Human Development

Human Development

Chapter 13 Human Development

It requires a situation where people can freely identify and select their choices.to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.The basic purpose of development is to enlarge peoples choicesThe development of human resources contributes to sustained growth and productive employment. A healthy, educated and skilled workforce can contribute more significantly and effectively to economic development.


Human resource implies the abilities, skills and technical know how , productivity and organizational abilities of population of country.

Human development is a means to higher productivity. A well-nourished, healthy, educated, skilled, alert labour force is the most important productive asset.

Reduced poverty contributes to a healthy civil society, increased democracy and greater social stability.

Human development can help in reducing civil disturbances in a society and in increasing political stability.


Sustained improvement in the standard of living.Social sector development & programmes much more than poverty eradicationGreater access to knowledge, better nutrition, health services, more secure livelihood, security against crime & physical violence.


Economic growth

Expansion of incomeHuman development

Enlargement of all choices whether econmic, social, cultural or political


Is an endIs a means to higher productivity.Helps in lowering the family size.HD is good for physical environment.


Equity SustainabilityProductivityEmpowerment


Equitable access to opportunitiesFiscal policy reformsCredit requirementsVoting rightsWomen reforms


Sustaining of human opportunitiesReduction in disparities in life style.All forms of capital whether physical, human, financial and environment.


People are in a position to exercise choices of their own free will.Political democracyEconomic liberalismRequires:Investment in education and healthAccess to creditWomen and men


EquityEquitable access to opportunitiesLand reformsFiscal policy aimed at transferring income from rich to poorCredit requirements of poor people are metLimiting excessive political powerRemoving social and legal barriersSustainabilityNatural resourcesDisparities in life styles removedProductivityHuman capitalEmpowermentInvesting in education and healthAccess to credit and productive assets to allEquality of men and women


Provide equal opportunities irrespective of gender, race, creed or caste to every one to empower oneself and opt for choices according to ones own preferencesHD is possible with the shift from market-oriented growth to social oriented growth.Good management and good governance on the part of the state. Accountability, transparency and equality before the law are the important parameters of good governance.High political stabilityGovernance exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countrys affairs at all levels.


a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countriesliving a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary level)having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income).


Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basicdimensions of human developmenta long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infants life.Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the childs life.


Gross national income (GNI) per capita:

Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, divided by midyear population.


In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) 2. Education Index (EI) 2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) [4]2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) [5]3. Income Index (II) Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend with his education in his whole life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita


New method for 2011 data onwardsIn its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)


2. Education Index (EI)


2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)

2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)


3. Income Index (II)

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:


HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf


PRIMARY EDUCATIONSarva Shiksha AbhiyanNational Programme for education of Girls at Elementary EducationKasturba Gandhi Balika VidayalayaNational Programmme of Mid-Day meals in schools


1995 measures achievements in the same dimensions using the same indicators as the HDI but captures inequalities in achievement between women and men. The greater the gender disparity in basic human development, the lower is a country's GDI relative to its HDI.


Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Education (NPEGEL)Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)National programme of mid-day meals in schools


Gross enrolment ratio (GER) has increased from 19.3 in 1990-91 to 39.1in 2004-05.SUCCESS: Scheme for universalisation of access to higher education to all students of 15-16 years by 2015 Universal retention by 2020.


IIM in ShillongIII&M in Kanchipuram


The National Rural Health Mission April 12, 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and accountable quality health services to the poorest households in the remotest rural regions. Establishing a fully functional, community owned, decentralized health delivery system with inter - sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health like water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality.


Strengthening of Primary Health Infrastructure & Improving Service deliveryIntegrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP)Funding for Support Mechanism of ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)Pulse Polio Immunization ProgrammeNational Vector Borne Disease Control ProgrammeRevised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) National AIDS Control ProgrammeFamily Planning ProgrammeAyurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH)


Human Development

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