Human Behaviour and Crowd Consideraons in Normal and ...€¦ · Only), Bease Boys, Led Zeppelin,...
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Human Behaviour and Crowd Considera2ons in Normal and Emergency Condi2ons Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM [email protected] www.crowdsafety.org
Transcript of Human Behaviour and Crowd Consideraons in Normal and ...€¦ · Only), Bease Boys, Led Zeppelin,...
HumanBehaviourandCrowdConsidera2onsinNormalandEmergencyCondi2onsPresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
www.crowdsafety.org
SteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
• 25YearsCrowdandEventSafetyExperience‘NormalandEmergency’
• DegreeCrowdandSafetyManagement
• CharteredHealthandSafetyConsultant
• OccupaFonalSafetyandHealthConsultantsRegister–RegisteredConsultant
• CharteredFireSafetyConsultant
• FormerRoyalNavyFire-Fighter
• FormerDirectorofSecurityandSafety:Oasis,Eminem,RedHotChilliPeppers,Kasabian,RollingStones(UKOnly),BeasKeBoys,LedZeppelin,Shakira,Stereophonics,DixieChicks,BeadyEye
• RetailSector,VariousEvents,Venues,FesFval’sandotherMajorEventsworldwideincludingMotorsports,RoyalEvents,Fireworksandeventsofsignificantimportance
• PurpleGuide–AcknowledgedContributor
• AustralianlivePerformance–AuthoroftheAudienceSafetyChapter
• EventWorkingPartyforUSTechnicalStandardsversionofthePurpleGuide
• ManagingCrowdsSafely(HSG154)–Reviewed2016forUKCMA
• Pioneerofthe“ShowstopProcedure”(GloballyusednowandrecognisedbyHSE)
• GuestSpeakerandTrainerworldwideoneventsafety,crowds,humanbehaviourandfiresafety
• FireRiskAssessorforleisure,eventandretailindustry’s
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TerrorismCrowdedSpaces
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SomeCrowdDisasterslast6years
• 2016:-50–600DeadStampedeEthiopia
• 2015:-2442Dead&1028injured
• 2014:-106Dead&262Injured
• 2013:-470Dead&757injured
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Whydocrowdcrusheshappen?
• WearetryingtoservicemorepeopleinlessFme….
• Toomanypeopleintoolielespace
• Boelenecks• PoorPlanning• SiteDesign• InformaFon
• Management
• Inexperienceandlackofcompetenceoforganisersassessors
• Terrorism
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3PrimaryReasonstoprevent
• Moral
• Legal
• Financial
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ManchesterUnitedEvacuaFon
• TheblunderissettocostUnited£3millionasitisforcedtoshellouttodisappointedfans.
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The biggest risks of all are….
People!!!
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CrowdDensityPresenta2on
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FluidMoFon
• Whencrowdsarelessdenselypacked,lessthan4people/persquaremeter,theyhaveKmetomakedecisions,theydonothaveinvoluntarymovementasone,almostlikeafluid…..
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CrowdDensityConsideraFons…
• Mostcrowdrelatedissuesarebasedupontoomanypeopleintooli]lespace…..
• Boelenecks• Anthropometry• Bulkybags• Coats• Pushchairs/Prams• Wheelchairs• Peoplelayingdown• Furniture/SeaFngTables
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CrowdDensity
• Densitycanbedescribedasthenumberofpeopleinaprescribedspace.
• Forexample2Persons/persquaremetre
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AddiFonalFactors
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5Persons/persquaremetre
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IndividualsDensityPercepFon
• TherelaFonshipwiththepeopleinvolved
• TheduraFonoftheexperience
• Thephysicalcontextoftheexperience
• Themeaningoftheexperience
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SpaFalandSocialDensity
Spa2alDensity
• Thesamenumberofpeoplebutthespacealters…
SocialDensity
• Occurswhenthenumberofpeoplealters,butthespaceremainsthesame….
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CrowdDensity–SocialDensity
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CrowdDensityDemonstraFon
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Maledominatedcrowds
• MaledominatedcrowdshaveagreaterpotenKaltobehaveinamoreaggressivemannerincomparisontofemaledominatedcrowdswithahighproporKonoffamilygroups….
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PrimaryInfluencer’s
• Design–Barriertypes,eventfootprint,sitecapacity,ingress/egressflowrates,areaanddensity,anydelaysaroundthesite(toilets/bars/merchandising/amusementsetc)
• Informa2on–AdvanceinformaFon,Signage,communicaFonsystems,VMS,websites,socialmedia,rumour’s
• Management–Processes,planning,communicaFons,protocols,chainofcommand,briefings,redflagindicators(normalandemergency),competencyofplanners,assessorsandcriFcaldecisionmakers…
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InformaFonDelivery
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EgressandDispersal
• Thecrowdwillegressenmass,innormalandemergencycondiFons.
• OumlowmustnotbeobstructedandneedssufficientSPACEtopreventanyblockageswhichinturnwillincreasedensityandincreasetheriskandsafetyconsideraFonsfurther.
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FlowRateIssues
• UniFlow
• BiDirecFonalFlow
• MulFFlow
• Oumlow
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Crowd Perception of Risk
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The Crowds’ Expectation’s
• If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:
– Compliant
– Non Compliant
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BradfordFireOverview(32yrsago)
• May1985
• BradfordCityvLincoln• 56Killed• Over265Injuries• Fanshadtobreakdownlockedexitstoescape
• ManyreceivedpolicecommendaFonsforbravery
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SocialMedia–15minsoffame
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Pre - Movement Time
1 The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…
2 Through to detection
3 Response to the incident
4 Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre-determined)
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Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to
• The loss of life
• Catastrophic brand damage,
• International condemnation
• Media onslaught
• Loss of Liberty
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Sime’sGeneralRule25-50-25
• 25%MoveCloser
• 50%Stayput
• 25%Movetoexits
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StaFonNightclubFire-2003
• 100Died
• 232Injuries
• Cause–IndoorPyro
• FlammableSoundproofing
• ThisincidentestablishednewstandardsacrosstheUSA
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HerdingBehaviour
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HerdingBehaviourinEmergency
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ArchingEffectFranciscoEnrique
• Boelenecks
• Archingeffectascrowdstrytoflowthroughanarrowpoint
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ConsideraFons
• 9outof10peoplewillleavethewaytheyentered
• Familiesandgroupswillleavetogether
• ChildrenacFviFesshouldbeposiFonedatstreetlevelwherepossible
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Panic-RealityorMyth
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Panic-Suddenuncontrollablefearoranxiety,o_encausingwildlyunthinkingbehaviour….
Source:OxfordDicKonary
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3-TypesofsituaFons
• Tangible
• Intangible
• Rumour
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Rumour
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ThinkPoint…
• Atgroundlevel,crowdscannotseebeyondafewmetre’sinfrontoftheirposiKon….
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RomanianFire–ColecFvClub
• 27pluskilled• VictorLonescu,whowasatthe
clubwithhisgirlfriend,paintedagraphicpictureoftheconfusionandpanicasthefiresweptthroughthebuilding.
• “PeoplewerefainKngfromthesmoke.Itwastotalchaos,peopleweretramplingoneachother”hesaid
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EvacuaFon
• HumanResponse
• PeerPressure• StaffResponse• PerformerResponse
• Obstacles• Possessions• FriendsandFamily
• InvacuaFon?????
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7/7BombingsLondon
• Manyreportsofpanicandfearfromindividualsthatwerethere…
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Panic–Wasnotrecordedatthese
• BradfordFire1985• KingsCrossFire1987• Hillsborough1989• 911WTC
• Theproblemispeopleo_ennottakingthesituaKonasseriouslyasitactuallyis…
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SoluFons
•
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SystemWideApproach
• Ifsafetyandsuccessaretobemaximised,thewholesystem,includingindividualworkers,contractors,technology,audience,processes,designsetc,shouldbeconsideredasasinglesystem…Hendrick1997
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EmergencyPlan&CrowdRA
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RolesandResponsibiliFes
• Clearlydefinedroles
• StafffullyawareofwhoisulFmatelyresponsible
• OrganisaFonawareoftheramificaFonsoftheeventgoingwrong
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“WhatIf”Scenarios
Thefullscopeof“whatif”scenariostoidenFfypotenFalproblemsandtestoutthesuitabilityandsufficiencyoftheplansinplace.
AwiderangeofscenariosshouldbetestednotonlyforterrorismbutalsolessdramaFcsuchastriphazards,boelenecks,technologyfailiure’s,weatherandevennaturaldisaster’s.
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Thankyou
PresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
www.crowdsafety.org
