Human Insecurity
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Human Insecurity
Deepak Prakash Bhatt, PhD
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Status• Theoretical approaches to IR
• Realism• Liberalism• Marxism• Neo-liberalism• Constructivism
• IPE• PE• Globalization • IT and IF• IMR• Discontent and GFC
• Environment, Population and HS
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Human security• Post cold war study, contested and ill defined • Early 90’s many scholars started to talk about
public security • Multi-disciplinary understanding of security
involving a number of research fields-• International relations• Development studies• Strategic and security studies • Human rights
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….• Mahbub al Haq produced UNDP’s HDR in 1994 • Considered a milestone publication in the
field of human security• Raised to insure
• Freedom from want• Freedom from fear
• For all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity
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….• Human security is an emerging
paradigm for understanding global security challenges
• Challenge the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state
• People-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional and global stability
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Poverty, Under-development, Hunger and
Diseases • Deprivation of basic human needs-food,
water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education
• Contextual • Absolute or Extreme poverty or Abject
poverty-a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs
• It depends not only on income but also on access to services
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….• Relative poverty-measure of income equality• Socially defined and dependent on social
context• Relative poverty is measured as the
percentage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of income
• Poverty reduction• Poverty Alleviation Fund
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Under-development• Lack of food, housing, drinking water, access to job
opportunities, health care, education and housing• Underdevelopment is a condition when resources
are not used to their full socio-economic potential, with the result that local or regional development is slower in most cases than it should be
• Complex interplay of internal and external factors• Underdeveloped nations are characterized by a
wide disparity between their rich and poor populations, and an unhealthy balance of trade
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….• Dependency theory is the notion that
resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former
• It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system
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….• It rejected modernization theory view
that developed countries are merely a primitive version of underdeveloped countries
• But have unique features and structures of their own; and, importantly, are in the situation of being the weaker members in a world market economy
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Hunger• Physical sensation
• Malnutrition-inadequate food • Famine-widespread scarcity of food• Starvation- lake of food and state of
exhaustion of body
• Throughout the history large portion of world population suffered
• Undernourished people around the world is about 19 % in 1990 and 12 % in 2010
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….• Amartya Sen-hunger is not because of
lack of food but arises from food distribution system or from government policies
• Food riots in Haiti and Madagascar• Food Sovereignty- Food First• MDGs in 8 area
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….• To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• To achieve universal primary education• To promote gender equality and empowering women• To reduce child mortality rates• To improve maternal health• To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases• To ensure environmental sustainability• To develop a global partnership for development
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diseases• Abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism
• Communicable diseases • Infectious diseases• Chronic diseases • Autoimmune diseases
• Environmental, social reasons-crowded living and working conditions, inadequate sanitation, and disproportionate occupation
• Malnutrition, stress, overwork, and inadequate, inaccessible, or non-existent health care can hinder recovery and exacerbate the disease
• Diseases of poverty, and lack of skilled attendants during childbirth is primarily responsible for the high maternal and infant death rates among the poor
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Books• Apter, David E. Rethinking Development:
Modernization, Dependency and Post Modern Politics, Newbury Park, Calif: Sage, 1987
• Michaly, E.B., (2009). Foreign Aid and Politics in Nepal: A case study, Lalitpur: Himal Books
• Sachs, J.(2011). The End of Poverty: How can we make it happen in our lifetime, Penguin Books Limited
• Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. (2012) Economic Development, 11th Edition, Pearson Education