Human Osteology -...
Transcript of Human Osteology -...
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Human Osteology
• Study of the Skeleton • Systematic Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Cartilage • Bones • Ligaments
Normal Anatomical Position
• The skeleton is positioned as it would be in a living person who is standing on two feet, eyes and head forward, hands at the side with the palms turned outward. The skeleton’s right side is your right side etc.
Anatomical Planes • FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane
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Anatomical Terms • Superior: above • Inferior: below • Anterior: toward/from
front (ventral: toward belly)
• Posterior: toward/from back (dorsal: quadrupeds)
• Medial: toward midline • Lateral: toward/from the
side (way from midline)
Proximal/Distal
• proximal: nearest axial skeleton ; end of the bone is the closest to the skull or its attachment to the trunk or axial skeleton
• distal: farther away from axial skeleton; the end that is furthest away from the skull and axial skeleton
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Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton
Parts of Skeleton
• Skull • Infracranial or
Postcranial skeletons
The Skull
• thinking, speaking, hearing, seeing, breathing, smelling, eating (mastication), and tasting …
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Parts of the Skull
• Skull • Cranium (skull minus
mandible) • Calvarium (vault) • Calotte (skull cap) • Mandible (lower jaw)
22 Skull Bones
• 6 unpaired and 8 paired • 8 Cranial • 14 Facial • + 6 ear bones (incus, stapes, malleous)
Frankfurt Horizontal Plane
• The line from inferior edge of the left eye socket to the top of the bony ear hole (external auditory meatus) parallel to a level surface
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Frontal
Left Lateral
Basal or Inferior
Posterior
Superior
Major Cranial Sutures
Basal Suture
• Spheno-occipital synchrondrosis: betweem sphenoid and occipital bone
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Bones of the Vault • Frontal Bone (1) • Parietal bone (2) • Occipital bone (1) • Temporal bone (2) • Sphenoid bone (1)
Bones of the Face/Eye Socket
• Maxilla (2) • Nasal bone (2) • Zygomatic bone (2) • Mandible (1) • Ethmoid bone (1) • Lacrimal bone (2)
Bones of the Skull
• Palatine bone (2) • Zygomatic bone (2)
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More Bones of the Skull
• Inferior nasal concha (2)
• Vomer (1)
Ear Ossicles
• Incus • Malleous • Stapes
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Features
• External Auditory Meatus
• Zygomatic arch • Temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)
Basal View
• Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles
Mandibular Anatomy
• Body • Ramus • Head of condyle • Coronoid process
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Special Features
• Superciliary arches (brow ridges)
• Galbella • Nasion • Canine fossa • Anterior nasal spine
Other features • Temporal Line • Mastoid process • Supraorbitial notch/foramen
Superior nuchal line • External occipital protuberance
Teeth
• Part of the digestive system
• Homodont • Heterodont
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Teeth
• Deciduous (primary) • Permanent (secondary)
Deciduous Teeth
• Incisors (2) • Canines (1) • Molars (2) • Total = 20 Deciduous Dental
formula: 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 = X 2 = 20
Permanent (Adult) Teeth
• Incisors (2) • Canines (1) • Premolars (2) • Molars (3) • Total teeth: 32 Permanent dental formula: 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 = 16 X 2 = 32
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Tooth Anatomy
• Enamel • Dentin • Pulp • Cementum
Forensic Sex
Names these Bones?
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Names these Bones?