Human Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 1 Definitions - Terminology Organization of the Body...

Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Chapter 1

Definitions - Terminology

Organization of the Body

Homeostasis

Instructor: Mary Holman

Anatomy

The study of the form and structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts

Physiology

The study of the function of the living organism and its parts

Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

AndreasVesalius

1543

De HumaniCorporis Fabrica

AndreasVesalius

1543

De HumaniCorporis Fabrica

Fig 1.1

Levels of OrganizationSubatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.3

Levels of Organization

• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• Organism – the human

The Eleven Organ Systemsof the Human Body• Integumentary

• Muscular• Skeletal• Nervous• Endocrine• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive

A&P I

A&P II

Covering/Protection System

Integumentary SystemCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Support/Movement Systems

Skeletal System Muscular System


Integration/Co-ordination Systems

Nervous System Endocrine SystemCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Transport Systems

Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System


Absorption/Excretion Systems

Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System

Reproduction System

Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System


Integumentarysystem

Skeletalsystem

Muscularsystem

Nervoussystem

Digestivesystem

Endocrinesystem

Cardiovascularsystem

Lymphaticsystem

Respiratorysystem

Urinarysystem

Reproductivesystem


Fig. 1.19 A&P I

Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity Mediastinum

Left pleural cavity

Pericardialcavity Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

Fig. 1.9

Lateral View Anterior View

Fig. 1.25a

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial (point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital (front of elbow)

Antebrachial (forearm)

Genital (reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)Sternal

Pectoral (chest)

Inguinal (groin)

Coxal (hip)

Umbilical (navel)

Pedal (foot)

Patellar (front of knee)

Abdominal (abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)


Body RegionsVentral Side

Fig. 1.25a

Fig. 1.25b

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial (point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)Dorsum (back)Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)

Vertebral (spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)Lumbar (lower back)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


Body RegionsDorsal Side

RUQ LUQ

RLQ LLQ

Abdominal Quadrants

1 32

4 5 6

7 8 9

1. Right hyperchondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hyperchondriac

4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar

7. Right iliac 8. Hypogastric 9.Left iliac

Fig. 1.20aSuperior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Midline

Right Left

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal

Fig. 1.20a

Characteristics of Life

Organization

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Growth

Development

Reproduction

Requirements of Life

Water

Food

Oxygen

Heat

Pressure

Homeostasis

The state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the

body remains in the normal range

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus(Change that occursin internal environment.)

Response(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)

Control center(set point)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


Negative feedback summary:

• Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects toward the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation



ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

too high

too low

Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.

ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


Fig. 1.8

Lab Exercises 1&2Metrics

Body OrganizationTerminology

Metric System of Measurement

1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

centi

milli

micro

nano

10-3 10-610-2 10-9

meter mgram gliter L

c m n u

Units of Length ComparisonMetric to English

•1 meter (m) is slightly longer than 1 yard

•1 centimeter (cm) is 0.39 inches

about the width of a small finger

•1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm

about the thickness of a dime

1 cubic centimeter

= 1 milliliter

These Metric Terms are Interchangeable

cc and mL

= 1 gram H20

Relative Anatomical Position

Medial - Lateral

Proximal - Distal

Superior - Inferior

Anterior - Posterior

Ventral - Dorsal

Superficial - Deep

Fig. 1.20b

Anterior

(Ventral)

Posterior

(Dorsal)

Fig. 1.20b

Fig. 1.20aSuperior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Midline

Right Left

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal

Fig. 1.20a

Types of Body Sections

(a) Sagittal or Longitudinal (b) Transverse or Cross Section (c) Frontal or Coronal


Other Body Sections

(a) Cross section (b) Oblique (c) Longitudinal sectionCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Plane ofsection

Spinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricleof heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Anterior

Azygos v.

Right atriumof heart

Right ventricleof heart

Fibrous pericardium

Fig. 1.11Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal

Plate 1.9Scalp

Cerebrum

Corpus callosumLateral ventricle

Frontal boneFrontal sinusThalamus

Hypothalamus

Sphenoidal sinusBrainstemInferior nasal conchaCerebellum

Oral cavity

Mandible

Cervical vertebra

Esophagus

Larynx

Sternum

Maxilla

Tongue

Trachea

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin

Reference Plate NinePage 39

Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42

Medial rectus m.

Ethmoidal sinus

Nasal septum

Eye

Sphenoidal sinus Lateral rectus m.

Optic nerve Third ventricle

Gray matter

White matter

Occipital lobe

Lateral ventricle

Skull

Scalp

Temporalis m. Temporal lobe

Subcutaneoustissue


© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin

Human Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 1 Definitions - Terminology Organization of the Body...

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