Dissolving and separating solutions. Dissolving model Solute Solvent Solution.
Human Utilization of Subsurface Extraterrestrial Environments · CAVE TYPE Dominant Processes...
Transcript of Human Utilization of Subsurface Extraterrestrial Environments · CAVE TYPE Dominant Processes...
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Human Utilization of Subsurface Human Utilization of Subsurface Extraterrestrial EnvironmentsExtraterrestrial Environments
P.J. BostonP.J. BostonR.D. FrederickR.D. FrederickJ. J. WerkerWerker
S.M. WelchS.M. WelchS.L. ThompsonS.L. ThompsonB. B. SprungmanSprungmanV. HV. H--WerkerWerker
Complex Systems Research, Inc.Complex Systems Research, Inc.Boulder, COBoulder, CO
http://http://www.HighMars.org/niacwww.HighMars.org/niac//
A NIAC Phase II StudyA NIAC Phase II Study
R.D. Frederick © 2002R.D. Frederick © 2002
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R.D. Frederick © 2001
Why Caves?Why Caves?
•• ScienceScience •• ShelterShelter •• StuffStuff
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Are There CavesAre There CavesOn On
Other Planets?Other Planets?
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Collapse Pits Along Tube Path
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Mare Imbrium
Moon Lavatubes
Rima Posidonius
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LavatubesLavatubes on Marson Mars
Images Images –– NASA, NASA, MalinMalin Space SciencesSpace Sciences
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Ceraunius Patera
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LavatubeLavatube CaveCaveEnvironmentsEnvironments
Secondary mineral formations Secondary mineral formations (speleothems)(speleothems)
ActinomycetesActinomycetes commoncommon
Permanent or transient icesPermanent or transient ices
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CAVE TYPECAVE TYPE Dominant Processes Parent Materials Earth Examples Possible Extraterrestrial Variations
Solutional Dissolving rock by solvent Soluble solids plus a solvent
Classic karst, gypsum, halite
Non-water solvents, different thermal regimes
Erosional Mechanical abrasion via wind, water, grinding, etc.
Any solid Sea coast caves, Aeolian undercuts, etc.
Non-Earth erosionalprocesses, e.g. radiation sputtering, frozen volatiles
Tectonic Fracturing due to internally or externally caused earth movements
Any rocky solid Gravity sliding caves
Tidal flexure from a massive primary, crater impact fracturing
Suffosional Cavity construction by the fluid-borne motion of small particles
Unconsolidated sediments
Mud caves Ground ice sublimation???
Phase Transition
Cavity construction by melting, vaporization, or sublimation
Meltable or sublimablematerials capable of solidifying at planet-normal temperatures
Lava tube caves, glacial caves
Perihelionic sublimation of frozen volatiles in comets, frozen bubbles in non-water ices, non-basalt lavatubes
Constructional Negative space left by incremental biological or accretional processes
Any solid capable of ordered or non-ordered accretion, or biogenic processing
Coralline algae towers
Crystallization in non-polar ices???
P.J. Boston 2003. Extraterrestrial Caves. In, Encycl.opedia of Caves and Karst, J. Gunn, ed.
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Lessons from the Caves of EarthLessons from the Caves of EarthCaves are not rare!Caves are not rare!Occur in every major rock typeOccur in every major rock typeClimate recordersClimate recordersUnique mineralsUnique mineralsUnique biological habitatsUnique biological habitatsUnique preservation environmentsUnique preservation environments
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•• Caves provide a window into the subsurfaceCaves provide a window into the subsurface•• Caves can be radically different from surfaceCaves can be radically different from surface•• Cave habitats Cave habitats ≠≠ nonnon--cave subsurface habitatscave subsurface habitats
Cave EnvironmentsCave Environments
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Unique Mineral FormationsUnique Mineral Formations
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UniqueUniqueMicrobesMicrobes
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Photo by Larry McLaughlinPhoto by Larry McLaughlin
Preservation Environment
Physical fossilsPhysical fossilsIsotopic signalsIsotopic signalsClimate recordClimate record
Geochemical tracesGeochemical tracesIn situ In situ lithificationlithification
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Trapped Particles & Volatiles?
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R.D. Frederick © 2001R.D. Frederick © 2001
Life in Mars Caves?Life in Mars Caves?
•• Traces of Ancient Life?Traces of Ancient Life?
•• Presence of modern life?Presence of modern life?
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Extraterrestrial Caves
as Human Habitat
Extraterrestrial Extraterrestrial Caves Caves
as Human Habitatas Human Habitat
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Extreme UVExtreme UVIonizing radiationIonizing radiation
GalacticGalacticSolar flaresSolar flares
Shelter on the Martian SurfaceShelter on the Martian Surface
……construction is expensive!construction is expensive!…digging machines are expensive!…digging machines are expensive!
DangerDangerWork loadWork loadTime factorsTime factors
Pressure vesselPressure vesselSelfSelf--containedcontained
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Radiation protectionRadiation protectionPressure vesselPressure vessel
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VolatilesVolatilesIcesIcesMineralsMineralsAccess to deeper depositsAccess to deeper depositsStorage and processing facilitiesStorage and processing facilities
Cave Resources
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NIAC Phase I: NIAC Phase I: Identification of Enabling TechnologiesIdentification of Enabling Technologies
•• Inflatable cave linersInflatable cave liners•• Foamed in place airlocksFoamed in place airlocks
•• Inert gas pressurization Inert gas pressurization •• MarsMars--derived breathing mixderived breathing mix
•• SelfSelf--deploying deploying microrobotsmicrorobots–– Communication systemCommunication system–– Automated mappingAutomated mapping–– Biologically sensitive sitesBiologically sensitive sites
• Cave science “backpack”Cave science “backpack”•• NonNon--invasive techniquesinvasive techniques
•• Planetary protection Planetary protection protocol developmentprotocol development
•• BioregenerativeBioregenerative systemssystems(unique cave aspects)(unique cave aspects)
•• Bioluminescence/O2 Bioluminescence/O2 lightlight--piping systempiping system
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NIAC Phase II:NIAC Phase II:Missions to Inner SpaceMissions to Inner Space
Mouse Mission Mouse Mission Development Development –– 20022002
Implementation Implementation –– 2003
Human Mission Human Mission Development Development –– 20032003
Implementation Implementation –– 2003/042003/042003
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Mouse Missionto Inner SpaceMouse MissionMouse Missionto Inner Spaceto Inner Space
CEMSSCEMSS
PrePre--human trialhuman trial
EducationEducation
Mark I PrototypeMark I Prototype
TrakballTrakball
MousetronautsMousetronautsJoystikJoystik
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CEMSS O2 LevelsPercent - September 27-29, 2002
16.70
16.90
17.10
17.30
17.50
17.70
17.90
18.10
18.30
19:3
020
:30
21:3
022
:30
23:3
00:
301:
302:
303:
304:
305:
306:
307:
308:
309:
3010
:30
11:3
012
:30
13:3
014
:30
15:3
016
:30
17:3
018
:30
19:3
020
:30
21:3
022
:30
23:3
00:
301:
302:
303:
304:
305:
306:
307:
308:
309:
3010
:30
CEMSS Relative HumidityPercent - September 28-29, 2002
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
18:4
5
19:4
5
20:4
5
21:4
5
22:4
5
23:4
5
0:45
1:45
2:45
3:45
4:45
5:45
6:45
7:45
8:45
9:45
CEMSS TemperatureDegrees C - September 28-29, 2002
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
016
:00
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
20:0
0
21:0
0
22:0
0
23:0
00:
00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:0
0
Mouse HabPlant ChamberElectric ZoneBottom RightCave Temp
CEMSS CO2 Levelsppm - September 27-29, 2002
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
19:3
020
:30
21:3
022
:30
23:3
00:
301:
302:
303:
304:
305:
306:
307:
308:
309:
3010
:30
11:3
012
:30
13:3
014
:30
15:3
016
:30
17:3
018
:30
19:3
020
:30
21:3
022
:30
23:3
00:
301:
302:
303:
304:
305:
306:
307:
308:
309:
3010
:30
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Argon-Breathing Experiments
Argon-Breathing Experiments
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Lemna minor (duckweed)Lemna minor (duckweed)Azolla (waterfern)Azolla (waterfern)
Flat Crops
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WaterfernDuckweed
• Rapid-growth, (mass doubles in 16-24 hrs.)• Reproduce by budding or seeds/spores
• Wide pH Range, (5.5 – 7)
• Produces more protein per square meter than soybeans, (dried)
• Can purify & concentrate nutrients from wastewater
• Tolerates High UV levels
• Symbiotically fixes nitrogen from air
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Integrated MissionIntegrated Mission
Argon breathing mixDuckweed dietValley of Fires lavatube16 December1 week 10 mice
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Human Missionto Inner SpaceHuman MissionHuman Missionto Inner Spaceto Inner Space
Liner & airlockLiner & airlock11--2 week duration2 week duration7% CO7% CO22, 9, 9--17% O17% O22 (HM Cave, AZ)(HM Cave, AZ)In situIn situ science tasksscience tasks
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Airlocks
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Pressurized Shirt-sleeve
Environment
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SelfSelf--deploying Com Networkdeploying Com Network802.11 based prototype802.11 based prototypeLarge, pristine cave Large, pristine cave testbedtestbed
((CuevaCueva de Las de Las BarrancasBarrancas, NM), NM)Human cavers as “Human cavers as “microrobotsmicrorobots””
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3-D LIDAR Scanner33--D LIDAR ScannerD LIDAR ScannerCyrax 2500 3D Laser Scanning System - Cyra Corp.
Courtesy Pacific Survey Supply, Medford, ORCyraxCyrax 2500 3D Laser Scanning System 2500 3D Laser Scanning System -- CyraCyra Corp.Corp.
Courtesy Pacific Survey Supply, Medford, ORCourtesy Pacific Survey Supply, Medford, OR
FastFastAutonomousAutonomousCADCAD--compatablecompatable 3D point cloud3D point cloudGeneral mapping & reconnaissanceGeneral mapping & reconnaissanceCustom fit inflatable cave linersCustom fit inflatable cave liners
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R.D. Frederick © 2001
Earth Cave Analogs Earth Cave Analogs For Extraterrestrial CavesFor Extraterrestrial Caves
Astronaut Training Astronaut Training
Planetary ProtectionPlanetary Protection
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Logistics
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Logistics
ProtectionProtection
MobilityMobility
InstrumentationInstrumentation
Emergency responseEmergency response
Abrading environmentAbrading environment
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PlanetaryProtection
Potential biological sitesAseptic reconnaissanceLong-term monitoringNon-invasive techniquesChain of asepsis
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Next?NASA ASTEP new start 1/04
ISU CaveClass Project
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Humans in Caves:Humans in Caves:The PresentThe Present
Humans in Caves:Humans in Caves:The NIAC Future?The NIAC Future?