Human Growth and Development Chapter Four Prenatal Development and Birth PowerPoints prepared by...
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Transcript of Human Growth and Development Chapter Four Prenatal Development and Birth PowerPoints prepared by...
![Page 1: Human Growth and Development Chapter Four Prenatal Development and Birth PowerPoints prepared by Cathie Robertson, Grossmont College Revised by Jenni Fauchier,](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d415503460f94a1c119/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Growth and
Development
Chapter Four Prenatal Development and
BirthPowerPoints prepared by Cathie Robertson, Grossmont CollegeRevised by Jenni Fauchier, Metropolitan Community College
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From Zygote to Newborn
• Germinal period—first 14 days
• Embryonic period—3rd through 8th weeks
• Fetal period—9th week through birth
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Process of Conception
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Germinal: The First 14 Days
• Zygote divides and keep dividing (at least though 3rd doubling they are the same)
• At this stage (8 cells) differentiation begins
- early “stem” cells take on distinct characteristics
- they gravitate to locations, foreshadowing the type of cells they will become
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Germinal: The First 14 Days, cont.
• At about a week after conception the multiplying cells separate into two masses
- outer layer forms a shell (later the placenta) and the inner cells from a nucleus (later the embryo)
- first task of out cells to achieve implantation— embed themselves into the nuturant environment of the uterus
• 60% of all natural conceptions fail to implant; 70% of in vitro procedures fail to implant
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Embryo: From the Third to the Eighth Week
• First sign of human structure: thin line down the middle (22 days) that becomes the neural tube, which eventually forms the central nervous system, including brain and spinal column
– fourth week
•head begins to take shape
•heart begins with a miniscule blood vessel that begins to pulsate
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Embryo: From the Third to the Eighth Week, cont.
– fifth week•arm and leg buds appear•tail-like appendage extends from the spine
– eighth week•embryo weighs 1 gram and is 1 inch long•head more rounded; face formed•all basic organs and body parts (but for
sex) present– 20% of all embryos spontaneously abort
now
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Fetus: From the Ninth Week Until Birth
• Called a fetus from 9th week on
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Third Month
• Sex organs take shape (Y cell sends signal to male sex organs; for females, no signal occurs)
- genital organs fully shaped by 12th week
• All body parts present
• Fetus can move every part of body
• Fetus weighs 3 ounces and is 3 inches long
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Middle Three Months: Preparing to Survive
•Heartbeat stronger
•Digestive and excretory systems develop more fully
• Impressive brain growth (6X in size and responsive)
- new neurons develop (neurogenesis)
- synapses—connections between neurons (synaptogenesis)
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Middle Three Months: Preparing to Survive, cont.
•Age of viability—age at which preterm baby can possibly survive (22 weeks)
- 26 weeks survival rate about 50%
. brain maturation critical to viability
.weight critical to viability
- 28 weeks survival rate about 95%
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Fetal Brain Maturation
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Final Three Months— Viability to Full Term
•Maturation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-critical difference
•Gains weight—4.5 lbs. in last 10 weeks
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Risk Reduction
• Despite complexity, most babies are born healthy
• Most hazards are avoidable
• Teratology—study of birth defects
– teratogens—broad range of substances that can cause environmental insults that may cause prenatal abnormalities or later learning abilities
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Determining Risk
• Risk analysis—weighing of factors that affect likelihood of teratogen causing harm
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Timing of Exposure
•Critical period—in prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part is most susceptible to teratogenic damage
-entire embryonic period is critical
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Amount of Exposure
• Dose and/or frequency
• Threshold effect—teratogen relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level
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Amount of Exposure, cont.
•Interaction effect—risk of harm increases if exposure to teratogen occurs at the same time as exposure to another teratogen or risk
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Genetic Vulnerability
•Genetic susceptibilities: product of genes combined with stress
•Folic-acid deficiency may cause neural- tube defects
- occurs most commonly in certain ethnic groups and less often in others
•Males are more genetically vulnerable
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Specific Teratogens
• No way to predict risk on an individual basis
• Research has shown possible effects of most common and damaging teratogens
• AIDS and alcohol extremely damaging
– pregnant women with AIDS transmit it to their newborns; high doses of alcohol cause FAS; alcohol + drug use increase risk to developing organism
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Low Birthweight
• Low Birthweight (LBW)
– less than 5 1/2 lbs.•grows too slowly or weighs less than
normal•more common than 10 years ago•second most common cause of neonatal
death• Preterm
– birth occurs 3 or more weeks before standard 38 weeks
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• Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
– maternal illness– maternal behavior
•cigarette smoking (25% of SGA births)– maternal malnutrition
•poorly nourished before and during pregnancy
•underweight, undereating, and smoking tend to occur together
Low Birthweight, cont.
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• Factors that affect normal prenatal growth
– quality of medical care, education, social support, and cultural practices
Low Birthweight, cont.
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The Birth Process
• Hormones in mother’s brain signals process
• Contractions begin: strong and regular at 10 minutes apart
– average labor for first births is 8 hours
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The Birth Process
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• Assessment—Apgar scale– five factors, 2 points each
•heart rate•breathing•color•muscle tone•reflexes
– score of 7 or better: normal– score under 7: needs help breathing– score under 4: needs urgent critical care
The Newborn’s First Minutes
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Variations• Parents Reaction
– preparation for birth, physical and emotional support, position and size of fetus, and practices of mother’s culture
• Medical Attention– birth in every developed nation has
medical attention– 22% of births in U.S. are cesarean section
•removal of fetus via incisions in mother’s abdomen and uterus
– is medical intervention always necessary?
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Birth Complications
• Cerebral Palsy—brain damage causing difficulties in muscle control, possibly affecting speech or other body movements
• Anoxia—lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death
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First Intensive Care . . . Then Home
• At the Hospital – many hospitals provide regular
massage and soothing stimulation; ideally, parents share in caregiving
• At Home– complications, e.g., minor medical
crises – cognitive difficulties may emerge, but
high-risk infants can develop normally
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• Strong family support (familia)• Fathers play a crucial role
– may help wives abstain from drugs or alcohol
– can reduce maternal stress• Parental alliance—commitment by both
parents to cooperate in raising child
– helps alleviate postpartum depression
Mothers, Fathers and a Good Start
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• Parent-infant bond—strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn
– immediate contact not needed for this to occur
Mothers, Fathers and a Good Start, cont.