KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804). Immanuel Kant was born and spent his
Hugo grotius and immanuel kant and pierre- GROUP 4
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HUGO GROTIUS
Jurist and Diplomat in Dutch Republic
: Leiden University
o he began writing skilful elegies in Latin.o In 1598, at the tender age of fifteen, he accompanied the
leading Dutch politician of the day, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt on an embassy to the royal court of France.
o“the miracle of Holland.” o Latin historiographer to chronicle their history
over Dominicus Baudius,
April 10, 1583, Delft, Netherlands
o
- Law degree from the University of Orléans
- The Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) and Prince Maurice of
Nassau.
- Attorney General of Holland
:
PHILOSOPHIES
De Indis and Mare Liberum
De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa Sacra On The Truth of the
Christian Religion
Concept of Natural Law
Arminian controversy, arrest
and exile
Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum (1613-14)
Governmental theory of atonement
IMMANUEL KANT
oProtestant religious group of Pietists
April 22, 1724Königsberg, East Prussia
: -Saint George's Hospital School -Collegium Fredericianum
-University of Königsberg•philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences.
He became a PRIVATE TUTOR.
IMPORTANT WORKS: "General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" in 1755. Kant concluded the origin of the solar system was a result of the gravitational (having to do with the force exerted between bodies of matter) connection of atoms (the smallest pieces of matter).
PHILOSOPHIES
"General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" in 1755
He is also a Lecturer.
He finally achieved a professorship at Königsberg
Critical Philosophy
Non empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy
epistemology moral philosophy
Kant is also known for his three formulation
of moral imperative and they are:
1. FIRST FORMULATION (formula of
universal law)This formulation in principle has as its supreme law the creed "Always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will" and is the "only condition under which a will can never come into conflict with itself
2. SECOND FORMULATION (Formula
of the End in Itself)
•The principle dictates that you act with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim", meaning that the rational being is "the basis of all maxims of action" and "must be treated never as a mere means but as the supreme limiting condition in the use of all means, as an end at the same time.
3. THIRD FORMULATION(Formula of
Autonomy)
•is a synthesis of the first two and says "that all maxims which stem from autonomous legislation ought to harmonize with a possible realm of ends as with a realm of nature”.
Kant and the Religion
Kant and the concept of FreedomKant and the concept of Freedom
Aesthetic philosophy of Kant
Political philosophy of Kant
•The reality of the idea of God can only be proved by means of the idea of freedom, and hence only with a practical purpose and therefore there is a god.
Kant and the Religion•kant saw Christianity as natural and based on reason and morality. He also saw that the Bible should be seen as a source of natural morality no matter whether there is/was any truth behind the supernatural factor, meaning that it is not necessary to know whether the supernatural part of Christianity has any truth to abide by and use the core Christian moral code.
Kant and the concept of FreedomKant and the concept of Freedom
•transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is "mainly empirical" and refers to "the question whether we must admit a power of spontaneously beginning a series of successive things or states" as a real ground of necessity in regard to causality and and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our will from the "coercion" or "necessitation through sensuous impulses".
He identify the 3 functions of freedom namely:• a.) to be free• b.) to be comprehensible as free •c.) to be morally evaluated.
Aesthetic philosophy of Kant
•He states that beauty is not a property of an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is instead a consciousness of the pleasure that attends the 'free play' of the imagination and the understanding.
Political philosophy of Kant
•Immanuel Kant believes in republican government and international organization but not in democracy (direct democracy) and he stated that, , "...democracy is, properly speaking, necessarily a despotism, because it establishes an executive power in which 'all' decide for or even against one who does not agree; that is, 'all,' who are not quite all, decide, and this is a contradiction of the general will with itself and with freedom.
PIERRE GASSENDI
Getting to know Pierre Gassendi:
• a French philosopher• a Priest• an Empiricist• Perhaps best known in history of philosophy
for his disputes with Descartes, his relations with other major figures, including Kepler and Galileo.
Three strands of Gassendi's philosophy which are
quite notable:•He was responsible for making atomism respectable in European intellectual circles of the 17th century.•Rejection of Aristotelian philosophy.•Advocated a moderate skepticism
1624 - Publishes first part of his crtitique of Aristotelianism Exercitationes Paradoxicae Adversus Aristoteleos.
1644 - Publishes Disquisitio Metaphysica, his answer to Descartes.
Writings:
UNIVERSITY OF
MAKATIPROF. TESSIE TAPIADOR
SAGADRACA
THANK YOU!
Prepared by:Ambrocio, Russel John
Anareta, JirehBalatucan, Crystal
Ibanez, MarlonRosauro, Whillard
Suniel, Mercy