• Ambiental integration and problems

• Aquifer contamination

•BlowOut Risk

• Seismic Risk


• Ambiental integration and problems

4. Ambiental concerns


6. Conclusion

• Hydraulic fracturing can provide to most countries an atractive

combustible’s alternative

• It’s believed the inovation and new practises at the industry can help to

manage the risks with the aplication of the technique: Bad construction,

blowouts, Aquifer contamination, among others

• There are many constitutive model, focused in different parameters and

properties, but the advanced of the FEM modelling can bring the feeling of

complete comprehension of the theme by all people in general

“Wall Street's Brightest Minds Reveal Their Best Investment Ideas For The Next Decade”

8. International pressure pumping

"The one investment I think I'd make to hold over the next 10 years would be in oil services, particularly focusing on

international pressure pumping. While crude oil continues to ratchet upwards in price and get more and more expensive

to find, natural gas through hydraulic fracturing seems to get easier with the boundaries for ever wider-scale production

halted by the factionalism and arbitrary hypocrisy of government controls, particularly in the shale rich areas of South

America. Those barriers must fall, given the price differential that continues to expand between crude and gas; and the

international services group will be the most likely long-term benefactors — think Schlumberger (SLB) and Baker-

Hughes (BHI)."

—Dan Dicker, president of MercBloc


7. Bibliography

Webgraphy 1.CORREIA, PEDRO JORGE PINTO. (2009). Caracterização de Sistemas de Fracturas em Reservatórios Petrolíferos.

2.TRIGGIA, ATILIO ALBERTO ET ALL (2001). “Fundamentos de Engenharia de Petróleo”. Petrobas. Editora Interciência. Rio de Janeiro.

3.TISSOT, B. P. ET WELTE, D.H. (1984). “Petroleum Formation and Occurrence”.

4.YEW, C.H., 2008, “Mecânica do Fraturamento Hidráulico”.

5.ROCHA, L.A.S; AZUAGA, D., ANDRADE, R., et.al, "Perfuração Direcional". Editora Interciência, 2011, 3a Edição

6.MARTIN E ECONOMIDES, 2010, “Best Practices for Candidate Selection, Design and Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments”.

7.Cortney Wenzel, B.S. (2012). A CASE STUDY - HYDRAULIC FRACTURING GEOGRAPHY: THE CASE OF THE EAGLE FORD SHALE,

TX, USA

8.EPA. (2012). “Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources”.

9.Castro, António Orestes de Salvo. (2005). “SELEÇÃO DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO PARA A OPERAÇÃO DE FRATURAMENTO

HIDRÁULICO: UMA COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE 10.SISTEMAS – FUZZY- GENÉTICO E NEURO-FUZZY”.

11.WORKMAN, SETH JORDAN. (2013). “Integrating Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy in Characterizing Unconventional

Reservoirs: Eagle Ford Shale, South Texas”.

12.Breyer, John A., Denne, Richard et all. (2013). “Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies of the Eagle Ford Shale (Cretaceous) between the

Maverick Basin and the San Marcos Arch, Texas, USA*

13.Marathon Oil. “Eagle Ford: Oil and Natural Gas Fact Book”.

14.EIA (2013). “Technically Re coverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries

Outside the United States”.

15.Halliburton. (2012). “Shale Workshop-Geotechnical Fórum”.

16.Xavier, Rodrigo. Simões, Filipe et all. (2013). “FLUIDOS PARA ESTIMULAÇÃO DE POÇOS – ACIDIFICAÇÃO E FRATURAMENTO

HIDRÁULICO”

17."Hydraulic Fracturing: Unlocking America's Natural Gas Resources". (2010).

18.Hydraulic Fracturing; The fuss, the facts, the future

19.Romagnoli and Varvelli. “Computer modelling of the evaluation of HF phenomena in hydrocarbon reservoir”

20.Magnus Wangen, “Modelling HF on a reservoir scale 2D”

21Oilfield Review ; “Rocks Matter:Ground truth in Geomechanics”

22. Johannes Will; “Simulation of HF of jointed rock”

23. Andrew Bunger ; “Numerical simulation of simultaneous Growth of multiple interacting HF from horizontal wells”

1. http://www.halliburton.com/public/projects/pubsdata/Hydraulic_Fracturing/fracturing_101.html#

2. http://www.geofisicabrasil.com/artigos/111-tecnologia11/3161-bacia-do-reconcavo-x-fraturamento-hidraulico.html

3. http://www.geofisicabrasil.com/artigos/41-opiniao/4951-shale-gas-estados-unidos-dao-a-volta-por-cima.html

4. http://www.asiacomentada.com.br/2013/08/impressionante-producao-de-petroleo-do-texas/

5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP5wSfD0fk4

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGC0K9tPPTo

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_j7UkuzJTU

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_by_country

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Environmental_impact

10. http://www.lneg.pt/CienciaParaTodos/edicoes_online/diversos/boa_pratica/texto

http://www.halliburton.com/public/projects/pubsdata/Hydraulic_Fracturing/fracturing_101.html










http://www.geofisicabrasil.com/artigos/111-tecnologia11/3161-bacia-do-reconcavo-x-fraturamento-hidraulico.html



























http://www.geofisicabrasil.com/artigos/41-opiniao/4951-shale-gas-estados-unidos-dao-a-volta-por-cima.html































http://www.asiacomentada.com.br/2013/08/impressionante-producao-de-petroleo-do-texas/























http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP5wSfD0fk4












http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGC0K9tPPTo











http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_j7UkuzJTU











http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_by_country







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Environmental_impact







http://www.lneg.pt/CienciaParaTodos/edicoes_online/diversos/boa_pratica/texto







Hydraulic Fracturing Fracture’s Mechanics · “seleÇÃo de poÇos de petrÓleo para a...

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