Human Anatomy. The human skeleton

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Chapter 8 Lecture Outline:

Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The girdles of bones that attach the upper and lower limbsto the axial skeleton.

pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place

pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place

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Pelvis The adult pelvis is composed offour bones:

the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.

Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of theventral body cavity.

Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.

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Os Coxae Commonly referred to as the hip bone or innominate

bone.

Each is formed from three separate bones:

the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at thesacroiliac joint.

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Pelvic Brim A continuous oval ridge that helps subdivide the entire pelvis into a

true pelvis and a false pelvis. true pelvis lies inferior to the pelvic brim

encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the

pelvic organs false pelvis lies superior to the pelvic brim

enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the

inferior abdominal organs

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Arches of the Foot The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the

ground.

Helps it support the weight of the body. Ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the

sole of the foot are not pinched when standing.

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Arches of the Foot Medial longitudinal arch extends from the heel to the big

toe.

Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as the medial

longitudinal arch. Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the longitudinal

arches.

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Aging of the Appendicular Skeleton Skeletal mass and density decline. Erosion and porosity increase. Bones become more brittle and susceptible to fracture.

Articulating surfaces deteriorate, contributing toosteoarthritis. Changes begin in childhood and continue throughout life.

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Limb Malformations Polydactyly

Ectrodactyly

SyndactylyAmelia

Phocomelia

Human Anatomy. The human skeleton

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