Human Origins Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law....

Human OriginsHuman OriginsChapter 2Chapter 2

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Origins of Human SpeciesOrigins of Human Species Most modern scientists agree:Most modern scientists agree:

First appeared in Africa First appeared in Africa About 5 to 7 million years agoAbout 5 to 7 million years ago Ape ancestorsApe ancestors Evolution produced first humanlike creaturesEvolution produced first humanlike creatures


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Darwin and EvolutionDarwin and Evolution Evolution: process of progressive changeEvolution: process of progressive change Human evolutionHuman evolution

Popularized by English biologist Charles Popularized by English biologist Charles DarwinDarwin

Concept of natural selectionConcept of natural selection The Origin of Species The Origin of Species (1859)(1859) The Descent of Man The Descent of Man (humans)(humans)


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Concepts in Darwinian EvolutionConcepts in Darwinian Evolution Darwin not the firstDarwin not the first

Aristotle, Lamarck, LinnaeusAristotle, Lamarck, Linnaeus Natural selectionNatural selection

Some characteristics more favorable for Some characteristics more favorable for survivalsurvival

Survival of the fittestSurvival of the fittest Mutation: random genetic changesMutation: random genetic changes


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MutationMutation May be May be neutralneutral, , beneficialbeneficial or or fatalfatal

Beneficial mutations make evolution possibleBeneficial mutations make evolution possible Over time, changes in species occurOver time, changes in species occur

Random or accidentalRandom or accidental Increased by chemical/radiation exposureIncreased by chemical/radiation exposure On genetic level, involves changes in On genetic level, involves changes in

allelesalleles


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Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering DNA structure discovered in 1953DNA structure discovered in 1953 Gene splicing makes gene manipulation Gene splicing makes gene manipulation

possible (1970s)possible (1970s) Genetic engineering: rearranging genetic Genetic engineering: rearranging genetic

materials to make new life formsmaterials to make new life forms Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project

ProteomicsProteomics CloningCloning

SociobiologySociobiology A combination of sociological and A combination of sociological and

biological reflections that theorize a biological reflections that theorize a genetic basic for human behavior.genetic basic for human behavior.

Edward O. Wilson, Harvard entomologist, Edward O. Wilson, Harvard entomologist, is a leader in sociobiology.is a leader in sociobiology.


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Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradual ChangeGradual Change Darwin Darwin

Gradual changeGradual change Natural selection processNatural selection process MicroevolutionMicroevolution

Eldredge and GouldEldredge and Gould Long periods of stability, followed by sudden Long periods of stability, followed by sudden

changeschanges ““Stop and goStop and go”” process process MacroevolutionMacroevolution


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Theories of EvolutionTheories of Evolution


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The Evolution of Human Beings: The Evolution of Human Beings: Science, Faith, and ControversyScience, Faith, and Controversy Scopes Trial (1925)Scopes Trial (1925)

Teaching evolution in public schoolsTeaching evolution in public schools Laws against teaching evolution not repealed until Laws against teaching evolution not repealed until

1960s1960s Scientific creationismScientific creationism

Belief, not science-basedBelief, not science-based All life forms created spontaneouslyAll life forms created spontaneously Political pressure to include in texts, schoolsPolitical pressure to include in texts, schools Not endorsed by scientistsNot endorsed by scientists

Intelligent design theoryIntelligent design theory


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Timeline of Human EvolutionTimeline of Human Evolution One-celled organismsOne-celled organisms (billions of years ago) (billions of years ago) PrimatesPrimates (65 to 70 million years ago) (65 to 70 million years ago) Apelike speciesApelike species (22 to 38 million years ago) (22 to 38 million years ago) Hominids Hominids (6 to 10 million years ago)(6 to 10 million years ago)

Homo sapiens (reasoning man, MODERN)Homo sapiens (reasoning man, MODERN) Homo habilis (man with tool-making ability, EXTINCT)Homo habilis (man with tool-making ability, EXTINCT) Homo erectus (upright man, EXTINCT)Homo erectus (upright man, EXTINCT)


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Lines of DescentLines of Descent


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Apes and HumansApes and HumansSimilaritiesSimilarities Family lifeFamily life Care for youngCare for young EmotionsEmotions Social, cooperativeSocial, cooperative Problem solvingProblem solving

DifferencesDifferences Brain sizeBrain size Brain complexityBrain complexity Normal postureNormal posture Use of symbolsUse of symbols Abstract thoughtAbstract thought


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Emergence of Homo SapiensEmergence of Homo Sapiens Homo erectus changes into two branches:Homo erectus changes into two branches:

Homo sapiens (modern humans)Homo sapiens (modern humans) NeanderthalsNeanderthals

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens: larger brains, better tools: larger brains, better tools Emerges about 200,000-300,000 years ago, Emerges about 200,000-300,000 years ago,

possibly longerpossibly longer Supplants all other hominidsSupplants all other hominids Ancestors of all modern humansAncestors of all modern humans Immediately follows Cro-Magnons?Immediately follows Cro-Magnons?


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Modern HumansModern Humans Physically distinctPhysically distinct Culturally sophisticatedCulturally sophisticated Socially complexSocially complex New era begins as Stone Age endsNew era begins as Stone Age ends

Technological developmentsTechnological developments New human interactionNew human interaction

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