Hugh Clayden, head of tree health
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Transcript of Hugh Clayden, head of tree health
The tree health landscape in
(mainly) Scotland
Hugh ClaydenForestry Commission Scotland
15 October 2014
What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
Phytophthoras
Insects
Fungi
ComplexesBacteria
USA, CA
AU, NZ
Asia
100 years
50 years**
25 years
Average Rainfall
+27%
+1.0 -+1.6
∘C
∘C
1961 -2011
Averagetemperature
?
?
?
Dothistroma needle blight
86 (out of 129) Pinus species known to be susceptible
Distribution on national forest estate
Phytophthora ramorum
Phytophthora ramorum
Lagphase
Exponential Decline
Phytophthora ramorum
1st finding (on larch) in
November 2010
EU2 lineage (2011)
75%+ larch still healthy
Chalara dieback of ash
Mid -1990s
Chalara
2012
Chalara
Chalara
Sheltered area
Buff
er a
rea
Phytophthora austrocedrae
Phytophthora lateralis
Recently confirmed on Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
714 pests in the UK Plant Health Risk Register
(October 2014)
44%
13%
6%
1%
8%
1%2%1%2%
1%
11%
0%
2%
1%
1%
1%1%
4%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012
broa
dlea
ves
other conifers
Sitka spruce
44%
13%
6%
1%
8%
1%2%1%2%
1%
11%
0%
2%
1%
1%
1%1%
4%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012
Dothistroma
Ramorum
D. micansP. lateralisP. austrocedraePine tree lappetPine beautyFusarium
AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi,P. pseudosyringaePseudomonas spp, DED
??ElatobiumD. micansIps typographusSpruce budwormPhytophthorasHybrids?
Lower risk (?)
High impact
What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
Species choiceSilvicultural
systemsLength of rotation
Spectrum of approaches
Resilience-building measures
Select the most suitable species and genotypes
Reduce other pressures on forests
Maintain or add diversity in structure and species
Living with Environmental Change(LWEC): Tree health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative
• (£9.2M) 2014 -2017• BBSRC, ESRC, NERC, Defra, FC, Scottish Government
asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry
vegetative compatibility of fungi
botanicals and biocontrol with entomopathogenic fungi (“lure and kill”)
genomics
protein fusion technology
Pest Host
Environment
Socialscience
• Review of the EU Plant Health Regime
• Expert Taskforce on Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity
• Sir Mark Walport Review (Animal & plant health in the UK – assessment of future national capacity)
• UK Chief Plant Health Officer
• UK Plant Health Risk Register
• Scottish Tree Health Advisory Group
• Potential ‘Centre for Expertise in Plant Health’ (Scotland)
What are we up against?
What can we do about it?
Keeping things in perspective
Annual crop yields (globally) reduced by 20-40% due to pests and diseases (source IPCC)
Irish potato famine 1845Good design +Good silviculture +Good science
+
53%
13%
0%
4%
7%
2%
6%
2%2%
2%2%
1%4%
0%
1%
0%
1%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012
broadleaves
Sitka spruce
other con
ifers
Sitka spruce
53%
13%
0%
4%
7%
2%
6%
2%2%
2%2%
1%4%
0%
1%
0%
1%
Sitka spruce
Scots pine
Corsican pine
Norway spruce
Larches
Douglas fir
Lodgepole pine
Other conifers
Oak
Beech
Sycamore
Ash
Birch
Sweet Chestnut
Hazel
Hawthorn
Alder
Willow
Other broadleaves
Scotland
Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012
AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi,P. pseudosyringaePseudomonas spp, DED
Dothistroma
Ramorum
D. micansP. lateralisP. austrocedraePine tree lappetPine beautyFusarium
??
ElatobiumD. micansIps typographusSpruce budwormPhytophthorasHybrids?
Lower risk (?)
High impact
(62% of conifer volume)
Who owns the risk?