Human Reproduction

Male reproductive system

Front view

Three additional glandsSeminal vesicles, Prostate gland and Cowper’s gland collectively: Provide energy (carbohydrates) for sperm.Alkaline fluid to protect against vaginal acidity.Provide mucus for lubricates end of penis

List the main changes that occur in male characteristics during puberty under the influence of testosterone. (i.e. Secondary sexual characteristics)

Male hormones

Testosterone: produced by cells of Leydig in the testes secondary sex characteristics at puberty needed for sperm production maintain reproductive organs sex drive or libido

FSH: Produced by hypophysis Stimulates spermatogenesis

LH: Produced by hypophysis Stimulates the secretion of testosterone

Don’t worry about these for now…

Cross section through TESTIS

Vas deferens

Epididymis

Scrotum

Septum

Seminal vesicles

Gamete

Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis:

Diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergo meiosis to form haploid sperm cells

Creation

Mitose

Tail

Head

Neck

Acrosome

Nucleus

(Haploid)

Centriole

Mitochondria

Microtubules

Anatomy of human sperm cell

Female reproductive system

Endometrium

18 N

Werwelkolom

Cervix

Rectum

Vagina

Anus

Fallopian tube

Spinal column

Urethra

Clitoris

Labia minora

Labia majora

Fimbrae

Uterus

Pubic bone

Bladder

Ovarium

Internal reproductive structures

Fimbrae

Ovary

Cervix

Vagina

Label the following

Uterus

Fallopian tubeFALLOPIAN tubesA

B

C

Uterus D

E

D

List the main changes that occur in female characteristics during puberty under the influence of oestrogen.

Egg

oogenesis

Oogenesis:

Diploid cells in the ovary undergo meiosis to form a primary follicle consisting of haploid cells. Three cells disintegrate and one cell develops into an ovum contained in a Graafian follicle.

Creation

Exercise 2 pg 81 no 1 only

Menstrual cycleIncludes uterine (uterus lining) and ovarian (ovary) cycles

Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Gland Hormone Function

FOLP

Copy and complete the table below.

Hormones from pituitary gland (FSH and LH)

Changes occurring in the ovary (ovarian cycle)

Hormones from the ovary (oestrogen and progesterone)

Changes in the endometrium (uterine cycle)

Graph showing:

Day 1- approx 5

FSH increases

The endometrium from the previous cycle breaks down and is shed (menstruation)

Primary follicles in the ovary are stimulated to develop

Day 6- 13

As the follicle develops and increases in size…

It secretes oestrogen

Which causes the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to thicken

Day 14 (Approx)

High levels of oestrogen…

Cause a peak in LH

Which results in the mature Graafian follicle releasesing the egg (ovulation)

Day 16-25 (Approx)

The remainder of the follicle becomes the corpus luteum.

Which secretes progesterone

That maintains and further thickens the endometrium

If there is no fertilisation and implantation

The corpus luteumdegenerates

Decreasing the amount of progesterone

The endometrium is no longer maintained and the cycle starts over again

Low levels of progesterone no longer inhibit the secretion of FSH(negative-feedback)

OR… If there is fertilisation and implantation

And continue to secrete progesterone

The endometrium is maintained

Estrogen

There is also a change in body temperature

Females hormones 1 FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone):

stimulates oogenesis development of follicle

LH (Luteinizing hormone): triggers ovulation development and maturation of corpus luteum

Female hormones 2Oestrogen:

released by the follicles later by corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy

secondary sex characteristics at puberty.maintain reproductive organscauses the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, to

grow and thicken in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg.

prepare breasts for lactation (milk production)build-up of estrogen inhibits FSH productionbuild-up of estrogen stimulates LH production

Female hormones 3Progesterone:

released by corpus luteum and released from placenta, if pregnant

causes the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, to grow and thicken in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg.

During pregnancy: maintains placenta stops uterus from contracting (abortion)

Prepare breasts for lactation (milk production)

MenstruationRelease of blood, unfertilised egg and endometrium through the vagina

Ex 7 pg 99

Fertilisation and development

The Ovum

CytoplasmKeeps egg cell alive

Nucleus (haploid)Contains mother’s genetic material

Zona PellucidaEncloses delicate parts

Follicle cellsNourishes egg cell

Copulation: Union of sex organs (penis is inserted into the vagina).

Fertilisation: Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei to form a (diploid) Zygote (in the fallopian tube).

Fertilization

He (God) has created both sexes, male and female, from a drop of semen which has been ejected. (Qur'an, 53: 45-46)

Morula

Embryonic development

Morula (8/many cell stage)

Blastocyst (Hollow ball of cells)

Embryo

Diploid Zygote

Gestation (pregnancy)

ImplantationThe blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium

Pg 101 Ex 8 no 3,4 and 6

Foetus

Identify and state the functions of the following parts of the developing embryo/foetus: Chorion and chorionic villi Amnion, amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid Umbilical cord (including umbilical artery and umbilical vein)

Placenta

Placental functions

1. Gaseous exchange

2. Nutrition

3. Excretion

4. Protection

5. Endocrine function

Hormones

1. FSH – Hypophysis

2. LH – Hypophysis

3. Oestrogen – Graafian follicle + corpus luteum + placenta

4. Progesterone - corpus luteum + placenta

5. Relaxin

6. Prolactin These are not prescribed 7. HCG

8. Oxytocin

Progestero

ne and

Oestrogen m

aintain

pregnancy

Birth process (aka parturation)

Three stages of the natural birth process Labour (contractions of uterus and dilation of cervix,

breaking of the “water”)

expulsion of baby

release of the afterbirth (placenta)

Contraception (preventing pregnancy)

Not assessed

Barrier methods

IUD or loop

Allows fertilisation, but prevents implantation

Diaphragm

Spermicides

Other chemical methods“The pill” (daily)Day after pillInjections (2-3 months)Implants (3-5 years)

Ultra-sound scans

Gonorrrhoea

What is it?A bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is estimated that 650,000 people will develop it this year. (CDC)How can I get it? (Transmission)

Gonorrhea is transmitted when germs (bacteria) are passed from one person to another during sexual activity

How will I know I have it? (Symptoms) Signs of gonorrhea usually appear within 2 to 10 days

after sexual activity with someone who's infected

Women may not have any symptoms, or they may feel pain or a burning sensation when urinating, or they may see a yellow-greenish discharge from the vagina.Later, they may have bleeding between periods or pain in the pelvic area.

Men may have a urinary frequency or a burning sensation when urinating and a whitish discharge from the penis. In later stages, this discharge may be yellow-greenish

How will I know for sure? (Diagnosis) Contact your health care provider

A culture of the drainage will be sent to the lab for examination

The results will be back in a few days Current treatments Ofloxacin or Doxycycline, orally is often prescribed

Ceftriaxone, intramuscularly is often prescribed

Treatment may be daily or over several days depending upon medication and physician choice

You must take all the medicine as ordered or the organism may not die or may develop ways to make itself immune to the drug (resistance)

Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Doxycycline cannot be taken by pregnant women

Potential Problems and Complications Women can develop a severe infection in the

reproductive organs that can prevent them from having children.