Human Nutrition and Health

Mr. TamashiroBiology I

Units 7 & 8

2

Topics covered• A1: Components of the human diet

– Nutrients needed in the diet– Deficiency diseases– Fatty Acids– Vitamins and minerals– Fibre

• A2: Energy in Human Diets– Sources of energy– Identifying eating disorders – obesity and anorexia

3

Topics covered

• A3: Special issues in Human nutrition– Breast-feeding– Diabetes– Vegetarians / Vegans– Low cholesterol diets– Food miles

4

How to use this PowerPoint

• The majority of this PowerPoint is aimed for you to complete the study on your own. USE YOUR TEXT BOOK!

• You will be making a portfolio of all the information you have learnt.

• Instructions that are in red refer to what I expect to see in your portfolio. Any extra information is fantastic!

• DON’T FORGET TO REFERENCE ANY WEBSITES OR BOOKS YOU USE IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY!!!

Components of the human diet

A1

Nutrients

• Nutrients are chemicals found in food that the body needs to function.

• Given the right raw materials, the human body can manufacture many useful chemicals from breaking down and reassembling other chemicals.

• Essential nutrients are ones that the body cannot manufacture. Therefore we have to eat them regularly.

A1.1

QuestionsResearch and answer these questions in full sentences:• What are nutrients?• What are essential nutrients?• Give 2 examples of essential amino acids• Give 2 examples of essential fatty acids• Give 2 examples of essential minerals• Give 2 examples of essential Vitamins• Why is water so important in the diet?• What are non-essential amino acids? Give 2 examples.

A1.2 - 3

Malnutrition

• There are 3 main kinds of malnutrition:

• Not enough food• Too much food• Not the right type of food

• All can lead to health problems.

A1.4

Kwashiorkor

• These children are suffering from Kwashiorkor – protein deficiency.

• Explain why they have swollen abdomens.

A1.4

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Research and answer the following questions in detail and in full sentences:

1. What causes PKU?2. What enzyme are sufferers of PKU unable to

produce? What are the consequences of this (explain in full)?

3. How can PKU be controlled by early diagnosis?4. How can PKU be controlled by diet?

A1.5

Fatty Acids

Name Diagram of structure

Description of structure

Foods that contain them

Health implications

Saturated fatty acids

Cis unsaturated fatty acids

Trans unsaturated fatty acids

Mono unsaturated fatty acids

Poly unsaturated fatty acids

A1.6

Copy and complete this table to outline the differences between the different structures of fatty acids:

Fat diets across the world: Introduction

• Read the information on this website and answer the following questions:

• What are the benefits of eating eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish and fish oils?

• What is hydrogenation? Why is it done?• HDL stands for High Density Lipoproteins (often called

“good cholesterol). LDL stands for Low Density Lipoproteins (“bad cholesterol). Using this information, explain why hydrogenation is thought to be bad for health.

A1.7

Fat diets across the world: Mediterranean diets

• How does eating a diet rich in olive oil help reduce the levels of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Mediterranean populations?

• What else is in the Mediterranean diet that might help reduce CHD? How does the article say they protect cells from damage?

• What are the other benefits of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)?

A1.7

Fat diets across the world: Eskimo and Japanese diets

• Give 3 examples of fatty, cold-water fish. What useful substances do they contain?

• What health benefits might this account for?• How can you tell that it is not just Japanese

genetics that gives them these health benefits?• What study led experts in the US to define a

weekly consumption of 1-2 servings of fish as consistent with good health?

A1.7

Fat diets across the world: Analysing the studies

• Summarise the other dietary components and non-dietary factors that contribute to the health and well-being of the Mediterranean and Japanese ethnic groups.

• Do you think there is enough evidence to support the claims made by the studies in the Mediterranean and Japan? Look at this website before you answer!

A1.7

Vitamins and Minerals

• Distinguish between the chemical structure of Vitamins and Minerals – use Page 974-975 of your text book.

• What does RDI stand for?• What is the older method for calculating RDI?• What is the more modern method?

A1.8 -

9

Vitamin C• Read this website and your text book P 974• What is the Vitamin C deficiency disease? Discuss how to

cure it.• What is the difference between RDI, RDA and DRI?• How much Vitamin C is needed to “saturate” the body?

What happens to any excess?• The RDA of Vitamin C has changed over the years. Why?• What are the benefits and dangers / adverse effects of

taking more than the RDI of Vitamin C? (Give details)

A1.1

0

Vitamin DProperty Answer

Soluble in

Needed for

Where it is made

What else is needed to make it

Foods that contain it

Deficiency disease in children Name:Description:

Deficiency diseases in adults Names:Description:

Issues surrounding getting sufficient Vitamin D to avoid deficiency disease

A1.1

1

IB question

• Answer this question with regard to sunlight and Vitamin D deficiency:

Suggest how environmental conditions cause malnutrition

A1.1

2

Dietary supplements

• Iodine is an essential mineral in the diet. In many parts of the world children show symptoms of iodine deficiency. Find out the answers to these questions:

1. How is iodine used in the human body?2. What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?3. What would be the benefits of dietary supplementation

with iodine?4. Would it be feasible to develop a world wide programme of

dietary iodine supplementation?5. Are there other mineral deficiencies that are widespread

causes of malnutrition?

A1.1

3

IB Question

• Discuss the importance of fibre in the diet. [3]

A1.1

4

Energy in Human diets

IB Question

This question is taken from the specimen paper for 2008!

A2.1

Energy and Ethnicity

• “Staple” foods are eaten in bulk to provide energy.

• Different cultures have different staple foods due to availability, cultural preferences and traditions.

• Make a poster showing different staple foods from around the world and the cultures that eat them.

A2.2

Health consequences of diet• Rearrange this table so the information it shows is

correct:

A2.3

Diet contains lots of…

Health consequences

Fat Makes you feel full faster and for longer. Can also be used for energy if necessary although this does require the kidneys to excrete more urea which could damage them.

Protein Provides lots of energy which is beneficial before a big sporting event. Excess can be turned into fat causing obesity.

Carbohydrate Contains lots of energy which could cause obesity. Also linked to cancer of the colon.

Appetite control

• Copy and complete the flow chart on the next slide to explain how appetite is controlled in the brain

• Add annotations to explain what happens when parts of this system stop working.

A2.4

Start eating

Hormones from ___________ and __________

travel via the blood to the…

The ______ _______ _______ in the ________ in the brain detects that no more food

needs to be eaten.

Stop eating

_______ Gene creates leptin in _______ tissue

__________ tissue sends ________ to the brain to tell it________ ______________________________________

A2.4

Body Mass Index

• Do a survey of your friends and family and work out their BMI. (Ask permission first!).

• Present this in your portfolio showing the calculations you did (including the equation).

• Classify your subjects as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese using the BMI categories in the text book.

• Add the people on the next page into your survey:

A2.5 -6

Why is obesity increasing?

• Suggest and explain 4 reasons for the data shown in this table.

Gender % obese 1966 - 70

% obese 1988 - 91

Boys 5 13

Girls 5 9

A2.7

Anorexia nervosa• Anorexia nervosa is a disease with psychological

causes. Someone who has anorexia becomes chronically underweight because they do not eat enough food even if plenty is available.

• What are the physiological consequences (effects on the body) of anorexia in relation to:– Muscle mass?– Hair growth?– Blood pressure?– Fertility?– Menstruation?– Dental health?

A2.8

Anorexia nervosa

• What are the consequences for the family and friends of someone who develops anorexia?

• Read this article: http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm – What are your views on magazines using young ultra thin

models for advertising? – Is it acceptable? – What could the consequences be?– How can we build a society where healthy body shape is

valued?

Special issues in human nutrition

A3

Breast feeding

• Design a leaflet to persuade new mothers to breastfeed their babies rather than use formula (artificial) milk.

• It should include:– The difference between breast and artificial milk– The benefits of breast feeding– Reassurance that breast feeding in public is

acceptable

• This should be a biased piece of writing!

Breastfeeding 2

• Read the article on this website:• http://www.breastfeeding.com/advocacy/

advocacy_boycott.html• Explain as fully as you can the reasons why

someone may boycott buying Nestle products.• Are you convinced to boycott Nestle??

Breast feeding 3

• Remember – breastfeeding doesn’t work out for every mother!

• Read this article for a (slightly) less biased view!)– http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/

breast_bottle_feeding.html

Diabetes

• The cause and treatment of Diabetes is covered in the following link:

• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm

• Briefly outline the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes (you do not have to give any details of the cause or treatment).

Type II Diabetes

• Answer these questions:1. What has happened to the incidence of Type

II diabetes in America since 1997?2. What are the causes for this?3. What are the symptoms of Type II diabetes?4. What dietary advice is given to people with

Type II diabetes?

To Meat or not to Meat

• Explain why some people prefer not to eat animals or animal products.

Cholesterol and heart disease

1. What is cholesterol?2. What is cholesterol needed for?3. Explain how cholesterol can cause a heart attack or

stroke.4. Explain the change in thinking about the

relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum (blood) cholesterol.

5. How is cholesterol transported in the blood?6. Complete the diagrams on the next two slides.

Transport of cholesterol

LiverTransported by

__________ (good cholesterol)

• Can be increased by:• E__________• Not s__________• W________ loss• Omega 3, _________________________• A diet containing a lot of _________ and limited

amounts of _______.• Moderate use of a__________??? (not proven!)

Cholesterol broken down

Cholesterol in blood

Transport of cholesterol

LiverCholesterol in blood

Transported by __________ (bad cholesterol)

• Can be increased by:• No E__________• S__________• Putting on w________ • trans _________________• A diet containing too little _________ and

lots of _______.

Cholesterol can cause plaques

Food miles

• Read the article on this website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foodmiles.shtml

• Discuss the concept of food miles and the reasons for consumers choosing foods to minimize food miles

Checklist for your portfolio1. Questions on nutrients from slide 72. Explanation of Kwashiorkor from slide 93. Research and questions from slide 10 on PKU4. Completed table on fatty acids from slide 115. Questions from slides 12 – 15 on fat diets across

the world (using the website)6. Questions on vitamins and minerals from slide 167. Questions on Vitamin C from slide 17 using website8. Completed table on Vitamin D from slide 18 and

answer the question on slide 19.

Checklist for your portfolio9. Answer the questions on iodine supplementation

from slide 2010. Answer the IB question on fibre from slide 2111. Answer the IB question on energy content of food

from slide 2312. Make a poster to show different staple diets (slide

24)13. Rearrange the table from slide 2514. Copy and complete the flow chart from slide 27

adding annotations. 15. Write up your survey and results showing your BMI

calculations.

Checklist for your portfolio16. Answer the questions on the causes of obesity

from slide 3017. Research anorexia nervosa and answer the

questions on slides 31 – 32.18. Design the leaflet from slide 34.19. Explain why people boycott Nestle products (slide

35).20. OUTLINE the difference between Type I and Type II

diabetes (one or two sentences!)21. Answer the questions on slide 38 on diabetes22. Answer the question on slide 39

Checklist for your portfolio

23. Answer the questions on cholesterol on slide 40 and fill in the diagrams on slides 41 – 42.

24. Read the website article from slide 43 and answer the question.

25. Check through your work and make sure you have added all your references into your bibliography.

26. RELAX!!27. Due in two weeks after being presented to you!!!!