Human Origins and Early Civilizations…

World History--Early civ. and EgyWorld History--Early civ. and Egyptpt

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Human OriginsHuman Originsandand

Early Civilizations…Early Civilizations…


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World History—Early Civ. And EgyptWorld History—Early Civ. And Egypt

Before we talk about early civilizations…Before we talk about early civilizations…We must first ask ourselves:We must first ask ourselves: What are the requirements of a civilization?What are the requirements of a civilization? Can any group of people that gather together Can any group of people that gather together

be called a “civilization”? OR Is that word be called a “civilization”? OR Is that word saved for particular people who have saved for particular people who have achieved particular things?achieved particular things?


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SMALL GROUPS: What are 5 requirements SMALL GROUPS: What are 5 requirements of a civilization.of a civilization.


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1. Cities1. Cities 2. Specialized workers2. Specialized workers 3. Writing3. Writing 4. Advanced technology4. Advanced technology 5. Complex institutions5. Complex institutions

Like: Organized religious institution, legal Like: Organized religious institution, legal system, government, etc.system, government, etc.


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Long before any civilizations as we know Long before any civilizations as we know them flourished, ancient humans (human-them flourished, ancient humans (human-like beings) walked the earth.like beings) walked the earth.


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4.4 million years ago:4.4 million years ago: AUSTRALOPITHECUSAUSTRALOPITHECUS

• 3-5’ tall, bipedal, small brain, flat nose, large teeth3-5’ tall, bipedal, small brain, flat nose, large teeth


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1.5 million years ago:1.5 million years ago: HOMO HABILIS (person of ability)HOMO HABILIS (person of ability)

• Used rudimentary tools…slightly bigger physically Used rudimentary tools…slightly bigger physically than predecessors.than predecessors.


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100-200,000 years ago:100-200,000 years ago: HOMO SAPIENS:HOMO SAPIENS:

• ““Person who thinks”Person who thinks”

• First Homo Sapiens: NEANDERTHALFirst Homo Sapiens: NEANDERTHAL 5.5’ TALL, Brains slightly larger than 5.5’ TALL, Brains slightly larger than

modern humans, stocky bodies, muscular, modern humans, stocky bodies, muscular, thick necks, nomadic hunter-gatherers, thick necks, nomadic hunter-gatherers, used fire, sophisticated tools that were used fire, sophisticated tools that were skillfully crafted (stone knives, spear points skillfully crafted (stone knives, spear points and bone tools).and bone tools).


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There is evidence that Neanderthal man There is evidence that Neanderthal man buried their dead. He had the beginnings buried their dead. He had the beginnings of what we call CULTURE:of what we call CULTURE:

The way of life—language, tools, skills, The way of life—language, tools, skills, beliefs, and traditions—that a people develop, beliefs, and traditions—that a people develop, follow, and leave to their children.follow, and leave to their children.


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Young Young

NeanderthalNeanderthal


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The Neolithic Revolution:The Neolithic Revolution:


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Paleolithic culture Neolithic culture

Housing

Means of

Living:

Technology

Social Org.


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PaleolithicPaleolithic culture:culture: HOUSING: Caves, campsites, huts, tents…HOUSING: Caves, campsites, huts, tents… Means of Living: Hunting and gathering.Means of Living: Hunting and gathering. Technology: Simple tools of chipped stone, Technology: Simple tools of chipped stone,

flint, wood or bone. Basketryflint, wood or bone. Basketry Social organization: Nomadic groups of 25-40 Social organization: Nomadic groups of 25-40

people; society of equals, sharing of people; society of equals, sharing of resourcesresources


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Neolithic Revolution:Neolithic Revolution: Housing: Houses or mud and stoneHousing: Houses or mud and stone Means of Living: Farming and herdingMeans of Living: Farming and herding Technology: Farming tools made of Technology: Farming tools made of

ground stone; spinning and weaving; ground stone; spinning and weaving; pottery making; metal workingpottery making; metal working

Social organization: Villages and early Social organization: Villages and early cities; specialization; private property.cities; specialization; private property.


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The Neolithic Revolution, in the end, was:The Neolithic Revolution, in the end, was: The most important technological development ever to The most important technological development ever to

occur in human history was the domestication of plants occur in human history was the domestication of plants (agriculture) and animals. Together these developments (agriculture) and animals. Together these developments are called the Neolithic Revolution and they allowed the are called the Neolithic Revolution and they allowed the development of urban centers (towns and, later, cities), development of urban centers (towns and, later, cities), trade and most of the other things we consider to be trade and most of the other things we consider to be

components of "civilization."components of "civilization."


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And….Civilizations began to flourishAnd….Civilizations began to flourish


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Egypt is often called: The “gift of the Nile”.Egypt is often called: The “gift of the Nile”. Why might that be?Why might that be?


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95% of Egypt is desert.95% of Egypt is desert. The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the

longest river in the world—a thin ribbon in longest river in the world—a thin ribbon in a parched desert.a parched desert. Very plainly, life would not be possible without Very plainly, life would not be possible without

the river.the river.


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No rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its No rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its waters originate in the distant mountains, waters originate in the distant mountains, plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So remote were these places that they were remote were these places that they were called the mountains of the moon.called the mountains of the moon.

Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria.Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria.


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Other gifts: Transportation, fertile soil.Other gifts: Transportation, fertile soil.

Every year, in June, the Nile floods.Every year, in June, the Nile floods. This predictability makes it a tremendous This predictability makes it a tremendous

asset to farmers.asset to farmers.


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Importance of the deserts:Importance of the deserts: To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan

desert and to the East, along the Red Sea, desert and to the East, along the Red Sea, lies the Arabian Desert.lies the Arabian Desert.

These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay close to the fertile soils along the river but close to the fertile soils along the river but also protected them from invaders. Thanks to also protected them from invaders. Thanks to this, Egypt was spared the constant warfare of this, Egypt was spared the constant warfare of the fertile crescent.the fertile crescent.


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Howard CarterHoward Carter


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King TutankhamenKing Tutankhamen


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NefertitiNefertiti


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3131



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Egyptians lived in farming villages as far Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back as 6000b.c.back as 6000b.c.

They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys.and donkeys.

They worshipped the wild creatures of the They worshipped the wild creatures of the Nile.Nile.

The used stone tools to clear and cultivate The used stone tools to clear and cultivate the land.the land.


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So, small villages were scattered along the So, small villages were scattered along the river.river. What to do? Villages attacked other What to do? Villages attacked other

villages…..villages…..


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Villages united into NOMES.Villages united into NOMES. Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods.Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods. Of course, the raiding continued…Of course, the raiding continued…

By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into contact By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into contact with the Mesopotamians…caravans loaded for trade with the Mesopotamians…caravans loaded for trade were traveling between the two regions.were traveling between the two regions.

Whole groups of people were moving back and forth Whole groups of people were moving back and forth in search of a better life, better farming, etc.in search of a better life, better farming, etc.


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At the same time, important changes were At the same time, important changes were occurring in Egypt.occurring in Egypt.

The first Kings arose…..uniting the The first Kings arose…..uniting the territories of many Nomes.territories of many Nomes. Development of their own system of writing.Development of their own system of writing.


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By 3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had By 3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had united into two kingdoms.united into two kingdoms. One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red

crown.crown. One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white

crown.crown.• PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND

TWO KINGS IN ONE LAND?TWO KINGS IN ONE LAND?


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By 3100b.c., the strong-willed king of By 3100b.c., the strong-willed king of Upper Egypt—MENES—united both Upper Egypt—MENES—united both kingdoms into one.kingdoms into one.

As a symbol of his united kingdom, he As a symbol of his united kingdom, he wore a crown of white and red.wore a crown of white and red.

He would create the new capitol city of He would create the new capitol city of Memphis.Memphis.


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Pharaohs—like Menes—ruled Egypt as Pharaohs—like Menes—ruled Egypt as Gods….handing power down through the Gods….handing power down through the male line. A Dynasty.male line. A Dynasty.

Eventually the history of Egypt would Eventually the history of Egypt would comprise 31 dynasties spanning more comprise 31 dynasties spanning more than 2800 years.than 2800 years. The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and

fall. Strength followed weakness and fall. Strength followed weakness and prosperity followed ruin.prosperity followed ruin.


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Egyptian history is divided into three major Egyptian history is divided into three major periods:periods: The Old Kingdom: 2660-2180The Old Kingdom: 2660-2180 The Middle Kingdom: 2080-1640The Middle Kingdom: 2080-1640 The New Kingdom: 1570-1075The New Kingdom: 1570-1075


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The Old Kingdom was the great age of the The Old Kingdom was the great age of the pyramid.pyramid. Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more

important than the palace in which they lived.important than the palace in which they lived. The Pharaoh was expected to live forever…The Pharaoh was expected to live forever…

and so they spent much of their wealth on and so they spent much of their wealth on their tomb—from which, they would be reborn.their tomb—from which, they would be reborn.


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This God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the This God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the center of Egypt’s religion as well as its center of Egypt’s religion as well as its government and army. Considered government and army. Considered responsible for whatever circumstances responsible for whatever circumstances befell the country. Responsible for justice.befell the country. Responsible for justice.

Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal spirit or KA.spirit or KA.


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Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power of the Pharaohs declined. In large part because of the Pharaohs declined. In large part because of poor harvests, famine. More and more power of poor harvests, famine. More and more power fell into the hands of nobles and officials.fell into the hands of nobles and officials.

If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to us? People began to doubt his authority.us? People began to doubt his authority.

Eventually, civil war would tear the country Eventually, civil war would tear the country apart.apart.


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Egyptians called the period of time Egyptians called the period of time following the Old Kingdom, the First following the Old Kingdom, the First Illness.Illness. 2180-20802180-2080 Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the

region.region.


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It would be two young princes: Intef and It would be two young princes: Intef and Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken lands into rule by one King again.lands into rule by one King again.

They would usher in the Middle KingdomThey would usher in the Middle Kingdom

But, the Pharaoh would never really regain But, the Pharaoh would never really regain their power.their power.


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The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom Law and order returns to Egypt.Law and order returns to Egypt. Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish.Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish. Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to

Thebes.Thebes. Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is

the first time that Pharaohs seem to care the first time that Pharaohs seem to care about the common folks.about the common folks.

Religious beliefs even began to reflect the Religious beliefs even began to reflect the importance of the common man.importance of the common man.


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Capitol is movedCapitol is moved


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Temple to Horus built during Mid. King.Temple to Horus built during Mid. King.


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Eventually, Egypt’s greatness would be Eventually, Egypt’s greatness would be broken in two by another civil war…broken in two by another civil war…ushering in the SECOND ILLNESSushering in the SECOND ILLNESS

What happens to a country during times of What happens to a country during times of civil war?civil war?


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The country is left vulnerable during such The country is left vulnerable during such periods to things like:periods to things like: INVASION.INVASION. And…that is exactly what happens.And…that is exactly what happens. Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in

horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were Asian nomads known as the Hyksos.Asian nomads known as the Hyksos.

They would rule much of Egypt from 1640-They would rule much of Egypt from 1640-1570 b.c.1570 b.c.


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The proud Egyptians despised their The proud Egyptians despised their uncivilized conquerors.uncivilized conquerors.

But…they did learn a few things:But…they did learn a few things: The making of bronze—harder than the The making of bronze—harder than the

copper that they had been using.copper that they had been using. How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots, How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots,

bows and arrows (powerful new kind of bow).bows and arrows (powerful new kind of bow). New techniques in the gentler arts—weaving New techniques in the gentler arts—weaving

and spinning.and spinning.


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The Hyksos take overThe Hyksos take over


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1600b.c.1600b.c. A series of warlike rulers began to restore A series of warlike rulers began to restore

Egypt’s powerEgypt’s power QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally

driving the enemy out of Egypt.driving the enemy out of Egypt. KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great

victory over the Hyksos.victory over the Hyksos. Eventually the Egyptians would chase the Eventually the Egyptians would chase the

Hyksos all the way to Palestine.Hyksos all the way to Palestine.


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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom This would be an age of empire and empire This would be an age of empire and empire

building.building. Third period of glory: 1570-1075Third period of glory: 1570-1075


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The kingdom of Egypt would become The kingdom of Egypt would become wealthier and more powerful than ever wealthier and more powerful than ever before.before.

Buildings larger and more magnificent.Buildings larger and more magnificent. This was the period during which Tut’s tomb This was the period during which Tut’s tomb

was built.was built. Yet, much of what was built no longer exists. Yet, much of what was built no longer exists.

The work just wasn’t as carefully crafted as The work just wasn’t as carefully crafted as the work of the Old Kingdom.the work of the Old Kingdom.


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Thutmosis IIIThutmosis III

Greatest conqueror of the New Kingdom


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Ramesses II reclaimed Egypt's lost glory through war and peace treaties


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Arts and crafts flourished as you can see by this fine relief of Seti I


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What do you think the invasion by the What do you think the invasion by the Hyksos had done to Egypt?Hyksos had done to Egypt?


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Basically, it had shaken their confidence in Basically, it had shaken their confidence in their desert protection.their desert protection.

The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were far more warrior-like that those that had far more warrior-like that those that had come before them.come before them. First goal: to build a professional army.First goal: to build a professional army.


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The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears and shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do and shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do not seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in not seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in the New Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by the New Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by horses—a skill that they had learned from the horses—a skill that they had learned from the conquering Hyksos.conquering Hyksos.


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Nubian mercenaries were hired to protect Egypt


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By 1300, the Egyptians had crossed the By 1300, the Egyptians had crossed the Sinai peninsula and had conquered parts Sinai peninsula and had conquered parts of Syria and Palestine.of Syria and Palestine.

This advance brought them face to face This advance brought them face to face with another group—the Hittites.with another group—the Hittites. These were the first people to discover the These were the first people to discover the

process of smelting iron.process of smelting iron. THINK: CULTURAL DIFFUSIONTHINK: CULTURAL DIFFUSION


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After a series of confrontations, they were After a series of confrontations, they were at a stalemate.at a stalemate. What is a stalemate? From where do we get What is a stalemate? From where do we get

the term?the term? What options do you have when you are in a What options do you have when you are in a

stalemate?stalemate?


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The only answer was either to wipe each The only answer was either to wipe each other off the face of the earth or come to other off the face of the earth or come to some sort of agreement.some sort of agreement.

So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made a treaty promising peace and brotherhood a treaty promising peace and brotherhood between the two groups forever.between the two groups forever.


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For the first time, the Egyptians come to For the first time, the Egyptians come to realize that they were not the most realize that they were not the most powerful people in the world.powerful people in the world.


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One of the greatest Pharaohs of the period One of the greatest Pharaohs of the period was Ramesses who lived to be 99 and was Ramesses who lived to be 99 and had, according to legend, more than 150 had, according to legend, more than 150 children.children.

He built the great temple to AMON—He built the great temple to AMON—Egypt’s chief sun-god—at Karnak. Egypt’s chief sun-god—at Karnak.


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Religion:Religion: MAAT (muh-aht)MAAT (muh-aht)

• The virtues of a good life.The virtues of a good life.• The idea of justice, right, truth, and order.The idea of justice, right, truth, and order.• One wanted to live according to MaatOne wanted to live according to Maat


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OsirisOsiris Powerful god of the deadPowerful god of the dead Would weigh each dead person’s heartWould weigh each dead person’s heart

• The heart could be no heavier than a featherThe heart could be no heavier than a feather

• What hope was there if you had a heavy heart?What hope was there if you had a heavy heart?


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No problem:No problem: Employ a priest.Employ a priest.

• Pay him enough and anything was possible.Pay him enough and anything was possible.

• Priests had enormous power and prestige and Priests had enormous power and prestige and could influence the gods with their magic.could influence the gods with their magic.


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Religion would become a serious issue for Religion would become a serious issue for a Pharaoh named Akhenaton who a Pharaoh named Akhenaton who believed that Egyptians should turn to believed that Egyptians should turn to monotheism—worshipping one God: monotheism—worshipping one God: ATON.ATON.


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AkhenAkhenatonaton


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Akhenaton probably was trying, in his own Akhenaton probably was trying, in his own way, to curtail the power of the priests of way, to curtail the power of the priests of Egypt.Egypt. They had become almost as powerful as the They had become almost as powerful as the

Pharaoh himself. Akhenaton felt that Pharaoh himself. Akhenaton felt that something had to be done.something had to be done.


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Most Egyptians of the period would be Most Egyptians of the period would be horrified by the thought of this.horrified by the thought of this. This included the young prince Tutankhamon.This included the young prince Tutankhamon.


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TutankhTutankhamonamon


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Draw a pyramid:Draw a pyramid:

Divide the pyramid up into different sections:

Where would you locate each of the following groups?

Slaves commoners

Nobles Peasants

Women Priests

Pharaoh Military elite

Soldiers


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Slaves…….Women…..Peasants

Commoners

Soldiers

Military elite

Nobles/Priests

PHARAOH


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