Demography and Standards of Living

Developing Countries

Low income per capita (Gross Domestic Product -GDP)

Low literacy rates Low life expectancy Few schools, doctors and hospitals Few people with telephones Only cities have electricity Often in debt to developed countries Known as “Third World”

Ghana 2003

Newly Industrialized Countries

Becoming rapidly industrialized.

Attracting significant financial investment.

Growing economy In between developed

and developing countries.

Known as “Second World” Guangdong Province of China

Developed Countries

Industrialized countries where majority of citizens are educated, healthy and well-housed.

High gross domestic product (GDP) and high on the Human Development Index (HDI).

Have infrastructure: roads, water supply, power grids, communications. Known as “First World”

London Bridge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x1JUTkw66Q

Developmental Factors

“Available natural resources, especially when used as the basis for local industry

Stable political system, so that there is continuity over the long term

A literate population that can take advantage of new ideas and technologies

An open attitude toward change and progress among the population”

Population Pyramids

• A bar graph that depicts the population ofan area by age groups and sex.• Helps predict future population for countries

http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/agesex/tables.cfm#animations

http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/agesex/charts/index.cfm

Developed vs. Developing Population Pyramids

Four Types of Population Pyramids

1. Early Expanding – developing countries2. Expanding – developing countries3. Contracting – developed countries4. Stable – developed countries

Early Expanding

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Expanding

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

ContractingCanada 2006

Statistics Canada, Canadian Population Census, 2006

Stable

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/ei/Age_distribution

Review and Questions

What are two characteristics of a developed, developing or newly industrialized country?

What is the purpose of population pyramids?

What are the four different styles of population pyramids?

Explain the differences among the four styles of population pyramids.

Characteristics of Population

Population Distribution – refers to the way people are distributed across the Earth’s surface. Places that are sparsely populated contain few people. Places that are densely populated contain lots of people. Often related to environment.

Over 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land

Approximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlement

World Population Distribution

World Population Distribution

Factors Contributing to Population Distribution

Five Factors

1. Accessibility (i.e. to transportation and / or communication)

2. Climate (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall

3. The Landscape (i.e. too mountainous or desert)

4. The Vegetation (i.e. access to food and shelter)

5. The Resources available (i.e. access to clean water)

Population Distribution in Canada

80% of people live within 200km of our Southern border (the USA)

Most choose to live in areas where temperatures more moderate (i.e. not in North)

Majority of Canadians live in urban (city) centres

Characteristics of Population Continued…

Population Density – is a measurement of the number of people in an area. Calculated by dividing a country’s population by its area.

The population density for an entire country is called its crude density.

Population Density

Population density by distribution in Canada 2006

Factors Affecting Population Density

Physical Factors Human FactorsRelief (shape and height of

land)Political

Resources Social

Climate Economical

London, England has 4,726 people per square km

Population Characteristics Continued…

Population Growth Rate: The number of persons added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration

Natural Increase = birth rate – death rate

Net Migration includes:Emigration rate – the number of people leaving Canada.Immigration rate – the number of people

arriving in Canada.

Population Growth Rate

Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate

= Population Growth Rate the increase (or decrease) in the total number

of people in Canada in a given year

Class ExampleIf the birth rate in Canada from

2007 was 10.75, the death rate in 2007 was 7.86, and the net migration rate was 5.79 what would the POPULATION GROWTH RATE be?

The Answer…Birth Rate – Death rate + Net Migration rate

=

10.75 – 7.86 + 5.79 = 8.688.68/10 = 0.868%

0.868% was Canada’s Population Growth Rate in 2007

Global Population Growth Rates

Review and Questions What is population distribution & what

are the five factors involved? What is population density & what are

the physical and human factors involved in population density?

Analyze the population growth rate. How does the world’s increase in population growth rate effect your future?

Changes in Canada’s Population & the World’s Population

Over the past 30 years Canada’s birth and death rates have steadily

declined. Therefore…our country (and many

others) has become known for its “aging population”.

Aging population is “an increase in the proportion of senior citizens relative to the youth and working age population.”

http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/1

Population Characteristics continued…

Dependency Ratio/Load: refers to the proportion of the population that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 years old)

If a country has a high dependency ratio, those who work will experience a greater financial burden.

Some countries have a high dependency ratio due to a large amount of children (i.e. Africa at 40%) and others due to a large amount of old age dependency (Canada – Aging Population)

Old Age Dependency Ratio in Canada

- ``The ratio is measured as the number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people of working age (15 to 64 years of age). ``

- ``The ratio value for Canadaas a whole in 2000 was 18.3.``

http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/dependencyratios2000

Line Graph of Old-Age Dependency Ratio, Canada 1991-2000

Line Graph of Old-Age Dependency Ratio, Canada 1991-2000

http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/aging_figure3.gif/image_view

Population Characteristics Continued…

Fertility Rate: Average number of live births each year per woman of childbearing age.

Fertility Rate Directly linked to the countries

development. Better educated women tend to have

fewer children due to knowledge of contraceptives and can resist family pressure.

Children of educated women are more likely to survive because they know more about immunization, clean water and good nutrition.

Global Fertility Rates

Immigration Due to our countries low fertility rates

(natural increases) we are dependent on net immigration

The government hopes for a 1% increase through immigration every year (200,000 immigrants/year)

Approximately 19.6% of our population are immigrants, and some believe that by 2030 immigration will be the major form of population growth.

Demographic Transition Model – 5 Stages

Pre-IndustrialStage

TransitionalStage

Mature Industrializing Stage

Post-IndustrialStage De-industrializing

Demographic Transition Model

Describes population change over time, or transitions, in industrialized societies over the past 200 years. Based on history of developed countries (may not apply to Africa).

Includes three elements:

1. Birth rates2. Death rates3. Trends in overall population numbers

Demographic Transition ModelStage One – Pre-Industrial

A balance of high birth rates and high death rates

The life expectancy is very LOW Very little population growth Developing Countries

Demographic Transition Model

Stage Two – Transitional/Industrializing Phase

Rise in population caused by decline in death rate (due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or rises

Rapid increase in population numbers due to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain life

Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population.

Developing Countries

Demographic Transition Model

Stage Three – Mature Industrializing Developed Countries

Decline in birth rate results in more stable population Improved living standards birth rates fall due to:

access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education

of children and other social changes Population growth begins to level off

Demographic Transition Model

Stage Four – Post-Industrial

Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability, and developed countries)

Population age structure has become older due to low birth rates and death rates

Population growth slows down and nearly levels off

Birth rates may drop below replacement level. This is already happening in countries like Japan, Greece and Canada.

* Globally the total fertility rate at replacement is approximately 2.33, Canada’s fertility rate is 1.51.

Fertility Rates by Country

Demographic Transition Model

Stage Five – De-industrializing

Birth rates drop below death rates (sub-replacement level)

Represent countries that have undergone the economic transition from manufacturing based industries into service and information based industries

Representative of highly developed countries

High Fertility Rates that contribute to

overpopulation Overpopulation

occurs when a population exceeds its “carrying capacity”

Carrying Capacity – the level at which the land can support the population living on it.

Responses to Overpopulation

Family Planning / Controlling Population Growth Rate Reduced

population reduces strain on resources (natural, economic, etc.)

Leads to a general increase in standard of living

Responses to Population Growth

In 1979 China implemented the One Child Policy (Family Planning Policy) as a result of their increasing population

1/5 of the worlds population resides in China (1 billion)

The fertility rate in China was at ~5.

Responses to Population Growth

Improve technology – countries with higher levels of technology tend to have more developed economies.

Increase resource base – use own resources to develop itself: work force, natural resources, technology and financial institutions.

Responses to Population Growth

Improve literacy rates – giving a population the skills to read will improve their access to higher paying jobs. This in turn will improve overall quality of life and standard of living.

Responses to Population Growth

Education and Economic development opportunities for women – educating women and giving them the rights they deserve will improve economic development for all.

Review and Questions

What are the five stages of the Demographic Transition Model? Explain the changes that each stage goes through?

What is a carrying capacity?

What are some responses to overpopulation, which do you think would work best and why?

The UN Human Development Index (HDI)

Measurement of Living Standards Comparative measure of:

1. literacy rate (number of people who can read) percentage of the population 15 years and older

who can read and write2. life expectancy rate

Average number of years a person or population can expect to live

3. per capita annual GDP (gross domestic product) GDP - total value of all goods and services produced

in a country in one year. divide this # by the # of people in a country, you

get the average GDP per person, or per capita

Human Development Index

Human Development Indicators

Other than those used to determine the HDI, human development indicators also include:

Education Rates – The percentage of the population that has attended or is attending some form of formal education.

Human Development Indicators

Fertility Rate – the average number of births a woman has over her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate – the reported number of infants (ages 5 and under) dying, per 1000 live births.

Human Development Indicators

Disease Prevalence of

disease in an area such as HIV/AIDS – Pandemic

Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area

worst in developing countries like Africa where lack of education and access to medical supplies and treatments cause the disease to keep spreading at a rapid rate

Challenges for Developing Countries

Poverty Cycle – Trap Health Challenges Lack of education and

employment, especially for women

Discrimination against Women

Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda, Darfur; land mines

Child Labour Access to Clean Drinking

Water Natural Disasters – i.e.

tsunami

Causes of Poverty Armed Conflicts

Disrupt attempts at aid and development (farming, infrastructure, industry)

Natural Disasters Limited Resources

inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms

Causes of Poverty

Lack of Education (low literacy rates) Cannot find jobs that

will support a family Don’t have money for

education.

Lack of Employment Income inequalities

and too few jobs for low income groups

Causes of Poverty High fertility rates

Enormous demand on scarce resources

Starvation Disease

Infectious Diseases Death of significant

portions of the population

Strain on resources Reliance on foreign aid

Causes of Poverty High Debt

Burden Provide lower

standards Reduced wages- “Almost half the

world — over three billion people — live on less than $2.50 a day.”

Undercutting their own resources in order to compete economically in the global market

Poverty Cycle in Developing Countries

The Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children

the burden of poverty creates particular hardships for women and children because many developing societies have male-dominated societies where females and children have lower status than men

often have no legal rights, or the legal system may allow them to be treated as property

women may even be killed to satisfy a family’s honor

in some tribal societies, women and children may have to eat whatever is left after the men have finished their meals – can lead to malnutrition

Women – Developing World woman in a developing

country may have to work over 12 hours a day to ensure the survival of her family

often left to support family when men migrate (move) in search of work

education – often a luxury restricted to males

only 1/3 of girls in rural India go to school – compared w/ ½ boys

feeling: education wasted on girls

many families keep girls @ home to look after the younger children and help w/ chores until they are married and move into their husband’s village

Women – Developing World

cultural tradition dictates that when a woman is married she is reborn into her husband’s family, so there is an incentive to marry young

demographers agree that economic development and the fertility rate of countries are connected

decline in # of children a woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of her children

Women – Developing World better educated women

have fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, usually because they are better educated about contraception and better able to resist family pressure to have more children

children of educated women also more likely to survive

know more about the importance of immunization, clean water, and good nutrition

study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate dropped for every year of schooling the mother had

key to improving status of women: education

Women – Example: Women in Niger, Africa

Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert #176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI life expectancy: under 49 yrs literacy – 14% 65% of pop’n survive on less than

$180/yr uranium - #1 export – recent drop in

price has redcued country’s earnings donor aid has been withheld until the

military government returns the government to civilian rule

women – large role in economy – making pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.

yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, fathers, brothers, etc.

polygamy (practice of having more than one wife) – widespread average marrying age – 15 average # of children – 7.4

Children in Crisis Children – often 1st

victims of underdevelopment

famine, disease, war, etc – prey on society’s most vulnerable dependents

even if survive critical 1st 5 years – children in some developing nations have few educational opportunities and are all too often exploited as child labour – some trapped in sex trade

high birth rates in many developing areas – ensures this will continue

http://www.freerice.com/index.php

UNICEF - PNR UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual

Progress of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children that measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a scale of zero to 100

Based on 5 factors:1. mortality rates of children

under age 52.% of children moderately /

severely underweight3.#s of children who do not

attend primary school4.risks from armed conflict5.risks from the disease

HIV/AIDS

UNICEF - PNR - Results

Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other highly developed nations had risk scores of 5 or below (of no consequence)

Africa’s average score: 61 world average: 30

Canada’s Responses to Development Issues

Canada – Foreign Aid Policy Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor

(developing) foreign countries Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia, and some in Central / Eastern Europe

CIDA – Canadian International Development Agency CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the

bulk of Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) program

CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, and support sustainable development

Bilateral Aid

Aid given directly from government to government Usually in the

form of grants as opposed to loans and

goods and services

Tied Aid

Form of bilateral aid Loans / grants

provided to a developing country with the requirement that the recipient use the funds to buy goods or services in the donor country

The majority of aid is tied aid

Multilateral Aid

funding multilateral institutions / international organizations such as: UN – i.e. UNICEF,

WHO World Bank

Often in form of cash

Often large-scale initiatives like building dams

Project Aid

Money, goods, or services that a donor-nation provides to a developing country for a specific project

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)

NGOs are non-governmental organizations are non-profit organizations that often conduct humanitarian and development work around the world. NGOs are essential to poverty relief efforts.

Governments such as Canada support NGOS through donations, but do not control what NGOs do

Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare programs

Examples: Red Cross Oxfam Save the Children Greenpeace Amnesty International Habitat for Humanity Doctors Without Borders

Debt Reduction

Canada supports the idea of forgiving all or part of the debt developing countries owe to international banks

Debt Reduction cont’

Debt has been chocking the world’s weakest economies and blocking economic progress for billions of the world’s poorest people

Governments borrowed money in the past for development projects from World Bank / IMF, etc.

Corrupt leaders often stole the proceeds

Debt Reduction cont’

To pay off interest and principal of the loan Governments

have been forced by creditors to slash their social spending and shrink their public sector

But debt still grows, placing the poorest countries in a kind of debt bondage

Many countries of the UN have been encouraging the elimination of these debts or at least a reduction in the amount owed by developing nations

Debt Reduction – con’t

Debt Relief Easing the obligations of a

debtor nation to repay loans Debt Swap

A new nation or organization takes over a nation’s debt in exchange for some favour by the debtor nation

Debt Forgiveness Cancelling obligations to

repay debts Debt Moratorium

Postponement of payments on loans

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

CIDA Supports foreign aid

projects in over 100 of the poorest countries

Manages Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Promotes sustainability in developing countries

CIDA Focuses on 6 basic principles:1. basic human needs2. gender equality3. infrastructure4. human rights5. environment6. democracy / good governance Explores 4 social

development sectors:1. basic education2. HIV/AIDS3. health and nutrition4. child protection