HW # 107- Complete Coral Reef essay prompt (due Friday) Chapter 11 Exam Friday Warm up List 3...
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Transcript of HW # 107- Complete Coral Reef essay prompt (due Friday) Chapter 11 Exam Friday Warm up List 3...
HW # 107- Complete Coral Reef essay prompt (due Friday) Chapter 11 Exam Friday
Warm up
List 3 reasons why coral reefsare in danger.
Week 32, Day Two
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mccarty_and_peters/coral/C-intro.htm
Coral Reefs
http://tools.coralreef.org/content/objects/view.acs?object_id=545
Importance of Coral Reefs
• 0.2% of world’s oceans• Habitat for 1/3 of marine
fishes• Habitat for tens of thousands
of other animals• The rainforests of the oceans
Importance of Coral Reefs
• PROTECTION TO COASTLINES
• ECONOMIC RESOURCES• BIODIVERSITY• NATURAL BEAUTY
Importance of Coral Reefs
• PROTECTION TO COASTLINES–absorb energy of ocean waves–reduce erosion of shoreline–storm damage–flooding
Importance of Coral Reefs
• ECONOMIC RESOURCES –Fisheries for food–Fisheries for jobs–Tourism–Building materials–Aquarium trade
Importance of Coral Reefs
• BIODIVERSITY–The rainforests of the sea–Genetic diversity–Pharmaceuticals
Importance of Coral Reefs
• NATURAL BEAUTY
http://sustainableseas.noaa.gov/missions/florida2/background/coralspawning.html
$375 billion in environmental goods and services
Reefs at Risk 1998 (http://www.wri.org/powerpoints/reefswww/sld011.htm
Caribbean reef values(annual net benefits in 2000)
• Fisheries: $310 million• Dive tourism: $2.1 billion• Shoreline protection: $0.7-
2.2 billion
Total: $4.1-4.6 billion
REEFS WORLDWIDE ARE THREATENED
•11% of reefs have been lost
•16% of reefs severely damaged
•~60% of studied reefs threatened by human activities
•No pristine reefs left
CARIBBEAN REEFS DECLINING
•1970s: ~50% coral cover
•Present: ~10% coral cover
•=80% reduction in coral cover over last 30 years
Gardner et al. 2003 Science 301: 958-960
Natural disturbances that affect corals and coral reefs?
•Hurricanes•Tsunamis•Volcanoes•Earthquakes•Predators & competitors•Bleaching•Pathogens
Hurricanes
• Physical damage
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1989hugo.html
•Destruction of other ecosystems upon which coral reefs depend
•Freshwater poisoning
•Smothering
Volcanoes
• Depends upon where volcano occurs
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/current_volcs/montserrat/montserrat.html
•smothering and sedimentation
•Heat
Predators• crown of thorns
starfish • snails• parrotfish• butterflyfish
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/reflib/cot-starfish/pages/cot-q07.html
http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgflower/living/fg_living.html
• Loss of zooxanthellae
• causes – higher than usual
ocean temperature – sharp changes in
salinity– heavy UV light
exposurehttp://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mccarty_and_peters/coral/Bleach.htm
Pathogens
• Diseases on the rise– new pathogens
(8+)– land pathogens
(Aspergillus)– occurring at all
depths–More susceptible
when stressedhttp://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mccarty_and_peters/coral/Bbd.htm
Overfishing
• Ecological imbalance
http://tools.coralreef.org/content/objects/view.acs?object_id=545
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/reef/reef2570.htm
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/coral5.htm http://www.wri.org/indictrs/rrcyanid.htm
Overfishing• Destructive fishing practices
Development
• Sediment smothering• Freshwater input• Pollutants & nutrients
(sewage, pesticides, fertilizer, heavy metals, pathogens)
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/coral_mangrove/coral.danger.html
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mccarty_and_peters/coral/c-intro.htm
Development
Recreation
Anchors, boats, flippers, hands, feet•Kill animal tissue •Skeleton breakage
http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/scied/science/habitat/influences.html
Global climate change
• Reduced reef building• Increase in frequency
and intensity of hurricanes
• Increases in bleaching• Increased in disease
PROTECTION SINCE 1961ACROPORA DIE-OFF 1980S
DIADEMA DIE-OFF 1983HURRICANE HUGO 1989
HURRICANES MARILYN/LUIS 1995
BUCK ISLAND, ST. CROIX