Human Trafficking – a Human Trafficking – a Health PerspectiveHealth Perspective

Sue Gwyer - CSWP COMBSue Gwyer - CSWP COMBATATEngagement SpecialistEngagement Specialist

www.combattrafficking.eu

UK Government Strategy on UK Government Strategy on Human Trafficking Human Trafficking [July 2011 p.29][July 2011 p.29]

• The Department of Health (DH) will work with the UKHTC The Department of Health (DH) will work with the UKHTC and others, to improve the response from health services to and others, to improve the response from health services to victims of traffickingvictims of trafficking

• This will include equipping more health services and This will include equipping more health services and professionals with the training and skills to become professionals with the training and skills to become first first respondersresponders

• DH is working with the Women’s Health and Equality DH is working with the Women’s Health and Equality Consortium on the trafficking and health project to agree Consortium on the trafficking and health project to agree specific actions to promote greater awareness of human specific actions to promote greater awareness of human trafficking and provide health professionals with guidance trafficking and provide health professionals with guidance on how to respond to victims appropriatelyon how to respond to victims appropriately

• The DH has also recognised the need for better The DH has also recognised the need for better understanding of the issues around health and trafficking understanding of the issues around health and trafficking and has therefore invited bids for a piece of research in this and has therefore invited bids for a piece of research in this area which is due to commence in 2011area which is due to commence in 2011

Human TraffickingHuman Trafficking - - the contextthe context…… “ “Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment,

transportationtransportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of , transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or persons, by means of threat or use of forceuse of force or other or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power of a position of deception, of the abuse of power of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having the control of another person, for the person having the control of another person, for the purpose of exploitation.purpose of exploitation.

Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”servitude or the removal of organs.”

Protocol to the 2000 UN ConventionProtocol to the 2000 UN ConventionAgainst Transnational Organised Crime – ‘Palermo Protocol’Against Transnational Organised Crime – ‘Palermo Protocol’

Trafficking VS SmugglingTrafficking VS Smuggling• The two most common terms used for the The two most common terms used for the

illegal movement of people have very illegal movement of people have very different meaningsdifferent meanings

• In human smuggling immigrants and In human smuggling immigrants and asylum seekers pay people to help them asylum seekers pay people to help them enter a country illegally, after which there enter a country illegally, after which there is no longer a relationshipis no longer a relationship

• Trafficked victims are coerced or deceived Trafficked victims are coerced or deceived by the person arranging their relocation by the person arranging their relocation and forced into exploitation by their and forced into exploitation by their trafficker or person into whose control trafficker or person into whose control they are delivered or soldthey are delivered or sold

UK Legislation and GuidanceUK Legislation and Guidance• The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002:The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002: Made the trafficking Made the trafficking

of people for prostitution illegalof people for prostitution illegal

• The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002:The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002: Enabled the criminal assets of traffickers Enabled the criminal assets of traffickers to be confiscatedto be confiscated

• The Sexual Offences Act 2003:The Sexual Offences Act 2003: Introduced legislation making all forms of Introduced legislation making all forms of sexual exploitation illegal – including trafficking into, out of and within the UKsexual exploitation illegal – including trafficking into, out of and within the UK[s.53a amended by s.14 of the Policing & Crime Act 2009][s.53a amended by s.14 of the Policing & Crime Act 2009]

• The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants) Act 2004:The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants) Act 2004: Extended definitions of illegal offences of human trafficking, including forced Extended definitions of illegal offences of human trafficking, including forced labour and human organ transplantslabour and human organ transplants

• The Gangmasters Licensing Act 2004:The Gangmasters Licensing Act 2004: Established the Gangmasters Established the Gangmasters Licensing Authority and deals with forced labourLicensing Authority and deals with forced labour

• The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2006:The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2006: Brought in civil Brought in civil penalties and criminal sentencing for employers who employ illegal immigrantspenalties and criminal sentencing for employers who employ illegal immigrants

• The Coroners and Justice Act 2009:The Coroners and Justice Act 2009: Made it a criminal offence for individuals Made it a criminal offence for individuals to force others into labour, particularly highlighting aspects of slavery and to force others into labour, particularly highlighting aspects of slavery and servitudeservitude

• Safeguarding Children who may have been Trafficked 2011: Safeguarding Children who may have been Trafficked 2011: Addendum Addendum to Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006to Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006

The Problem…The Problem…• UNGIFTUNGIFT { {United Nations Global Initiative to Fight TraffickingUnited Nations Global Initiative to Fight Trafficking} }

estimates that there are 2.5 million people in forced estimates that there are 2.5 million people in forced labour (including sexual exploitation) at any given labour (including sexual exploitation) at any given time worldwide time worldwide as a result of traffickingas a result of trafficking

• 18.8% of this number are estimated to be in 18.8% of this number are estimated to be in industrialised countries and countries in transitionindustrialised countries and countries in transition

• In emerging democracies and post-conflict states In emerging democracies and post-conflict states across Europe, the convergence of corruption of across Europe, the convergence of corruption of officialdom and emergence of organised crime has officialdom and emergence of organised crime has provided fertile ground for the growth in human provided fertile ground for the growth in human traffickingtrafficking

• Trafficking – Trafficking – modern day slaverymodern day slavery – occurs both within – occurs both within and across borders and affects economies, political and across borders and affects economies, political stability, law enforcement and public healthstability, law enforcement and public health

The Trafficking of ChildrenThe Trafficking of ChildrenUNGIFT – United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human TraffickingUNGIFT – United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking

• An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked each year worldwideeach year worldwide

• 95% of victims experience physical or sexual 95% of victims experience physical or sexual violenceviolence

• 43% of victims are used for forced commercial 43% of victims are used for forced commercial sexual exploitation sexual exploitation 98% of this number are women and children98% of this number are women and children

• 32% are used for forced economic exploitation32% are used for forced economic exploitation56% of this number are women and children56% of this number are women and children

Child Trafficking & the Child Trafficking & the UKUK

• CEOP recorded 325 children trafficked CEOP recorded 325 children trafficked into the UK between March ‘07 and into the UK between March ‘07 and Feb ’08 – Feb ’08 – of these approx. 180 went of these approx. 180 went missing from Local Authority caremissing from Local Authority care

• In 2008-09 ‘Operation Glover’, In 2008-09 ‘Operation Glover’, directed against the internal directed against the internal trafficking of teenage girls for sexual trafficking of teenage girls for sexual exploitation, rescued 33 trafficking exploitation, rescued 33 trafficking victimsvictims

‘‘Operation Golf’Operation Golf’

• In 2010 ‘Operation Golf’ picked up In 2010 ‘Operation Golf’ picked up 103 Roma children from 13 103 Roma children from 13 addresses in East London. 52 addresses in East London. 52 adults were arrested. The adults were arrested. The trafficking ring was operating from trafficking ring was operating from one town in Romania.one town in Romania.

• Between 01.04.09 and 31.03.11 the Between 01.04.09 and 31.03.11 the UKHTC received 1481 referrals – UKHTC received 1481 referrals – 390 of which were minors390 of which were minors

But why are people trafficked?But why are people trafficked?For what purpose?For what purpose?

In the UK children are trafficked for:In the UK children are trafficked for:ECPAT – ECPAT – End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for

Sexual PurposesSexual Purposes

• Sexual exploitationSexual exploitation• Forced labour (including restaurant and Forced labour (including restaurant and

catering work)catering work)• Domestic servitudeDomestic servitude• Cultivation of cannabisCultivation of cannabis• Drug traffickingDrug trafficking• Begging & Petty theftBegging & Petty theft• Blood ritualsBlood rituals• Benefit fraudBenefit fraud• Selling counterfeit goods such as DVD’sSelling counterfeit goods such as DVD’s• Illegal adoption / private fosteringIllegal adoption / private fostering

In the UK… In the UK… [ECPAT][ECPAT]

• There is also evidence that children are brought to and There is also evidence that children are brought to and removed from the UK for forced marriageremoved from the UK for forced marriage

• There is no There is no current current evidence that children are being evidence that children are being trafficked into the UK for organ removal although there are trafficked into the UK for organ removal although there are documented cases elsewhere in the world including both documented cases elsewhere in the world including both East and West EuropeEast and West Europe

• But why is trafficking possible? What do you But why is trafficking possible? What do you think makes ‘some’ people more vulnerable to think makes ‘some’ people more vulnerable to trafficking – both from abroad and here in the UK?trafficking – both from abroad and here in the UK?

• PovertyPoverty – the root cause of vulnerability to exploitation – the root cause of vulnerability to exploitation• Lack of educationLack of education – attendance at school has been a key – attendance at school has been a key

means of protecting children from all forms of exploitationmeans of protecting children from all forms of exploitation• DiscriminationDiscrimination – this can be based on gender and ethnicity – this can be based on gender and ethnicity• Cultural attitudesCultural attitudes – traditional cultural attitudes can mean that – traditional cultural attitudes can mean that

some children are more vulnerable to trafficking than otherssome children are more vulnerable to trafficking than others• GroomingGrooming – children are sometimes trafficked out of their – children are sometimes trafficked out of their

country of origin after having been groomed for purposes of country of origin after having been groomed for purposes of sexual exploitationsexual exploitation

• Dysfunctional familiesDysfunctional families – children may choose to leave home – children may choose to leave home as a result of domestic abuse and / or neglect or they may have as a result of domestic abuse and / or neglect or they may have parents / guardians with substance dependency issuesparents / guardians with substance dependency issues

• Political conflict and economic transitionPolitical conflict and economic transition – often lead to – often lead to movements of large numbers of people and the erosion of movements of large numbers of people and the erosion of economic and social protection mechanismseconomic and social protection mechanisms

• Natural disastersNatural disasters – Earthquakes, Tsunami’s etc – displacement – Earthquakes, Tsunami’s etc – displacement leads to separated children and vulnerable adultsleads to separated children and vulnerable adults

• Inadequate local laws and regulationsInadequate local laws and regulations – trafficking involves – trafficking involves many different events and processes and legislation in some many different events and processes and legislation in some countries has been slow to keep pace. Even where there is countries has been slow to keep pace. Even where there is appropriate legislation enforcement is often hampered by lack of appropriate legislation enforcement is often hampered by lack of prioritisation, corruption and ignorance of the lawprioritisation, corruption and ignorance of the law

““A barbaric trade in human miseryA barbaric trade in human misery right on our doorsteps”right on our doorsteps” – – Grahame Maxwell - Grahame Maxwell -

UKHTCUKHTC

"One of the first victims we helped in the UK was a 15 year-old "One of the first victims we helped in the UK was a 15 year-old Lithuanian girl who found herself in Sheffield where she Lithuanian girl who found herself in Sheffield where she managed to escape her trafficker and turned up at a police managed to escape her trafficker and turned up at a police station.station.

Her case shows how unsuspecting young victims are lured Her case shows how unsuspecting young victims are lured from their homes into a nightmare world of brutality and rape.from their homes into a nightmare world of brutality and rape. SShe was phoned up by someone and asked if she would like to he was phoned up by someone and asked if she would like to sell ice cream for the summer in London and was told she sell ice cream for the summer in London and was told she would earn about £300.would earn about £300.

The traffickers signed a consent form and her parents, The traffickers signed a consent form and her parents, believing it was a good opportunity, approved the trip.believing it was a good opportunity, approved the trip.

She was flown to Gatwick and sold in a coffee shop from one She was flown to Gatwick and sold in a coffee shop from one trafficker to another for £3,000.trafficker to another for £3,000.

Her passport was taken off her and sold for £4,000. Later the Her passport was taken off her and sold for £4,000. Later the same night, she was taken to a flat brutalised and raped, and same night, she was taken to a flat brutalised and raped, and from that moment on she was forced to act as a prostitute.”from that moment on she was forced to act as a prostitute.”

The girl was sold six times in six different cities in the The girl was sold six times in six different cities in the UK before finally escaping and helping the police catch UK before finally escaping and helping the police catch her traffickers.her traffickers.

Behind the Smile on Behind the Smile on VimeoVimeo

8000 women work in off-street prostitution in London

80% of these are foreign nationals

Over 1000 trafficked women have been referred to the Poppy Project since March 2003

“You can't get away from them. You just want to kill yourself”

ALMA - ALBANIAN SURVIVOR OF SEX TRAFFICKING

Identifying Victims of TraffickingIdentifying Victims of TraffickingHealth Indicators Health Indicators [[Harrow LSCB]Harrow LSCB]

• Untreated injury / medical condition [unexplained delay in Untreated injury / medical condition [unexplained delay in seeking treatment]seeking treatment]

• Indications of abuse / neglectIndications of abuse / neglect

• Not registered with GPNot registered with GP

• Use of different doctors / A&E DepartmentsUse of different doctors / A&E Departments

• Evidence of substance misuseEvidence of substance misuse

• STI / unwanted pregnancy [possibly numerous] – lack of STI / unwanted pregnancy [possibly numerous] – lack of medical attention during pregnancymedical attention during pregnancy

• May have tatoo’s or other marks indicating ‘ownership’May have tatoo’s or other marks indicating ‘ownership’

Physical Health Physical Health SymptomsSymptomsStolen SmilesStolen Smiles – – a summary report on the physical and psychological a summary report on the physical and psychological

health consequences of women and children trafficked in Europehealth consequences of women and children trafficked in Europe

•Fatigue & Weight Loss – easily tired, loss of appetite

•Neurological – headaches, dizzy spells, difficulty remembering, fainting

•Gastrointestinal – stomach or abdominal pain, upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation

•Sexual & Reproductive Health – urination pain, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, vaginal pain, vaginal bleeding [not menstruation], gynaecological infection

•Cardiovascular – chest / heart pain, breathing difficulty

•Musculoskeletal – back pain, fractures / sprains, joint or muscular pain, facial injuries

•Eyes – vision problems, eye pain

•ENT - ear pain, colds, flu & sinus infections

•Dermatological – rashes, itching, sores

The NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) The NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 1989 (S.I. 1989/306)Regulations 1989 (S.I. 1989/306)

• Amended to provide a new exemption from Amended to provide a new exemption from charge category for anyone who the ‘Competent charge category for anyone who the ‘Competent Authorities’ of the UK have identified as a victim Authorities’ of the UK have identified as a victim of human traffickingof human trafficking

• Or consider that there are reasonable grounds to Or consider that there are reasonable grounds to believe is a victim of human trafficking for whom believe is a victim of human trafficking for whom a ‘recovery and reflection’ period has not yet a ‘recovery and reflection’ period has not yet expiredexpired

  • This will extend to their spouse/civil partner or This will extend to their spouse/civil partner or

dependent childdependent child

• As of 1 April 2009 trusts must not charge those As of 1 April 2009 trusts must not charge those patients who are identified as actual or suspected patients who are identified as actual or suspected victimsvictims

Trafficking for Forced Trafficking for Forced labourlabour

• Green Acres travellers‘ site - September 2011Green Acres travellers‘ site - September 2011

• 24 English, Polish & Romanian men suspected of being held against their 24 English, Polish & Romanian men suspected of being held against their willwill

• Four men and a woman arrested on suspicion of committing slavery Four men and a woman arrested on suspicion of committing slavery offencesoffences

• ““They were told they could not leave and if they did they would be beaten They were told they could not leave and if they did they would be beaten up and attacked. The men we found at the site were in a poor state of up and attacked. The men we found at the site were in a poor state of physical health and the conditions they were living in were shockingly filthy physical health and the conditions they were living in were shockingly filthy and cramped. We believe that some of them had been living and working and cramped. We believe that some of them had been living and working there in a state of virtual slavery, some for just a few weeks and others for there in a state of virtual slavery, some for just a few weeks and others for up to 15 years. The men appeared to have been ‘recruited’ from soup up to 15 years. The men appeared to have been ‘recruited’ from soup kitchens and benefits offices and included people with problems such as kitchens and benefits offices and included people with problems such as alcoholism. They're recruited and told if you come here we'll pay you £80 alcoholism. They're recruited and told if you come here we'll pay you £80 a day, we'll look after you, give you board and lodgings but when they get a day, we'll look after you, give you board and lodgings but when they get here, their hair is cut off them, they're kept in some cases in horseboxes, here, their hair is cut off them, they're kept in some cases in horseboxes, dog kennels and old caravans, made to work for no money, given very, dog kennels and old caravans, made to work for no money, given very, very small amounts of food.”very small amounts of food.”

Detective Chief Inspector Sean O'Neill - Bedfordshire PoliceDetective Chief Inspector Sean O'Neill - Bedfordshire Police

‘ ‘Domestic Servitude’Domestic Servitude’((S.71 Coroners & Justice Act 2009)S.71 Coroners & Justice Act 2009)

Holding another person in slavery or servitude Holding another person in slavery or servitude or requiring another person to perform forced or requiring another person to perform forced

or compulsory labour.or compulsory labour.

The circumstances must be such that the The circumstances must be such that the defendant knows or ought to know that the defendant knows or ought to know that the

person is being so held, or required to perform person is being so held, or required to perform such labour.such labour.

The offence applies to legal persons e.g. The offence applies to legal persons e.g. Companies as it applies to natural persons.Companies as it applies to natural persons.

A young Chinese woman, forced into domestic A young Chinese woman, forced into domestic servitude in a UK takeaway restaurant, was confined to servitude in a UK takeaway restaurant, was confined to

live in this outhouselive in this outhouse

This was her bed – the post mortem on her This was her bed – the post mortem on her body indicated that she had died of body indicated that she had died of

hypothermia. There was evidence of severe hypothermia. There was evidence of severe physical abuse on her bodyphysical abuse on her body

The Traffickers...The Traffickers...• 52% of traffickers are men, 42% are women and 6% work in 52% of traffickers are men, 42% are women and 6% work in

joint enterprisejoint enterprise

• In 54% of cases recruiters are strangers to victims whilst 46% In 54% of cases recruiters are strangers to victims whilst 46% of victims know their recruitersof victims know their recruiters

• The global annual profit made from the exploitation of all The global annual profit made from the exploitation of all trafficked forced labour is trafficked forced labour is conservativelyconservatively estimated to be estimated to be US$31.6 Billion {US$31.6 Billion {UNGIFTUNGIFT}}

• This illicit commercialisation of humanity is This illicit commercialisation of humanity is the fastest growing global crime and is today the fastest growing global crime and is today one of the largest criminal industries in the one of the largest criminal industries in the world second only to the trade in armsworld second only to the trade in arms

The 21The 21stst Century Slave Trade Century Slave Trade

• ““Human trafficking is a crime that demeans Human trafficking is a crime that demeans the value of human life and is a form of the value of human life and is a form of modern day slavery”modern day slavery”

UK Action Plan on Human Trafficking - CHP 2UK Action Plan on Human Trafficking - CHP 2

• ““There are more slaves in the world today There are more slaves in the world today than were seized from Africa in the four than were seized from Africa in the four centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade”centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade”

‘‘Free the Slaves’ – Kevin BalesFree the Slaves’ – Kevin Bales

• ““The trafficking of women and children is an The trafficking of women and children is an egregious violation of human rightsegregious violation of human rights””Anti-Slavery InternationalAnti-Slavery International

• “ “ Anyone can report suspected trafficking – as Anyone can report suspected trafficking – as a public service professional a public service professional it is your dutyit is your duty Geoff Feavyour – Chief Constable - Leicestershire PoliceGeoff Feavyour – Chief Constable - Leicestershire Police

How do we COMBATHow do we COMBATHuman Trafficking?Human Trafficking?

• Countries of Countries of origin, transit and destinationorigin, transit and destination share a mutual share a mutual interest and responsibility in combating human trafficking - interest and responsibility in combating human trafficking - we we must work across bordersmust work across borders

• Human trafficking has a destabilising effect on democratic Human trafficking has a destabilising effect on democratic institutions, the rule of law and respect for human rights institutions, the rule of law and respect for human rights BUT…BUT…

• ““Liberation is not just about knocking down doors and Liberation is not just about knocking down doors and dragging people to freedom. Permanent freedom dragging people to freedom. Permanent freedom requires survivors to ‘requires survivors to ‘ownown’ their freedom and to change ’ their freedom and to change the systems that support slavery”the systems that support slavery” – – trafficking-monitor.blogspot.comtrafficking-monitor.blogspot.com

• All agencies agree that initiatives designed to combat human All agencies agree that initiatives designed to combat human trafficking have to concentrate on the three P’s: trafficking have to concentrate on the three P’s: Prevention, Prevention, Protection and ProsecutionProtection and Prosecution

Prevention…Prevention…• In the year 2000 the United Nations adopted the In the year 2000 the United Nations adopted the ‘Protocol to Prevent, ‘Protocol to Prevent,

Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and ChildrenChildren

• The The Palermo ProtocolPalermo Protocol entered into force on 25 entered into force on 25thth December 2003 and had December 2003 and had been signed been signed and ratifiedand ratified by 117 countries worldwide, including the UK, by by 117 countries worldwide, including the UK, by June 2010June 2010

• CET 197 – The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking CET 197 – The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings [Warsaw 2005] entered into force on 1in Human Beings [Warsaw 2005] entered into force on 1stst February 2008 February 2008 and had been signed and had been signed and ratifiedand ratified by 34 European countries, including the by 34 European countries, including the UK, by July 2010. It came into force in the UK on 1UK, by July 2010. It came into force in the UK on 1stst April 2009 April 2009

• The UK Government directed The UK Government directed SOCASOCA {Serious and Organised Crime {Serious and Organised Crime Agency} to take governance of the UK’s anti-trafficking strategyAgency} to take governance of the UK’s anti-trafficking strategy

• In October 2006 SOCA launched the In October 2006 SOCA launched the UKHTCUKHTC {United Kingdom Human {United Kingdom Human Trafficking Centre} as a multi-agency decision making body with Trafficking Centre} as a multi-agency decision making body with responsibility for enforcing the responsibility for enforcing the UK Action plan on Tackling Human UK Action plan on Tackling Human Trafficking Trafficking

• The UK Action Plan tasks the public, private and voluntary sectors to The UK Action Plan tasks the public, private and voluntary sectors to work work togethertogether in a co-ordinated and directed manner to in a co-ordinated and directed manner to combatcombat the the trafficking of human beingstrafficking of human beings

Prevention > Prevention > Protection…Protection…

• Much work has been done over the last decade, since Palermo, Much work has been done over the last decade, since Palermo, to get legislation in place worldwide to back the fight against to get legislation in place worldwide to back the fight against human traffickinghuman trafficking

• It is now key that all agencies involved in the safeguarding of It is now key that all agencies involved in the safeguarding of children and young people adopt best practice regards dealing children and young people adopt best practice regards dealing with ‘trafficking situations’ to ensure compliance with both the with ‘trafficking situations’ to ensure compliance with both the UN & UK Action PlanUN & UK Action Plan

• Both safeguarding & non-safeguarding professionals, who may Both safeguarding & non-safeguarding professionals, who may come across victims of trafficking in their everyday working come across victims of trafficking in their everyday working lives are directed to lives are directed to ‘Working Together to Safeguard ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’Children’ and more specifically the addendum publication and more specifically the addendum publication ‘Safeguarding Children Who May Have Been Trafficked’‘Safeguarding Children Who May Have Been Trafficked’

• Professionals working in the children’’s workforce should Professionals working in the children’’s workforce should familiarise themselves with the LSCB’s familiarise themselves with the LSCB’s ‘‘Trafficked Children Trafficked Children Toolkit’ Toolkit’ now accepted by the UKHTC as the most appropriate now accepted by the UKHTC as the most appropriate guidance and assessment matrix for identifying victims of guidance and assessment matrix for identifying victims of human trafficking - (human trafficking - (www.londonscb.gov.ukwww.londonscb.gov.uk))

Protection > Protection > Prosecution…Prosecution…

• The UKHTC is the nominated ‘Competent Authority’ (along with the The UKHTC is the nominated ‘Competent Authority’ (along with the UKBA). They have responsibility for making decisions as to whether a UKBA). They have responsibility for making decisions as to whether a referred person is a victim of traffickingreferred person is a victim of trafficking

• Any First Responder that wishes to refer a potential victim of human Any First Responder that wishes to refer a potential victim of human trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is required to fill trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is required to fill out a standard referral formout a standard referral form

• First Responders are the only people entitled to fill out this form and First Responders are the only people entitled to fill out this form and currently they are; Police, UK Border Agency (UKBA), Serious Organised currently they are; Police, UK Border Agency (UKBA), Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), Local Authorities / Social Services, Gangmasters Crime Agency (SOCA), Local Authorities / Social Services, Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) plus a range of NGO’s and charities working Licensing Authority (GLA) plus a range of NGO’s and charities working with victims of traffickingwith victims of trafficking

• The Competent Authority assesses whether there is ‘reasonable’ or The Competent Authority assesses whether there is ‘reasonable’ or ‘conclusive’ grounds to decide if a referred person is indeed a victim of ‘conclusive’ grounds to decide if a referred person is indeed a victim of trafficking. trafficking.

• Victims are given a 45 day reflection period (extendable) to decide Victims are given a 45 day reflection period (extendable) to decide whether they wish to pursue prosecution and / or be repatriatedwhether they wish to pursue prosecution and / or be repatriated

Prosecution…Prosecution…• In 2006 there were just 5,808 prosecutions and 3,160 In 2006 there were just 5,808 prosecutions and 3,160

convictions convictions throughout the worldthroughout the world for human trafficking for human trafficking

• Put into perspective, this means that for every 800 people Put into perspective, this means that for every 800 people trafficked just one person was convicted in 2006trafficked just one person was convicted in 2006

• In the UK between 2006 and 2010 109 people were sentenced In the UK between 2006 and 2010 109 people were sentenced for trafficking offences receiving an average custodial sentence for trafficking offences receiving an average custodial sentence of 4yrs 2mthsof 4yrs 2mths

• In the same period 254,980 people were sentenced for drugs In the same period 254,980 people were sentenced for drugs offences receiving an average custodial sentence of 2yrs 8mthsoffences receiving an average custodial sentence of 2yrs 8mths

• This is organised crime on a global scale and if we are to tackle This is organised crime on a global scale and if we are to tackle it we need to be equally well organised in our strategies and it we need to be equally well organised in our strategies and responses to this responses to this ‘‘egregious violation of human rights’egregious violation of human rights’

• There are no black and white answers to tackling trafficking – There are no black and white answers to tackling trafficking – we need to look at a multi-agency 3P approach differentiated we need to look at a multi-agency 3P approach differentiated according to the needs of each individual situationaccording to the needs of each individual situation

The Human Trafficking Venn:The Human Trafficking Venn:

Prevention

Protection Prosecution

•Enact Palermo / simplify laws•Collaborate with law enforcement agencies: Police / UKBA / IA•Confiscation Orders / tougher sentencing•Share intelligence: UKHTC / CEOP / Crimestoppers•Use contacts and intelligence in custodial estate – work with perpetrators?•Collaborate with & useSOCA & UNODC

•Education – tailored packages for professionals and non - professionals•Cross border cooperation – countries of origin, transit & destination•Campaigning – ASI, Stop the Traffik, ECPAT, MTV Exit, Blue Blindfold, ATA, Unchosen, Unseen, CROP, Just Whistle…•Social Cohesion – involve communities•Reduce demand

•Improve victim identification•Support victim service development & provision•Enshrine rights-based approach in policies & programme planning•Engage public, private and voluntary sectors•DO NOT RE-VICTIMISE•Liaise over necessary use of CP procedures

Multi-Agency

Signposting:Signposting:• UKHTC - 0844 778 2406 - UKHTC - 0844 778 2406 - www.ukhtc.orgwww.ukhtc.org

• London LSCB - London LSCB - www.londonscb.gov.ukwww.londonscb.gov.uk

• ECPAT - 020 7233 9887 - ECPAT - 020 7233 9887 - www.ecpat.org.ukwww.ecpat.org.uk

• NSPCC / CTAIL – 0800 107 7057NSPCC / CTAIL – 0800 107 7057

• CEOP - 020 7238 2320 / 2307 – CEOP - 020 7238 2320 / 2307 – www.ceop.gov.ukwww.ceop.gov.uk

• Children’s Legal Centre - 01206 872 466 Children’s Legal Centre - 01206 872 466 www.childrenslegalcentre.comwww.childrenslegalcentre.com

• CFAB – Children & Families Across Borders (ISS) – 020 7735 CFAB – Children & Families Across Borders (ISS) – 020 7735 89418941

• CRIMESTOPPERS - 0800 555 111CRIMESTOPPERS - 0800 555 111

• www.combattrafficking.euwww.combattrafficking.eu