Hw1 Solar Thermal Energy Short

8/11/2019 Hw1 Solar Thermal Energy Short

1/37

SOLAR

THERMAL

ENERGY:Characterization

of ENERGY Source

Reporter: James Michael Ong

Course: EgyE 201

Professor: Ferdinand G. Manegdeg

Date: July 8 2009


2/37

Focus

Large-Scale Solar Thermal Energy Power

Plants in Megawatts (MW) capacity

Usage: Electric Power Consumption


3/37

Contents

Specifications and Samples

Estimates and Where Located

Introduction

Exploration and Extraction

Handling, Transportation & Storage

Pre-conversion Set-up

Principles

Equation Form

Processes and Equipment Flowcharts

Conversion Technology

Principles

Equation Form

Processes and Equipment Flowcharts

After Conversion Handling

ParagraphEquation

Energy ResourceImprovement

Books

Internet Sources

Works Cited


4/37


Continuous nuclear fusionprocess

(four hydrogen nuclei fuse to form onehelium nucleus)

E = m c2

Every square meter of the sunssurface emits a radiant power of 63.11

MW1/5 of a square km emits 400 EJ (1018)per year

Total solar irradiance or solar constantGs=1367 W/m

21%

SU

Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Conversion

Tec

hnology

After

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resource

ImprovementFrom Quaschning


5/37


energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves

transferring heat (transport by photons) being released fromexcited atoms

travelling on straight paths until they are absorbed or scattered bysome other atoms.

Solar Radiation

80% hydrogen, 20% helium and only 0.1% other elements

Chemical Composition

diameter =1.39x 109m.

innermost region core has a temperature of about 8 to 40 x 106K

with average density about 1.409 g/cm3

Physical Characteristic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_diagram.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_diagram.svg


6/37

Space Requirement

Technical Life Span

Power Generation Cost

Time Availability

Estimates and Where

Located

Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Conversion

Tec

hnology

Aft

er

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resource

Improvement


7/37

Estimates and Where Located

50MW

ParabolicTrou

ghPowerPlant

withThermalStorage

Tables from Garg


8/37

Estimates and Where

Located Time Availability

5:30 am to 6:00 pm


9/37

SPAIN

INDIA

SOUTH AFRICAAUSTRALIA

USA ISRAEL

UKCHINA

KUWAIT

SOLAR THERMAL POWERPLANTS

Nevada (Solar One)

40 MW/ California (Luz

System)/ Arizona

(280MW)/ Florida

(300MW)/ Mojave

Desert

Almeria/

Seville

(11MW)

Milduria

(154MW)

Negev

Desert

Upington

(100MW)

Low

Temperature

Applications
http://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/ausra-fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/ausra-fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/ausra-fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/solar-systems-australia.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/ausra-fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/beacon-solar.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/zenith-solar.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/solano-trough.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/fresnel-reflectors.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/segs.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/ivanpah_simulation.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/solar_array.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/solar_two.jpghttp://ecoworldly.com/files/2008/04/solar_two_.jpg


10/37

Estimates and Where

Located PHILIPPINES

country's average solar radiation

161.7 ~ 170Watts per square meter

annual potential average

5.1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)/m2/day

Based on the 2001 inventory, total of 5,120 solar systems have

been installed (DOE website)

4,619 solar photovoltaic (PV) systems

433 solar water heaters (commercially available)

68 solar dryer systems

DOE Website


11/37


Directand

DiffusedRadiation

SolarRadiation

Data

Types ofSolar

Collectors

Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Con

version

Tec

hnology

Aft

er

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resource

Improvem

ent


12/37


Albedo(28-30%)

Direct/Beam

Radiation(47%)

DiffusedRadiation

(23%)

TotalSolar

Radiation

From Hubbert; Bansal


13/37


Solar Radiation Data

Ex. Europe - Summer (July) vs. Winter (January)

From Everett


14/37


Types of Solar Collectors

Low

temperature

application

Medium to High

(Concentrators)

Can only use direct solar radiation


15/37

Handling, Transportation and

Storage

Heat Transport Fluid through Pipes

Water (Steam)

Synthetic Oil

Storage Sensible Heat

rock beds (heat capacity= 0.9 kJ/kg K) or water tanks

(4.2 kJ/kg K) at low temperature

Latent Heat Phase Change- salt hydrates, paraffin

Reversible Thermo-chemical Reactions

Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Con

version

Tec

hnology

After

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resour

ce

Improvem

ent


16/37


Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Con

version

Tec

hnology

After

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resour

ce

Improvem

ent

RadiationEnergy

Solar Collector

ThermalEnergy

Receiver andtransmissionto heattransfermedium

MechanicalEnergy

Thermalengine

ElectricalEnergy

Generator


17/37


Introduction

Pre-

conversion

Set-up

Con

version

Tec

hnology

After

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energ

y

Resour

ce

Improvem

ent


18/37


SOLAR FARM

Geometric ConfigurationFocus of Parabola

Incident direct SR

Parabolic trough

Pipe with

heat

transport

fluid

Focus


19/37


Process and Equipment Flowcharts


20/37


For Concentrators

GDiAR= QR+ QAR+ QC+ QRL + QU

QU= (1- A) GDi AR - UAAA(tptA) - AA (TP4TA

4)

Rate of useful energy available from a solar

absorber is transferred to a working fluid inside the

absorber

QU= m cP(to-ti)

Incident Direct SR -

Incomplete reflectance ofmirror surface - reflectance of

absorber

Radiation Losses from

absorber in long wave region

Heat losses due to

convection

Specific heat of the fluid

mass flow rate in

cooling loop

ConcentratorAssembly Storage Thermal PowerMachinefrom Bansal


21/37


Losses due to Storage

QLS = k Ast(tstta) / I

Daily Useful Energy from Storage

Quseful= QU dt - QLS dt = hEm dt

thermal conductivityof the insulation on

the storage

thickness of the

insulation

enthalpy drop in the

evaporation mass flow rate in the

working loop

ConcentratorAssembly Storage Thermal PowerMachine


22/37


The thermal power of the machine

Pth= hEm TH = hMm in Watts

The net power of the system

P = Pth MG- PE

Where P = net electrical power of the system

(W); M= mechanical efficiency; G=

generator efficiency; PE= power consumption

of pumps and controls (W)

enthalpy

drop in the

machine

Thermal

efficiency

Mechanical

efficiencyGenerator

efficiency

ConcentratorAssembly Storage Thermal PowerMachine

Peak Efficiency: 20%


23/37


Video: Nevada Solar One 0:59; 2:34
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Nevada%20Solar%20One%20Troughs.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Nevada%20Solar%20One%20Troughs.mp4


24/37


SOLAR TOWER

Heliostats

Central receiver

turbine

Absorbers


25/37


Geometric Configuration

= h + n /2

/2 n = arctan [(ZTZS/2)/X] +

n = { h - arctan [(ZTZS/2)/X]} / 2Figures from Bansal

Inclination of

Mirrors


26/37


Flowchart


27/37


Useful Radiation from the Mirror

Field

QUF= ACFMF GDin Watts

ACF= real area of the mirror field (m2);MF= mirror field efficiency; GD= direct

radiation on exactly tracked mirror field

so that incident angle is always zero

(W/m2

).

Mirror/Heliostats CentralReceiver


28/37


Receiver Layout

QUF= QUA + Qr+ QC+ QRFin Watts

Where QUA = useful power of the absorber; Qr=

radiative losses (W); QC= convective losses; QRF=

reflective losses

QUA = hRA (tptFM)

Where hR = heat transfer coefficient in the fluid

channels (W/m2K); A = heat transfer area along the

fluid channel (m2

); tp= temperature of the insidewall of the absorber (C); tFM= mean fluid

temperature in the fluid channel (C).

Mirror/Heliostats CentralReceiver

Peak Efficiency: 23%


29/37


Video: Solar Tower Brightsource Israel

Negev Desert 1:37

In
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4


30/37


The pressure and temperature drop during the

process entering the condenser, a heat exchanger

condensing steam at constant pressure by

rejecting heat to a cooling medium such as

lake, river or atmosphere. After the condenser, the fluid is returned to the

solar receiver through a pump.

ntroduction

Pre-

c

onversion

Set-up

Con

version

Technology

After

Conve

rsion

Hand

ling

Energy

Resource

Improvem

entFrom Cengel


31/37


Turbine (no heat exchange Q = 0)

Work done by the turbine

Wturbine, out= (h2h1)* turb

Where h1, h2are enthalpies at before and after the turbine

Condenser (W =0)

Heat released Qout= h3h2

Pump Wpump= (h4h2) VP / pump


32/37

In


33/37

Energy Resource

Improvements

ProperPositioning or

Location ofPower Plants

15 to 35N ofEquator

Declination ofthe Sun

and theTilting of theEarth

Proper Tracking

Winter vs.Summer

AtmosphericConditions

and Length ofDay

Locality

Weather

Pollution

ntroduction

Pre-

c

onversion

Set-up

Con

version

Technology

Afte

r

Conversion

Hand

ling

Energy

Resource

Improvem

ent

ProperPositioning orLocation ofPower Plants

15 to 35 ofEquator

In


34/37

Energy Resource

Improvements Most favorable belt (15-35 from equator)increase in incident

direct solar radiation (QusefulGDirect) i.e. QUF= ACFMF GD

3000 h/year of sunshine and limited cloud coverage

More than 90% of the incident solar radiation comes as direct radiation

ntroduction

Pre-

c

onversion

Set-up

Con

version

Technology

Afte

r

Conversion

Hand

ling

Energy

Resource

Improvem

ent

Philippines 350 cal/cm2d

= 169.56 W/m2

From Duffie


35/37

Energy Resource Improvements

variation in extraterrestrial

radiation with the different

times of the year

Proper tracking of the

changes in the positionof the sun and earth is

significant

Increasing the storage

capacity of the powerplants in the summer

Figures from Garg


36/37

Energy Resource Improvements

lowering the amount of air pollutants in

the atmosphere such as smog, fog, dust

Clearer sky condition

with a more radical approach depletion of the ozone layer

less percentage will be absorbed

Absorption and scattering

under typical clear sky conditions

Factor Percent absorbedPercent scattered

Ozone 2% 0%

Water vapor

8%

4%

Dry air 2% 7%

Upper dust 2% 3%

Lower dust

0%

0%

University of Oregon


37/37

References

Books Bansal, NK and Kleeman, M. (1990) Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi.

Cengel, Y and Turner, R. (2005) Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid Sciences, McGraw-Hill International Edition, Singapore.

Duffie, J. and Beckman, W. (2006) Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes 3rdEdition, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey.

Everett, B. (1996) Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, New York.

Garg, HP and Mullick, SC (1985) Solar Thermal Energy Storage, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Holland.

Garg, HP and Prakash, J. (2000) Solar Energy: Fundamentals and Applications First Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi. Granqvist, CG (1991) Materials Science for Solar Energy Conversion Systems, Pergamon Press, England.

Hubbert, MK (1973) Survey of World Energy Resources.

Kreider, JF (1979) Medium and High Temperature Solar Processes,Academic Press Inc., New York.

Kreider, JF and Hoogendoorn, C. (1989) Solar Design: Components, Systems, Economics, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,

USA.

Quaschning, V. (2005) Understanding Renewable Energy Systems, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co KG, USA.

Internet Sources An Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion Technologies and Research Opportunities, Stanford University GCEP Energy

Assessment Analysis Summer 2006, Internet, July 2, 2009.

Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization:Report on the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar EnergyUtilization by Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Internet, July 2, 2009.

Renewable Energy Solar Energy, Department of Energy Philippines, Internet, July 2, 2009.

Solar Radiation Basics, University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory, Internet, July 3, 2009.

Wikipedia, Solar Thermal Energy, Internet, June 28, 2009.

Videos: Nevada Solar One 0:59; 2:34; Solar Tower Brightsource Israel Negev Desert 1:37
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Nevada%20Solar%20One%20Troughs.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/solar%20tower%20brightsource%20israel.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Nevada%20Solar%20One%20Troughs.mp4

Hw1 Solar Thermal Energy Short

Documents

Transcript of Hw1 Solar Thermal Energy Short