Human Reproduction & Development
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Transcript of Human Reproduction & Development
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Human Reproduction & DevelopmentHuman Reproduction & Development
Textbook Chapter 36Textbook Chapter 36
Review Book Topic 4Review Book Topic 4
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ReproductionReproduction
Necessary process to ensure the continuation of a species
Involves the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell, development of a fetus, and the birth of an infant
Involves organs, glands and hormones of both male and female reproductive systems
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Sex Cell DevelopmentSex Cell Development
Males
– Occurs in testes
– Spermatocytes mature into
sperm cells
Occurs daily from puberty to death
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Females
– Occurs in the ovary
– Born with all of the immature eggs a female will use monthly from puberty to menopause
– All eggs are stored in 1st meiotic division in the ovary until it receives hormone signals to develop
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Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
Reproductive organ ~ Testes
– Located outside of the body cavityin a pouch called the scrotum
– Sperm develop-ment requires a temperature lower than 37ºC
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Reproductive cells ~ Sperm
– Produced in testes at the seminiferous tubules
100-200 million are produced each day
– Travel to epididymis
On top of each testes
Sperm mature and are stored there
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– When released from the body, sperm travel through the vans deferens into urethra
Urethra - tube which carries semen and urine out of the body through the penis
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– Sperm require a nourishing fluid to survive long enough to fertilize the egg
Semen – fluid containing sperm,
nourishment, and other fluids from male reproductive glands
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Seminal vesicles (ejaculatory ducts) secrete fluids plus sugar into the semen (provides energy, proteins, and enzymes for sperm)
Prostate gland and bulbourethral glands secretes an alkaline solution to the semen to neutralize acidic conditions the sperm could encounter (ex. urethra, female system, etc.)
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TRY LABELING THIS!!TRY LABELING THIS!!
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Answers 1. TESTIS 2. EPIDIDYMIS 3. VAS DEFERENS 4. URETHRA 5. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND6. SEMINAL VESICLE / EJACULATORY DUCT7. BLADDER 8. PROSTATE 9. PENIS 10. URETHRA
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Male HormonesMale Hormones
Testosterone ~ hormone necessary for the production of sperm
– Made in the testes
– Influences male secondary sex characteristics
Facial & body hair
Broad shoulders
Increased muscle development
Deeper voice
Receding hairline & baldness (older)
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Puberty ~ period of growth when sexual maturity is reached
– Three hormones are released from the hypothalamus that influence puberty
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Promotes sperm production
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Promotes production and secretion of testosterone
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Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
Specialized to produce eggs cells, receive sperm and to provide the perfect environment for fertilization and development of a fetus
Reproductive organ ~ ovaries
– Two
– About the size of an almond
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Reproductive cell ~ egg (ovum)
– Oocytes ~ immature eggs
– Every 28 days, oocyte development is stimulated and becomes an egg
– Surrounded by follicle cellsProtectionNourishment
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– Ovulation ~ mature egg ruptures out of ovary wall
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After egg is released from ovary
– Absorbed by fimbriae (finger-like hair structure)
– Travels to oviduct (fallopian tube) which connects to the uterus
– Uterus (womb) is where the baby develops before birth
Roughly the size of your fist
– Cervix is the narrow opening into the vagina from the uterus
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Female HormonesFemale Hormones
Reproductive hormones ~ estrogen & progesterone
Released by ovaries
Anterior pituitary gland releases LH & FSH
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During puberty, increases in estrogen cause breasts to develop, hips to widen, and fat tissue to increase
– Also will experience first menstrual cycle
Occurs each month to help prepare the female body for pregnancy
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Reproductive System BrainPopReproductive System BrainPop
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Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
Length varies from 23 to 35 days
– Typically last 28 days
Three phases
– Flow phase
– Follicular phase
– Luteal phase
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Flow phase
– Day 1 ~ menstrual flow begins
Shedding of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells from endometrium (uterine tissue lining)
Bleeding occurs because outer layers of endometrium tear away, rupturing blood vessels
– Day 5 ~ repair of endometrial lining
Becomes thicker as cycle continues
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Follicular phase
– Estrogen level is low
– Anterior pituitary releases FSH & LH to stimulate the egg to mature in the ovary
1 week
– Egg maturation releases estrogen causing FSH & LH levels to drop (negative feedback)
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– Day 12 ~ high levels
of estrogen cause
the release of a
surge of LH
Causes follicle to
rupture, releasing
egg
Ovulation occurs
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Luteal phase
– After ovulation, follicle changes into the corpus luteum
Produces high amounts of progesterone
Breaks down at end of cycle, production of estrogen and progesterone stops
– Signals release of endometrium lining
– New flow phase begins
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If egg is fertilized, development will occur and menstrual cycle does not begin
– Progesterone levels will remain high
– Increased flow of blood to endometrium
– Corpus luteum does not break down
– Endometrium accumulates lipidsand secretes fluid rich in nutrientsfor developing embryo
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Menstrual Cycle BrainPopMenstrual Cycle BrainPop
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FertilizationFertilizationFertilization ~ process where sperm and egg combine, forming a diploid cell
– Occurs in upper portion of the oviduct near the ovary
Sperm is deposited in the vagina through ejaculation (release of semen from the penis)
– Sperm can survive for 48 hours inside the female
– Unfertilized egg can only survive for 24 hours
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– Out of the 300 million sperm deposited, only a couple hundred will reach the egg
– A single sperm cannotpenetrate the plasma membrane of the egg
One sperm will fertilizethe egg but many are needed for the processto occur
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– Tip of each sperm contains lysosomes which contain enzymes used to digest the eggs membrane
When weak enough, one sperm penetrates, fertilizing the egg
Immediately the egg forms a barrier to prevent any other sperm from penetrating the fertilized egg
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Embryo DevelopmentEmbryo DevelopmentFertilized egg is known as a zygote
– Travels through oviduct by smooth muscle contractions and by cilia lining the oviduct
– 30 hrs after fertilization, zygote undergoes first mitosis and cell division
– After 3 days, zygote leaves oviduct and enters uterus
Now referred to as a morula (solid ball of cells)
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– Day 5, morula has developed into a blastocyst (hallow ball of cells)
Attaches to uterine lining on day 6 and is fully implanted by day 10
Blastocyst stage is where identical twins can result if cells are split into two
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Embryonic Development StructuresEmbryonic Development Structures
Amnion – thin sac which forms around the embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid to cushion and insulate the egg.
Chorion, the allantois, and yolk form the placenta two weeks after fertilization
– Chorion and allantois help form the placenta
– Yolk serves as the first red blood cell formation for the embryo
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Placenta – organ that provides food and oxygen as well as removes wastes from the baby (grows into the wall of the uterus)
Umbilical chord contains blood vessels which serves as the connection between mother and child (no blood ever mixes, just very close so diffusion occurs)
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6 Weeks6 Weeks
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12 Weeks12 Weeks
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14 Weeks14 Weeks
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16 Weeks16 Weeks
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16/20/24 Weeks16/20/24 Weeks
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28/32 Weeks28/32 Weeks
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30 Weeks30 Weeks
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Fetal Development BrainPopFetal Development BrainPop