Human evolutionHuman evolution

Human evolutionHuman evolution

Human evolutionHuman evolution, is the origin and , is the origin and evolution of evolution of Homo sapiensHomo sapiens as a as a distinct species from other hominids, distinct species from other hominids, great apes and placental mammals. great apes and placental mammals. The study of human evolution The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific encompasses many scientific disciplines, including physical disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics and genetics.archaeology, linguistics and genetics.

From primate to hominidFrom primate to hominid The main characteristics of the hominids are:The main characteristics of the hominids are: Always moving biped upright. This position determines the Always moving biped upright. This position determines the

situation of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull. situation of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull. On each side and pointing down, are the occipital condyles. On each side and pointing down, are the occipital condyles. The spine is sooo more circular than in other antropooides, The spine is sooo more circular than in other antropooides, po the best weight-bearing vertical. The spine has three po the best weight-bearing vertical. The spine has three bends, the pelvis widens and shortens, there is a gradual bends, the pelvis widens and shortens, there is a gradual lengthening of the leg bones and the thumb of the lower lengthening of the leg bones and the thumb of the lower extremitiesextremities

Your palate is U-shaped with rounded dental arch and small teethYour palate is U-shaped with rounded dental arch and small teeth His skull houses a large brain. This increase brain is in His skull houses a large brain. This increase brain is in

relation to a diet of high energy content, since the brain is relation to a diet of high energy content, since the brain is an organ that much energyan organ that much energy

ArdipithecusArdipithecus

ArdipithecusArdipithecus is a very early hominin is a very early hominin genus. Two species are described in genus. Two species are described in the literature: the literature: A. ramidusA. ramidus, which lived , which lived about 4.4 million years ago during about 4.4 million years ago during the early Pliocene, and the early Pliocene, and A. kadabbaA. kadabba, , dated to approximately 5.6 million dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago (late Miocene).years ago (late Miocene).

AustralopithecusAustralopithecus is a genus of hominids that are now extinct. is a genus of hominids that are now extinct.

From the evidence gathered by From the evidence gathered by palaeontologists and archaeologists, it palaeontologists and archaeologists, it appears that the appears that the AustralopithecusAustralopithecus genus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading throughout the years ago before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago. During this time period 2 million years ago. During this time period various different forms of australopiths various different forms of australopiths existed, including existed, including Australopithecus Australopithecus anamensisanamensis, , A. afarensisA. afarensis, , A. sedibaA. sediba, and , and A. A. africanusafricanus. .

AustralopithecusAustralopithecus

Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis

Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid is an extinct hominid which lived between 3.7 and 2.9 million years ago.which lived between 3.7 and 2.9 million years ago.

A. afarensisA. afarensis was slenderly built, like the younger was slenderly built, like the younger Australopithecus africanusAustralopithecus africanus. It is thought that . It is thought that A. A. afarensisafarensis was ancestral to both the genus was ancestral to both the genus AustralopithecusAustralopithecus and the genus and the genus HomoHomo, which , which includes the modern human species, includes the modern human species, Homo Homo sapienssapiens. The most famous fossil is the partial . The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) by skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) by Donald Johanson and colleagues, after they played Donald Johanson and colleagues, after they played the Beatles song the Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsLucy in the Sky with Diamonds over and over in celebration of their find.over and over in celebration of their find.

Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis

ParanthropusParanthropus

The The robust australopithecinesrobust australopithecines, , members of the extinct hominin members of the extinct hominin genus genus ParanthropusParanthropus (Greek para (Greek para "beside", Greek anthropos "human"), "beside", Greek anthropos "human"), were bipedal hominids that probably were bipedal hominids that probably descended from the gracile descended from the gracile australopithecine hominids australopithecine hominids ((AustralopithecusAustralopithecus) )

ParanthropusParanthropus

HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS Homo habilisHomo habilis lived from about 2.4 to 1.4 Ma. lived from about 2.4 to 1.4 Ma. Homo Homo

habilishabilis, the first species of the genus , the first species of the genus HomoHomo, , evolved in South and East Africa in the late evolved in South and East Africa in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, 2.5–2 Ma, when it Pliocene or early Pleistocene, 2.5–2 Ma, when it diverged from the Australopithecines. diverged from the Australopithecines. Homo habilisHomo habilis had smaller molars and larger brains than the had smaller molars and larger brains than the Australopithecines, and made tools from stone and Australopithecines, and made tools from stone and perhaps animal bones. One of the first known perhaps animal bones. One of the first known hominids, it was nicknamed 'handy man' by its hominids, it was nicknamed 'handy man' by its discoverer, Louis Leakey due to its association with discoverer, Louis Leakey due to its association with stone tools. Some scientists have proposed moving stone tools. Some scientists have proposed moving this species out of this species out of HomoHomo and into and into AustralopithecusAustralopithecus due to the morphology of its skeleton being more due to the morphology of its skeleton being more adapted to living on trees rather than to moving on adapted to living on trees rather than to moving on two legs like two legs like Homo sapiensHomo sapiens. .

HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS

Homo ergasterHomo ergaster Homo ergasterHomo ergaster is an extinct chronospecies of is an extinct chronospecies of HomoHomo

that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, about 1.7- 2.5 million years ago. early Pleistocene, about 1.7- 2.5 million years ago. There is still disagreement on the subject of the There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of classification, ancestry, and progeny of H. ergasterH. ergaster, , but it is now widely accepted to be the direct ancestor but it is now widely accepted to be the direct ancestor of later hominids such as of later hominids such as Homo heidelbergensisHomo heidelbergensis, , Homo Homo sapienssapiens, and , and Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensis rather than Asian rather than Asian Homo erectusHomo erectus. It is one of the earliest members of the . It is one of the earliest members of the genus genus HomoHomo, possibly descended from, or sharing a , possibly descended from, or sharing a common ancestor with, common ancestor with, Homo habilisHomo habilis..

The binomial name published in 1975 by Groves and The binomial name published in 1975 by Groves and Mazák is derived from the Ancient Greek Mazák is derived from the Ancient Greek ἐργαστήρἐργαστήρ "workman", in reference to the comparatively "workman", in reference to the comparatively advanced lithic technology developed by the species, advanced lithic technology developed by the species, introducing the Acheulean industry.introducing the Acheulean industry.

Homo ergasterHomo ergaster

Homo erectusHomo erectus Homo erectusHomo erectus (from the Latin (from the Latin ērĭgĕreērĭgĕre, "to put up, set , "to put up, set

upright") is an extinct species of hominid that originated in upright") is an extinct species of hominid that originated in Africa and spread as far as China and Java from the end of Africa and spread as far as China and Java from the end of the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene, about 1.8 to 1.3 the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene, about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. There is still disagreement on the subject million years ago. There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of H. erectusH. erectus, , with two major alternative hypotheses: with two major alternative hypotheses: erectuserectus may be may be another name for another name for Homo ergasterHomo ergaster, and therefore the direct , and therefore the direct ancestor of later hominids such as ancestor of later hominids such as Homo heidelbergensisHomo heidelbergensis, , Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensis, and , and Homo sapiensHomo sapiens; or it may be an ; or it may be an Asian species distinct from African Asian species distinct from African ergasterergaster..

H. erectusH. erectus originally migrated from Africa during the Early originally migrated from Africa during the Early Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump, around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersed Saharan pump, around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersed throughout much of the Old World.throughout much of the Old World.

Homo erectusHomo erectus

Homo antecessorHomo antecessor Homo antecessorHomo antecessor is an extinct human species (or is an extinct human species (or

subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago, that was discovered by Eudald years ago, that was discovered by Eudald Carbonell, Juan Luis Arsuaga and J. M. Bermúdez de Carbonell, Juan Luis Arsuaga and J. M. Bermúdez de Castro. Castro. H. antecessorH. antecessor is one of the earliest known is one of the earliest known human varieties in Europe. Various archaeologists human varieties in Europe. Various archaeologists and anthropologists have debated how and anthropologists have debated how H. H. antecessorantecessor related to other related to other HomoHomo species in species in Europe, with suggestions that it was an Europe, with suggestions that it was an evolutionary link between evolutionary link between H. ergaster H. ergaster and and H. H. heidelbergensisheidelbergensis, although Richard Klein believes , although Richard Klein believes that it was instead a separate species that evolved that it was instead a separate species that evolved from from H. ergaster.H. ergaster. Others believe that Others believe that H. antecessorH. antecessor is in fact the same species as is in fact the same species as H. heidelbergensisH. heidelbergensis, , who inhabited Europe from 600,000 to 250,000 who inhabited Europe from 600,000 to 250,000 years ago in the Pleistocene. years ago in the Pleistocene.

Homo antecessorHomo antecessor

NeanderthalNeanderthal

The The NeanderthalNeanderthal (short for (short for Neanderthal Neanderthal ManMan, in modern orthography , in modern orthography NeandertalNeandertal) ) is an extinct member of the is an extinct member of the HomoHomo genus genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia. Neanderthals are either central Asia. Neanderthals are either classified as a subspecies (or race) of classified as a subspecies (or race) of modern humans (modern humans (Homo sapiens Homo sapiens neanderthalensisneanderthalensis) or as a separate ) or as a separate human species (human species (Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensis). ).

NeanderthalNeanderthal

HumansHumans HumansHumans, known taxonomically as , known taxonomically as Homo sapiensHomo sapiens, ,

are the only living species in the are the only living species in the HomoHomo genus of genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.modernity around 50,000 years ago.

Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and sapience, are considered to be defining features of sapience, are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person".what constitutes a "person".

HumansHumans

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