HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-4aUnit 2-4a

The Temperate The Temperate ForestForest

Characteristics of Temperate

Forests

Temperate Forest

Temp Precip Biodiveristy

Seasonal High High

Locations Northeast US, Europe, Japan

• Fertile soil due to the seasons

• Rain and snow is common

• Long sunny growing season

For which biomes are these characteristics similar?

Seasons In The Temperate Forest

Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axisas it travels around the sun

The equinox has 12 hours of day and night

The winter & summersolstice have extreme hours of daylight

(~16/8 hrs of day/night)

How many weeks away is the spring equinox?

Temperate Forest Plants

Plants and animals are adapted to survive the extreme temperatures caused by the change in

seasons.

Daffodil – Its bulb root survives through winter & droughts for up to 70 years

Fern & Grasses – Use widespreadrhizomes (underground stems)

Maple Tree – Loses its leaves inwinter, like all deciduous trees

How can the temperature in a Pennsylvania caveremain nearly constant all year long?

Temperate Forest Animals

Animals use other strategies to survive the winter.

Monarch Butterfly – Migrate from southern parts of Canada to Mexico and back each year

Bears & Squirrels – Don’thibernate but go through longinactive periods called denning

Mosquito – Hibernate & produceeggs that survive below 32oF

Which two survival strategies are used by these species?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Describe the temp, precipitation,and biodiversity of a forest.

2. Where are temperate forestslocated in the world?

3. Explain how length of day, change for each season.

4. What adaptations have plantsdeveloped in a forest?

5. What adaptations have animalsdeveloped in a forest?

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-4bUnit 2-4b

The TaigaThe Taiga

Characteristics of Taiga

TaigaTemp Precip Biodiveristy

Low Average Average

LocationsAlaska, Canada, Russia & Scandinavia

• Taigas are dominated by evergreen or coniferous trees

• Alpine Taiga can be found in many mountain ranges

Where are taigas found in the southern hemisphere?

The Threat Of Deforestation

Pine, cedar, fir, spruce & redwood are popular types of…

Conifers used for lumber, furniture, tissues, paper, newsprint, etc.

These products can be recycled and trees replanted tocreate a sustainable source of wood.

What is the next step after clear cutting this forest?

Taiga Plants

Coniferous trees have many adaptations that include…

• Thick bark protects from frost

• The cone shape sheds snow

• Cones protect the seeds

• Narrow, waxy needles retain water

• Shallow roots allow the trees to quickly absorb melted snow

Taigas also have a few ferns, mosses and grasses

Why aren’t smaller plants more common in the taiga?

Taiga Animals

Snowshoe Hare – Large feet for leaping through snow;Seasonal fur color

Marten – Slender, light bodyallows it to jump through treesand crawl into burrows

Lynx – Excellent vision & hearing

Great Grey Owl – Can turn its head180o; Body covered in specialfeathers for silent flight

Why don’t many taiga animals, such as the grey wolf,

use migration or to survive the winter?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Describe the temp, precipitationand biodiversity of the taiga.

2. Where are taiga located?

3. Which products in your homecome from conifer trees?

4. List five adaptations that helpconifers survive in the taiga.

5. What adaptations help animalssurvive in the taiga?

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-4cUnit 2-4c

The Respiratory The Respiratory SystemSystem

The Earth’s Atmosphere

Take a deep breath, which gas are you mostly breathing in?

Atmosphere – A layer of gases surrounding a planet;Provides protection & keeps us warm;78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen

As elevation increases, air pressure andtemperature decrease.

The “thin air” at thetop of a mountain hasless oxygen for breathing!

Why can’t helicopters easily reach the top of Mt. Everest?

How Air Enters The Body

Diaphragm contracts, drawing air from the sinuses to…

Pharynx – Leads to lungs & stomach

Larynx – The voice box

Trachea – Wind pipe that

divides into two…

Bronchial Tubes - Lead to the…

Lungs – Where gas exchange take place;Oxygen is absorbed & Carbon dioxide is released

What is meant when we say,“food went down the wrong pipe”?

Why Do We Need Oxygen?

The average person can live without…

• Food for about 30 days;

• Water for about 3 days and;

• Oxygen for less than 3 minutes!

Your body must be able to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide in order to metabolize food & get energy!

Swiss diver, Peter Colat, holds the Guinness World Record for holding his breath underwater – 19 min

& 21 secs

How Do We Get Our Energy?

Food and Oxygen are needed for…

Cellular Respiration - The process by which cells acquire energy from food that is digested

C6H12O6 + O2 --> H2O + CO2 + Energy

(Glucose) + (Oxygen) -> (Water) (Carbon Dioxide)

This is where the cells ofyour body get the energy to power all of your daily activities!

The Source of All Energy Is…

The sun is the basis of all food chains & it starts with…

Photosynthesis - Used by green plants & algae to convert light energy into stored chemical energy (food)

Energy + H2O + CO2 --> C6H12O6 + O2

(light) (water) (carbon dioxide) (glucose) (oxygen)

This process stores energy, not only as food for today but also in the form of fossilfuels which can be used millions of years into the future!

How do plants survive at night without sunlight?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. What three things does theatmosphere provide for you?

2. How does the air change in alpine ecosystems?

3. How is oxygen taken in bythe body?

4. Describe the process & purposeof photosynthesis.

5. Describe the process & purposeof cellular respiration.

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-4dUnit 2-4d

The Circulatory The Circulatory SystemSystem

The Circulatory System

Circulatory System – Transports 1½ gallons of blood through many miles of blood vessels

Components of Blood

• Plasma – 90% water with nutrients

• Red Blood Cells – Contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen

• White Blood Cells – Fight infection

• Platelets – Cell fragments that clot blood

Which disease is characterized by bruisingand cuts that won’t stop bleeding?

Our Body’s Superhighway

Blood vessels deliver…

• Gases needed for respiration & waste that must be removed

• Nutrients from the digestive system

• Hormones for metabolism, growth and development

• Blood which keeps the body warm

Every 20 seconds, your heart can pumpevery drop of your blood through your entire

body!

HGH?

Understanding Gas ExchangeVeins return poor blood( CO2) to the heart.

The heart pumps thisblood to the lungs.

The lungs exchange gases(O2 & CO2) and the bloodis pumped to…

the heart.

Arteries carry good blood( O2) out to the body.

Capillaries – The thinnestblood vessels in the bodywhere gas exchange occurs.

Why Do Athletes Train In Colorado?

Because there is less air at higher altitudes, the body must try and absorb more oxygen by…

• Breathing more frequently

• Producing more red blood cells

This makes it easier to supplyworking muscles with oxygen.

After adjusting to an alpinebiome, athletes can returnto sea-level & work harderwithout running out of breath.

People living in alpine biomes are adapted to the thin air.

Circulatory & Respiratory Diseases

Heart Attack – Blood can’t circulate because arteries are blocked with fatty deposits; Leading cause of U.S. deaths

Stroke – A blockage stopsblood from reaching the brain

These are caused by…Poor diet, lack of exercise,smoking, excessive alcohol,high blood pressure & genetics.

Lung Cancer – Most fatal form of cancer due to the highvolume of blood that travels through the lungs

What choices have you made to prevent these diseases?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. What are the four componentsof blood?

2. Describe the four functions ofblood in the body?

3. Describe the three vesselsthat transport blood.

4. Where does gas exchangeoccur and how does it happen?

5. What adaptations are madefor people living at higheraltitudes?