Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis.
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Transcript of Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis.
![Page 1: Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649f525503460f94c75526/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Geography
Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis
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Human Geography
Chapter 8Livelihood & Economy:
Primary Activities
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© Medioimages/Getty RF
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Human Geography 11e
Economic Geography
• The study of how people earn their living– How livelihood systems vary by area– How economic activities are spatially
interrelated and linked
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Human Geography 11e
The Classification of Economic Activities &
Economies• Categories of
Activity– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary– Quaternary– Quinary
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Human Geography 11e
Classification of Economies• Types of Economic Systems
– Subsistence• Goods and services are created for the use of the
producers and their kinship groups• Little exchange of goods and only limited need for
markets– Commercial
• Dominant in nearly all parts of the world• Producers or their agents, in theory freely market
their goods and services– Planned
• Government agencies controlled both supply and price
• Locational patterns of production were tightly programmed by central planning departments
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Human Geography 11e
Agriculture
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Human Geography 11e
Subsistence Agriculture
• Extensive Subsistence• Intensive Subsistence• Urban Subsistence• Expanding Crop Production• Intensification and the Green Revolution
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Human Geography 11e
Commercial Agriculture
• Production Controls• A Model of Agricultural Location• Intensive Commercial Agriculture• Extensive Commercial Agriculture• Special Crops• Agriculture in Planned Economies
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Human Geography 11e
Commercial Agriculture
• Farmers produce not for their own subsistence but primarily for a market off the farm itself
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© Corbis RF
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Human Geography 11e
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
• Early in the 19th century he observed that lands of apparently identical physical properties were used for different agricultural purposes
• Around each major urban market, he noted a set of concentric rings of different farm products
• The ring closest to the market specialized in perishable commodities that were both expensive to ship and in high demand
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Human Geography 11e
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
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Human Geography 11e
Resource Exploitation
• What Counts as a “Resource”?• Resource Terminology• Fishing• Forestry• Fur Trapping and Trade• Mining and Quarrying
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Human Geography 11e
Development of Primary Activities
• Depends on:- The occurrence of the
perceived resources- The technology to exploit
them- Cultural awareness of
their value- Fishing and forestry are
gathering activities based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources
• Fishing and Forestry
- Heavily exploited renewable resources
- Part of both subsistence and advanced economies
- Their maximum sustainable yield is actually potentially being exceeded in some places
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Human Geography 11e
Mining• Involves the
exploitation of minerals unevenly distributed in amounts and concentrations determined by past geologic events, not by contemporary market demand
• Transportation costs play a major role in determining where low-value minerals will be mined
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Human Geography 11e
Trade in Primary Products
• Changing Pattern of Trade in Commodities and Manufactured Goods
• Volatility of Commodity Prices• Price “Fixing” and Technological Change• Agricultural Subsidies and Access to
Markets