HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes

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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes Chapter 5

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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes. Chapter 5. 2 divisions:. ____________________________bones that form longitudinal axis _______________________________bones of the limbs and girdles. Axial skeleton. Appendicular skeleton. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes

Page 1: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The Skeletal System NotesChapter 5

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2 divisions:

• ____________________________bones that form longitudinal axis

• _______________________________bones of the limbs and girdles

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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• The system includes joints ,cartilage and ligaments.

I. Bones:An Overview

• Functions-besides giving body shape and Form:

– 1)Support-supports body and cradles soft organs– 2)Protection-protect soft organs-eg. Protects

brain/vertebrae-spine and ribs for organs of the thoracic cavity

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Functions cont’d

• 3)Movement-Skeletal muscles attach to bones by _______________and bones work as levers

tendons

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Functions cont’d

– 4)Storage-» ______in internal cavities of bones» Storehouse for minerals-esp.Ca and P….A small

amount of Ca must be in blood at all times to reach the nerve tissue for transmission,so muscles contract and help clot blood.Ca in bones as salts go to provide Ca 2+ ions for blood

» Hormones control the movement of Ca to and from blood according to body need…..too much Ca can be a problem

5)Blood Cell Formation or ________________________ in the marrow cavities of certain bones

Fat

hematopoiesis

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B.Classification of Bones*(all 206 of them)

– There are 2 main types of osseous tissue

» ____________________________dense and looks smooth and homogeneous

• ___________________________ made of needlelike

pieces of bone and lots of open space

Compact boneSpongy bone

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• Many sizes and shapes:-eg. Tiny pisiform bone of __________________-size of a pea and at the other extreme-the ________________-thigh bone is ~ 2’ long and has large,ball shaped head

wrist

femur

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Shape grouping:

– _____________________-longer than they are wide;shaft with heads at both ends;mostly compact bone; bones of limbs

– _________________________-generally cube shaped and mostly spongy bone ;bones of wrist and ankle;____________________bones-within tendons-special type of short bone-patella

Long bones

Short bones

sesamoid

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Shape cont’d

– ____________________-thin,flattened and usually curved-2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone-skull,ribs,sternum

– __________________________don’t fit other categories-vertebrae and hip

Flat bones Irregular bones

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

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C. Structure of a long bone

• GROSS ANATOMY• __________________-shaft-makes most of bone

length and is __________________bone• Diaphysis is covered by fibrous connective tissue

membrane-_________________________-Hundreds of connective tissue fibers,called perforating or Sharpey’s fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone

diaphysis compact

periosteum

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• _______________at the ends of each long bone…consists of thin compact layer of bone filled with spongy bone…._____________cartilage covers the external surface(glassy hyaline cartilage gives smoothness to decrease friction at joint surfaces)

• Adult bones have a thin line of bony tissue at epiphysis-called ____________________-a remnant of epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage in young ,growing bones

• epiphyseal plates cause lengthwise growth of bones

epiphysis Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal line

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• At end of puberty,hormones inhibit long bone growth and the epiphyseal plate is completetly replaced w/bone

• Cavity of shaft stores adipose tissue--________________________,or medullary cavity …In infants this area forms RBC’s-red marrow is there as well

• For adults ___________________is in cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones

• Surfaces have bumps holes and ridges=__________________________-show where muscles,tendons,and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves pass

Yellow marrow Red marrowBone markings

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Bone markings

– 1.projections or processes• -grow out from bone surface---goes w/terms

beginning w/T• 2.depressions or

________________________-indentations in bone---goes w/terms starting w/F(except facet

cavities

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Long Bones-MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

• ______________________-mature bones cells found in matrix in lacunae cavities

• Lacunae arranged in concentric circles called____________________around central(Haversian) canals

• _________________is a complex of central canal and matrix rings—Haversian system

• Central canals run lengthwise through bony matrix to carry blood vessels and nerves to all of bone

osteocytes lamellae oteon

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Microscopic anatomy cont’d

• _____________________-tiny canals that radiate outward from central canals to all lacunae-form a transportation system that connects all bone cells to nutrients in matrix --therefore well nourished

• _____________run into compact bone at right angles to shaft and communicate from outside to interior

• Bone light in weight,but strong

canaliculi

Perforating(Volkmann’s) canals

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Bone Formation,Growth and Remodeling

• 2 most strong and supportive tissue-bone and cartilage

• Except for flat bones,most bones develop using hyaline cartilage as model

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Bone formation cont’d

• ____________________-bone formation in 2 phases:– 1)Hyaline cartilage model is completely covered

by bone matrix(a “collar”) by bone forming _________________________.For a while,fetus has cartilage enclosed by bony bones.Enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away,forming a medullary cavity

ossification osteoblasts

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– 2)By birth most hyaline converted to bone.except articular cartilage on ____________________and epiphyseal plates• New cartilage is continually on the face of

articular cartilages(covering bone ends) and epiphyseal plate surface that faces bone ends.At the same time,old cartlage abutting internal face of articular cartlage and the medullary cavity is BROKEN down and replaced by bony matrix

Bone ends

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• Growing bones must widen as they lengthen---osteoblasts in _____________add bone tissue to external face of diaphysis as osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone from inner face of diaphysis wall---both occur at same rate circumference of long bone expands and bone widens….>__________________growth.This is controlled by hormones –esp. growth hormones and ,during puberty , sex hormones

• Overall growth ends at puberty ,when ____________are converted to bone

periosteum Appositional growth

Epiphyseal plates

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Bones dynamic and active tissue and continuously remodeled in response to :

– 1)Ca levels in blood-When blood Ca levels drop below homeostatic levels,the _________________in throat stimulated to release parathyroid hormones-______-into blood.PTH activates ____________-giant bone destroying cells in bones to break down bone matrix and release Ca into blood.

» If blood Ca levels are too high,Ca is deposited into bone matrix as Ca salts

Parathyroid glands

PTH osteoclasts

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• 2.In response to gravity and muscle mass-long bones retain normal proportions and strength and bones become thicker and form large projections to increase their strength where muscle is bulky….here ________________lay down new matrix and become trapped w/in it….now,trapped,they become osteocytes-mature bone cells

osteoblasts

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4b

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E.Bone Fractures

• Bones amazingly strong• _____________________= breaks---in young due to activity

level and in older people due to thin and weakened bones_– 1)Closed fracture-clean break that does not penetrate skin– 2)__________________is when the broken bone breaks the

skin

fracturesOpen-compound

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2

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• A fracture is treated by ________________-where the realignment of break happens.In closed breaks,the ends are coaxed back into their position by M.D..For OPEN breaks,surgery is performed and pins or wires are used.After reduction it is _________________________by cast or traction

• Simple fracture takes 6-8 weeks to heal….bot longer for large bones and bones of older people(due to their poor circulation)

reduction

immobilized

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4 Events for bone repair:

– _________________________forms and blood cells deprived of nutrition die

– The break is splinted by a __________________-growth of new capillaries(granulation tissue) into hematoma at site of damage.as this happens,connective tissue of various types form a mass called fibrocartilage callus containing some cartilage matrix,some bony matrix,collagen and acts to splint the bone

hematoma Fibrocartilage callus

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– bony callus forms-more osteoblasts and osteoclasts come to area-the fibrocartilage callus is relaced by one made of spongy bone

– Bone remodeling occurs-weeks to months-forms strong,permanenet bone patch at site

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Skull

– Formed by cranium –protects brain and ____________________-hold eyes in anterior position and allow facial muscles to show expression

– All but one bone of skull is joined by ____________-interlocking , immovable joints(mandible has a freely movable joint)

Facial bones

sutures

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Cranium-8 large ,flat bones

• ___________________________forms forehead,bony projections under eyebrows,and superior portion of orbit

• ____________________________paired,forms superior and lateral walls of cranium;include _________________________and ____________suture

• Temporal Bones(pair) lie inferior to parietal and join at ___________________________________

Frontal bone

Parietal bones Sagittal

suture

coronalSquamous sutures

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Temporal bone markings:

• a-External acoustic meatus-leads to eardrum and middle ear-here sound enters ear

• b-Styloid process-sharp/attachment for many neck muscles

• c-__________________-process bridge of bone that joins with cheek bone(zygomatic bone) anteriorly

• d-Mastoid process-full of air cavities(mastoid sinuses)-rough projection posterior and inferior to external acoustic meatus-some neck muscles attach here---The proximity to middle ear makes these sinuses a hot spot for infections- -__________________________---also could spread to the brain

Zygomatic processMastoiditis

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• d-______________foramen allows passage of jugular vein(largest vein of head-drains the brain)-anterior to this is the e-____________________-transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII-facial and vestibulocochlear nerves…. f- anterior to foramen is carotid canal that carotid artery brings most of the blood to the brain

Jugular foramen

Internal acoustic meatus

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• Occipital bone-most posterior of cranium-floor and back wall of skull

• a._________________________suture joins this bone with parietals

• b. ______________________magnum allows spinal cord to connect to brain

• c._____________________________________rest on 1st vertebra

Lambdoid suture

Foramen magnum Occipital

condyles

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Sphenoid bone-butterfly shaped-spans width of skull and is some of floor of cranial cavity

• ________________________”Turk’s saddle”-encloses pituitary gland

• Foramen ovale allows cranial nerve v(trigeminal)to pass to chewing muscles of mandible.

• Parts form part of eye orbit• Have 2 important openings-• 1-______________________allows optic nerve to pass

and• 2-_____________________through which cranial nerves

III,IV,VI pass to control eye movement• Many air cavities--_________________________________

Sella turcica

Optic canal Superior optical fissure

sphenoid sinuses

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Ethmoid Bone-anterior to sphenoid

• __________________________”cocks comb”outermost covering of brain attaches here

• Small holes on each side of crista galli-_____________________-for olafactory nerves

• Extensions form superior and _______________________-lateral walls of nasal cavity-and increase turbulence of air here

Crista galli Cribiform plates

middle nasal conchae

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facial bones-14 bones-12 are paired plus mandible and vomer

• Maxillae(maxillary)-2 fuse to form upper jaw-main –or keystone bones of the face-carry upper teeth in a)alveolar margin

• b)palatine processes-form anterior part of hard palate of __________________-

• c) ________________________sinuses drain into nasal cavity,lighten skull bones and amplify sound we make….mucosa continue into nose and throat and is a source of __________________________-infection of sinuses which is an infection of sinuses

mouthParanasal sinuses

sinusitis

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• ______________________paired-posterior part of hard plate-failure to fuse medially is called ___________________________________

Palatine bonesCleft palate

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• __________________________________cheekbones-also border of eye sockets

• Lacrimal bones-finger-sized bones-part of medial wall of each orbit-each has a groove for tears

Zygomatic bones

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• ________________________-small rectangular making bridge of nose—lower part is cartilage

• Vomer bone-single bone in median of nasal cavity-most of nasal septum

• Inferior nasal conchae-thin,curved-lateral walls of nasal cavity

• _____________________-lower jaw-largest and strongest bone of face….meets temporal bone and is only freely movable joint of face

• ---lower teeth lie in ______________________

Nasal bones

mandible Alveolar margin

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• 3.Hyoid Bone-not really skull,but closely related to mandible and temporal bones-movable base for tongue and attachment for neck muscles

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• *****Fetal Skull—face small compared to cranium,but skull large compared to infant’s body(1/8 of body length in adult and _____body length in infant

1/4

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• fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones-“soft spots’-allow compression during birth and allows for brain growth in late pregnancy and early infancy---fontanels replaced by bone by 22-24 mos. after birth

fontanels

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B. Vertebral Column-Spine

– Axial support of body-goes from skull(support) to pelvis-where it transmits weight

– 26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by ligaments-resulting in flexible,curved structure

– Surrounds and protects spinal cord– Before birth is 33 vertebrae-9 fuse to form

__________________ and _________________________– There are 7 in neck_____________________________;12-

__________________________;and 5 in lower back-lumbar

sacrum

coccyx

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

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– Individual vertebrae separated by flexible pads of fibrocartilage-______________-allow flexibility and absorb shocks

– Intervertebral discs 90 % water in youth and are spongy and compressible---water amount decreases w/ age and less compressible

– __________disks is a slipped disc-occurs w/age and/or great twisting force

• The discs and the “S” shape to spine function to prevent shock to head

Intervertebral discs herniated

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– The curvature in thoracic and sacral regions are called __________________________________because they are present at birth---a”C” in a newborn

– The curvature in cervical and lumbar regions are called _______________________________________ because they develop when the baby is ready to walk

Primary curvatures

secondary

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ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES:

• _______________________,lordosis and __________________-may be congenital or from diseases….

scoliosis

kyphosis

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COMMON FEATURES OF VERTEBRAE

– Body or ___________________-disclike,weight-bearingfacing anteriorly

– ____________________________arch formed from joining of all posterior extensions-_________________________________

– ______________________________-canal through which spinal cord passes

centrumVertebral arch

Laminae and pedicles

Vertebral foramen

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– Transverse processes-2 lateral projections from the arch

– ______________________________-single projection from post. Aspect of arch(= fused laminae

– ____________________________________________________________-paired projections Lateral to vertebral foramen-allows a vertebra to form joints w/ adjacent vertebrae

Spinous processes Superior and inferior

articular processes

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Vertebral Regions

– 7– 1st 2 atlas and___________.Atlas has no

body;Transverse processes contain lg depressionsto receive occipital condyles of skull—allows nodding (“yes”)/Axis is a pivot for rotatopn of atlas and skull

– ______pivot point on axis– Joint between____________allow you to rotate

head from side to side(“no)– C3 through C 7 lightest and smallest

vertebrae;usually spinosous process short and in 2 branches-______________________contain foramina(for vertebral arteries)

axis dens Transverse processes

C1 and c2

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THORACIC-

• 12(T1-T12)-all typical• Only vertebrae to articulate with ribs• Body somewhat heart –shaped and has 2

costal facets(articulating surfaces0 on ea. Side receiving heads of robs

• Transverse processes articulate w/knoblike tubercles of ribs

• Spinosous process long

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Lumbar(L1-L5)

» Massive blocklike bodies;short spinous processes (“moose head”)

» Sturdiest vertebrae because receives most stress

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SACRUM

• From fusion of 5 vertebrae• Superiorly articulates w/L5 and inferiorly connects

w/coccyx• Winglike _________articulate laterally w/hip

bone,making sacroiliac joints• Posterior wall of pelvis• ___________fused spinous process of sacral

vertebrae• Laterally-_______• Sacral canal terminates in _______________opening

alaeMedian sacral crest

Posterior sacral foramina

Sacral hiatus

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COCCYX:

• Fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae

• Tailbone

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C.THORACIC CAGE

• Sternum,ribs and thoracic vertebrae=______________________________,also called thoracic cage

• Sternum(breastbone)• Flat and is the fusion of 3

bones:______________________________________________

• Attaches to the 1st 7 prs. of ribs

Bony thorax

Manubrium,body,xiphoid process

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Bony landmarks:

– ______________________________concave upper border of manubrium-level of T3

– _____________________________from manubrium body meeting at slight angle to each other,making transverse ridge-level of 2nd rib

– _______________________________-pt. where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse-level of 9th vertebrae

Jugular notchSternal angle

Xiphesternal joint

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• _____________________________taking marrow sample at sternum for diagnoses of blood diseases

Sternal puncture

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Ribs-12 pairs

• All articulate with vertebral column and then curve downward

• ________________________-1st 7 pairs attch directly to sternum by __________________________________

• __________________________-next 5 pairs either not attached to sternum or indirectly.Last 2 pair are called ______________________________sometimes

• Intercostals spaces attach to intercostals muscles

True ribsCostal cartilages

False ribs

Floating ribs

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• III.Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones of limbs and pectoral or pelvic girdle(which attach limbs to axial skeleton)

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A.Bones of Shoulder Girdle

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– 2 bones:________and _________

»1. CLAVICLE» Also called ______________________» Slender ,doubly curved and attaches to

manubrium and to scapula(shoulder joint» Brace against arm touching top of thorax

and helps prevent________________» w/o it shoulder caves in

Clavicle scapula collarbone

Shoulder dislocation

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2.SCAPULAE

• -shoulder blades-triangular and commonly called ____________________because they flare when we move our arms posteriorly

• Each has a flattened body with __________________process-enlarged spine of scapula-connects clavicle at acromialclavicular joint and beaklike _____________________________________

• That points over top of shoulder and anchors some arm muscles

wings Acromian coracoid

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• ____________________________-serves as nerve passageway

• Scapula loosely held by trunk muscles• Scapula has 3 borders-_________________________

and 3 angles:superior,inferior and lateral• ___________________-shallow socket receives head of

arm bone-in lateral angle

Suprascapular notch

Superior,medial(vere-bral) and lateral(axiallary)

Glenoid cavity

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Shoulder girdle is light and allows upper limb free movement due to 3 factors:

– each shoulder girdle attaches at one point to axial skeleton-________________________________

– loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back and forth v. thorax

– ___________________________is shallow and shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments

• *****drawback to so much flexibility is _________________

Sternoclavicular joint Glenoid cavity

dislocation

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B.Bones of the Upper Limbs-30 bones-arms,forearms and hands

• ARM• Humerus-head fits into glenoid

cavity,_________________________;2 bony projections separated by intertubercular sulcus and ______________________-sites of muscle attachment;also ____________________________-most frequently fractured part of bone;___________________________roughened area in mid-shaft-deltoid muscle attaches

Anatomical neck

Greater and lesser tubercles

Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity

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• ___________________________runs down posterior aspect of shaft,marking the place for the radial nerve; distal is the ________________-spool-like;ballike capitulum;coronoid and olecranon fossae-depressions that articulate w and medial and ______________________allow ulna to move freely when elbow is bent and extended

Radial groove

Medial trochlea

Lateral epicondyles

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• 2.-forearm –• ________________-lateral bone on thumb side• Both bones of forearm articulate at radioulnar joints• 2 bones connected by _____________________________• Both have _______________________at distal end• ____________________-below head-tendon of biceps muscle

attaches• ________________________medial bone on little finger side• Proximal end has ___________________ and olecranon

process,separated by trochlear notch-grip trochlea of humerous

radius

Interosseus membraneStyloid process

Radial tuberosity

ulnacoronoid

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2.hand-carpals,metacarpals and phalanges

– 8 _____________bones-2 irregular rows of 4 bones ea.-form carpus(wrist)-bound by ligaments to restrict movement between them(see 8 names p.1620)

– Palm consists of _____________________________-#’ed 1-5(thumb side outward);heads are knuckles

– Ea. hand has 14 phalanges(3 ea. Finger-thumb has 2)

carpal metacarpals

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C.bones of the Pelvic Girdle-

• formed by 2 coxal(_____________________)-hip bones;form bony pelvis w/sacrum and coccyx

• bony pelvis=2 coxal bones,sacrum and coccyx;whereas pelvic girdle=2coxal bones

• large and heavy and attached securely to ___________________________

• sockets deep and securely attached by ligaments• most important function is

____________________________ and protect organs• each hip bone formed by fusion of 3

bones:____________________

Ossa coxae Axial skeleton

Bearing weight Ilium,ischium and pubis

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• ilium -connects posteriorly w/ ____________________joint-forms most of hip bone;alae are winglike portions of ilia-upper portion= _____________________ and ends at anterior superior iliac spine and posteriorly w/posterior iliac spine

Sacroiliac joint Iliac crest

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• ischium-_______________________-inferior of coxal bone;__________________________roughened area receiving weight when sitting;ischial spine-superior to tuberosity-THIS NARROWS THE OUTLET OF PELVIS FOR PASSAGE OF BABY IN CHILDBIRTH !

• ----____________________________allows blood vessels and lg sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis posteriorly into thigh---injections must stay clear of this area

Sit-down bone Ischial tuberosity

Greater sciatic notch

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• _______________________most anterior of coxal;__________________________________-opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to ant. Thigh;each pubis joins to form cartilaginous joint-__________________________________

• Ilium,ischium and pubis fuse at deep socket:__________________________________-“vinegar cup”-receives head of thigh bone

pubis Obturator foramen

Pubic symphysis acetabulum

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• Bony pelvis divided into false and true pelvis-which must large enough to allow passage of infants head in women for childbirth-_______________________measured by obgyn

Dimensions of cavity

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• Individual pelvic measurements vary,but stark difference in male and female

– Female inlet larger and more circular– Fem. pelvis as a whole more shallow and

bones lighter and thinner– Fem ilia flare more laterally– Her sacrum shorter and less curved– Her ischial spines shorter and farther apart-

thus outlet larger

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Her pubic arch rounder because

angle of pubic arch greater

angle of pubic arch greater

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D.Bones of Lower limbs-carry total body weight when erect-thus very thick and stronger

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Thigh-=________________-heaviest and strongest bone of body

• Proximal has ball-like head,neck and _________________________-separated anteriorly by intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by intertrochanteric crest-----along w/ gluteal tuberosity form sites for muscle attachment;head articulates w/ acetabulum-but also a big fracture site-esp. in elderly;slants medially to bring in line w/center of gravity;lateral and medial condyles distally-articulate w/tibia below……these condyles separated by deep intercondylar fossa/anterior is smooth ______________________-forms joint w/patella-knee

Greater and lesser trochanters

Patellar surface

femur

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Leg

» -tibia and fibula connected by _______________________-tibia is shin bone-condyles proximally and articulate w/distal femur to make ________joint-patellar ligament attaches to _____________________-distally_____________________forms inner bulge of ankle-ant. tibia is sharp-anterior border for muscles

» ________________-lies alongside tibia and joints proximally and distally-NO PART Of KNEE JOINT-lateral malleolus outer part of ankle

Interosseus membrane

knee

Tibial tuberosity

Medial malleolus

fibula

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FOOT

» Tarsals,metatarsals and phalanges» 2 most important functions__________» Tarsus-post. 1/2 of foot-7 tarsal bones» ________________-heelbone» ______________lies between tibia and

calcaneus» 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges-each

toe has 3 phalanges and big toe has 2» Form 3 strong arches-bound by

ligaments and tendons(for muscles)-fallen arches or flat feet occur

Support weight and act as lever

calcaneus

talus

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• IV.Joints= articulations

• *****Except for hyoid,all bones form joints with at least 1 other bone

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• 2 functions:___________________ and give rigid skeleton mobility

• 2 classifications;1)functionally-focuses on movement.There are

• ****__________________immovable and _____________________slightly movable(1st 2 in axial skeleton) and ____________freely movable(limbs)

• 2)structurally-based on whether fibrous tissue,cartilage or joint cavity separate bony regions-fibrous,cartlagenous and synovial

Hold bones together

synathrosesamphiarthroses

diarthroses

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A. Fibrous Joints-united by fibrous tissue-ex. Sutures of skull-bound by connective tissue fibers w/no

movement_______________________-connective fibers longer

than sutures-so has more “give

syndemoses

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• B.Catilagenous Joints-connected by cartilage-slightly movable-ex;pubic symphysis of pelvis and ________________________-pads of fibrocartilage—also epiphyseal plates and synarthrotic-immovable-joints of 1st ribs and sternum

Intervertebral joints

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Synovial Joints-joint cavity contains synovial fluid

• 4 features:• ____________________-hylaline-covers end of joint

bones• _________________-joint surfaces enclosed by

sleeve of fibrous connective tissue and capsule lined w./synovial membrane

• Joint cavity-articular capsule encloses a cavity-wcontaing lubricating fluid

• ____________-fibrous capsule reinforced w/ligaments

Articular cartilage

Fibrous articular capsule

Reinforcing ligaments

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– _______________flattened fibrous sacs w/ thin film of synnovial fluid-common where ligaments,muscles,skin,tendons or bones agitate

– __________________________elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

– _________________________-bone forced out of normal position

bursae Tendon sheath

dislocation

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• Types of synovial joints based on Shape:– ___________________-articular surface flat-

short slipping and gliding-nonaxial—intercarpal wrist joints

– _____________-cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface of another-angular movement in 1 plane----elbow,ankle and fingers-uniaxial-1axis

– ________-rounded end of one bone fits into sleeve or ring of another of bone and maybe ligaments-uniaxial—examples:proximal radioulnar joint and joint between atlas and _______________of axis

Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint

dens

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– ____________________________”knuckle-like”—egg-shaped surface into oval cavity-side to side or back and forth-can’t rotate around long axis-biaxial-knuckle joints

– Saddle joints-convex and concave area on both surfaces-thumb-twiddling thumbs

– ____________________________head of one bone in round socket of another-multiaxial-shoulder and hips

Condyloid joint

Ball-and-socket joint

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• __________________________-inflammation of bursae or synovial membrane

• ________________________-ligaments or tendons damaged by stretching-or torn-heal slowly due to poor blood supply

bursitis sprain

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• __________________> 100 different inflammatory or dgenerative joint diseases---possibly bacterial invasion

• ______________(OA)-most common arthritis-chronic and degenerative ,typically afftects aged-affects articular cartilage-bone thickens and bone spurs grow on margin of joint-make crunching-____________-noise----affects fingers,C and L spine and knees and hips;slow and irreversible,but rarely crippling;can be treated symptomatically for pain and inflammation….possible treatments(?)-capsaicin or glucosamine sulfate

arthritis osteoarthritis

crepitus

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• ____________________________(RA)-a chronic inflammatory disorder-usually begins 40-50,but there is a juvenile form;3x as many women as men-many joints affected and usually symmetrically;course varies.It is _________________________-destroy own tissue-trigger unknown;begins w/ inflammation of synovial membranes and fluid accumulates and destroy tissue;PANNUS-abnormal tissue clings to joint and erodes articular cartilage;scar tissue forms and ossifies and bone ends become firmly fused________________________________-not all cases reach this stage.Treatment includes immunosuppressant drugs and symptomatic treatment

Rhematoid arthritis

autoimmune

ankylosis

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• ________________________-uric acid(normal waste of nucleic acid metabolism) accumulates in blood and may deposit as crystals in joints-extreme pain….more common in men,usually after 30-untreated bones fuse and joint is immobilized….several drugs prevent acute gout-colchicine,ibuprofen and dietary recommendations

gout

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V.Developmental aspects

• Young fetus is _________________________ and fibrous membranes

• Bone growth along epiphyseal plates as one matures

• Changes from”C” spine to “S” spine• __________________________-bone thinning

disease-

Hyaline cartilage osteoporosis

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• READ THIS SECTION AND TAKE ADDITIONAL NOTES

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