Human Anatomy and Physiology
Transcript of Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomyand
Physiology
by: MARNIE G. SARONO
(a)
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OBJECTIVES:
General Objective:
Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.
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Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be
able to:
a. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body
b. List the different systems in the human body
c. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body
d. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system
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Affective:
The second year students will be able to:
a. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology
b. Synthesize the connection of one body system to another
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Psychomotor:
The second year students will be able to:
a. Identify the specific body parts and its functions
b. Make a diagram of each body system
c. Locate the different organ systems using a model
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HUMAN ANATOMY
study of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the physical structure of a human body
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PHYSIOLOGY
study of functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the
internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration,
and reproduction.
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A. Integumentary System
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Structures Skin Epidermis Dermis Apocrine gland Subcutaneous tissue Arrector pili muscle Eccrine sweat gland Melanocytes Hair Nails
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Functions
Protect
Fluid balance Absorption Synthesis of Vitamin D Sensation/communication
with external environment
Thermoregulation Immunity Excretion
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
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B. Respiratory System
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Functions Nasal cavity: warms, humidifies, and filters air Pharynx: passageway between nose and
larynx, and mouth and esophagus Larynx: passageway; contains voice box
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Functions
Trachea: airway between larynx and bronchi Bronchi: airways with primary, secondary, and
tertiary branches Bronchioles: transitional airways; some gas
exchange occurs here
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FunctionsAlveolar ducts and sacs: functional units for gas
exchange Pleura: serous protective lining of the lungs;
reduces friction and helps maintain negative pressure
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C. Cardiovascular System
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Functions
Heart: four chambers (right and left atria and ventricles), double pump
Atria (right and left): pump blood to the ventricles
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Functions
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Veins: carry blood toward the heart Ventricles: right pumps blood to pulmonary
circulation; left pumps blood to systemic circulation
Valves: AV valves (the tricuspid and mitral), Semilunar valves (the pulmonic and aortic)
(Continued)
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D. Gastrointestinal System
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Function
What are the functions of… Stomach: churns food, intrinsic factor for B12,
hydrochloric acid begins digestion Small intestines: primary site for digestion Large intestines: absorbs sodium and water
(Continued)
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Function
What are the functions of… Liver: metabolism; produces bile, clotting
factors; detoxifies drugs & alcohol; converts glucose to glycogen; stores vitamins
Pancreas: produces insulin and glucagon, pancreatic enzymes
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Function
What are the functions of… Gall bladder: stores and concentrates bile Spleen: stores RBCs, produces RBCs and
macrophages
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Function
What are the functions of… Bladder: stores urine Kidneys: remove wastes, help control B/P,
produces erythropoietin
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E. FEMALE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
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Functions
What are the functions of… Mons pubis: subcutaneous pad over symphysis
pubis for protection Labia majora/minora: folds of adipose and
connective tissue that protect and lubricate external genitalia
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Functions
What are the functions of… Clitoris: erectile tissue for sexual stimulation Urinary meatus: opening to urethra Skene’s glands: lubricate and protect
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Functions
What are the functions of… Vaginal introitus: opening of the vagina Vagina: muscular tube for copulation, birth
canal, and menses Bartholin’s glands: secretes alkaline mucus
that improves viability & motility of sperm
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Functions
What are the functions of… Cervix: end of the uterus into vagina Uterus: hollow, muscular organ; site for fertilized
egg implantation; protects fetus
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Functions
What are the functions of… Tubes: passage for ovum to uterus, site of
fertilization Ovaries: produce ova, estrogen, and
progesterone Kidneys: filter and excrete wastes
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Functions
What are the functions of… Ureter: connects kidneys to bladder Bladder: hollow muscular structure; holds urine Urethra: connects bladder to urinary meatus
opening
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F. MALE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
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Functions
What are the functions of… Scrotum: sac that contains testes Testes: produces sperm and testosterone Vas deferens: duct from epididymis to
ejaculatory duct
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Functions
What are the functions of… Spermatic cord: protective sheath around the
vas deferens Seminal vesicles: produce 70% of semen Bulbourethral gland: secretes alkaline
substance to neutralize vaginal secretions
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Functions
What are the functions of… Prostate: produces 20% of semen Epididymis: stores sperm until it is mature Kidney: filters blood and removes wastes
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Functions
What are the functions of… Ureter: tube connecting kidney to bladder Bladder: hollow, muscular structure, holds urine Urethra: passageway for urine
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Functions
What are the functions of… Penis: male sex organ and urine elimination Glans penis: important for sexual arousal
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Functions
What are the functions of… Inguinal area: canal for vas deferens from
scrotum through the abdominal muscles, inguinal lymph nodes
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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URINARY SYSTEM
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G. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
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Functions
What are the functions of… Bones (206): structure; protection; act as levers;
produce blood cells; store calcium Muscles (650): allow for movement and
position; produce heat
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Functions
What are the functions of… Joints: point of articulation of two bones;
provide ROM Tendons: connect muscle to bone Ligament: connects bone to bone
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Functions
What are the functions of… Cartilage: supports and shapes; acts as a shock
absorber Bursae: sacs filled with synovial fluid; cushion
and reduce friction between joints
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Types of Joints
Pivot Condyloid Ball and socket
Hinge Plane/gliding Saddle
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G. NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Structures
Cerebrum Frontal lobe Limbic system Occipital lobe Thalamus Cerebellum Midbrain Meninges
Cortex Temporal lobe Parietal lobe RAS Hypothalamus Brainstem Medulla Ventricles
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Functions
What are the functions of… Cerebrum: largest part of brain Cortex: outer layer of cerebrum; controls most
conscious processes Frontal lobe: emotional expression, Broca’s
area (expressive language)
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Functions
What are the functions of… Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, smell, memory,
Wernicke’s (language comprehension) Limbic system: emotions, sexual arousal,
behavioral expression, recent memory
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Functions
What are the functions of… Parietal: sensory input Occipital lobe: vision and spatial relationships RAS: wakefulness
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Functions
What are the functions of… Thalamus: clusters multiple sensory stimuli Hypothalamus: controls autonomic nervous
system and pituitary gland Cerebellum: coordination, equilibrium
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Functions
What are the functions of… Brainstem: involuntary survival behaviors;
includes midbrain, medulla and pons Midbrain: visual, auditory, pupils, and eye
movements
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Functions
What are the functions of… Medulla: regulates heart, respiratory rates, B/P,
and protective reflexes Pons: helps with respiratory function, facial
sensation and movement
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Functions
What are the functions of… Meninges: three layers (pia, arachnoid, dura);
protect brain and spinal cord Ventricles: four cavities; capillaries produce and
reabsorb CSF
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