Thinking Geographically Unit 1: Geography, It’s Nature and Perspectives.
Human Geography It’s Nature and Perspectives. what is geography? Essential Questions: How can...
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Transcript of Human Geography It’s Nature and Perspectives. what is geography? Essential Questions: How can...
Human GeographyIt’s Nature and Perspectives
what is geography?• Essential Questions: How can
geography be used to shape our view of the world?
• Learning Target: IWBAT explain the importance of geography as a field of study
• Formative Assessment(s): We use GPS on a daily basis. How does using GPS cause you to look at the world differently?
BellworkHow do you use geography on a daily basis?
what is geography?
• “description of the earth”• a study of spatial variation
– the how and why of physical & cultural differences
– location, location, location– observable patterns that have evolved
through time
-interaction of physical environment and human activity (Marsh, Sauer) -cultural landscape can alter the natural environment
evolution of the discipline- mapping/human interpretation
• Aristotle (384-322 BC)• Erathosthenes (276 BC)• Strabos (63BC-24AD)/Herodotus (484-
423BC)
Ptolemy (2nd century AD)
outside the western world
• Chinese Scholars• Muslim Scholars
human geography
• Where are people?• What are they like?• What is their interaction over space?• What kinds of landscapes do they erect?
physical geography
• attention towards natural landscape– landforms and their distribution– atmospheric conditions and climatic
patterns– soils / vegetation associations
modern geography…..
• 1. Climates, patterns, processes of physical environment
• 2. Rapid development of natural sciences
• 3. Accurate mapping• 4. Data collection / statistics
academic geography
• Earth science• Man-land relations• Areal differentiation• Spatial organization
– location– processes– patterns– interactions/relations– distributions
Formative AssessmentWe use GPS on a daily basis. How does using GPS cause you to look at the world differently?
what is geography?• Essential Questions: How can
geography be used to shape our view of the world?
• Learning Target: IWBAT use and understand maps.
• Formative Assessment(s): Give an definition of absolute location and relative location. Give an example of each.
BellworkWhat labels are important to include on a map?
three concepts about space
• Location• Direction• Distance
absolute location
• Mathematical location– Latitude & Longitude
• degrees, minutes, seconds
– Township & Range (1785 Land Ordinance)• Subdivision: parallels & meridians• Topographic quadrangle, US Geological Survey
– Metes & Bounds
latitude & longitude
(22° 15' N, 114° 10‘ E)
relative location
• “place” in relationship to surroundings
• Site– absolute location concept– physical & cultural characteristics
• Topography, vegetation, water, physical characteristic
• Situation– external relations of locale– relative location concept– dynamic
absolute directions
• Based on cardinal systems– north, south, east, west– from solar system
relative directions
• Based on cultural & local perceptions– no absolute boundaries or definitions– “down south”, “out west”, “up north”, “down
south”, “Near East”, “Far East”– Left, right, forward, backward
absolute distance
• Absolute mathematical mileage, or measurement of distance
relative distance
• Refers to a more regional spatial relationship– how distance is described
MILES MINUTES
$$$ & TIME
psychological distance
• Distance lengthened / shortened– first time traveled– night / day travel– safety / danger / excitement
size & scale
• Size of unit studied• Scale implies degree of generalization
– broad or narrow– Varying sizes
• local • regional• global
Formative Assessment(s)• Give a definition of absolute location
and relative location. Give an example of each.
what is geography?• Essential Questions: How can
geography be used to shape our view of the world?
• Learning Target: IWBAT define regions and evaluate the regionalization process
• Formative Assessment(s): Give a definition of formal, functional, and perceptual regions. Give an example of each.
BellworkAnswer the questions below:• Where do your clothes come from?• Where do your cell phones come
from?• Where does your food come from?• Where do your shoes come from?
landscapes
• Natural• Cultural• Dynamic
multi-varied landscapes
process of change
Before 1970 After development
Long Island, New York
spatial interaction
• Accessibility – how easy/difficult to overcome time
& space separation
• Connectivity– how places are connected
• Spatial diffusion– process of dispersion of ideas or items from a
center of origin to more distant points
• Globalization– Increasing interconnection of peoples and
societies worldwide
globalization
• Standardization– $$$$, EU, time, United Nations
• Containerization– movement of products– outsourcing
• Intersection of the ‘haves’ & ‘have nots’– cell phones, internet
spatial distribution
• Arrangement of items on Earth’s surface
• Three concepts
1. density
• Measure of the number/quantity within a defined unit of areas – proportion
• Arithmetic density: total # of people divided by land area
• physiological density: # of people per unit of arable land
2. dispersion (concentration)
• Amount of spread of phenomenon over an area– 1. clustered, agglomerated– 2. dispersed, scattered, random
3. pattern
• Emphasizes design rather than spacing– linear (a) – road, river, rail line– centralized (b) – city & suburbs– random (c)
• Rectangular system of land survey - U.S.– rural: checkerboard, 1 mile squares– cities: grid system
regional concepts
• 1. formal or uniform regions– Areas of essential uniformity
• Physical or cultural• Sahara Desert, “Bible Belt”
2. functional region
• spatial system defined by interactions/ connections
Glendale Galleria
Newspaper Route
3. perceptual regions
• Less structured & more culturally based
The “Valley’China Town
Examples of regions
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LVXiM_u_UM The “Valley’China Town
Formative Assessment(s)• Give a definition of formal,
functional, and perceptual regions. Give an example of each.
what is geography?• Essential Questions: How can
geography be used to shape our view of the world?
• Learning Target: IWBAT evaluate projections for distortions.
Formative Assessment(s): State one benefit and one limitation of each of the projections below: Mercator, Fuller, Robinson, and Azimuthal
cartography – the science of making maps
• Maps provide a visual tool • Maps are subjective• Map projections transfer locations on a
round surface to a flat surface– some form of distortion always occurs– greater distortion results from larger areas
depicted
global grid system
mathematics of the Earth
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) discovered the earth to be an oblate spheroid
– Equatorial bulge 7926.38 (7924) – Polar shortening 7899.80 (7922)– 23.5° axis (tilt)
seasons and climate
• Earth’s rotation & movement around the sun
• Tilt of the earth’s axis (23.5°)• Receipt of solar radiation• Re-radiation of energy in the form of
heat
the Earth’s divisions
• Latitude lines – Equal distance between lines– Lines become increasingly smaller descending
from the equator to poles
• Longitude lines– Each line is the same exact length– All lines become increasingly close together as
they descend to the poles– Connects the North and South Poles
important lines of latitude
• Equator: 0 degrees• Tropic of Cancer: 23.5 degrees North• Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5 degrees South• Arctic Circle: 66.5 degrees North• Antarctic Circle: 66.5 degrees South
important lines of longitude
• Prime Meridian: 0 degrees (runs through Greenwich, England)
• International Dateline: 180 degrees• Time Zones: every 15 degrees of
longitude equals one hour
maps• Scale
– the smaller the scale, the greater the area
– World map has smallest scale, city map has largest scale (think of scales like fractions)
- for example one inch = one mile is more detailed than one inch = one hundred miles 1:1 or 1:100
• Legend – interprets map information
map projections & distortion
• Shape• Distance• Relative size• Direction
Mercator: preserves direction, distorts landmass, used for navigationFuller’s: preserves shape and size, distorts directionRobinson: minimizes projection errorsPeters: equal-area projection, focus on Africa Azimuthal: oriented to the Poles
Robinson map projection
Fuller’s Dymaxion projection
Topographical map
Thematic maps
Cartogram map
Geographical Information Systems
mental maps
Formative Assessment(s)State one benefit and one limitation of each of the projections below:• Mercator• Fuller• Robinson• Azimuthal