Human Biology

Chapter 1

Bell Work 10/12/09

1. How do you think you did on the benchmark?

2. How did you study for the benchmark and how long did you study for the benchmark?

3. List three things that you are going to do this quarter differently to help improve your science grade.

Bell Work 10/18/10

Please get a new bell work sheet from by the sinks. Please answer in complete sentences.

1. What is an endangered specie?

2. Why is it important to protect endangered species?

Assignment 10/18/10Go to my webpage and click on 8th grade and

then endangered species website. In the lab section of your notebook take notes on at least 3 different endangered species. Include the following information name of endangered specie, what type of habitat does the specie live in, what is the human value of the specie, the ecosystem value of the specie, and what type of food the specie eats.

1.1 Vocab

Tissue – group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

Organ – a structure that is made up of two or more types of tissue that work together to carry out a function in the body

Organ system – a group of organs that together perform a function that helps the body meet its needs for energy and materials

Homeostasis – the ability of your body to maintain internal condition

Types of Tissue

Epithelial tissue – covers all the inner and outer surfaces of the body. Each organ is covered with this

Nerve tissue – (messaging system) cells in nerve tissue carry electrical impulses between your brain and the various parts of your body in response to changing conditions

Type of Tissues (cont)

Muscle tissue – movement results when muscle cells contract, or shorten, and when they relax.

Connective tissue – holds parts of the body together, providing support, protection, strength, padding, and insulation. (ex. Tendons and ligaments)

Bell Work 10/13/09

1. During the presentations today what careers involved science?

2. Which careers were you interested in and why? (write at least 3 sentences)

Bell Work 10/14/09

List the four types of tissue in your body and give an example of each.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Bell Work 10/20/09

List the five levels of organization in your body and give an example of each for a human.

1.2 Vocab

Skeletal system – the framework of bones that supports the body, protects internal organs, and anchors all the body’s movement.

Compact bone – The tough, hard outer layer of a bone. (basic supportive tissue of the body)

Spongy bone- strong, lightweight tissue inside a bone (makes up most of the short and irregular bones found in your body. Makes up the ends of long bones)

1.2 Vocab Cont.

Axial skeleton – the central part of the skeleton, which includes the cranium, the spinal column, and the ribs

Appendicular skeleton – the bones of the skeleton that allow movement (such as arm and leg bones)

The skeleton changes as the body develops and ages

Bones are living tissue and continue to change throughout your life.

• Infancy – A newborn skull is made up of several bones that have spaces between them to allow the skull to grow along with the brain. As the skull grows the spaces between the bone close.

• Childhood – Bone growth continues to occur at areas called growth plates. Growth plates are made of cartilage and the length and shape of bones is determined by the growth plate.

The skeleton changes as the body develops and ages

• Adolescence – Toward the end of adolescence bones stop growing. The growth plate becomes hard and arms and legs stop growing.

• Adulthood – After bones stop growing they still go through cycles in which old bone is broken down and new bone is formed. As people age more bone is broken down than is formed which leads to low bone density.

Joints connect parts of the skeletal systemJoint – a place at which two parts of the skeletal

system meet.

• Immovable joint – locks bones together (bones of your skull)

• Slightly movable joint – able to flex and move slightly (ribs connected to sternum)

• Freely movable joint – allow your body to bend and to move. Ligaments hold the bones together at movable joints.

Movable Joints

• hinge joint – causes an angular movement (movement of your arm when eating)

• pivot joint – causes movement from side to side (when turning a doorknob)

• ball-and-socket joint – allows rotational movement (rotate your arm in a circle)

• gliding movement – one bone slides back and forth across another (all joints do this) (in the backbone this is the only movement the joint produces)

Bell Work 10/21/09

Read Rates of Production on page 21 and answer questions 1-3 in the bell work section of your science journal.

1.3 VocabMuscular system – works with the

skeletal system to allow movement

Involuntary muscle – automatic movement (muscles that work without you controlling it)

Voluntary muscle – movement that you can choose to make

1.3 Vocab ContSkeletal muscle – muscles that are

attached to your skeleton (voluntary muscle)

Smooth muscle – found inside some organs such as the intestines and the stomach. (involuntary muscle)

Cardiac muscle – the muscle that makes up your heart (involuntary muscle)

Bell Work 10/23/09

1. List the 3 types of muscles in the human body and state whether each is voluntary or involuntary.

2. List the 3 functions of the muscular system.

3. What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?