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Human Response
Ecosystem Based Management
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Kinds of human response
• Fishing Fleets– When to fish– Where to fish– Discarding– Investment in gear– Response to regulation– License movement
• Markets– Demand curve
• Managers– Feedback control
• Scientists
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Covered today
• Fleet response and models• Knapp’s work on license movement
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• The nature of fisheries – fish and people• We regulate fleets• The root cause of current fisheries concerns is
generally regarded as “too many boats chasing too few fish”
• 90% of the science in fisheries goes into the fish … we need to expand our understanding and work on the other ½ of the fisheries
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My own experience
• Peter Larkin’s lecture and the B.C. purse seine fleet– Why don’t all the boats fish whenever they can– Where do they choose to fish– What determines catching power
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Dynamics of the B.C. salmon fleet
Hilborn, R., and Ledbetter, M. 1979. Analysis of the British-Columbia Salmon Purse-Seine Fleet - Dynamics of Movement. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 384-391.
Hilborn, R., and Ledbetter, M. 1985. Determinants of Catching Power in the British-Columbia Salmon Purse Seine Fleet. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 51-56.
Hilborn, R. 1985. Fleet Dynamics and Individual Variation - Why Some People Catch More Fish Than Others. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 2-13.
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Canadian Drum Seiner
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Johnstone Straight
Juan de Fuca
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Late 1970s
• Hollings functional and numerical responses• A predator that keeps records• The “ideal free distribution”
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Why don’t Johnstone St. Fishermen fish in Juan de Fuca
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Lab exercise basic fleet movement model
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Functional and numerical response of salmon vessels
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Effort, catch and CPUE in the Tasmanian lobster fishery
• Hilborn, R., and Kennedy, R. B. 1992. Spatial Pattern in Catch Rates - a Test of Economic-Theory. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 54: 263-273.
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0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Oct-83
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Feb-84
Apr-84
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Aug-84
Oct-84
Dec-84
Feb-85
Apr-85
J un-85
Aug-85
Sep-85
Nov-85
King
NW
SW
East
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 8 15 22 29 36 43Area Number
Kg
/hr
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Area Number
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Abalone divers and their motivation and learning
Prince, J. D., and Hilborn, R. 1998. Concentration profiles and invertebrate fisheries management. pps. 187-196. In G. S. Jamieson and A. Campbell [ed.] North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 125.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Depth (M)
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2nd excel spreadsheet
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Other key areas
• Entry/Exit• Discarding• Determinants of CPUE• Vessel and gear investment• Response to regulation
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Moving to license movement
• Many people are concerned that when fishing licenses have economic value, the licenses tend to leave small traditional fishing communities and move to larger centers
• BC native salmon permits• The Alaskan license data base
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Gunnar Knapp stuff
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Knapp’s theory
• Cost of fishing– Lower for local residents– Outsiders must pay airfares, boat storage
• Opportunity cost– Locals often have no other alternatives– Outsiders have range of other jobs
• Access to capital• Number of potential buyers• Economic motivation
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A simple thought experiment
• Prior to limited entry, a local fisherman makes $10,000 fishing for salmon as an augmentation to subsistence hunting and fishing
• More economically motivated individuals, both local and from outside make $50,000 per year
• Limited entry is introduced: licenses become worth $200,000, because an aggressive individual can earn $50,000 per year
• What is the economic logic for a small scale low-end fisherman?
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Ecosystem based management
• Humans are part of the ecosystem• Humans respond to changes in the ecosystem
and to regulation• EBM needs to consider this response
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